湖南农业大学2018年《811综合知识》考研专业课真题试卷
2016年湖南农业大学考研真题811综合知识硕士招生自命题科目试题
2016年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：811 综合知识适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、解释题：从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明(共计10分，每小题2分，多做依作答前5题记分)1. design features2. prescriptive linguistics3. assimilation4. inflection5. semantics6. trace theory7. speech act二、填空题：在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分，每空1分)1、In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed P_________.2、P_________ function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.3、If a single movement from one element to a second element of the tongue is involved, the combing vowels are called d_________.4. P_________ refers in the sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language.5. B_________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.6. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their r_________ properties.7. “Words are names of labels for things”. This view is called N_________ theory in semantic studies.8. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of u_________ is concrete and context-dependent.9. C_________ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.10. Such errors as “teached” and “womans” are caused by o_________.共4页第1页。
湖南农业大学考研试题811综合知识(2015~2017年)
2015年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：综合知识 811适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
Section A: Linguistics (60 points)I. Translate the following linguistic terms into English. (5 points, 1 point each)1.应用语言学2.音位变体3.述谓分析4.输入假设5.派生词素II. Define FIVE of the following terms, giving examples if necessary. (10 points，2 points each )1. Displacement2. Back clipping3. Minimal pair4.Morphological rule5. Perlocutionary act6. Sociolinguistics7. Subordinate constructionIII. Fill in each blank with a suitable term, with some of the initial letters given.(10 points, 1 point each)1. D___________ refers to an area of human activity in which one particularspeech variety or a combination of several speech varieties is regularly used，for instance, situations in which the persons talking to one another are members of the family, e.g. mother and children.2. B ___________is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formedby combing the meanings and sounds of two words, one of the which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like brunch.3. H___________ structure is the sentence structure that group words into structuralconstituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.4. M__________ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure ofwords, and the rules by which words are formed.5. C _________are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker tosome future course of action.6. T___________ theory is a theory about trace left by movement. This theoryassumes that a moved constituent leaves behind a phonologically null element in its original site.7.P___________ are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are notverifiable, in other words, they are utterances that perform an act.8. I___________ is the language system of an individual as expressed their way heor she speaks or writes within the overall system of a particular language.9. S___________ is the study of meaning communicated through language. Thebasic task is to show how people communicate meanings with pieces of language.10. A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producingthe sounds of speech.IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (15 points，1.5 points each )1. （）Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the factthat language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and thesystem of meanings.2. （）Saussurs’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historicallingusitics.3. （）Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’sconcept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhatdifferent from Saussure’s langue.4. （）If language learners are provided with sufficient and the right kind oflanguage exposure and chances to interact with language input, they willacquire the native-like competence in the target language.5. （）Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP,VP,and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.6. （）Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situation.7. （）Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.8. （）Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same as meronymy.9. （）Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.10. （）The right ear advantage(REA)is true to no matter whether people havethe left hemispheric dominance for speech or the less common right hemispheric dominance for speech.V. Choose FIVE of the following questions to answer. (20 points，4 points each)1. Who put forward the concept of langue and parole? What is the differencebetween them?2. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?3. Decide which way of word formation is used to form the following words.Motel lase ROM mew/miaow4. What is word? What is lexicon? What is lexeme? What is vocabulary?5. Can you make some comments on IC analysis?6. What is X-bar theory?7. What is discourse analysis?Section B: Translation (60 points)1．Translate the following into Chinese (30 points)The sublime paradox of the spiritual life is repeated in all true development of personal gift and power. In order to find his life a man must first lose it; in order to keep his soul a man must first give it. The beginning of all education is self-conscious; at the start every effect must be calculated, every skill, method, or dexterity carefully studied. Training involves a rigid account of oneself based on searching self-knowledge. To become an effective speaker one must know his defects of bearing, gesture, voice; one must bring his whole personality into clear light, and study it as if it were an external thing; one must become intensely self-conscious. The initiation to every art is through this door of rigid scrutiny of self and entire surrender of self to the discipline of minute study and exacting practice. The pianist knows the artistic value of every note, and strikes each note with carefully calculated effect. The artist gives himself up to a patient study of details, and is content with the monotony of laborious imitation; subjecting every element of material and manner to the most thorough analysis.The first stage in the education of the true worker is self-conscious; the final stage is self-forgetful. No man can enter the final stage without passing through the initial stage; no man can enter the final stage without leaving the initial stage behind him. One must first develop intense self-consciousness, and then one must be able to forget and obliterate himself. One must first accept the most exacting discipline of the school, and then one must forget that schools exist. The apprentice is the servant of detail; the master is the servant of the idea: the first accepts methods as if they were the finalities of art; the second uses them as mere instruments. Tennyson's attention was once called to certain very subtle vowel effects in one of his later poems; he promptly said that he had not thought of them. That was undoubtedly true, for he had become a master; but there was a time, in his days of apprenticeship, when he had studied the musical qualities and resources of words with the most searching intelligence. The transition from apprenticeship to mastery is accomplished when a man passes through self-consciousness into self-forgetfulness, when his knowledge and skill become so much a part of himself that they become instinctive. When the artist has gained, through calculation, study, and, practice, complete command of himself and his materials, he subordinates skill to insight, and makes his art the unconscious expression of his deepest nature. When this stage is reached the artist can pour his whole soul into his work almost instinctively; his skill and methods have become so completely a part of himself that he can use them almost without being conscious of them.2．Translate the following into English. (30 points)“诺诺”者，唯命是从，凡事好好好，是是是，逢人点头哈腰，遇事不辨青红皂白，正所谓“唯唯诺诺”。
湖南农业大学2018年《341农业知识综合三(农业工程领域)》考研专业课真题试卷
共5页 第1页 2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题
科目名称及代码：341 农业知识综合三(农业工程领域) 适 用 领 域：农业工程领域
考试需带的工具：无存储功能的计算器
考生注意事项：
①农业工程方向考生做(一)工程力学、（二）机械设计、（三）农业机械与装备3个部分，每个部分分值50分。
②所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效。
③按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
(一)工程力学
一、选择题 (共计12分,每小题3分)
1、梁的横截面形状如图所示，截面对z 轴的抗弯截面模量W z 为（ ）。
（A ）6/2BH （B ） ()6/22bh BH −
（C ） ()H bh BH 6/33− （D ） ()
h bh BH 6/33−
2、承受相同扭矩且长度相等的直径为d 1的实心圆轴与内、外径分别为d 2、
)/(222D d D =α的空心圆轴，二者横截面上的最大切应力相等。
关于二者重之比（W 1/W 2）有如下结论，试判断哪一种是正确的。
（ ）
（A ）234)1(α−； （B ）)1/()1(2324αα−−；
（C ）)1)(1(24αα−−； （D ）)1()1(2234αα−−。
3、对于图示承受轴向拉伸的锥形杆上的点A ，试用平衡概念分析下列四种应力状态中哪一种是正确的。
（ ）。
811综合知识
2009年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：综合知识（811）适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生注意事项：1. 所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；2. 按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
Section A: Linguistics (55points)I. Define the following terms. (10 points，2 points each )1.prescriptive/descriptive2. displacement3. phonemic contrast4. bound morpheme5. IC AnalysisII. Fill in each blank with a suitable term, with some of the initial letters given . (10 points, 1 point each)1. In modern linguistics, s_________ study seems to enjoy priority over ________ study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of language would be the foundations of a history study. .2. In English, the study of phonology has so far mainly found three phonological rules. They are _________, assimilation and d________.3.A morpheme can convey two kinds of meanings: _________meaning and grammatical meaning.4. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of asentence is l________..5. “Buy” and “sell” are a pair of r________ opposites.6.In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p_________.7.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of ________.8. An e_________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.III. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (15 points，1.5 points each )1. Animals cannot talk about the things except those about food, danger, enemy, etc. because the communicative signals of animals do not have the property of displacement..2. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.3. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.4. In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent..5. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are not necessarily semantically well-formed.6. The part of a sentence which comprise an infinite verb or an infinite verb phrase is grammatically called a clause.7. X-bar theory is a typical instance of principle in terms Chomsky’s UG..8. All words have morphs but not necessarily allomorphs.9. Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of a particular language.10. The London School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology..IV. Choose FIVE of the following questions to answer. (20 points，4 points each)1. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?2. Draw a diagram for each of the following two sentences to reveal the difference.a. The cat ran up the tree.b. The cat ate up the fish.3. What do you think of the position of grammar in language learning?4. How do you understand Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?.5. What is special about Systemic-Functional linguistics?6. Make a comment on the Prague School.Section B: Translation (50 points)I. Translate the following into Chinese (20 points)What I Have Lived ForThree passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life ---the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and the unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy —ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of living for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness —that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature（缩影¹）, the prefiguring visionof the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life，this is what, at last, I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.Ⅱ.Translate the following into English. (30 points)1.古之学者，必有师。
2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题-811 综合知识
2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：811 综合知识适用专业(领域）：外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具：语考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、解释题：从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明(共计10分，每小题2分)1、arbitrariness 5、deep structure2、IPA 6、informative function3、manners of articulation 7、encoding4、grammatical category二、填空题：在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分，每空1分)1、When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a f_________2、Language exist in time and change through time. The description of a language at some point of time iscalled s_________ study of language.3、IC analysis emphasizes the h _________ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groupsfirst.4、Pitch variation is known as i_________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.5、According to its position in the new word, a _________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.6、P _________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.7、There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and i_________ relation.8、The u_________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.9、H_________ refers to the phenomenon that words with different meanings have the same form.10、C_________ holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to, rather, inthe interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. .三、判断题：根据语言学常识判明正误，对者在该题括号里标T,错者在该题括号里标F. (共计15分，每小题1.5分)1、（）Free morphemes can be further classified into the inflectional and derivational morphemes.2、（）The phoneme /t/ and /d/ can occur in the same position and they distinguish meaning, therefore theyare said to be in complementary distribution.3、（）Relations of co-occurrence partly belongs to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.4、（）One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.5、（）Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations whilelinguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.6、（）In the sentence John loves Mary, John is the argument, loves Mary is the predicate.7、（）When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting one modeof thinking into the other.8、（）The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast.9、（）Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of thesame objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.10、（）Structuralists suggested that errors are unavoidable in learning and should be tolerated.四、问答题：从下面各题挑选5题做简单回答(共计20分，每小题4分)1、How do you understand "duality", a design feature of language?2、Do you prefer descriptive linguistics to prescriptive linguistics ? Give your reasons.3、Illustrate the differences between morpheme, phoneme and allomorph with example.4、What is predicate analysis? What is a no-place, one-place, two-place, or three-place predicate?5、Explain the following remarks with examples or make some comments.“Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning, but the difference between them can be traced to two different uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean? (b) What did you mean by X?”6、Explain the following statement with examples: Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences.7、Some students may use the incorrect forms in the left column below instead of the correct ones in the五、英译汉：将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分)When I am experiencing a complex story or novel, the broader planes, and also details, tend to fall away. Rereading them, certain sentences are what greet me as familiars. You have visited before; they say when I recognize them. We encounter books at different times in life, often appreciating them, apprehending them, in different ways. But their language is constant. The best sentences orient us, like stars in the sky, like landmarks on a trail.They remain the test, whether or not to read something. The most compelling narrative, expressed in sentences with which I have no chemical reaction, or an adverse one, leaves me cold. In fiction, plenty do the job of conveying information, rousing suspense, painting characters, enabling them to speak. But only certain sentences breathe and shift about, like live matter in soil. The first sentence of a book is a handshake, perhaps an embrace. Style and personality are irrelevant. They can be formal or casual. They can be tall or short or fat or thin. They can obey the rules or break them. But they need to contain a charge. A live current, which shocks and illuminates.Knowing – and learning to read in – a foreign tongue heightens and complicates my relationship to sentences. For some time now, I have been reading predominantly in Italian. I experience these novels and stories differently. I take no sentence for granted. I am more conscious of them. I work harder to know them. I pause to look something up, I puzzled over syntax I am still assimilating. Each sentence yields a twin, translated version of itself. When the filter of a second language falls away, my connection to these sentences, though more basic, feels purer, at times more intimate, than when I read in English.The urge to convert experience into a group of words that are in a grammatical relation to one anotheris the most basic, ongoing impulse of my life. It is a habit of antiphony: of call and response. Most days begin with sentences that are typed into a journal no one has ever seen. There is a freedom to this; freedom to write what I will not proceed to wrestle with. The entries are mostly quotidian, a warming up of the fingers and brain. On days when I am troubled, when I am grieved, when I am at a loss for words, the mechanics of formulating sentences, and of stockpiling them in a vault, is the only thing that centers me again.六、汉译英：将下列段落翻译成英语(共计30分)三十多年前，我们开始改革开放时，突然认识到，市场是个好东西，认为以前之所以没搞好，根本原因就是没有尊重市场调节。
2017年湖南农业大学考研真题811 综合知识硕士招生自命题科目试题
2017年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：811 综合知识适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、解释题：从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明(共计10分，每小题2分)1、langue and parole 5、Inflection2、minimal pairs 6、speech community3、auxiliary verb 7、linguistic relativity4、locutionary act二、填空题：在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分，每空1分)1、If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use it is said to bed_________2、Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without o_________3、An initialism is pronounced letter by letter, while an a _________ is pronounced as a word.4、Clear [l] and dark [ɬ] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They never take the same position insound combinations, thus they are said to be in c_________ distribution.5、C _________ is a term used in lexicology by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences ofindividual lexical items. For example, we can “correct” a “mistake”, “read” a “book” and “watch TV”.No one can “correct” a television or “read” a mistake.6、Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: a _________ and predicate.7、G _________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of quality involved.8、C _________ Principle proposed by J.Grice is the general principle, in making conversation, that allparticipants are expected to observe.9、A c _________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and ”, “but”, “or”.10、Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s_________ attitude connoted in the languagethat is sexist.三、判断题：根据语言学常识判明正误，对者在该题括号里标T,错者在该题括号里标F. (共计15分，每小题1.5分)1、（）Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, orother people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.2、（）In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.3、（）Stem is the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.4、（）Move-αrule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in grammatical strings.5、（）Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act because this kind ofspeech is identical with the speaker’s intention.6、（）Women in western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the socialsignificance of certain linguistic variables.共3页第1页。
2012年湖南农业大学考研试题811 综合知识.
2012年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码:811 综合知识适用专业:外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具:考生注意事项:①所有答案必须做在答题纸上,做在试题纸上一律无效;②按试题顺序答题,在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、解释题:从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明(共计10分,每小题2分1. competence2. minimal pair3. assimilation rule4 morpheme 5. reference6. illocutionary act7. syntax二、填空题:在下面每空填一个词,其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分,每空1分1. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules, this feature is usually termed p _________.2. A_________ phonetics is a branch of phonetics concerns the production ofspeech sounds.3. A syllable consists of three parts: the onset, the p______ and the coda, e.g. [men].4. E___________ refers to the process of construction where one clause is includedin the sentence (main clause in syntactic subordination.5. P ___________refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings. .6. Predication analysis refers to the kind of analysis which involves the breakingdown of predication into their constituents: A________ and Predicate.7.The Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic d ________ andlinguistic relativity.8. “The man put on his hat” is transformed into “The man put his hat on”, the rule iscalled r ________ according to Transformational Generative Grammar.9. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants expected to共4页第1页observe is called the C________ Principle proposed by J.Grice.10. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an_____ is concrete and context- dependent.三、判断题:根据语言学常识判明正误,对者在该题括号里标T,错者在该题括号里标F. (共计15分,每小题1.5分1. (Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.2. (Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historicallinguistics.3. (Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties ofunits larger than the segment- phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. (We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means becausethe meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.5. (A constituent which is not at the same time a construction is a morpheme,and a construction which is not at the same time a constituent is a sentence.6. (The linguistic context considers the probability of one word’s co-occurrenceor collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning, and an important factor in communication.7. (Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary actbecause this kind of speech is identical with the speaker’s intention.8. (If language learners are provided with sufficient and the right kind oflanguage exposure and chances to interact with language input, they will acquire the native-like competence in the target language.9. (Fossilization refers to a process that sometimes occurs in second languagelearning in which incorrect linguistics features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern become a permanent part of the way of a person speaks or writes in the target language.10. (The word “denationalization” is made up of 4 morphemes.四、问答题:从下面各题挑选5题做简单回答(共计20分,每小题4分1. What are design features of language?共4页第2页2. Why do linguists say language is human specific?3. Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics?What is communicative competence?4. What are broad transcription and narrow transcription? How are they manifestedin the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA?5. What is a semantic field? Can you illustrate it?6. What do you think of Halliday’s Systemic Grammar?7. Make a comment on ONE of the following linguists’ contribution to linguisticstudy: (1Chomsky’s ; (2 Bloomfield’s; (3 J. Grice’s; (4Firth’s (5 Ma Jianzhong’s; (马建忠五、英译汉:将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分(1 BeautyBeauty means this to one and that to the other. And yet when anyone of us has seen that which to him is beautiful he has known an emotion which is in every case the same in kind.A ship in sail, a blooming flower, a town at night, a lovely poem, leaf shadows, a child's grace, the starry skies, apple trees in spring--the thought of beauty--these are the drops of rain that keep the human spirit from death by draught. They are a stealing and a silent refreshment that we perhaps do not think about but which goes on all the time. Beauty is the smile on the earth's face, open to all, and needs but the eyes to see, mood to understand.(2And the US continues to contribute to Asia's growth as a major trade and investment partner, a source of innovation that benefits Asia's companies, a host to 350,000 Asian students every year, a champion of open markets, an advocate for universal human rights, and a guarantor of stability and security across the Asia Pacific. The Obama Administration has made a comprehensive commitment to reinvigorate our engagement as a Pacific power - shoring up alliances and friendships, reaching out to emerging partners, and strengthening multilateral institutions.These efforts reflect our optimism and enthusiasm for what is happening in Asia today. Of course, countries in this region are grappling with challenges. We all are. But we are bullish(行情看涨on Asia's future, and while the United States is facing its own difficulties, make no mistake: We are bullish on America's future too.六、汉译英:将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分(1共4页第3页庆历四年春,滕子京谪守巴陵郡。
湖南农业大学818环境学概论15-18年真题
2015年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：环境学概论 818适用专业（领域）：生态学、环境科学、环境工程、工程硕士环境工程领域考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、名词解释（共计30分，每小题3分;共12题，选做10题，多做依1-10题记分）1、环境质量2、PM103、Environmental Capacity4、TOC5、热污染6、Iner Environment7、指示植物 8、POPs9、土壤污染 10、可持续发展11、生物浓缩 12、就地保护二、简答题（共计50 分，每小题 5 分）1、什么叫做二次污染物？SO2、H2SO4、NO2和O3中哪些是二次污染物？2、简述影响As在水体中迁移转化的主要因素。
3、简述水体的主要污染源与常见污染物类型。
4、简述土壤净化污染物的作用机理。
5、简述大气污染对农业气候的影响。
6、绘出简单河段水质的S—P模型图。
7、简述生物多样性保护的途径与措施。
8、伦敦型烟雾和洛杉矶光化学烟雾各有什么特征？9、简述二氧化氮在大气发生主要的光化学反应。
10、什么叫做一次能源和可再生能源？三、论述题(共计70 分，每小题10 分)1、综合论述影响大气污染的地理因素有哪些？怎样影响？2、论述辐射逆温产生的条件及机制。
3、什么是水体的富营养化的指标与危害？如何控制水体的富营养化？4、制定环境规划时应考虑的几个原则。
5、固体废弃物综合处理原则是什么？6、请你谈谈土壤中农药的降解、残留及污染防治措施。
7、根据重金属镉的特点，采取哪些措施来减轻土壤中的镉的危害？2016年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：环境学概论 818 适用专业（领域）：生态学、环境科学、环境工程、工程硕士环境工程领域考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
湖南农业大学教育心理学2018年考研真题
2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题
科目名称及代码：841 教育心理学
适用专业(领域）：教育硕士心理健康领域
考生需带的工具：
考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；
②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、名词解释(共计30分,每小题 5 分)
1、心理发展
2、教师期望效应
3、学习风格
4、先行组织者
5、心智技能
6、图式
二、简答题 (共计60分.每小题10 分)
1、简述皮亚杰的认知发展阶段理论？
2、简述自我效能感及其功能？
3、遗忘的特点是什么？
4、接受学习和发现学习的区别是什么？
5、简述教学评价中合理评分的步骤？
6、什么是“最近发展区”？
三、论述题 (共计60 分，每小题20分)
1、埃里克森的人格发展理论及其教育意义？
2、试述班杜拉社会学习理论的主要内容及其对教育的启示。
3、行为改变与行为演练的方法有哪些？联系教学实际，谈谈如何具体使用这些方法。
共2页第1页。
2014年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识(语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语)考研真题
2014年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题科目名称及代码：811综合知识适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、解释题：从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明(共计10分，每小题2分，多答只计前5题)1. Conceptualism2. Entailment3. Move-α- rule4. Fossilization5. Prefix6. Onomatopoeia7. Conversational Implicature二、填空题：在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分，每空1分)1. A_____ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech.2. B_____is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combing the meanings and sounds of two words, one of the which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like brunch.3. C_____ is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from, or reduce it to, observable context---- the situational context and the linguistic context.4. M_____ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.5. H_____ structure is the sentence structure that group words into structuralconstituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.6. S_____ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.7.P_____ are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are notverifiable, in other words, they are utterances that perform an act.8. I_____ is the language system of an individual as expressed their way he or shespeaks or writes within the overall system of a particular language.9. I_____ is a term coined by Selinker to refer to the systematic knowledge of an L2that is independent of both the target language and the learner’s L110. D_____ refers to an area of human activity in which one particular speechvariety or a combination of several speech varieties is regularly used. Forinstance, situations in which the persons talking to one another are members of the family, e.g. mother and children.三、判断题：根据语言学常识判明正误，对者标T,错者标F. (共计15分，每小题1.5分)1. （）Discourse analysis is the study of how sentences in spoken and writtenlanguage form larger meaningful units such as paragraphs,conversations, interviews, etc.2. （）Vernacular refers to a change by a speaker form one language orlanguage variety to another, it can take place in a conversation when onespeaker uses one language and the other speaker answers in a differentlanguage.3. （）Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’sconcept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure’s langue..4. （）If language learners are provided with sufficient and the right kind oflanguage exposure and chances to interact with language input, they will acquire the native-like competence in the target language.5. （）Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP,VP,and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.6. （）Cohesion shows whether a certain tagmeme is dominating othertagmemes or is dominated by others.7. （）Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.8. （）Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same asmeronymy.9. （）An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction, ithas just one head.10. （）We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it meansbecause the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meaning of its parts.四、问答题：从下面各题挑选5题做简单回答(共计20分，每小题4分，多答只计前5题)1. How to distinguish root, stem and base?2. What are deep structure and surface structure?3. What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachroniclinguistics?4. What is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are theypronounced?5. What’s your understanding of cooperative principle?6. What is predicate analysis? What is a no-place, one-place, two-place, orthree-place predicate?7. Make a comment on ONE of the following linguists’ contribution to linguisticstudy: (1) Chomsky’s; (2) Halliday’s; (3) Saussure’s; (4) LÜ Shuxiang’s (吕叔湘); (5) Zhao Yuanren’s (赵元任)五、英译汉：将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分)(1)What is leadership?Its qualities are difficult to define. But they are not so difficult to identifyLeaders don’t force other people to go along with them. They bring them along. Leaders get commitment from others by giving it themselves, by building an environment that encourages creativity, and by operating with honesty and fairness.Leaders demand much of others, but also give much of themselves. They are Ambitious — not only for themselves, but also for those who work with them. They seek to attract, retain and develop other people to their full abilities.Good leaders aren’t lone rangers. They recognize that an organization’s strategies for success require the combined talents and efforts of many people. Leadership’s is the catalyst for transforming those talents into results.Leaders know that when there are two opinions on an issue, one is not bound to be wrong. They recognize that hustle and rush are the allies of superficiality. They are open to new ideas, but they explore their ramifications thoroughly.(2)Thomas Malthus first published his “Essay on the Principle of Population”, in which he forecast that population growth would outstrip the world’s food supply, in 1798. His timing was unfortunate, for something started happening around thenwhich made nonsense of his ideas. As industrialization swept through what is now the developed world, fertility fell sharply, first in France, then in Britain, then throughout Europe and America. When people got richer, families got smaller; and as families got smaller, people got richer.Now, something similar is happening in developing countries. Fertility is falling and families are shrinking in places—such as Brazil, Indonesia, and even parts of India—that people think of as teeming with children. As our briefing shows, the fertility rate of half the world is now 2.1 or less—the magic number that is consistent with a stable population and is usually called “the replacement rate of fertility”. Sometime between 2020 and 2050 the world’s fertility rate will fall below the global replacement rate.Falling fertility is a boon for what it makes possible, which is economic growth. Demography used to be thought of as neutral for growth. But that was because, until the 1990s, there were few developing countries with records of declining fertility and rising incomes. Now there are dozens and they show that as countries move from large families and poverty into wealth and ageing they pass through a Goldilocks period: a generation or two in which fertility is neither too high nor too low and in which there are few dependent children, few dependent grandparents—and a bulge of adults in the middle who, if conditions are right, make the factories hum. For countries in demographic transition, the fall to replacement fertility is a unique and precious opportunity.In principle, there are three ways of limiting human environmental impacts:。
湖南农业大学831公共政策学2012--2018年考研初试真题
2012年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题
科目名称及代码：838 公共政策学
适用专业：公共管理
考生需带的工具：
考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；
②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、名词解释题（共计30分，每小题6分）
1．路径依赖2．元政策3．政策议程4．政策沉淀成本5．公共政策生命周期
二、简答题（共计40分，每小题10分）
1．简述林德布洛姆的渐进主义公共政策过程模型。
2．简述公共政策问题的基本属性。
3．简述公共政策执行的手段。
4．简述公共政策评估的标准。
三、论述题（共计50分，每小题25分）
1．结合实际，试论述公共政策的社会本质。
2．结合实际，试论述公共政策抉择的合法化。
四、案例分析题（共计30分，两题中任选一题作答）
1．某市于2011年3月1日起实施《**市控制性详细规划修改前置审查程序规定》（以下简称《规定》），该《规定》着力引进专家和社会人士参与规划修改决策，推进‘阳光规划’，提高规划工作参与率。
根据《规定》，控规修改前置审查会由城乡规划委员会主要成员单位、相关专家、公众代表组成，参会人员不得少于21人，其中专家和公众代表不少于参会人数的一半。
在监察部门的主持下，参会专家在市城乡规划委员会专家库中根据项目涉及专业随机抽取，公众代表在报名公众中随机抽取。
控规修改前置审查会实行三分之二多数的票决制，如果控规修改前置审查未通过，市规划局将不受理该项控规修改的申请。
根据案例分析回答：
（1）我国公共政策规划的主体有哪些？（10分）
共9页第1页。
湖南农业大学831公共政策学2015-2018年考研专业课真题试卷
湖南农业大学2018年考研专业课真题试卷（原版）
2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题
科目名称及代码：831 公共政策学
适用专业(领域）：公共管理各二级学科
考生需带的工具：
考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；
②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、名词解释(共计20分,每小题5分)
1、基本政策
2、政策主体
3、政策执行力
4、政府议程
二、简述题(共计90分.每小题15分)
1、如何理解公共政策是公共性与偏好性的统一？
2、简述基于中国经验的“上下来去”政策过程模型。
3、简述大众传媒在公共政策问题提出中的作用。
4、简述确定政策目标的原则。
5、简述引起政策移植失败的因素。
6、简述公共政策终结的障碍。
三、论述题(共计40分.每小题20分)
1、什么是政策执行偏差？你认为应该如何进行矫正？
2、结合政策实践，论述影响政策有效评估的因素。
共1页第1页。
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2018
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10
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1arbitrariness 5deep structure
2IPA 6informative function
3manners of articulation 7encoding
4grammatical category
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1
1When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a f_________
2Language exist in time and change through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called s_________ study of language.
3IC analysis emphasizes the h _________ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.
4Pitch variation is known as i_________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
5According to its position in the new word, a _________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes. 6P _________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.
7There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and i_________ relation.
8The u_________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.
9H_________ refers to the phenomenon that words with different meanings have the same form.
10C_________ holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to, rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. .
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1.5
1Free morphemes can be further classified into the inflectional and derivational morphemes.
2The phoneme /t/ and /d/ can occur in the same position and they distinguish meaning, therefore they are said to be in complementary distribution.
3Relations of co-occurrence partly belongs to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations. 4One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.
5Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.
31。