建筑节能外墙保温技术及节能材料毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
建筑材料节能外墙保温及节能材料论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
建筑材料节能外墙保温及节能材料论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献建筑材料节能外墙保温及节能材料论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献Journal of China Institute of building, 2008, 137(8): 0732-9764.External wall insulation technology andenergy-saving materialsZhangchuanzhouDartmouth CollegeAbstract: This paper used on the exterior of our current technology and energy-saving insulation material to be addressed. Vigorously promoting external insulation technology, new energy-saving materials to strengthen the development and use of energy-saving construction so that really to be implemented.Key words: energy-saving building；materialsThe implementation of building energy conservation and environmental protection and energy conservation policy and the main contents of the national economy and implementing sustainable development is an important component part.In such a series of energy conservation policies, regulations, standards and mandatory provisions under the guidance of China's energy-saving housing construction work has been constantly deepened, energy conservation standards continuously, and the introduction of development, many new energy-saving technologies and materials, and in residential buildings to promote use.However, China's current level of building energy conservation, but also much lower than the developed countries, China's energy consumption per unit area construction climate is similar to the developed countries, three times to five times. Cold in the north building heating energy consumption accounts for the local society more than 20% of energy consumption, and the vast majority are used in thermal power generation and coal-fired boilers, at the same time to cause serious environmental pollution. Therefore, the construction of this century, China's energy-saving construction is an important topic.In the construction of the external structure for the heat loss larger, external retaining structure in the wall and make up a large share. Therefore, the reform and building wall wall is the development of energy-saving technologies building energy-saving technology one of the most important part of the external wall insulation technology and the development of energy-saving construction materials is the main energy-saving mode.1.An external wall insulation technologyEnergy-saving insulation wall construction techniques can be divided into external walls, insulation and Exterior Insulation two categories.1.1 insulation technology and its featuresExternal wall insulation in construction, in the internal and external structure to the insulation layer. Construction of insulation fast, convenient operation flexible and can ensure the construction progress. Application of thermal insulation within a longer time, mature technology, construction techniques and testing standards are relatively sound. In 2001 the external wall insulation in construction, about 90 percent of the engineering applications, insulation technology. Been in the area to promote the insulation technology: Enhanced gypsum composite polystyrene insulation board, polymer mortar composite polystyrene insulation board, reinforced cement composite polystyrene insulation board, the Interior paste polystyrene board clean wall plaster and polystyrene particles floor insulation Mortar and cracking slurry pressure Network Haile practice. However, the use of thermal insulation will be more occupied area, "thermal bridge" is no easyInsulation within the technical unreasonable, its decision must be replaced by the insulation. 3 string1.2, and its technical characteristics of insulationExterior Insulation is vigorously promoting the construction of a thermal insulation energy-saving technologies. Exterior Insulation compared with the thermal insulation, technical reasonable, and there are obvious advantages of using the same specifications, the same size and performance of insulation materials, exterior insulation, insulation effect than good. Exterior Insulation technology not only apply to the new structure works, but also to transform the old buildings, applicable to a wide range of high technology content; exterior insulation package in the main structure of the outer side to protect the main structure, and extend the life of buildings; effectively reduce The thermal structure of the bridge, construction of an effective increase in space at the same time eliminating condensation and improve the living comfort. Materials net Currently insulation on the external walls of relatively mature technologies include the following types.1.2.1 plug-Exterior InsulationPlug the insulation material ROCK (ORE), cotton, glass wool carpets, polystyrene foam (polystyrene board, EPS, XPS), polyphenylene Artificial Stone ceramic decorative concrete composite insulation panels, steel mesh-Sandwich such as wallboard. One for polystyrene board has excellent physical properties and cheap cost, in the world has been within the scope of the external wall insulation plug technology is widely used.The technology is plug mortar or adhesive is used for the fixed pieces of insulation materials will be posted, pegged to the outer walls, then the floor cracking mortar, pressed glass fiber Mesh protective layer formation, and the last to do decorative surface.A further approach is the use of a dedicated fixed-absorbent will be difficult various insulation board fixed the outer walls, and then aluminium, natural stone, stained glass, and other pre-production plug in the keel, the direct formation of decorative surface. Mr. IM Pei designed by the Bank of China head office building, the insulation is used in this design.acceptance construction. Conducting high-level construction, the construction of the security personnel not be guaranteed.1.2.2 polystyrene board with a wall casting moldingThis technology is in the concrete frame - polystyrene board shear system will be built into the architecture template, will be pouring in the lateral wall, and then pouring concrete, concrete pouring and molding polystyrene board for a composite wall. The technology to solve the plug-in insulation of the main issues of its advantages is obvious. As the external walls of the main insulation layer with a survival, improve efficiency, greatly shorten the construction period, and the safety of construction workers be guaranteed. But in the winter construction, the role of polystyrene insulation Banqi can reduce the external envelope insulation measures. But we should pay attention to pouring concrete uniform, continuous casting, otherwise concrete lateral pressure caused the impact polystyrene board in the FORM REMOVAL after deformation and wrong stubble, impact on the construction sequence. The built-in polystyrene board which can be double-sided steel mesh, it could be a single screen of steel. Double Wire Fabric benzene plate and concrete connections, relies mainly on the medial wall and the steel mesh-banding and lateral reinforcement of concrete and polystyrene board of bonding, the combination of good performance, high security. Single Wire Fabric benzene plate and concrete connections, rely mainly on the concrete and polystyrene board and the bonding Chacha reinforced, L, such as steel and concrete wall of the anchorage, with better performance. And double steel mesh, compared to one-sided steel mesh technology with the cancellation of the inner steel mesh and installation of insulation board before the board lateral plastering, saving time and materials. Its cost can be reduced by 10 percent. However, the two approaches are used steel mesh planes, the higher cost, and the steel is hot-conductor, direct heat will be reduced wall insulation effect. We are concrete and polystyrene board with a grid molding compound wall were studied. The experimental results show that, in concrete slurry of suitable conditions, the direct use of concrete as an adhesive to paste polystyrene board, it is entirely possible. When we polystyrene board on the back of treatment, with concrete bonding further improve (the average bond strengthagain cut the cost of board. After its long-term durability demonstration, the project can be widely used.1.2.3 polystyrene insulation slurry particles external insulationWill be abandoned polystyrene plastic (for EPS) processing broken into the 0.5 to 4 mm particle, as a lightweight aggregate to the preparation insulation mortar. The technology includes the insulation layer, the protective layer and cracking impermeability of protection layer (or layer of impermeable surface cracking of the mortar in 1). ZL powder particles of polystyrene insulation materials and technology in 1998 by the Ministry of Construction as on the national law. This method is now widely recognized wall insulation technology. The construction technique is simple and can reduce the labor intensity, and improving work efficiency; difference in the quality of the structure from the impact of the wall on the defective construction of the wall need repair leveling, and the direct use of slurry Huabu insulation can avoid other Insulation Construction Technology for plastering leveling off Houer shedding phenomenon. At the same time the external wall insulation technology to solve the engineering harsh conditions resulting from the use of easy interface debonding hollowing, surface cracking, and other problems easier to achieve Exterior Insulation an important breakthrough technology. Insulation and other things, compared to the same insulating effect of the circumstances, its lower cost, lower housing construction costs. For example, with polystyrene insulation boards, compared to per square metre can reduce about 25 yuan. Fraunhofer-new home in Tianjin high-level external insulation is used in the works of such technology.Energy-saving insulation materials are adiabatic materials. Insulation material is used for building envelope or thermal equipment, heat transfer impedance of the material or composite materials, including insulation materials, including insulation materials. The significance of thermal insulation material, on the one hand to meet the architectural space or thermal equipment thermal environment, on the other hand in order to save energy. With worldwide energy growing tensions in the energy-saving aspects of thermal insulation material on the significance of significant outstanding. Residents generally only heating air conditioning, insulation enclosure through the use1 ton per insulation materials, can save three tons of standard coal / year, the energy efficiency of the cost of production is 10 times. Therefore, some countries insulation material as is the coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy after the fifth-largest "energy."Insulation on the external wall insulation is insulation materials as building envelope, development and application of highly efficient insulation thermal insulation material is to ensure that building an effective energy-saving measures. At present the world's least developed countries, are on the insulation material production and application very seriously, and energy-saving construction work is done well, and they attach importance to the development of insulation materials and are inseparable.2.1 insulation material propertiesAdiabatic is to maximize the thermal impedance of the transmission and therefore asked the insulation material must be large and small thermal resistance of the thermal conductivity.Speaking from the composition of materials, organic polymer generally are smaller than the thermal conductivity inorganic materials; non-metallic thermal conductivity coefficient is less than metallic materials; gaseous substances is less than the thermal conductivity of liquid material, liquid than solid material. Therefore, in conditions permitting, should make full use of organic polymer materials or amorphous inorganic materials, which is beneficial for the insulation insulation.In addition, insulation insulation materials must also be able to resist the impact of load, the environment is consistent with the use of mechanical strength. Its better performance bond, still a small contraction rate and the environment in line with the durability. 9 string3 SummaryAt present, China's external wall insulation technology developed very quickly, and energy conservation is the focus of the work. External wall insulation technology with the development of innovative energy-saving materials are inextricably linked, building energy efficiency must be the development of new energy-saving materials for the premise, there must beenergy-saving materials innovation, and the superiority of external insulation technology was increasing people's attention. Therefore, in the external wall insulation technology to promote the same time, we must step up the development of new energy-saving materials and the use and thus truly achieve energy-saving construction.References1. Huxiaoyuan, Xu Lin. Building insulation materials of the present situation and prospects of the application. Insulation materials and energy-saving technologies, 2002, (6): 2-42. Liu Hongtao, etc.. Insulation on the external walls of several common forms and materials. Building Technology and Application, 2001, (1): 39 to 403. Guo Ying. External walls, insulation, energy-saving technology in residential construction in the role of construction technology development, 2002, (2): 46 to 48中国建造学会期刊, 2008, 137(8): 0732-9764.外墙保温及节能材料张传周达特茅斯学院摘要本文就当前我国常用的外墙保温技术及节能材料加以论述。
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献On the other hand, there is a significant amount ofliterature in the field of architecture design that is writtenin foreign languages. While it may not be as readily accessible for non-native speakers, there are many benefits to exploring literature in other languages. For example, architects who are fluent in multiple languages can have a broader understanding of different cultural approaches to architecture. By reading literature in foreign languages, architects can gain insights into design concepts and practices that may not be covered in English-language sources. This can lead to a more diverse and innovative approach to design.However, one challenge with accessing literature in foreign languages is the accuracy of translations. Architecture is a technical field with specific terminology, and it is important to ensure that translations accurately convey the intended meaning. In some cases, the translation of technical terms and concepts may not accurately convey their full meaning, which can lead to misunderstandings or confusion. Architects who rely on translated literature should be cautious and ensure they verify the accuracy of the translations with experts in the field.Despite these challenges, it is essential for architects to explore literature in multiple languages to stay informed and to gain a global perspective on architecture design. By consideringboth English and foreign language translated literature, architects can access a wider range of resources and insights. Additionally, architects should consider collaborating with colleagues who are fluent in different languages to ensure accurate translation and interpretation of foreign language sources.In conclusion, architecture design is a field that benefits from accessing literature in multiple languages. English provides a wealth of resources and is the global language of academia. However, architects who can access and read literature in foreign languages can gain new perspectives and insights into different cultural approaches to design. While caution should be taken to verify the accuracy of translations, architects should explore literature in multiple languages to broaden their understanding and enhance their creative problem-solving skills.。
建筑节能论文：外墙保温技术及建筑节能材料分析
外墙保温技术及建筑节能材料分析建筑节能指的是在建筑物设计施工与应用的阶段，在确保建筑内部温度适宜状况之下，为了最大限度的降低建筑物能源消耗，而使用的一些技术及材料。
现阶段，我国对于环境保护工作越来越重视，在建筑物的使用过程中也不单单的要求其拥有合格的质量与舒适性，建筑物的节能性逐渐发展成了评价建筑物的一个新标准、新要求。
并且，我国在建设环境友好型社会的过程中，提出了节约资源与可持续发展的规划，同时颁布了大量的建筑节能政策与法规，以最大限度的促进社会发展和环境保护的和谐。
而对于建筑行业来说，建筑节能是实现环境与社会和谐发展的关键部分。
1外墙保温技术1．1外墙内保温技术建筑外墙应用内保温技术，一般通过使用保温胶砂、苯板材料等完成，属于相对传统的内保温技术。
外墙内保温在我国的应用时间相对长，相应的技术工艺也比较成熟。
在进行施工过程中，不需要搭建脚手架，只要在建筑内部进行施工。
而且，通常采取干作业方式，几乎不会被外界环境条件所限制，施工的连续作业面积相对较小，工序也较为便捷，拥有极高的施工效率，内保温施工的造价与质量检测标准相对也非常的健全。
外墙的内保温大部分是应用在夏热冬冷的区域，其在热桥的施工过程中较容易出现一些问题。
而热桥的不当处理会使墙体局部的温度差值偏大，从而导致结露问题的发生，结露的出现使得一些未被保护的部件被侵袭，严重的将使保温墙体形成裂纹与发霉问题。
通常采用的外墙内保温技术包含下列三种技术:1)保温浆料内保温方法。
把聚合物、砂子以及水泥均匀混合形成砂浆，与玻纤网格布结合形成表面强化材料层，使外墙拥有更强的保温作用。
2)保温板复合粉刷石膏强化玻纤网格方法。
先在外墙的表层粘贴上保温板材料，再将石膏均匀的刷涂在板面之上，使用玻纤网格作为强化层材料，然后对外层进行装饰施工。
3)纸面石膏板与保温板复合方法。
把纸面石膏板和保温板事先进行复合处理，并将两者共同的安装于墙体内表面位置，最后对内表面做饰面处理。
外墙保温技术与节能材料研究
外墙保温技术与节能材料研究随着全球能源短缺和环境问题日益严重，节能环保成为当今社会的热门话题。
外墙保温技术及节能材料作为一种有效的节能手段，正逐渐受到广泛。
本文将对外墙保温技术及节能材料的发展历程、优势和应用前景进行探讨。
外墙保温技术起源于20世纪40年代的欧洲，当时主要为了提高建筑物的隔热性能。
随着技术的发展，外墙保温技术逐渐应用到建筑物的各个方面，包括外墙、屋顶和地面等。
进入21世纪，随着全球能源紧张和环境污染问题加剧，外墙保温技术及节能材料在我国得到了大力推广和应用。
外墙保温技术有许多优势，首先是提高建筑物的舒适度。
外墙保温材料能够有效地减少外界温度对建筑物的影响，使室内环境更加稳定，提高居住舒适度。
其次是降低能源消耗。
外墙保温材料具有优良的保温隔热性能，能够减少室内外的热量交换，从而降低能源消耗。
外墙保温技术还具有环保、安全等特点，能够有效地减少环境污染和安全事故。
随着国家对节能环保的重视，外墙保温技术在未来的应用前景十分广阔。
在国家政策支持下，外墙保温技术将得到更广泛的应用。
政府对节能环保产业的扶持政策将会持续加大，为外墙保温技术提供更广阔的市场空间。
各类建筑的实际应用也将推动外墙保温技术的发展。
无论是住宅、办公楼还是工业建筑，都需要考虑节能问题。
外墙保温技术作为一种有效的节能手段，将在各类建筑中得到广泛应用。
外墙保温技术与节能材料在提高建筑物的舒适度和降低能源消耗方面具有重要作用，同时也具有环保、安全等优点。
未来，随着国家政策支持和各类建筑的实际应用，外墙保温技术及节能材料将具有更为广阔的发展前景。
因此，我们呼吁相关部门和企业加强对外墙保温技术及节能材料的研发和应用。
这不仅有助于降低能耗、保护环境，也有利于推动节能环保产业的发展，促进绿色经济的可持续发展。
让我们共同努力，推动外墙保温技术与节能材料在未来的广泛应用，为创造一个更加美好的环境贡献力量。
随着全球能源短缺和环境污染问题的日益严重，建筑行业的节能和环保意识不断提高。
建筑防火中英文对照外文翻译文献
- 1 -中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文文献外文文献: :Designing Against Fire Of BulidingABSTRACT:This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electricalsystems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are consideredin the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed.1 INTRODUCTIONOther papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the case of fire. Rather, it is building regulations such as the Building Code of Australia (BCA) that directly specify most of the requirements for fire safety of buildings with reference being made to Standards such as AS3600 or AS4100 for methods for determining the fire resistance of structural elements.The purpose of this paper is to consider the design of buildings for fire safety from an engineering perspective (as is currently done for other loads such as wind or earthquakes), whilst at the same time,putting such approaches in the context of the current regulatory requirements.At the outset,it needs to be noted that designing a building for fire safety is far more than simply considering the building structure and whether it has sufficient structural adequacy.This is because fires can have a direct influence on occupants via smoke and heat and can grow in size and severity unlike other effects imposed on the building. Notwithstanding these comments, the focus of this paper will be largely on design issues associated with the building structure.Two situations associated with a building are used for the purpose of discussion. The multi-storey office building shown in Figure 1 is supported by a transfer structure that spans over a set of railway tracks. It is assumed that a wide range of rail traffic utilises these tracks including freight and diesel locomotives. The first situation to be considered from a fire safety perspective is the transfer structure.This is termed Situation 1 and the key questions are: what level of fire resistance is required for this transfer structure and how can this be determined? This situation has been chosen since it clearly falls outside the normal regulatory scope of most build-ing regulations. An engineering solution, rather than a prescriptive one is required. The second fire situation (termed Situation 2) corresponds to a fire within the office levels of the building and is covered by building regulations. This situation is chosen because it will enable a discussion of engineering approaches and how these interface with the building regulations regulations––since both engineering and prescriptive solutions are possible.2 UNIQUENESS OF FIRE2.1 Introduction Wind and earthquakes can be considered to b Wind and earthquakes can be considered to be “natural” phenomena o e “natural” phenomena o e “natural” phenomena over which designers ver which designers have no control except perhaps to choose the location of buildings more carefully on the basis of historical records and to design building to resist sufficiently high loads or accelerations for the particular location. Dead and live loads in buildings are the result of gravity. All of these loads are variable and it is possible (although generally unlikely) that the loads may exceed the resistance of the critical structural members resulting in structural failure.The nature and influence of fires in buildings are quite different to those associated with other“loads” to which a building may be subjected to. The essential differences are described in the following sections.2.2 Origin of FireIn most situations (ignoring bush fires), fire originates from human activities within the building or the malfunction of equipment placed within the building to provide a serviceable environment. It follows therefore that it is possible to influence the rate of fire starts by influencing human behaviour, limiting and monitoring human behaviour and improving the design of equipment and its maintenance. This is not the case for the usual loads applied to a building.2.3 Ability to InfluenceSince wind and earthquake are directly functions of nature, it is not possible to influence such events to any extent. One has to anticipate them and design accordingly. It may be possibleto influence the level of live load in a building by conducting audits and placing restrictions on contents. However, in the case of a fire start, there are many factors that can be brought to bear to influence the ultimate size of the fire and its effect within the building. It is known that occupants within a building will often detect a fire and deal with it before it reaches a sig- nificant size. It is estimated that less than one fire in five (Favre, 1996) results in a call to the fire brigade and for fires reported to the fire brigade, the majority will be limited to the room of fire origin. Inoc- cupied spaces, olfactory cues (smell) provide powerful evidence of the presence of even a small fire. The addition of a functional smoke detection system will further improve the likelihood of detection and of action being taken by the occupants.Fire fighting equipment, such as extinguishers and hose reels, is generally provided within buildings for the use of occupants and many organisations provide training for staff in respect ofthe use of such equipment.The growth of a fire can also be limited by automatic extinguishing systems such as sprinklers, which can be designed to have high levels of effectiveness.Fires can also be limited by the fire brigade depending on the size and location of the fire at the time of arrival.2.4 Effects of FireThe structural elements in the vicinity of the fire will experience the effects of heat. The temperatures within the structural elements will increase with time of exposure to the fire, the rate of temperature rise being dictated by the thermal resistance of the structural element and the severity of the fire. The increase in temperatures within a member will result in both thermal expansion and,eventually,a reduction in the structural resistance of the member. Differential thermal expansion will lead to bowing of a member. Significant axial expansion willbe accommodated in steel members by either overall or local buckling or yielding of local- ised regions. These effects will be detrimental for columns but for beams forming part of a floorsystem may assist in the development of other load resisting mechanisms (see Section 4.3.5).With the exception of the development of forces due to restraint of thermal expansion, fire does not impose loads on the structure but rather reduces stiffness and strength. Such effects are not instantaneous but are a function of time and this is different to the effects of loads such as earthquake and wind that are more or less instantaneous.Heating effects associated with a fire will not be significant or the rate of loss of capacity will be slowed if:(a) the fire is extinguished (e.g. an effective sprinkler system)(b) the fire is of insufficient severity –– insufficient fuel, and/or(b) the fire is of insufficient severity(c)the structural elements have sufficient thermal mass and/or insulation to slow the rise in internal temperatureFire protection measures such as providing sufficient axis distance and dimensions for concrete elements, and sufficient insulation thickness for steel elements are examples of (c). These are illustrated in Figure 2.The two situations described in the introduction are now considered.3 FIRE WITHIN BUILDINGS3.1 Fire Safety ConsiderationsThe implications of fire within the occupied parts of the office building (Figure 1) (Situation 2) are now considered. Fire statistics for office buildings show that about one fatality is expected in an office building for every 1000 fires reported to the fire brigade. This is an orderof magnitude less than the fatality rate associated with apartment buildings. More than two thirdsof fires occur during occupied hours and this is due to the greater human activity and the greater use of services within the building. It is twice as likely that a fire that commences out of normal working hours will extend beyond the enclosure of fire origin.A relatively small fire can generate large quantities of smoke within the floor of fire origin.If the floor is of open-plan construction with few partitions, the presence of a fire during normal occupied hours is almost certain to be detected through the observation of smoke on the floor. The presence of full height partitions across the floor will slow the spread of smoke and possibly also the speed at which the occupants detect the fire. Any measures aimed at improving housekeeping, fire awareness and fire response will be beneficial in reducing the likelihood of major fires during occupied hours.For multi-storey buildings, smoke detection systems and alarms are often provided to give “automatic” detection and warning to the occupants. An alarm signal is also transm itted to the fire brigade.Should the fire not be able to be controlled by the occupants on the fire floor, they will need to leave the floor of fire origin via the stairs. Stair enclosures may be designed to be fire-resistant but this may not be sufficient to keep the smoke out of the stairs. Many buildings incorporate stair pressurisation systems whereby positive airflow is introduced into the stairs upon detection of smoke within the building. However, this increases the forces required to open the stair doors and makes it increasingly difficult to access the stairs. It is quite likely that excessive door opening forces will exist(Fazio et al,2006)From a fire perspective, it is common to consider that a building consists of enclosures formed by the presence of walls and floors.An enclosure that has sufficiently fire-resistant boundaries (i.e. walls and floors) is considered to constitute a fire compartment and to be capableof limiting the spread of fire to an adjacent compartment. However, the ability of such boundariesto restrict the spread of fire can be severely limited by the need to provide natural lighting (windows)and access openings between the adjacent compartments (doors and stairs). Fire spread via the external openings (windows) is a distinct possibility given a fully developed fire. Limit- ing the window sizes and geometry can reduce but not eliminate the possibility of vertical fire spread.By far the most effective measure in limiting fire spread, other than the presence of occupants, is an effective sprinkler system that delivers water to a growing fire rapidly reducing the heat being generated and virtually extinguishing it.3.2 Estimating Fire SeverityIn the absence of measures to extinguish developing fires, or should such systems fail; severe fires can develop within buildings.In fire engineering literature, the term “fire load” refers to the quantity of combustibles within an enclosure and not the loads (forces) applied to the structure during a fire. Similarly, fire load density refers to the quantity of fuel per unit area. It is normally expressed in terms of MJ/m2or kg/m 2of wood equivalent. Surveys of combustibles for various occupancies (i.e offices, retail,hospitals, warehouses, etc)have been undertaken and a good summary of the available data is given in FCRC (1999). As would be expected, the fire load density is highly variable. Publications such as the International Fire Engineering Guidelines (2005) give fire load data in terms of the mean and 80th percentile.The latter level of fire load density is sometimes taken asthe characteristic fire load density and is sometimes taken as being distributed according to a Gumbel distribution (Schleich et al, 1999).The rate at which heat is released within an enclosure is termed the heat release rate (HRR) and normally expressed in megawatts (MW). The application of sufficient heat to a combustible material results in the generation of gases some of which are combustible. This process is called pyrolisation.Upon coming into contact with sufficient oxygen these gases ignite generating heat. The rate of burning(and therefore of heat generation) is therefore dependent on the flow of air to the gases generated by the pyrolising fuel.This flow is influenced by the shape of the enclosure (aspect ratio), and the position and size of any potential openings. It is found from experiments with single openings in approximately cubic enclosures that the rate of burning is directly proportional to A h where A is the area of the opening and h is the opening height. It is known that for deep enclosures with single openings that burning will occur initially closest to the opening moving back into the enclosure once the fuel closest to the opening is consumed (Thomas et al, 2005). Significant temperature variations throughout such enclosures can be expected.The use of the word ‘opening’ in relation to real building enclosures refers to any openings present around the walls including doors that are left open and any windows containing non fire-resistant glass.It is presumed that such glass breaks in the event of development of a significant fire. If the windows could be prevented from breaking and other sources of air to the enclosure limited, then the fire would be prevented from becoming a severe fire.V arious methods have been developed for determining the potential severity of a fire within an enclosure.These are described in SFPE (2004). The predictions of these methods are variable and are mostly based on estimating a representative heat release rate (HRR) and the proportion of total fuel ς likely to be consumed during the primary burning stage (Figure 4). Further studies of enclosure fires are required to assist with the development of improved models,as the behaviour is very complex.3.3 Role of the Building StructureIf the design objectives are to provide an adequate level of safety for the occupants and protection of adjacent properties from damage, then the structural adequacy of the building in fire need only be sufficient to allow the occupants to exit the building and for the building to ultimately deform in a way that does not lead to damage or fire spread to a building located on an adjacent site.These objectives are those associated with most building regulations including the Building Code of Australia (BCA). There could be other objectives including protection of the building against significant damage. In considering these various objectives, the following should be taken into account when considering the fire resistance of the building structure.3.3.1 Non-Structural ConsequencesSince fire can produce smoke and flame, it is important to ask whether these outcomes will threaten life safety within other parts of the building before the building is compromised by a lossof structural adequacy? Is search and rescue by the fire brigade not feasible given the likely extent of smoke? Will the loss of use of the building due to a severe fire result in major property and income loss? If the answer to these questions is in the affirmative, then it may be necessary to minimise the occurrence of a significant fire rather than simply assuming that the building structure needs to be designed for high levels of fire resistance. A low-rise shopping centre with levels interconnected by large voids is an example of such a situation.3.3.2 Other Fire Safety SystemsThe presence of other systems (e.g. sprinklers) within the building to minimise the occurrence of a serious fire can greatly reduce the need for the structural elements to have high levels of fire resistance. In this regard, the uncertainties of all fire-safety systems need to be considered. Irrespective of whether the fire safety system is the sprinkler system, stair pressurisation, compartmentation or the system giving the structure a fire-resistance level (e.g. concrete cover), there is an uncertainty of performance. Uncertainty data is available for sprinkler systems(because it is relatively easy to collect) but is not readily available for the other fire safety systems. This sometimes results in the designers and building regulators considering that only sprinkler systems are subject to uncertainty. In reality, it would appear that sprinklers systems have a high level of performance and can be designed to have very high levels of reliability.3.3.3 Height of BuildingIt takes longer for a tall building to be evacuated than a short building and therefore the structure of a tall building may need to have a higher level of fire resistance. The implications of collapse of tall buildings on adjacent properties are also greater than for buildings of only several storeys.3.3.4 Limited Extent of BurningIf the likely extent of burning is small in comparison with the plan area of the building, then the fire cannot have a significant impact on the overall stability of the building structure. Examples of situations where this is the case are open-deck carparks and very large area building such as shopping complexes where the fire-effected part is likely to be small in relation to area of the building floor plan.3.3.5 Behaviour of Floor ElementsThe effect of real fires on composite and concrete floors continues to be a subject of much research.Experimental testing at Cardington demonstrated that when parts of a composite floor are subject to heating, large displacement behaviour can develop that greatly assists the load carrying capacity of the floor beyond that which would predicted by considering only the behaviour of the beams and slabs in isolation.These situations have been analysed by both yield line methods that take into account the effects of membrane forces (Bailey, 2004) and finite element techniques. In essence, the methods illustrate that it is not necessary to insulate all structural steel elements in a composite floor to achieve high levels of fire resistance.This work also demonstrated that exposure of a composite floor having unprotected steel beams, to a localised fire, will not result in failure of the floor.A similar real fire test on a multistory reinforced concrete building demonstrated that the real structural behaviour in fire was significantly different to that expected using small displacement theory as for normal tempera- ture design (Bailey, 2002) with the performance being superior than that predicted by considering isolated member behaviour.3.4 Prescriptive Approach to DesignThe building regulations of most countries provide prescriptive requirements for the design of buildings for fire.These requirements are generally not subject to interpretation and compliance with them makes for simpler design approvalapproval––although not necessarily the most cost-effective designs.These provisions are often termed deemed-to-satisfy (DTS) provisions. Allcovered––the provision of emergency exits, aspects of designing buildings for fire safety are coveredspacings between buildings, occupant fire fighting measures, detection and alarms, measures for automatic fire suppression, air and smoke handling requirements and last, but not least, requirements for compartmentation and fire resistance levels for structural members. However, there is little evidence that the requirements have been developed from a systematic evaluation of fire safety. Rather it would appear that many of the requirements have been added one to anotherto deal with another fire incident or to incorporate a new form of technology. There does not appear to have been any real attempt to determine which provision have the most significant influence on fire safety and whether some of the former provisions could be modified.The FRL requirements specified in the DTS provisions are traditionally considered to result in member resistances that will only rarely experience failure in the event of a fire.This is why it is acceptable to use the above arbitrary point in time load combination for assessing members in fire. There have been attempts to evaluate the various deemed-to-satisfy provisions (particularly the fire- resistance requirements)from a fire-engineering perspective taking into account the possible variations in enclosure geometry, opening sizes and fire load (see FCRC, 1999).One of the outcomes of this evaluation was the recognition that deemed-to- satisfy provisions necessarily cover the broad range of buildings and thus must, on average, be quite onerous because of the magnitude of the above variations.It should be noted that the DTS provisions assume that compartmentation works and that fire is limited to a single compartment. This means that fire is normally only considered to exist at one level. Thus floors are assumed to be heated from below and columns only over one storey height.3.5 Performance-Based DesignAn approach that offers substantial benefits for individual buildings is the move towards performance-based regulations. This is permitted by regulations such as the BCA which state thata designer must demonstrate that the particular building will achieve the relevant performance requirements. The prescriptive provisions (i.e. the DTS provisions) are presumed to achieve these requirements. It is necessary to show that any building that does not conform to the DTS provisions will achieve the performance requirements.But what are the performance requirements? Most often the specified performance is simplya set of performance statements (such as with the Building Code of Australia)with no quantitative level given. Therefore, although these statements remind the designer of the key elements of design, they do not, in themselves, provide any measure against which to determine whether the design is adequately safe.Possible acceptance criteria are now considered.3.5.1 Acceptance CriteriaSome guidance as to the basis for acceptable designs is given in regulations such as the BCA. These and other possible bases are now considered in principle.(i)compare the levels of safety (with respect to achieving each of the design objectives) of the proposed alternative solution with those asso- ciated with a corresponding DTS solution for the building.This comparison may be done on either a qualitative or qualitative risk basis or perhaps a combination. In this case, the basis for comparison is an acceptable DTS solution. Such an approach requires a “holistic” approach to safety whereby all aspects relevant to safety, including the structure, are considered. This is, by far, the most common basis for acceptance.(ii)undertake a probabilistic risk assessment and show that the risk associated with the proposed design is less than that associated with common societal activities such as using pub lic transport. Undertaking a full probabilistic risk assessment can be very difficult for all but the simplest situations.Assuming that such an assessment is undertaken it will be necessary for the stakeholders to accept the nominated level of acceptable risk. Again, this requires a “holistic” approach to fire safety.(iii) a design is presented where it is demonstrated that all reasonable measures have been adopted to manage the risks and that any possible measures that have not been adopted will have negligible effect on the risk of not achieving the design objectives.(iv) as far as the building structure is concerned,benchmark the acceptable probability of failure in fire against that for normal temperature design. This is similar to the approach used when considering Building Situation 1 but only considers the building structure and not the effects of flame or smoke spread. It is not a holistic approach to fire safety.Finally, the questions of arson and terrorism must be considered. Deliberate acts of fire initiation range from relatively minor incidents to acts of mass destruction.Acts of arson are well within the accepted range of fire events experienced by build- ings(e.g. 8% of fire starts in offices are deemed "suspicious"). The simplest act is to use a small heat source to start a fire. The resulting fire will develop slowly in one location within the building and will most probably be controlled by the various fire- safety systems within the building. The outcome is likely to be the same even if an accelerant is used to assist fire spread.An important illustration of this occurred during the race riots in Los Angeles in 1992 (Hart 1992) when fires were started in many buildings often at multiple locations. In the case of buildings with sprinkler systems,the damage was limited and the fires significantly controlled.Although the intent was to destroy the buildings,the fire-safety systems were able to limit the resulting fires. Security measures are provided with systems such as sprinkler systems and include:- locking of valves- anti-tamper monitoring- location of valves in secure locationsFurthermore, access to significant buildings is often restricted by security measures.The very fact that the above steps have been taken demonstrates that acts of destruction within buildings are considered although most acts of arson do not involve any attempt to disable the fire-safety systems.At the one end of the spectrum is "simple" arson and at the other end, extremely rare acts where attempts are made to destroy the fire-safety systems along with substantial parts of thebuilding.This can be only achieved through massive impact or the use of explosives. The latter may be achieved through explosives being introduced into the building or from outside by missile attack.The former could result from missile attack or from the collision of a large aircraft. The greater the destructiveness of the act,the greater the means and knowledge required. Conversely, the more extreme the act, the less confidence there can be in designing against such an act. This is because the more extreme the event, the harder it is to predict precisely and the less understood will be its effects. The important point to recognise is that if sufficient means can be assembled, then it will always be possible to overcome a particular building design.Thus these acts are completely different to the other loadings to which a building is subjected such as wind,earthquake and gravity loading. This is because such acts of destruction are the work of intelligent beings and take into account the characteristics of the target.Should high-rise buildings be designed for given terrorist activities,then terrorists will simply use greater means to achieve the end result.For example, if buildings were designed to resist the impact effects from a certain size aircraft, then the use of a larger aircraft or more than one aircraft could still achieve destruction of the building. An appropriate strategy is therefore to minimise the likelihood of means of mass destruction getting into the hands of persons intent on such acts. This is not an engineering solution associated with the building structure.It should not be assumed that structural solutions are always the most appropriate, or indeed, possible.In the same way, aircrafts are not designed to survive a major fire or a crash landing but steps are taken to minimise the likelihood of either occurrence.The mobilization of large quantities of fire load (the normal combustibles on the floors) simultaneously on numerous levels throughout a building is well outside fire situations envisaged by current fire test standards and prescriptive regulations. Risk management measures to avoid such a possibility must be considered.4 CONCLUSIONSificantly from other “loads” such as wind, live load and earthquakes in significantlyFire differs signrespect of its origin and its effects.Due to the fact that fire originates from human activities or equipment installed within buildings, it is possible to directly influence the potential effects on the building by reducing the rate of fire starts and providing measures to directly limit fire severity.The design of buildings for fire safety is mostly achieved by following the prescriptive requirements of building codes such as the BCA. For situations that fall outside of the scope of such regulations, or where proposed designs are not in accordance with the prescriptive requirements, it is possible to undertake performance-based fire engineering designs.However,。
建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献篇一：建筑环境与设备工程中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Ground Source Heat PumpAt present,energy is the most important element for the development of states’economy.Because of the good energy-saving effect,using regenerate resource of energy,and no pollution,the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION is used more and more popular now.In the system of the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,the terminal devices what include the fan,the deep well pump,the circulate pump are the biggest energy-consumed part except the inner device as well as the compressor motor, etc.So it is very important and significant to make the terminal devices running in the mostenergy-saving condition.In this paper,the author founded on the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION in Guangxi University,based on the actual project condition, made the redesign through the way of frequency conversiontechnology for the old system of GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION.At first, the equipments’ running control system were improved following the energy-saving principle of fan and pump,choused Mitsubishi FR series frequency transducer with vector-controlfunction,Mitsubishi FX2N series PLC and other auxiliary parts to make up of the auto-control system for the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,and then did the emulating analysis for the vector-control mode in the frequency conversion process.In the next based the auto-control system,made the PLC control system designing.This system monitor the temperature and flux in accurate and real time,then input feedback to the plc,finally the terminal device running status will correspond to the customer’s demanded-load,it can wellmeet the goal for saving energy and prolong the life of the motor and other device.At the same time,designed the PLC control process,according to this transformation of the specific programme,programmed for the PLC by using the FX-GP/WIN-C programme software.Researched and analyses the PIDalgorithm and its improved algorithm for the PID Operational module in the PLC.At last,through detailed analysis and accounted for energy-saving effect and the cost of thesystem-reforming,validated the profitability of this redesigned-project,and showed its feasibility and worthBe using renewable geothermal energy in shallow ground layer, a ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology is known as one of air conditioning techniques which have the greatest developmental. The GSHP has great potentials in energy reduction and in reducing CO2emissions to conventional HVAC systems. In China, energy shortage and environmental issues pose a seriouschallenge accompanied by rapid economic growth. GSHP has been spotlighted as both energy efficiency and environmental benefits. Generally, the initial investment for a GCHP system is higher than that of a conventional system. GCHP energy savings will offset the higher installing cost in future. However, there are many aspects affecting the actual amount of energy saved, such as climate, building load, ground heat exchanger, heat pump, control, etc. Recently, a lot of research on the energy performance of GCHP has been carried out. However, most of these previous research projects evaluated the performance of GCHP system based on a laboratory scale or a small capacity system. There is little data documenting the long-term performance of a large-sized GCHP. Evalution and research on real world installed GCHP will provide a more accurate understanding of the current technology’s performance.The paper presented that the energy performance evaluation of two types of GSHPs based on actual operational data. The two types of GSHPs were ground-coupled heat pump system (GCHPs) and groundwater heat pump system (GWHPs) which were,respectively, installed in two apartment buildings of Wuhan, China. In one year, we monitored various operating parameters, including the outdoor temperature, the flow rate, electrical consumption, and the water temperature. The coefficient of performance (COP) values of system and chiller were determined based on a series of measurements. During residential GCHP system operation, the heat injection rate into soil is larger than the heatextraction rate out of soil. The COP of chillers of the GCHPs decreased significantly during the heating season due to the lowering of ground soil temperature. The system power consumption exhibited a strong linear relationship with outdoor temperature in both seasons and this suggests that normalizing power consumption against degree-days is a highly practical index in energy analysis in resident buildings, especially in winter.Some research topics were studied on the two actual cases. An exergy analysis of a ground water heat pump system on the actual operation was conduced. The energy efficiency and exergy loss and efficiency in each of the components of the system are detemined forthe average measured parameters obtained from the monitored results of the hottest month and the coldest month. Inefficient facts are found out and increased energy efficiencies of two proposed improvement measures were estimated. Lower approachtemperature is effective energy saving. In addition to the energy analysis, a full exergy analysis helps to identify the components where inefficiencies occur. An economic analysis model forGWHP was established to calculate energy consumption and operating cost based on a baseline condition. Plate heat exchanger flow rate and groundwater flow rate were optimization parameters according to different water price of the groundwater:GWHP survey data shows the impact of water price on groundwater flow rate in design. The long-term energy performances of theGWHPs and the GCHPs were investigated and compared with conventional HVAC systems and other GSHPs on literature data. A performances model was established base on the two cases to constrast the predictedperformance with the actual performance.Based on superposition theorem of geothermal heat exchangers (GHE), a inverse model for GHE, G-functions interpolationapproach was proposed. Linear interpolation method was adopted to fit G-functions. The method presented here uses the Nelder and Mead simplex algorithm as part of a parameter estimation algorithm to estimate G-function. For verification of G-functions interpolation approach, anumerical experimentation had been conducted where synthetic load on GHE was established. The simulation results with error and no error, were inversely modeled by G-functions interpolation approach and DST calibrated approach. The actual dataset of a small sized and a large sized GSHPs were also used in inverse modeling to verify the results from the G-functions interpolation approach. The small sized GSHPs was from literature. The large sized vertical GSHPs was the monitored case in the paper. A detailed DST model of a GHE has been calibrated to monitored data. The secondyear predicted temperatures calculated by the two models were compared with the measured. The results show the two approaches are reliable and have good performance of error tolerance. The error of GHE water temperature calculated by G-functions interpolation approach was less than DST calibrated approaches. The data error inversely modeled was mainly from recorded day data. As a extension study of the G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions approach was proposed. The model was based on degree-day prediction load and can be applied on the residential buildings. The standard deviation of GHE water temperature by degree-day G-functions approach was larger than DST calibrated approaches. The result shows the appropriateness of degree-day G-functions interpolation approach for the quantitative modeling of GHE.This paper shows that the research on actual performance according measured data and presents two inverse models:G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions model approach, which provides new methods for GHE inverse modelingWith the sustainable development theory being put forward in recent years, people pay more and more attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection. The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP) air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment. This paper gives an overview of technology economy analysis on GSHPAir-conditioning System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger, which provide helpful suggestion to engineers.First, this paper gives an overview of the history of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system, thecharacteristics of three circulations have been proposed, which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly, etc. hi terms of technology economy, the GSHPair-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system, the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioningsystem. Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of the GSHP air-conditioning system.A practical project was used as an example for the analysis.Ground-loop heat exchanger is an important part of the GSHP air-conditioning system and deferent from other traditional air-conditioning systems. This paper gave detailed designing method of Ground-loop heat exchanger, including load calculation, pipe layout, choice of tubes and its material, antifreeze method, calculation of pressure drop, etc. Taken the GSHP air-conditioning system in the report room of Shandong Institute of Architecture and Engineering as an example, its design was analyzed and the optimization design of ground-loop heat exchanger was proposed.The people attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection,which decide thesustainable development of the country.The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP)air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment.This paper gives an overview of technologyeconomy analysis on GSHP Air-condition System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger,which provide helpful suggestion toengineersFirst,this paper gives an overview of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system,the characteristics of three circulations have been proposed,which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly,etc.In teams of technology ,the GSHP air-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system,the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioning system.Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of GSHP air-conditoning篇二：建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing ForewordConcrete is formed by a sand and gravel aggregate,cement,water and other materials but mixed heterogeneous brittle materials.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, impermeable and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete besubjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Component all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. materialcreation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and impermeable ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.Thereinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Shrinkage crack and preventionShrinkage crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation Shrinkage, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Shrinkage crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface Shrinkage transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relativehumidity is more low, cement syrup body Shrinkage more big, Shrinkage crack be more easy creation.Shrinkage crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Shrinkage crackusually the impermeability of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete Shrinkage be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of Shrinkage be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, Shrinkage more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use waterquantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and brushing protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.Plastic shrinkage cracking and preventionPlastic shrinkage is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Plastic shrinkage crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends of the thin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almosthaving no strength or strength before the final setting very small, perhaps concrete just eventually final setting but strength very hour, be subjected toheat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Plastic shrinkage of the main factors of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use dry compression value smaller higher silicate of the earlier period strength or common the portland cement.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually beforethe final setting surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink tosink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack widthunder the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in bigsurface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge or cooling dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under constructionperiod.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind篇三：建筑与环境设备工程外文翻译毕业论文（设计）题系部名称：专业班级：学生姓名：学指导教师：教师职称：外文翻译目：浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗号：XX11014233 讲师 1浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。
建筑外墙保温技术及节能材料论文
浅议建筑外墙保温技术及节能材料摘要:本文介绍了目前被大力推广的一种建筑保温节能技术——外墙保温技术,论述了建筑中常用的几种节能外墙保温材料,并总结了外墙体外保温施工的要点。
关键词:建筑外墙外保温技术节能材料制约我国经济发展的一个主要原因就是人均资源短缺、能源紧缺,因此,推广建筑节能将是我国环境保护和节约能源政策的一项长期国策。
在建筑中,由于热损耗较大的为外围护结构,其中以墙体结构为主。
因此,建筑节能技术的最重要的环节就是要改革建筑墙体和发展墙体节能技术,建筑节能主要依靠外墙保温技术及节能材料的发展才得以实现。
1 外墙保温技术外墙保温技术主要分为内保温技术和外保温技术,外保温相比内保温,在技术较为合理,在使用同样规格、同样尺寸和性能的保温材料也有其明显的优越性。
不管是在新建的结构工程,还是旧楼改造,都适用外保温技术;由于主体结构的外侧有外保温包的保护,建筑主体结构也能受到保护,建筑物的寿命也会相应的延长;外保温技术还能让建筑结构的热桥大大减少,使其建筑的有效空间有所增加;最后,外保温技术还消除了冷凝,让居住的舒适度大幅度提高,因此,外保温技术是目前大力推广的一种建筑保温节能技术。
1.1 外挂式保温岩(矿)棉和玻璃棉、聚苯乙烯泡沫板、水泥聚苯板、钢丝网架夹芯墙板等是外挂的保温常用的材料。
聚苯乙烯泡沫板相比其他的保温材料,不仅物理性能加好和成本也较为廉价,因此,全球范围内广泛应用了外墙保温外挂技术。
该技术是借用粘接砂浆或是专用的固定件,将保温材料贴或挂在外墙上,然后将抗裂砂浆抹上面,再将玻璃纤维网格布嵌入其中,从而形成一层保护层,最后再在其表面做装饰。
另一种做法就借助专用的固定件,将不易吸水的各种保温板贴或是挂在外墙上,然后在预先制作的龙骨上挂上铝板、天然石材、彩色玻璃等直接作为装饰面。
这样的外挂式保温的在安装上不仅需要花大量时间,施工难度系数也很大,且主导工期主要为施工阶段,施工人员要待主体验收完后方可进行施工,因此,施工人员在进行高层施工时,就加大了其危险性。
建筑节能中外墙保温技术应用的论文
建筑节能中外墙保温技术应用的论文如今，国内外墙外保温有许多种施工方法，详细有以下几种方法：1.1保温砂浆类。
所谓的保温砂浆就是指将回收的泡沫塑料打碎与许多的建筑混合物，如泥浆等混在一起进行搅拌。
在详细的施工过程中，需要不断进行技术方面的性能检测，保障工程施工的质量平安，避开施工的差异大，保温性能方面的失衡。
1.2膨胀聚苯乙烯板〔EPS〕类。
膨胀聚苯乙烯板〔EPS〕现浇混凝土外墙外保温系统。
EPS板的最表层进行抗裂砂浆薄抹面层的涂抹工作，涂料进行材料的饰面层的涂抹，保证施工材料的质量要求。
这样的做法优点是挤塑板可与土建能够进行同时施工。
但是在工程实施的时候也难免会消失工程管理方面的问题，导致详细施工不顺畅，在详细施工方面的留下不好的印象。
1.3挤塑聚苯乙烯〔XPS〕外墙外保温系统。
目前，XPS与基层墙体都是通用的采纳机械固定件的`方式。
这种材料相对于其他的材料而言保湿性能隔热性能更加好，对湿度具有更强的抗体，在潮湿的气候条件下也便利施工，并且这种材料可以为一些在潮湿环境下作业的特别工程带来很大的便利，同时对于建筑外表为面砖或石材的工程施工也很适合。
1.4罗宝板系统——硬质聚氨酯泡沫系统。
罗宝板、专用龙骨、空气层及配件是这一系统密不行分的重要组成部分，其中罗宝板一般都是设置在建筑物的外层，进行工程操作；罗宝板与墙体间存在重要的空气层，这是在施工的时候需要重点观看的部位，防止工作不到位影响施工质量；罗宝板与门窗洞口连接需要使用相关的重要工程配件，防止由于安装的技术问题造成配件的破损，即便配件的质量达标，也需要严格执行安装的质量标准。
这一系统的外部，中部和内部构造都是工程中需要重点关注的部位。
无论哪个领域的建筑材料只有拥有高质量和高性价比，高保温隔热效能的技术优势才能够在实践领域得到广泛接受。
从我国建筑节能方面的进展来看，在保温材料的使用来看，聚氨酯可能是将来最受欢迎的节能环保材料。
2.案例分析2.1工程概况。
外墙外保温系统中英文
Exterior Insulation FinishingSystemExterior Insulation and Finishing System (EIFS) is a type of building exterior wall cladding system that provides exterior walls with an insulated finished surface and waterproofing in an integrated composite material system.Contents• 1 Terminology• 2 How EIFS is installed• 3 Composition and types of EIFS• 4 History of EIFS• 5 Legal issues• 6 Marketing of EIFS and The EIFS Industry•7 EIFS Architectural Details•8 ReferencesTerminologyAlthough often called "synthetic stucco", EIFS is not stucco. Traditional stucco, otherwise known as Portland Cement Plaster, is a centuries-old non-insulating material. Stucco consists of sand, Portland Cement, and water, and is a hard, dense, thick, non-insulating material. EIFS is a lightweight synthetic wall cladding that includes foam plastic insulation and thin synthetic coatings. There are also specialty stuccos that use synthetic materials but no insulation, and these are also not EIFS either. A common example is what is calledone-coat stucco, which is a thick, synthetic stucco applied in a single layer (traditional stucco is applied in 3 layers). There is also an EIFS-like product called a Direct-Applied Finish System (or DAFS), which is essentially an EIFS but without the insulation, and has quite different characteristics.EIFS are proprietary systems of a particular EIFS producer and consist of specific components. EIFS are not generic products made from common separate materials. To function properly, EIFS needs to be architecturally designed and installed as a system.There are a number of versions of EIFS. The most basic and common EIFS is called a barrier EIFS (also known as a traditional or conventional EIFS). Another type is called an EIFS with Drainage, which is a barrier EIFS to which a water drainage capability has been added.A basic EIFS includes only the insulation and EIFS materials (coatings, adhesives, etc.). Other types of EIFS may also include plastic edge trim, water-resistive barriers, a drainage cavity, and other accessories. The technical definition of "an EIFS" does not include wall framing, sheathing, flashings, caulking, water barriers, windows, doors, and other wall components. However, as of recently, architects have begun specifying flashings, sealants, and wiring fasteners (such as Viperstrap) as being a part of the EIFS scope of work, essentially requiring EIFS contractors to carry out that work as well. The technical national consensus standard for the definition of an EIFS, as published by ASTM International organization, does not include flashing or sealants as part of the EIFS. Many of the EIFS manufacturers have their own standard details showing typical building conditions for window and door flashings, control joints, inside/outside corners, penetrations, and joints at dissimilar materials which should be followed for that manufacturers warranty. Most EIFS products are intended for use by qualified professional contractors and not the typical home consumer.How EIFS is installedEIFS is typically attached to the outside face of exterior walls with an adhesive (cementitious or acrylic based) or mechanical fasteners. Adhesives are commonly used to attach EIFS to gypsum board, cement board, or concrete substrates. EIFS is attached with mechanical fasteners (specially designed for this application) when installed over sheet-good weather barriers such as are commonly used over wood sheathings. The supporting wall surface should be continuous (not "open framing") and flat.Composition and types of EIFSEIFS consists of a number of layers that are installed in the following order. The most basic EIFS (a barrier EIFS) consists of 3 layers:• A layer of foam plastic insulation (also called simply "foam") that comes in the form of sheets . If an adhesive is used to attach the insulation, the adhesive is applied to the foam with a trowel. Most EIFS use a type ofinsulation called Expanded Polystyrene, also known as EPS. EPS is1 lb. density Expanded Polystyrene, similar to the white foam thatcoffee cups are made of. The usual range of thickness for EIFSinsulation is 3/4, although thicker pieces are sometimes used fordecoration accents - called foam shapes.• A reinforced layer that is applied onto the face of the insulation with a trowel, consisting of a fiberglass reinforcing mesh ( or "mesh")embedded in a cementitous adhesive. The mesh has an open weave,somewhat like window screening but with opening about 1/4" square. Itis made of fiberglass and can be cut with a utility knife. The mesh isavailable in various weights, the "heaviness" determines the impactstrength of the surface (resistance to damage by being "hit"). Thestandard weight is 4oz, the high-impact mesh weight goes up to 15 or20oz. This 2-part layer is called the Base Coat.• A final topcoat,or finish, which is a colored, textured paint-like material that is applied with a trowel or, very rarely, by spraying. A wide range of colors and textures are available as well as custom colors. Availabletextures include smooth surfaces, rough "stucco-like" textures,embedded stone chips, multi-color (granite-like mixtures,) and evenbrick-like treatments. This layer is called the finish. It is acquired byfloating.If an EIFS with Drainage, or water-managed EIFS is installed, a water resistive barrier (aka a WRB) is first installed over the substrate (generally DensGlas Gold, exterior-grade gypsum sheathing, OSB or plywood). The moisture barrier is applied to the entire wall surface with a mesh tape over joints and a liquid-applied membrane or a protective wrap like Tyvek or felt paper. Then a drainage cavity is created (usually by adding some sort of space between the foam and the WRB). Then the other 3 layers, described above, are added. This type of EIFS is required by many building codes areas on wood frame construction, and is intended to provide a path for incidental water that may get behind the EIFS with a safe route back to the outside. The purpose is to preclude water from damaging the supporting wall.Adhesives and Finishes are water-based, and thus must be installed at temperatures well above freezing. Two types of Adhesives are used with EIFS: those that contain Portland Cement ("cementitious"), or do not have any Portland Cement ("cementless"). Adhesives that contain Portland Cement harden by the chemical reaction of the cement with water. Adhesives and Finishes that are cementless harden by the evaporation of water - like house paint. Adhesives come in two forms. The most common is in a plastic pail as a paste, to which Portland Cement is added. Adhesives are also available as dry powders in sacks, to which water is added. Finishes come in a plastic pail, ready to use, like paint. EIFS insulation comes in individual pieces, usually 2' x 4', in large bags. The pieces are trimmed to fit the wall at the construction site.History of EIFSEIFS was developed in Europe after World War II and was initially used to retrofit solid masonry walls. EIFS started to be used in North America in the 1960s, and became very popular in the mid- 1970's due to the oil embargo and the resultant surge in interest in high energy efficiency wall systems (such as EIFS provides). The use of EIFS over stud-and-sheathing framing (instead ofover solid walls) is a North American technique. EIFS is now used all over North America, and also in many other areas around the world, especially in Europe and the Pacific Rim.In North America, EIFS was initially used almost exclusively on commercial buildings. As the market grew, prices dropped to the point where its use became widespread on normal single family homes.In the late 1980s problems started developing due to water leakage inEIFS-clad homes. This created a national controversy and numerous lawsuits. While not inherently more prone to water penetration than other exterior finishes, critics argue that barrier-type EIFS systems (non-water-managed systems) do not allow water that may penetrate the building envelope to escape.[The EIFS industry has consistently maintained that the EIFS itself was not leaking, but rather poor craftsmanship and bad architectural detailing at the perimeter of the EIFS was what was causing the problems. The building codes reacted by mandating EIFS with Drainage on wood frame building and additional on-site inspection. Most homeowner insurance policies cover EIFS and EIFS-like systems.Insurance companies like FM Global may not provide fire insurance coverage to clients who install EIFS exterior building systems, due to the lack of adequate fire-resistance inherent in the materials. Also, some facility owners have found that EIFS systems that are installed at lower building levels are subject to vandalism as the material is soft and can be chipped or carved resulting in significant damage.Legal issuesEIFS systems have been the subject of several lawsuits, mostly related to the installation process and failure of the system causing moisture buildups and subsequent mold growth. The most notable case concerned the former San Martin, California courthouse. This case was settled for 12 million dollars.The basic underlying problem behind EIFS litigation was that EIFS was marketed as a cost-effective replacement for stucco. Stucco is expensive to install because it cracks over time. Stucco must be carefully applied by skilled craftsmen so that the cracks which will inevitably develop are subtle and not obvious. General contractors switched to EIFS because it was supposed to be easy to install with unskilled or semi-skilled labor and would not crack like traditional stucco. Although EIFS if properly installed according to the manufacturer's directions should not have water intrusion problems, many GCs cut corners by using unqualified labor. In turn, thousands of EIFSinstallations were noncompliant and suffered severe water intrusion and mold as a result. While the EIFS industry has consistently tried to shift the blame to GCs, the construction industry has retorted that using professional unionized journeymen carpenters in turn eliminates the cost advantage of EIFS over stucco, and that the EIFS industry should have anticipated this issue and engineered its products from the beginning to be installed by unskilled labor or semi-skilled labor (that is, it should have been a fault-tolerant design).外墙外保温系统外墙外保温系统(EIFS)是一种建筑外观幕墙系统,提供外墙的保温与表面防水于一体的综合性复合材料体系。
空调工作过程和节能技术毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述英文：How Air Conditioners Work and energy conservationtechnology researchAbstract：An air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the Freon evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner.Keywords：water towers 、weather-resistant、compressor、energy conservation When the temperature outside begins to climb, many people seek the cool comfort of indoor air conditioning. Like water towers and power lines, air conditioners are one of those things that we see every day but seldom pay much attention to. Wouldn't it be nice to know how these indispensable machines work their magic? In this article, we will examine air conditioners -- from small to huge -- so you know more about what you're seeing!The Many Faces of CoolAir conditioners come in various sizes, cooling capacities and prices. One type that we see all the time is the window air conditioner.Window air conditioners are an easy and economical way to cool a small area. Most people who live in suburban areas usually have one of these in their backyard: If you live in an apartment complex, this is probably a familiar sight: Most businesses and office buildings have condensing units on their roofs, and as you fly into any airport you notice that warehouses and malls may have 10 or 20 condensingunits hidden on their roofs:And then if you go around back at many hospitals, universities and office complexes, you find large cooling towers that are connected to the air conditioning system:Even though each of these machines has a pretty distinct look, they all work on the same principles. Let's take a closer look.The Basic IdeaAn air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the Freon evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, the term Freon is generically "used for any of various conditioner. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, the term Freon is generically "used for any of various nonflammable fluorocarbons used as refrigerants and as propellants for aerosols."This is how the evaporation cycle in an air conditioner works (See How Refrigerators Work for complete details on this cycle):1.The compressor compresses cool Freon gas, causing it to become hot,high-pressure Freon gas (red in the diagram above).2.This hot gas runs through a set of coils so it can dissipate its heat, and it condenses into a liquid.3.The Freon liquid runs through an expansion valve, and in the process it evaporates to become cold, low-pressure Freon gas (light blue in the diagram above).4.This cold gas runs through a set of coils that allow the gas to absorb heat and cool down the air inside the building.Mixed in with the Freon is a small amount of a light weight oil. This oil lubricates the compressor.Window UnitsA window air conditioner unit implements a complete air conditioner in a smallspace. The units are made small enough to fit into a standard window frame. You close the window down on the unit, plug the unit in and turn it on to get cool air. If you take the cover off of an unplugged window unit, you will find that it contains:A compressorAn expansion valveA hot coil (on the outside)A chilled coil (on the inside)A control unitThe fans blow air over the coils to improve their ability to dissipate heat (to the outside air) and cold (to the room being cooled).BTU and EERMost air conditioners have their capacity rated in British thermal units (BTU). Generally speaking, a BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound (0.45 kg) of water 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degrees Celsius). Specifically, 1 BTU equals 1,055 joules. In heating and cooling terms, 1 "ton" equals 12,000 BTU.A typical window air conditioner might be rated at 10,000 BTU. For comparison, a typical 2,000-square-foot (185.8 m2) house might have a 5-ton (60,000-BTU) air conditioning system, implying that you might need perhaps 30 BTU per square foot. (Keep in mind that these are rough estimates. To size an air conditioner for your specific needs, contact an HV AC contractor.)The energy efficiency rating (EER) of an air conditioner is its BTU rating over its wattage. For example, if a 10,000-BTU air conditioner consumes 1,200 watts, its EER is 8.3 (10,000 BTU/1,200 watts). Obviously, you would like the EER to be as high as possible, but normally a higher EER is accompanied by a higher price.Is the higher EER is worth it?Let's say that you have a choice between two 10,000-BTU units. One has an EER of 8.3 and consumes 1,200 watts, and the other has an EER of 10 and consumes1,000 watts. Let's also say that the price difference is $100. To understand what the payback period is on the more expensive unit, you need to know:1.Approximately how many hours per year you will be operating the unit2.How much a kilowatt-hour (kWh) costs in your areaLet's say that you plan to use the air conditioner in the summer (four months a year) and it will be operating about six hours a day. Let's also imagine that the cost in your area is $0.10/kWh. The difference in energy consumption between the two units is 200 watts, which means that every five hours the less expensive unit will consume 1 additional kWh (and therefore $0.10 more) than the more expensive unit.Assuming that there are 30 days in a month, you find that during the summer you are operating the air conditioner:Since the more expensive unit costs $100 more that means that it will take about seven years for the more expensive unit to break even.See this page for a great explanation of seasonal energy efficiency rating (SEER).Split-system UnitsA split-system air conditioner splits the hot side from the cold side of the system。
建筑节能技术与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑节能技术与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）As the impact of global climate change becomes more and more obvious, the issue of energy conservation in the building industry is also becoming more prominent. Building energy efficiency can not only reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, but also reduce building operating costs, while improving indoor comfort and indoor air quality. Therefore, building energy efficiency has become an issue that cannot be ignored in the global construction industry. This article will introduce some common building energy-saving technologies and applications.1. Passive building energy saving technologytechnology that uses the characteristics of the building itself to reduce energy consumption. For example, when designing a building, energy savings can be achieved by choosing the proper orientation and setting the appropriate size and location of windows to maximize the use of natural light and natural ventilation. In addition, thermal insulation materials can also be used to insulate and keep warm to prevent the exchange of hot and cold air, thereby reducing the heat exchange between indoors and outdoors. The advantage of passive building energy-saving technology is that it does not require additional energy consumption, and at the same time it can improve the comfort and indoor air quality of the building.2. Active building energy-saving technologyexternal energy or equipment to achieve energy-saving purposes. For example, solar panels on the exterior of buildings can generate electricity by absorbing sunlight, reducing reliance on conventional electricity. The intelligent control system can also automatically adjust air conditioning and lighting by monitoring data such as indoor temperature and humidity to minimize energy consumption. In addition, equipment such as efficient mechanical ventilation systems and solar water heaters can also significantly reduce energy consumption.3. Application of Renewable Energy in Building Energy ConservationThe application of renewable energy is one of the important means of building energy conservation. Solar energy, wind energy, and water energy are all common renewable energy sources, and their application in building energy efficiency is also becoming more and more popular. Solar photovoltaic panels can make buildings self-sufficient in energy supply by converting sunlight into electricity. Wind energy can be generated by installing wind turbines to power buildings. Water energy can be converted into energy by using hydroelectric generators. The application of renewable energy can not only reduce energy consumption, but also reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, while reducing carbon dioxide emissions and reducing the impact on the environment.4. Practical application of building energy savingThe building energy-saving technologies introduced above are carried out at the theoretical level, but in fact, these technologies need to be effectively applied in the whole process of building design, construction and operation in order to really play a role. Therefore, it is necessary to cooperate with various aspects such as architectural designers, construction personnel, owners and operators to ensure the practical application effect of building energy-saving technology.In the architectural design stage, factors such as the orientation of the building, the insulation of the building's exterior walls, the location and size of windows and doors should be considered. At the same time, efficient building materials and construction techniques should be adopted to achieve energy-saving effects. During the construction phase, it is necessary to ensure that energy-saving measures such as thermal insulation and insulation will not be damaged during construction. In the building operation stage, it is necessary to make reasonable use of the intelligent control system to adjust the indoor environment, and at the same time maintain the equipment regularly to ensure the normal operation of the equipment.5. The Prospect of Building Energy ConservationWith the increasingly serious environmental problems, building energy conservation has become a problem that cannot be ignored in the global construction industry. In the future, building energy-saving technologies will be more widely used, and will continue to be innovated and improved. For example, new building materials, more efficient energy utilization and intelligent control systems will become important directions for building energy conservation. At the same time, the government and society will pay more and more attention to the issue of building energy conservation, and increase support and promotion of building energy conservation technologies.In short, building energy efficiency has become an important topic in the global construction industry. The application of passive building energy saving technology, active building energy saving technology and renewable energy is an important means to achieve building energy saving. In the future, building energy-saving technologies will continue to be innovated and improved. At the same time, cooperation between architectural designers, construction personnel, owners and operators is required to ensure the actual application effect of building energy-saving technologies.随着全球气候变化的影响越来越明显，建筑行业的节能问题也愈发凸显。
建筑节能外墙保温技术及节能材料毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
建筑节能外墙保温技术及节能材料毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述外墙保温技术及节能材料中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述文献翻译On the external wall insulation technology and energy saving materials[ Abstract ] as the energy conservation and protect environment requirements of the continuous improvement, building maintenance structure heat preservation technology is also increasing, especially in exterior wall insulation technology has made great progress, and become an important building energy saving technology. At present, the building is often used in external wall insulation are mainly within the insulation, insulation and other methods, according to the development of new technologies, new energy-saving materials should be developed and utilized, so as to really implement building energy conservation.[ Key words ] external wall insulation building materials energy-saving building Building energy saving is the implementation of the national environmental protection and energy conservation policy is the main content, it is to carry out the sustainable development of the national economy important component. The national Ministry of construction in1995 promulgated the" rules for the implementation of city building energy saving" and other documents, the" energy conservation design standard for residential buildings ' partial '" JGJ26-95as a mandatory standard, at the same time, the Ministry of construction and was released in October 1, 2000seventy-sixthcalled" regulation of civil building energy saving", do not conform to the standard of energy saving project, shall not approved for construction.In such a series of energy-saving policies, regulations, standards and mandatory guidance, China's energy-saving housing construction work unceasingly thorough, continuously improve the energy efficiency standards, the introduction of the development of many new energy-saving technology and materials, vigorously promote the use of residential buildings. But our country's current level of building energy conservation, but also far lower than developed countries, China's building energy consumption per unit area is still a climate similar to the developed countries 3times to 5 times. Construction energy conservation is China's construction industry is an important task.One, external wall thermal insulation technologyEnergy saving thermal insulation wall construction technology mainly divided into exterior wall internal insulation and exterior wall insulation in two categories.1internal insulation technology and its characteristics. Within the external wall insulation construction, in the exterior wall structure with internal heat insulation layer. Thermal insulation in the construction speed is fast, convenient and flexible operation, can ensure the construction progress. Internal insulation application time is long, the technology is mature, construction technology and inspection standard is perfect. In 2001the construction of external wall insulation in about 90% of the engineering application of internal insulation technology. To be popularized in large area of internal insulation technology : reinforced gypsum composite polystyrene insulation board,polymer mortar composite polystyrene insulation board, reinforced cement composite polystyrene insulation panels, interior wall decoration with polystyrene board plastering gypsum and wipe with particles of polystyrene insulation slurry and anti-crack mortar is pressed into the mesh approach.But the internal insulation will occupy the area of use," bridge" is not easy to solve, easy to crack, but also affects the construction speed, influence dweller decoration two, and the inner wall hanging and fixing it easy to break the internal insulation structure. Internal insulation technology of irrationality, it would be replaced by external insulation.2external insulation technology and its characteristics. External insulation is currently promoting a building energy-saving insulation technology. The outer and inner thermal insulation, reasonable technology, has its obvious advantages, the use of the same specification, the same size and insulation material, insulation than the inner heat preservation effect is good. External thermal insulation technology applies not only to new construction, also apply to the transformation of old buildings, applicable to a wide range, with high technical content; external insulation package in the main structure of the lateral, to protect the main structure, prolongs the service life of buildings; effectively reduces the thermal bridges in building construction, increase the construction of effective space; while eliminating condensation, improve the living comfort.(1) external external thermal insulation external insulation materials of rock ( ore) cotton, glass cottonMat, polystyrene foam board ( referred to as polystyrene board, EPS, XPS ), ceramisite concrete composite polystyrene insulation board, stone decorative wire mesh frame sandwichwallboard. The polystyrene board has excellent physical properties and cheap cost, already all over the world within the external wall insulation plug technology is widely used in. The plug-in technology is the use of adhesive mortar or special fasteners, thermal insulation material affixed hanging on the wall, then wipe the anti-cracking mortar, press glass fiber grid cloth to form a protective layer, finally combined with decorative surface. This type of external insulation installation is time-consuming, difficult construction, and the construction period to be occupied dominant, main body after the inspection to construction. In the high-rise construction, the safety of construction personnel is not easy to be guaranteed.(2) polystyrene plate wall of a casting moldingThe technique is in the concrete frame shear wall system the polyphenyl board built in building templates, in the gating of the wall outside, then pouring the concrete, concrete and polystyrene board in a casting molding for composite wall. The technology to solve the external insulation problems, its advantage is very obvious. Because the outer wall body with insulation layer of a survival, efficiency, significantly shortening the construction period, and the construction personnel safety assured. But when construction in winter, polystyrene board insulation effect, can reduce the peripheral wall heat preservation measures. But in the concrete to uniform, continuous casting, or because the concrete lateral pressure effect will cause the polystyrene board in Chaimo after deformation and staggered stubble, affect the order of the construction.All kinds of insulation technology and advantages1, expanded polystyrene board and thin plastering and reinforced by glass fiber approach and advantagesIt is currently in use in our country most one kind of external insulation wall, wherein the polystyrene board in the primary wall fixed in one of three ways:1) by bonding mortar fixed;2) using a mechanical fixture fixed;3) more than two kinds of fixed combination. This approach has the following advantages:1) because it is in Europe and the United States have been in use for nearly thirty years, in the United States have built high up to 44 layers, therefore. This technology already formed a system, the bonding layer, heat-insulating layer and facing layer supporting the use, more mature technical documents;2) due to the expanded polystyrene insulation materials, the price is very expensive, so that the whole system of moderate price. Convenient user acceptance;3) no complex construction technology, construction unit after a brief training, can grasp the essentials for construction, technology promotion;4) it set insulation, waterproofing and decoration function in a body, has the advantages of multiple functions;5) the whole system has good weatherability, good waterproof and water vapor permeability;6) a variety of color and texture of thesurface coating for selection, and the entire system supporting the use of. At present. This approach in Beijing, Northeast China and other places has been widely applied, Beijing Yu Garden, Wolong garden, the Ministry of construction of C eight, C ten buildings transformation and many other engineering, have adopted this approach. However, due to expansion polystyrene against termites, termite in areas not available; due to the construction of environmental temperature of 4 degrees, not suitable for winter construction.In 2, the extruded polystyrene for external thermal insulation wallExtruded polystyrene is in recent years developed a new type of thermal insulation material. At present, extruded polystyrene and the tea layer wall fixed mode mainly adopts mechanical fasteners. The material has the advantages that:1) extruded polystyrene with dense surface and inner layer of the obturator structure. Its thermal conductivity is much lower than the same thickness of expanded polystyrene, therefore has a better thermal insulation properties of expanded polystyrene. In the same building, its thickness can be less than other types of insulation material;2) due to the inner layer of the [ knife hole structure. So it has good humidity resistance, in the humid environment, can keep good thermal insulation properties;3) suitable for cold insulation on the special requirements of the building, and can also be used for exterior wall facing material for brick or stone building,4) as a result of extruded polystyrene and the base wall fixing mode of soil using mechanical fastener. In winter the normal construction. At present. In Beijing, the river runs and other regions have to use this material for outer wall external thermal insulation construction, such as the Beijing New Oriental Plaza, Bank of China and other large public buildings. But the extruded polystyrene price is on the high side, thus is suitable for higher grade of the building. The construction technology and node structure needs to be further perfected.The 3single side steel mesh polystyrene board with the exterior wall external insulationThis is developed in recent years, used for cast-in-place concrete construction of external wall insulation system, a kind of liu. It has the following advantages:1) this system in the construction of. The steel mesh polystyrene board is arranged to pouring wall inside an external mold, external insulation boardand the wall a survival, after stripping the insulation board and the wall be made one, thus saving manpower, time and cost of installation;2) selection of steel mesh polystyrene plate, light weight, easy construction;3) construction easy to master. Winter construction of polystyrene board as usual;4) the lateral hanging wire, finishes available tiles. At present, this system is mainly used for cast-in-place concrete, high-rise residential, its construction, installation technology has yet to be further improved.A 4 insulation paste material for exterior wall thermal insulationIn recent years, insulation paste is also beginning to be used in building outer wall heat preservation. The utility model has the advantages of:1) insulation paste adhesive layer, insulating layer and the decorative layer has formed a system, for supporting the use of;2) thermal insulation mortar for exterior wall thermal insulation, the basic wall roughness requirement is not high, easy in the shape of the basal wall construction;3) comparison of the construction process is simple, the operation easy to master;4) some insulation slurry material used in recycling of waste polystyrene granule as aggregate, energy saving, is beneficial to protect environment;5) can be used to repair the wall plastering surface cracks. At present, Beijing has many high-rise building exterior insulation with thermal paste, such as modern literature museum. However, insulation paste exterior wall external insulation node structure, construction process has yet to be further improved.Above a few kinds of external wall thermal insulation technology, due to the adoption of the materials and construction technology are different, so their applicable scope are not the same. In use. Should be according to the design ofconstruction cost, geographic location and other factors to choose.In two, the external wall thermal insulation energy-saving materialsEnergy saving materials belonging to the thermal insulation materials. Insulation material is used for building or thermal equipment, heat transfer impedance material or material complex, including both insulation materials, including cold insulation materials. Insulation material sense, on one hand is to satisfy the architectural space or thermal equipment, thermal environment, on the other hand, in order to save energy. With the worldwide energy shortage, thermal insulation material in energy-saving aspects of the meaning is more and more important. Only the general residents of heating air conditioning, through the use of thermal insulation building materials, which can be the basis of the existing energy-saving 50% ~80%. According to the Japanese energy-saving practice proved, each using1 tons of insulating material, can save coal3 tons / year, the energy-saving efficiency is10 times the cost of production. Thus, in some countries, the thermal insulation material as following coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear power after the fifth big" energy".The 1insulation material performance. Adiabatic, is to maximize heat transfer impedance, so the requirement of adiabatic material must has great thermal resistance and low thermal conductivity.From material composition, organic polymer thermal conductivity than the inorganic non-metallic material; thermal conductivity than the metallic material; gaseous material thermal conductivity less than the liquid material, the liquid material isless than solid. So when conditions permit, should try to use the organic polymer materialsor amorphous inorganic material, which is favorable for heat insulation.From the material structure, as the material is apparent density decreased, the porosity increases, the material inside the pores as a substantially enclosed micro hole, coefficient of heat conductivity of the material is relatively small. For foam products, to meet the requirements of thermal insulation materials and the best apparent density of 16~ 40kg / m3.2 commonly used thermal insulation materials. Can meet the performance requirements for exterior insulation energy-saving materials are: polystyrene foam board ( EPS and XPS ), rock ( ore) cotton board, glass wool felt and super light particles of polystyrene insulation slurry etc.. All of the above materials are a common feature of the materials within a closed hole, their apparent density is small, it is also used as insulation materials required.Rock ( ore) wool and glass wool are sometimes referred to as the mineral cotton, which belongs to the field of inorganic material. Rock wool, not combustion, low price, to meet the heat insulation performance but also has a certain sound insulation effect. But the rock quality varied widely, good thermal insulation properties of low density, the tensile strength is low, poor durability.Three, conclusionAt present our country external wall thermal insulation technology development is very rapid, is the focus of energy conservation. External wall insulation technology and energy-saving materials innovation are inseparable, building energyconservation must be based on the development of new energy-saving materials as the premise, must have sufficient insulation material base. Energy saving materials development must again and external wall thermal insulation technology combined, can truly play its role. It is the result of energy saving material innovation, external wall insulation technology superiority can be taken seriously increasingly by people. So in promoting external wall insulation technology, new energy-saving materials should be developed and utilized, so as to realize building energy saving.Reference.[1] building energy research center of Tsinghua University. Annual report on China building energy efficiency2009[ M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press,2009: 48-57.文献翻译浅谈外墙保温技术及节能材料[摘要]随着对节约能源与保护环境的要求的不断提高,建筑维护结构的保温技术也在日益加强,尤其是外墙保温技术得到了长足的发展,并成为我国一项重要的建筑节能技术。
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with anoverviewReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1、 steel mechanical link1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ , Ⅲ , Ⅳ grade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinforcing bar ) with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2 must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy.Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ , Ⅲ grade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil building and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ , Ⅲ grade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.conclusionsThese are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，随着国民经济的快速、持久发展，各种钢筋混凝土建筑结构大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大的发展。
外墙保温技术及节能材料的应用
外墙保温技术及节能材料的应用摘要：建筑节能是我国建筑业的一个重要课题，随着对节约能源与保护环境的要求不断提高，建筑围护结构的保温技术也在日益加强，尤其是外墙保温技术得到了长足的发展，并成为我国一项重要的建筑节能技术。
发展外墙保温技术及节能材料则是建筑节能的主要实现方式。
关键词：外墙内保温外墙外保温保温节能材料abstract: building energy efficiency in china’s construction industry is an important task, as the energy conservation and protect environment requirements continue to increase, building envelope insulation techniques have also been increasing, especially in exterior wall insulation technology has made great progress, and become an important building energy saving technology. external wall insulation technology and energy saving materials is the main building energy conservation to achieve the way.key words: inner insulation of external wall exterior insulation energy-saving insulation materials中图分类号： tu111 文献标识码： a 文章编号：引言：本文简要介绍了目前国内的外墙保温技术的应用，以及对外墙外保温和外墙内保温的技术及特点做了比较，并介绍了比较成熟的几种外墙外保温的做法，最后介绍了几种保温节能材料。
建筑论文外墙保温技术及节能材料
建筑论文|外墙保温技术及节能材料建筑节能是执行国家环境保护和节约能源政策的主要内容，是贯彻国民经济可持续发展的重要组成部分。
国家建设部在1995年颁布了《城市建筑节能实施细则》等文件，把《民用建筑节能设计标准〈采暖居住建筑部分〉》JGJ26-95列为强制性标准，同时建设部又于2000年10月1日发布了第76号令《民用建筑节能管理规定》，对不符合节能标准的项目，不得批准建设。
在这样一系列的节能政策、法规、标准和强制性条文的指导下，我国住宅建设的节能工作不断深入，节能标准不断提高，引进开发了许多新型的节能技术和材料，在住宅建筑中大力推广使用。
但我国目前的建筑节能水平，还远低于发达国家，我国建筑单位面积能耗仍是气候相近的发达国家的3倍~5倍。
北方寒冷地区的建筑采暖能耗已占当地全社会能耗的20%以上，且绝大部分都是采用火力发电和燃煤锅炉，同时给环境带来严重的污染。
所以建筑节能还是本世纪我国建筑业的一个重要的课题。
在建筑中，外围护结构的热损耗较大，外围护结构中墙体又占了很大份额。
所以建筑墙体改革与墙体节能技术的发展是建筑节能技术的一个最重要的环节，发展外墙保温技术及节能材料则是建筑节能的主要实现方式。
1 外墙保温技术节能保温墙体施工技术主要分为外墙内保温和外墙外保温两大类。
1.1 内保温技术及其特点外墙内保温施工，是在外墙结构的内部加做保温层。
内保温施工速度快，操作方便灵活，可以保证施工进度。
内保温应用时间较长，技术成熟，施工技术及检验标准是比较完善的。
在2001年外墙保温施工中约有90%以上的工程应用内保温技术。
被大面积推广的内保温技术有：增强石膏复合聚苯保温板、聚合物砂浆复合聚苯保温板、增强水泥复合聚苯保温板、内墙贴聚苯板抹粉刷石膏及抹聚苯颗粒保温料浆加抗裂砂浆压入网格布的做法。
但内保温会多占用使用面积，“热桥”问题不易解决，容易引起开裂，还会影响施工速度，影响居民的二次装修，且内墙悬挂和固定物件也容易破坏内保温结构。
毕业设计文献综述---外围护结构中建筑节能技术的几点应用
文献综述墙体节能技术的几点措施1 简述据有关资料统计,全世界有近30%的能源消耗在建筑上,在我国建筑能耗已经超过全国能量消费总量的1/3，并且仍呈现上升趋势。
因此，降低用于建筑物之上的耗能，降低单位建筑面积的能耗率，对我国实现节能目标起着至关重要的作用。
另一方面，建筑节能对环境保护也将产生直接或间接的影响，使用适当的保温节能材料和建筑节能方法可减少50%的CO2的排放。
我国的建筑节能目标为：“到2020年实现大部分既有建筑的节能改造，新建建筑东部地区要实现节能率75%，中部和西部也要争取实现节能率65%。
”要实现这一目标，我们分析一组资料，建筑节能的内涵包括围护结构（墙体、门窗、屋面）节能；设备节能；照明节能；运行管理节能；制造过程节能；建造过程节能；可再生能源利用。
其中，建筑节能的难点在于围护结构的节能。
墙体作为围护结构的一种，墙体材料在房屋建材中占70%，是建材的重要组成，建筑物能量的损耗约50%来自墙体。
建筑能耗细分后各自所占的比例约为：外墙25.6%，窗户23.7%，换气23.1%，楼梯间隔墙10.8%，屋顶8.6%，阳台门3.1%，地面2.3%，户门2.8%。
[3]从以上资料可知，对于建筑物来说，墙体节能性能的强弱，直接影响建筑物的耗能量。
要实现国家建筑业降低耗能的目标，必须加大对墙体节能措施的研发、使用、和推广。
2 墙体节能的设计措施建筑墙体节能应将建筑设计和构造措施相结合来节约能耗。
首先，在设计时要做好以下几点。
2.1控制体系系数建筑物体形系数是指建筑物的外表面积和外表面积所包的体积之比。
体形系数的大小对建筑能耗的影响非常显著。
其体形系数越大，单位建筑空间的热散失面积越高。
研究表明，体形系数每增大0.01，能耗指标约增加2.5%。
因此，从降低建筑能耗的角度出发，应该将体形系数控制在一个较低的水平上。
2.2减少外围护总面积建筑外表面积越小，冷负荷越小，能耗越小，因此空间建筑的平面形状，应在体积一定的情况下，尽量采用外围护结构表面积小的建筑，以减小建筑外围表面的凹凸面。
外墙保温技术与建筑节能材料应用研究的论文
外墙保温技术与建筑节能材料应用研究的论文1.1外墙保温技术施工工艺众所周知，在建筑结构中，外墙是对于保温最为关键的一个结构，因此，针对外墙实行必要的保温施工技术也就显得尤为重要，详细来说，外墙保温技术的施工工艺主要包括以下几个流程:1)对于外墙保温技术而言，第一步工作就是要进行基层的清理，所谓的基层就是指外墙保温施工中位于最内层的结构，这一层结构也是整个保温施工技术的一个基础部分，因此，该基层结构的重要程度极为关键，其直接关系到后期的施工质量，对于基层的处理而言，除了要对于灰尘等杂质进行去除之外，还应当做好平整度的处理和检查，一般而言，对于外墙保温技术所要求的基层平整度应当到达每米不超过2mm的高度差。
2)在基础层之上应当涂制特地的抹面砂浆，也就是我们常说的粘结剂，其在很大程度上影响着整个保温节能的效果，而对于粘结剂的施工来说，其最为核心的内容就是要加强对于调制质量的讨论，尤其是对于干粉和水的配置比例要进行严格审查，一般而言，水和干粉的配置需要根据1∶4来进行，并且在配置中还应当留意要先加干粉，然后再加水，当然详细的状况也需要结合现场状况进行调整。
3)粘结剂涂抹完成后就应当进行相应材料的铺贴，一般说来，当前建筑外墙施工中，为了更好的保障其保温效果，应当采纳苯板进行相关铺贴，在铺贴的过程中，平整度是最为严格的一个要求，需要在完全的铺贴过程中加强对于相关测量的关注，加强对于靠尺的使用，另外，一般来说还应当加强对于苯板这一施工材料的要求，尤其是对于苯板的长度要进行严格的规定，小于200mm的苯板就会影响到整个工程的施工效果，不宜采纳。
4)苯板铺贴完成后就需要进行保温板的粘贴，保温板无可争议的是整个保温技术实施中最为关键的一点，也是起到保温效果最为抱负的一个结构层，对于这一粘贴过程而言，其实需要留意的内容有许多，比方对于保温板和保温板之间的缝隙要进行严格的关注，尽可能的使两块板靠近一些，避开缝隙过大;另外，平整度也是一个极为关键的概念，必需在施工中使用靠尺进行严格的测量检验，并且针对其平整度的要求而言，这种靠尺的长度一般需要到达2m;最终，还应当留意粘贴时的粘贴剂涂抹要尽可能的全面，最低要求为整个保温板的40%。
建筑节能翻译--浅谈外墙保温技术及节能材料
文献翻译On the external wall insulation technology and energy savingmaterials[ Abstract ] as the energy conservation and protect environment requirements of the continuous improvement, building maintenance structure heat preservation technology is also increasing, especially in exterior wall insulation technology has made great progress, and become an important building energy saving technology. At present, the building is often used in external wall insulation are mainly within the insulation, insulation and other methods, according to the development of new technologies, new energy-saving materials should be developed and utilized, so as to really implement building energy conservation.[ Key words ] external wall insulation building materials energy-saving building Building energy saving is the implementation of the national environmental protection and energy conservation policy is the main content, it is to carry out the sustainable development of the national economy important component. The national Ministry of construction in1995 promulgated the" rules for the implementation of city building energy saving" and other documents, the" energy conservation design standard for residential buildings ' partial '" JGJ26-95as a mandatory standard, at the same time, the Ministry of construction and was released in October 1, 2000seventy-sixth called" regulation of civil building energy saving", do not conform to the standard of energy saving project, shall not approved for construction.In such a series of energy-saving policies, regulations, standards and mandatory guidance, China's energy-saving housing construction work unceasingly thorough, continuously improve the energy efficiency standards, the introduction of the development of many new energy-saving technology and materials, vigorously promote the use of residential buildings. But our country's current level of building energy conservation, but also far lower than developed countries, China's building energy consumption per unit area is still a climate similar to the developed countries 3 times to 5 times. Construction energy conservation is China's construction industry is an important task.One, external wall thermal insulation technologyEnergy saving thermal insulation wall construction technology mainly divided into exterior wall internal insulation and exterior wall insulation in two categories.1internal insulation technology and its characteristics. Within the external wall insulation construction, in the exterior wall structure with internal heat insulation layer.Thermal insulation in the construction speed is fast, convenient and flexible operation, can ensure the construction progress. Internal insulation application time is long, the technology is mature, construction technology and inspection standard is perfect. In 2001the construction of external wall insulation in about 90% of the engineering application of internal insulation technology. To be popularized in large area of internal insulation technology : reinforced gypsum composite polystyrene insulation board, polymer mortar composite polystyrene insulation board, reinforced cement composite polystyrene insulation panels, interior wall decoration with polystyrene board plastering gypsum and wipe with particles of polystyrene insulation slurry and anti-crack mortar is pressed into the mesh approach.But the internal insulation will occupy the area of use," bridge" is not easy to solve, easy to crack, but also affects the construction speed, influence dweller decoration two, and the inner wall hanging and fixing it easy to break the internal insulation structure. Internal insulation technology of irrationality, it would be replaced by external insulation.2external insulation technology and its characteristics. External insulation is currently promoting a building energy-saving insulation technology. The outer and inner thermal insulation, reasonable technology, has its obvious advantages, the use of the same specification, the same size and insulation material, insulation than the inner heat preservation effect is good. External thermal insulation technology applies not only to new construction, also apply to the transformation of old buildings, applicable to a wide range, with high technical content; external insulation package in the main structure of the lateral, to protect the main structure, prolongs the service life of buildings; effectively reduces the thermal bridges in building construction, increase the construction of effective space; while eliminating condensation, improve the living comfort.(1) external external thermal insulation external insulation materials of rock ( ore) cotton, glass cottonMat, polystyrene foam board ( referred to as polystyrene board, EPS, XPS ), ceramisite concrete composite polystyrene insulation board, stone decorative wire mesh frame sandwich wallboard. The polystyrene board has excellent physical properties and cheap cost, already all over the world within the external wall insulation plug technology is widely used in. The plug-in technology is the use of adhesive mortar or special fasteners, thermal insulation material affixed hanging on the wall, then wipe the anti-cracking mortar, press glass fiber grid cloth to form a protective layer, finally combined with decorative surface. This type of external insulation installation is time-consuming, difficult construction, and the construction period to be occupied dominant, main body after the inspection to construction. In thehigh-rise construction, the safety of construction personnel is not easy to be guaranteed.(2) polystyrene plate wall of a casting moldingThe technique is in the concrete frame shear wall system the polyphenyl board built in building templates, in the gating of the wall outside, then pouring the concrete, concrete and polystyrene board in a casting molding for composite wall. The technology to solve the external insulation problems, its advantage is very obvious. Because the outer wall body with insulation layer of a survival, efficiency, significantly shortening the construction period, and the construction personnel safety assured. But when construction in winter, polystyrene board insulation effect, can reduce the peripheral wall heat preservation measures. But in the concrete to uniform, continuous casting, or because the concrete lateral pressure effect will cause the polystyrene board in Chaimo after deformation and staggered stubble, affect the order of the construction.All kinds of insulation technology and advantages1, expanded polystyrene board and thin plastering and reinforced by glass fiber approach and advantagesIt is currently in use in our country most one kind of external insulation wall, wherein the polystyrene board in the primary wall fixed in one of three ways:1) by bonding mortar fixed;2) using a mechanical fixture fixed;3) more than two kinds of fixed combination. This approach has the following advantages:1) because it is in Europe and the United States have been in use for nearly thirty years, in the United States have built high up to 44 layers, therefore. This technology already formed a system, the bonding layer, heat-insulating layer and facing layer supporting the use, more mature technical documents;2) due to the expanded polystyrene insulation materials, the price is very expensive, so that the whole system of moderate price. Convenient user acceptance;3) no complex construction technology, construction unit after a brief training, can grasp the essentials for construction, technology promotion;4) it set insulation, waterproofing and decoration function in a body, has the advantages of multiple functions;5) the whole system has good weatherability, good waterproof and water vapor permeability;6) a variety of color and texture of the surface coating for selection, and the entire system supporting the use of. At present. This approach in Beijing, Northeast China and other places has been widely applied, Beijing Yu Garden, Wolong garden, the Ministry of construction of C eight, C ten buildings transformation and many other engineering, have adopted this approach. However, due to expansion polystyrene against termites, termite in areas not available; due to the construction of environmental temperature of 4 degrees, not suitable for winter construction.In 2, the extruded polystyrene for external thermal insulation wallExtruded polystyrene is in recent years developed a new type of thermal insulation material. At present, extruded polystyrene and the tea layer wall fixed mode mainly adopts mechanical fasteners. The material has the advantages that:1) extruded polystyrene with dense surface and inner layer of the obturator structure. Its thermal conductivity is much lower than the same thickness of expanded polystyrene, therefore has a better thermal insulation properties of expanded polystyrene. In the same building, its thickness can be less than other types of insulation material;2) due to the inner layer of the [ knife hole structure. So it has good humidity resistance, in the humid environment, can keep good thermal insulation properties;3) suitable for cold insulation on the special requirements of the building, and can also be used for exterior wall facing material for brick or stone building,4) as a result of extruded polystyrene and the base wall fixing mode of soil using mechanical fastener. In winter the normal construction. At present. In Beijing, the river runs and other regions have to use this material for outer wall external thermal insulation construction, such as the Beijing New Oriental Plaza, Bank of China and other large public buildings. But the extruded polystyrene price is on the high side, thus is suitable for higher grade of the building. The construction technology and node structure needs to be further perfected.The 3single side steel mesh polystyrene board with the exterior wall external insulationThis is developed in recent years, used for cast-in-place concrete construction of external wall insulation system, a kind of liu. It has the following advantages:1) this system in the construction of. The steel mesh polystyrene board is arranged to pouring wall inside an external mold, external insulation board and the wall a survival, after stripping the insulation board and the wall be made one, thus saving manpower, time and cost of installation;2) selection of steel mesh polystyrene plate, light weight, easy construction;3) construction easy to master. Winter construction of polystyrene board as usual;4) the lateral hanging wire, finishes available tiles. At present, this system is mainly used for cast-in-place concrete, high-rise residential, its construction, installation technology has yet to be further improved.A 4 insulation paste material for exterior wall thermal insulationIn recent years, insulation paste is also beginning to be used in building outer wall heat preservation. The utility model has the advantages of:1) insulation paste adhesive layer, insulating layer and the decorative layer has formed a system, for supporting the use of;2) thermal insulation mortar for exterior wall thermal insulation, the basic wall roughness requirement is not high, easy in the shape of the basal wall construction;3) comparison of the construction process is simple, the operation easy to master;4)some insulation slurry material used in recycling of waste polystyrene granule as aggregate, energy saving, is beneficial to protect environment;5) can be used to repair the wall plastering surface cracks. At present, Beijing has many high-rise building exterior insulation with thermal paste, such as modern literature museum. However, insulation paste exterior wall external insulation node structure, construction process has yet to be further improved.Above a few kinds of external wall thermal insulation technology, due to the adoption of the materials and construction technology are different, so their applicable scope are not the same. In use. Should be according to the design of construction cost, geographic location and other factors to choose.In two, the external wall thermal insulation energy-saving materialsEnergy saving materials belonging to the thermal insulation materials. Insulation material is used for building or thermal equipment, heat transfer impedance material or material complex, including both insulation materials, including cold insulation materials. Insulation material sense, on one hand is to satisfy the architectural space or thermal equipment, thermal environment, on the other hand, in order to save energy. With the worldwide energy shortage, thermal insulation material in energy-saving aspects of the meaning is more and more important. Only the general residents of heating air conditioning, through the use of thermal insulation building materials, which can be the basis of the existing energy-saving 50% ~80%. According to the Japanese energy-saving practice proved, each using1 tons of insulating material, can save coal3 tons / year, the energy-saving efficiency is10 times the cost of production. Thus, in some countries, the thermal insulation material as following coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear power after the fifth big" energy".The 1insulation material performance. Adiabatic, is to maximize heat transfer impedance, so the requirement of adiabatic material must has great thermal resistance and low thermal conductivity.From material composition, organic polymer thermal conductivity than the inorganic non-metallic material; thermal conductivity than the metallic material; gaseous material thermal conductivity less than the liquid material, the liquid material is less than solid. So when conditions permit, should try to use the organic polymer materials or amorphous inorganic material, which is favorable for heat insulation.From the material structure, as the material is apparent density decreased, the porosity increases, the material inside the pores as a substantially enclosed micro hole, coefficient of heat conductivity of the material is relatively small. For foam products, to meet the requirements of thermal insulation materials and the best apparent density of 16~ 40kg / m3.2 commonly used thermal insulation materials. Can meet the performancerequirements for exterior insulation energy-saving materials are: polystyrene foam board ( EPS and XPS ), rock ( ore) cotton board, glass wool felt and super light particles of polystyrene insulation slurry etc.. All of the above materials are a common feature of the materials within a closed hole, their apparent density is small, it is also used as insulation materials required.Rock ( ore) wool and glass wool are sometimes referred to as the mineral cotton, which belongs to the field of inorganic material. Rock wool, not combustion, low price, to meet the heat insulation performance but also has a certain sound insulation effect. But the rock quality varied widely, good thermal insulation properties of low density, the tensile strength is low, poor durability.Three, conclusionAt present our country external wall thermal insulation technology development is very rapid, is the focus of energy conservation. External wall insulation technology and energy-saving materials innovation are inseparable, building energy conservation must be based on the development of new energy-saving materials as the premise, must have sufficient insulation material base. Energy saving materials development must again and external wall thermal insulation technology combined, can truly play its role. It is the result of energy saving material innovation, external wall insulation technology superiority can be taken seriously increasingly by people. So in promoting external wall insulation technology, new energy-saving materials should be developed and utilized, so as to realize building energy saving.Reference.[1] building energy research center of Tsinghua University. Annual report on China building energy efficiency2009[ M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press,2009: 48-57.文献翻译浅谈外墙保温技术及节能材料[摘要]随着对节约能源与保护环境的要求的不断提高,建筑维护结构的保温技术也在日益加强,尤其是外墙保温技术得到了长足的发展,并成为我国一项重要的建筑节能技术。
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外墙保温技术及节能材料中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述文献翻译On the external wall insulation technology and energy savingmaterials[ Abstract ] as the energy conservation and protect environment requirements of the continuous improvement, building maintenance structure heat preservation technology is also increasing, especially in exterior wall insulation technology has made great progress, and become an important building energy saving technology. At present, the building is often used in external wall insulation are mainly within the insulation, insulation and other methods, according to the development of new technologies, new energy-saving materials should be developed and utilized, so as to really implement building energy conservation.[ Key words ] external wall insulation building materials energy-saving building Building energy saving is the implementation of the national environmental protection and energy conservation policy is the main content, it is to carry out the sustainable development of the national economy important component. The national Ministry of construction in1995 promulgated the" rules for the implementation of city building energy saving" and other documents, the" energy conservation design standard for residential buildings ' partial '" JGJ26-95as a mandatory standard, at the same time, the Ministry of construction and was released in October 1, 2000seventy-sixth called" regulation of civil building energy saving", do not conform to the standard of energy saving project, shall not approved for construction.In such a series of energy-saving policies, regulations, standards and mandatory guidance, China's energy-saving housing construction work unceasingly thorough, continuously improve the energy efficiency standards, the introduction of the development of many new energy-saving technology and materials, vigorously promote the use of residential buildings. But our country's current level of building energy conservation, but also far lower than developed countries, China's building energy consumption per unit area is still a climate similar to the developed countries 3times to 5 times. Construction energy conservation is China's construction industry is an important task.One, external wall thermal insulation technologyEnergy saving thermal insulation wall construction technology mainly divided into exterior wall internal insulation and exterior wall insulation in two categories.1internal insulation technology and its characteristics. Within the external wall insulation construction, in the exterior wall structure with internal heat insulation layer. Thermal insulation in the construction speed is fast, convenient and flexible operation, can ensure the construction progress. Internal insulation application time is long, the technology is mature, construction technology and inspection standard is perfect. In 2001the construction of external wall insulation in about 90% of the engineering application of internal insulation technology. To be popularized in large area of internal insulation technology : reinforced gypsum composite polystyrene insulation board, polymer mortar composite polystyrene insulation board, reinforced cement composite polystyrene insulation panels, interior wall decoration with polystyrene board plastering gypsum and wipe with particles of polystyrene insulation slurry and anti-crack mortar is pressed into the mesh approach.But the internal insulation will occupy the area of use," bridge" is not easy to solve, easy to crack, but also affects the construction speed, influence dweller decoration two, and the inner wall hanging and fixing it easy to break the internal insulation structure. Internal insulation technology of irrationality, it would be replaced by external insulation.2external insulation technology and its characteristics. External insulation is currently promoting a building energy-saving insulation technology. The outer and inner thermal insulation, reasonable technology, has its obvious advantages, the use of the same specification, the same size and insulation material, insulation than the inner heat preservation effect is good. External thermal insulation technology applies not only to new construction, also apply to the transformation of old buildings, applicable to a wide range, with high technical content; external insulation package in the main structure of the lateral, to protect the main structure, prolongs the service life of buildings; effectively reduces the thermal bridges in building construction, increase the construction of effective space; while eliminating condensation, improve the living comfort.(1) external external thermal insulation external insulation materials of rock ( ore) cotton, glass cottonMat, polystyrene foam board ( referred to as polystyrene board, EPS, XPS ), ceramisite concrete composite polystyrene insulation board, stone decorative wire mesh frame sandwich wallboard. The polystyrene board has excellent physicalproperties and cheap cost, already all over the world within the external wall insulation plug technology is widely used in. The plug-in technology is the use of adhesive mortar or special fasteners, thermal insulation material affixed hanging on the wall, then wipe the anti-cracking mortar, press glass fiber grid cloth to form a protective layer, finally combined with decorative surface. This type of external insulation installation is time-consuming, difficult construction, and the construction period to be occupied dominant, main body after the inspection to construction. In the high-rise construction, the safety of construction personnel is not easy to be guaranteed.(2) polystyrene plate wall of a casting moldingThe technique is in the concrete frame shear wall system the polyphenyl board built in building templates, in the gating of the wall outside, then pouring the concrete, concrete and polystyrene board in a casting molding for composite wall. The technology to solve the external insulation problems, its advantage is very obvious. Because the outer wall body with insulation layer of a survival, efficiency, significantly shortening the construction period, and the construction personnel safety assured. But when construction in winter, polystyrene board insulation effect, can reduce the peripheral wall heat preservation measures. But in the concrete to uniform, continuous casting, or because the concrete lateral pressure effect will cause the polystyrene board in Chaimo after deformation and staggered stubble, affect the order of the construction.All kinds of insulation technology and advantages1, expanded polystyrene board and thin plastering and reinforced by glass fiber approach and advantagesIt is currently in use in our country most one kind of external insulation wall, wherein the polystyrene board in the primary wall fixed in one of three ways:1) by bonding mortar fixed;2) using a mechanical fixture fixed;3) more than two kinds of fixed combination. This approach has the following advantages:1) because it is in Europe and the United States have been in use for nearly thirty years, in the United States have built high up to 44 layers, therefore. This technology already formed a system, the bonding layer, heat-insulating layer and facing layer supporting the use, more mature technical documents;2) due to the expanded polystyrene insulation materials, the price is very expensive, so that the whole system of moderate price. Convenient user acceptance;3) no complex construction technology, construction unit after a brief training, can grasp the essentials for construction, technology promotion;4) it set insulation, waterproofing and decoration function in a body, has the advantages of multiple functions;5) the whole system has good weatherability, good waterproof and water vapor permeability;6) a variety of color and texture of thesurface coating for selection, and the entire system supporting the use of. At present. This approach in Beijing, Northeast China and other places has been widely applied, Beijing Yu Garden, Wolong garden, the Ministry of construction of C eight, C ten buildings transformation and many other engineering, have adopted this approach. However, due to expansion polystyrene against termites, termite in areas not available; due to the construction of environmental temperature of 4 degrees, not suitable for winter construction.In 2, the extruded polystyrene for external thermal insulation wallExtruded polystyrene is in recent years developed a new type of thermal insulation material. At present, extruded polystyrene and the tea layer wall fixed mode mainly adopts mechanical fasteners. The material has the advantages that:1) extruded polystyrene with dense surface and inner layer of the obturator structure. Its thermal conductivity is much lower than the same thickness of expanded polystyrene, therefore has a better thermal insulation properties of expanded polystyrene. In the same building, its thickness can be less than other types of insulation material;2) due to the inner layer of the [ knife hole structure. So it has good humidity resistance, in the humid environment, can keep good thermal insulation properties;3) suitable for cold insulation on the special requirements of the building, and can also be used for exterior wall facing material for brick or stone building,4) as a result of extruded polystyrene and the base wall fixing mode of soil using mechanical fastener. In winter the normal construction. At present. In Beijing, the river runs and other regions have to use this material for outer wall external thermal insulation construction, such as the Beijing New Oriental Plaza, Bank of China and other large public buildings. But the extruded polystyrene price is on the high side, thus is suitable for higher grade of the building. The construction technology and node structure needs to be further perfected.The 3single side steel mesh polystyrene board with the exterior wall external insulationThis is developed in recent years, used for cast-in-place concrete construction of external wall insulation system, a kind of liu. It has the following advantages:1) this system in the construction of. The steel mesh polystyrene board is arranged to pouring wall inside an external mold, external insulation board and the wall a survival, after stripping the insulation board and the wall be made one, thus saving manpower, time and cost of installation;2) selection of steel mesh polystyrene plate, light weight, easy construction;3) construction easy to master. Winter construction of polystyrene board as usual;4) the lateral hanging wire, finishes available tiles. At present, this system is mainly used for cast-in-place concrete, high-rise residential, its construction, installation technology has yet to be further improved.A 4 insulation paste material for exterior wall thermal insulationIn recent years, insulation paste is also beginning to be used in building outer wall heat preservation. The utility model has the advantages of:1) insulation paste adhesive layer, insulating layer and the decorative layer has formed a system, for supporting the use of;2) thermal insulation mortar for exterior wall thermal insulation, the basic wall roughness requirement is not high, easy in the shape of the basal wall construction;3) comparison of the construction process is simple, the operation easy to master;4) some insulation slurry material used in recycling of waste polystyrene granule as aggregate, energy saving, is beneficial to protect environment;5) can be used to repair the wall plastering surface cracks. At present, Beijing has many high-rise building exterior insulation with thermal paste, such as modern literature museum. However, insulation paste exterior wall external insulation node structure, construction process has yet to be further improved.Above a few kinds of external wall thermal insulation technology, due to the adoption of the materials and construction technology are different, so their applicable scope are not the same. In use. Should be according to the design of construction cost, geographic location and other factors to choose.In two, the external wall thermal insulation energy-saving materialsEnergy saving materials belonging to the thermal insulation materials. Insulation material is used for building or thermal equipment, heat transfer impedance material or material complex, including both insulation materials, including cold insulation materials. Insulation material sense, on one hand is to satisfy the architectural space or thermal equipment, thermal environment, on the other hand, in order to save energy. With the worldwide energy shortage, thermal insulation material in energy-saving aspects of the meaning is more and more important. Only the general residents of heating air conditioning, through the use of thermal insulation building materials, which can be the basis of the existing energy-saving 50% ~80%. According to the Japanese energy-saving practice proved, each using1 tons of insulating material, can save coal3 tons / year, the energy-saving efficiency is10 times the cost of production. Thus, in some countries, the thermal insulation material as following coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear power after the fifth big" energy".The 1insulation material performance. Adiabatic, is to maximize heat transfer impedance, so the requirement of adiabatic material must has great thermal resistance and low thermal conductivity.From material composition, organic polymer thermal conductivity than the inorganic non-metallic material; thermal conductivity than the metallic material; gaseous material thermal conductivity less than the liquid material, the liquid material is less than solid. So when conditions permit, should try to use the organic polymer materialsor amorphous inorganic material, which is favorable for heat insulation.From the material structure, as the material is apparent density decreased, the porosity increases, the material inside the pores as a substantially enclosed micro hole, coefficient of heat conductivity of the material is relatively small. For foam products, to meet the requirements of thermal insulation materials and the best apparent density of 16~ 40kg / m3.2 commonly used thermal insulation materials. Can meet the performance requirements for exterior insulation energy-saving materials are: polystyrene foam board ( EPS and XPS ), rock ( ore) cotton board, glass wool felt and super light particles of polystyrene insulation slurry etc.. All of the above materials are a common feature of the materials within a closed hole, their apparent density is small, it is also used as insulation materials required.Rock ( ore) wool and glass wool are sometimes referred to as the mineral cotton, which belongs to the field of inorganic material. Rock wool, not combustion, low price, to meet the heat insulation performance but also has a certain sound insulation effect. But the rock quality varied widely, good thermal insulation properties of low density, the tensile strength is low, poor durability.Three, conclusionAt present our country external wall thermal insulation technology development is very rapid, is the focus of energy conservation. External wall insulation technology and energy-saving materials innovation are inseparable, building energy conservation must be based on the development of new energy-saving materials as the premise, must have sufficient insulation material base. Energy saving materials development must again and external wall thermal insulation technology combined, can truly play its role. It is the result of energy saving material innovation, external wall insulation technology superiority can be taken seriously increasingly by people. So in promoting external wall insulation technology, new energy-saving materials should be developed and utilized, so as to realize building energy saving.Reference.[1] building energy research center of Tsinghua University. Annual report on China building energy efficiency2009[ M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press,2009: 48-57.文献翻译浅谈外墙保温技术及节能材料[摘要]随着对节约能源与保护环境的要求的不断提高,建筑维护结构的保温技术也在日益加强,尤其是外墙保温技术得到了长足的发展,并成为我国一项重要的建筑节能技术。