修辞修改版

1.Alliteration(头韵)
Alliteration is the use of succession of words with the same initial letter or sound. The repetition of sound usually occurs at the beginning of the words, but sometimes at the middle or end of them. It is a mere device for impressing the memory or pleasing the ear.
头韵指连续重复靠近字词的起头辅音，即首辅音的重复，不仅仅是重复字词的首字母。

头韵既简洁明快，又富于表现力，还具有音乐性，是有效的传达意思的语言手段，经常用在诗歌、演说、文章标题、影片名或广告中。

头韵修辞格主要有三种：
1). 同一辅音在两处或两处以上重复，构成头韵
①.Dumb dogs are dangerous. 哑巴狗最危险
②.Peter Piper picked a peck of picked pepper.
笛师彼得从泡菜里捡了一小块辣椒。

③.Life is the lust of a lamp for the light.
That is dark till the dawn of the day when we die.
(生命是盏灯，追求着光明，这光明实际是黑暗，直到我们死亡那天的黎明。

Lust: passionate)
④.Next to health, heart, home, happiness for mobile Americans depends upon the automobile.
(对于好动的美国人来说，幸福不仅取决于健康、爱情、舒适和温暖的家庭，还取决于汽车。

句中带有四个/h/辅音词的运用，表达了美国人既需要物质需求，也需要精神需求。

读来音韵爽朗，幽默和谐)
2). 同两个或两个以上辅音在两处或两处以上重复，构成头韵
⑤.Practice what you preach. 说到做到
⑥.It was a splendid population…for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained, sloth stayed at home.
(这是一些伟大的人! 要知道，所有那些磨磨蹭蹭、迷迷糊糊、呆头呆脑、懒懒散散的人呆在家里)
3). 拼写不同，发音一致，构成头韵
⑦.Curiosity killed the cat. (saying谚语)
(used to tell somebody not to ask questions or try to find out about things that do not concern them. 好奇心能要猫的命。

让人别打听或问与自己无关的事情)
2.Anticlimax =Bathos (渐降法/突降法/顿降法)＊＊
Anticlimax is the reverse of Climax: i.e. the least important thought is put at the close. It is often used in humorous writings. This figure is also called Bathos
渐降法是与层进法相反，作者所描写的事物意义重大、深刻，本应推向高潮，但突然却转入微不足道、平淡的琐事，或荒诞的事物。

即由大到小、从强到弱、从重到轻、从高到低降下来，与读者或听众的预期不同或相反，使人哑然失笑，使严肃的内容变得诙谐。

1). O dear! O dear! What shall I do?
I have lost my beau and lipstick too.
哦，天啊！哦，天啊！我该怎没办啊?
我失去了我的情人，还失去了我的口红。

2). He lost his empire, his family and his fountain-pen.（自来水笔）
3).The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.（战士的职责是包围
祖国和剥土豆）
4). Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you
to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its——oysters.
3. Antithesis（对照/对偶）
Antithesis is an opposition or contrast of words or ideas in the same sentence. It is emphasized by contrasting one thing with another, as health with sickness, war with peace, riches with poverty. In this figure, verbs should be contrasted with verbs, adjectives with adjectives, nouns with nouns, etc.
对照（对偶）是把意义相反或相对的语言单位（词语、从句或句子）排列在平行、对称的结构里，语义上形成互相对立或对照的一种修辞格。

1). Flattery brings friends; truth brings foes.
2). Knowledge makes humble; ignorance makes proud.
3). To read without reflection is like to eat without digestion.
4). False friends are worse than open enemies.
5). No bees, no honey; no work, no money.
6). Give me liberty, or give me death.
7). Speech is silver, silence is gold.
8). Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. （不是我不爱凯撒，而是我更爱罗马）
9).The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.
10).---a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.
4.Climax (渐强法/层进法/递进法)
Climax is a series of words, phrases, clauses or sentences arranged in order with increasing strength or importance. The climax is, if skillfully used, will promote force.
渐强法（层进法、递进法）修辞法是把一系列短语或句子用升级的手法按语势的强度顺序排列，所表达的内容由浅入深，由小到大，由轻到重，由少到多，由弱到强，使语势层层递增，渐进到最高强度。

1). I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar)
2). One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
3). The audience smiled, chuckled, and finally howled (哄笑).
4). We could not find pigeons here, there, everywhere.
5). But in a large sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this
ground.
6). To educate yourself, you must read, study, observe, reflect, reason, and think. (M. F.
Burlingame)
7). Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.
——Francis Bacon
8). Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed
and digested.
——Francis Bacon
5 Euphemism(委婉语)＊＊
Euphemism is the use of a more agreeable word or expression instead of an indelicate(不当的), harsh(刺耳的), or depressing one.
“委婉语”源自希腊语“顺耳的话”，即用间接的言词取代生硬语，亦即采用转弯抹角和暗示的说法代替直截了当的话，使说话温和一些，幽默一些，避免不悦耳、不愉快或禁忌
语。

1).Your statement is incorrect.
(i.e. Your statement is false.)
2). He passed away at six that morning. (i.e. He died.)
3).His relation with his wife has not been very fortunate. (i.e. He often quarrels with his wife.)
4). He had opened his eyes with the sun at dawn, scratched, done his business like a dog at the roadside, washed at the public fountain.
（破晓，他随着太阳的升起睁开眼睛，瘙痒，像狗一样在路边大小便，在喷泉旁边
洗洗脸。

）
(Gibort Highet: Diogenes and Alexander)
5).You drove there in your fancy Jagar, and you took a lady friend. (公爵情妇的委婉表达—“女朋友”)
6).Each day of suffering that helps to free from earthly cares. (earthly cares指现实生活中遭受的痛苦和折磨).
6 Hyperbole (夸张)
Hyperbole is a figure of speech which gently exaggerates the truth. In hyperbole, things are represented as greater or less, better or worse, than they really are.
夸张是指在事实的基础上进行夸大或缩小，用来抒发作者或说话人的强烈感情，表达自己的深刻感受。

这种修辞格主要是启发听者或读者的想象力和加强说话的力量。

1).The trial that rocked the world.
2).In each shop sit the apprentices---boys and youths, some of them incredibly young.
3).We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime.-----摧毁纳粹政权的一切痕迹
4). I haven’t seen you for ages.
(while in fact it was only two weeks ago that you parted.)
5). A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. 真理
刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言就走了大半个世界。

6). Had Cleopatra’s nose been shorter, the whole face of the world would have been
different.
（Cleopatra“埃及艳后”，美妙绝伦。

她权利欲极强，先为凯撒大帝的情妇，后与安东尼结婚，安东尼失败后，又欲勾引屋大维，没有成功，随以毒蛇噬咬自杀。

此句夸张这个女人的容貌与世界面貌的关系。

）
7). The first lines of a long gypsy poem sing: “When a woman loves a man, her body has the
odor of a thousand apple trees in blossom. The long lashes of her eyes fan the fires of his heart to flame.”
(Konrad Bercovici: The Wisdom of the Illiterate)
7 Irony(反语)＊＊＊
所谓反语，就是说反话，是一种富有幽默感或巧妙地挖苦人的表达方法，其所用的词语要表达的意义正与这些词语的通常意义相反。

用正面的话表达反面的意思，即反意正说，这是Irony最大的特点。

在一定的语言环境中，运用反语更能引起注意，加深印象，产生特殊的效果。

词语反语(Verbal Irony)是用字词表达相反是意思是方式。

它具有表里两层意思，真正的意思并不取决于字面，而是由特定的上下文来确定的。

词语反语的修辞效果在于幽默谐趣、俏皮逗乐、嘲弄讽刺，加深认识和理解。

Irony is a figure of speech in which the words of the speaker or writer seem to mean one
thing, but in reality mean just the contrary. If your friend has done something foolish and you make fun of him by saying “He is very clever.” Then you are being ironical. Irony is a disguised satire, so this figure is also called Sarcasm.
①.This diligent student seldom reads more than an hour per month.
(这个勤奋的学生每个月读书的时间不超过一个小时。

句中diligent是反语，意与言反，这个学生不是勤奋而是懒惰)
②. The virtuous, dignified bishop has four illegitimate children.
(那个品德高尚、威严的主教有四个私生子。

句中的virtuous:“有道德的/有德行的”和dignified:“尚的/有威严的”是两个高雅严肃的词语，却被用来形容有4个私生子的主教，有很强的讽刺意味。

这两个词实际上是说这个主教道德败坏而且伪善)
③. He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. Twain quit after deciding, “…I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating.”
——Mark Twin-Mirror of America
(马克·吐温在南方郡联邦游击队的一只杂牌队伍里当了两个星期的兵。

那只队伍想方设法避免与敌军交战，在确信“我比发明撤退的人更精通撤退”之后，马克·吐温就离开了那只队伍)
(作者精选了三个词来描述马克吐温在部队两个星期的“光荣历史”。

用tried 来描述他当兵的动机，用motley来形容这支“无敌的军队”，用diligently来形容他在战场上的“丰功伟绩”。

这三个词的运用不仅显得幽默，还具有强烈讽刺意味。

马克吐温对当兵的态度是不严肃的，他根本就不想当兵，更谈不上当好兵，最后在这支杂牌军里混了两星期就逃跑了，因为他比发明撤退的人更了解什么叫撤退)
④. Oscar Wilde’s story “The Devoted Friend”is full of irony, and the story begins in an ironical tone:
—“Could you wait a few days for the money? I haven’t any small change about me.”
—“Oh, you haven’t? Well, of course, I know that gentlemen like you carry large notes. ”
(Mark Twain: One Million Pound Bank-Note)
“我过几天再付钱行吗？我身边没有零钱。

”
“啊，没带零钱? 嗯，当然啰，像您这样的绅士是只带大票子的。

”
⑤.Little Hans had very many friends, but the most devoted friend was big Hugh, the Miller. Indeed, the rich Miller was so devoted to Little Hans that when he passed his garden he always picked a large bouquet of flowers or filled his pockets with plums and cherries if it was the fruit season.
1). Irony 和Sarcasm的区别
Sarcasm是讽刺挖苦的意思，指用尖酸刻薄的讥讽话，既可用反语、比喻，也可用直叙法对个人的缺点、过失或社会上的丑恶现象进行讽刺、挖苦，常有意伤害他人的感情，所以他常含有相当强的贬义。

①Laws are like cobwebs, which catch small flies, but let wasp and hornets break through.
(法律像蜘蛛网一样，能捉住小苍蝇，却让黄蜂钻过去了。

作者这里用比喻来讽刺法律的不公正)
②He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination.
(他之所以站在被告席上，是因为无知和偏见盛行，而且它们联合起来形成了一股强大
的势力。

说话人在这里用直叙法来形容无知和偏见的影响之大)
从以上例子看出，Sarcasm一般是用句子或话语表示讽刺意义，不一定要说反话；Irony 一般是用单词或短语表示讽刺或幽默，而且一定要说反话。

2). Irony 和Ridicule的区别
Ridicule(make fun of, mock)是嘲笑和嘲弄的意思。

它常用开玩笑或贬低的方法来揭示某人可笑的外表或狼狈的处境或愚蠢的行为，产生一种轻视、贬低、丑化事物的修辞格。

①.Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.
(布莱恩擦了擦秃头上的汗珠，没有吱声。

作者这里嘲笑布莱恩在法庭辩论失败时的狼狈处境)
②.Bryan, aging and paunchy, was assisted…
(布莱恩老态龙钟，大腹便便------ 作者这里嘲笑布莱恩老态龙钟的外表，他已经失去了昔日的威风)
③.The house detective’s piggy eyes surveyed her sardonically from his gross jowled face.
(这个脸上堆满肥肉的探长用他那臃肿的小眼睛讥讽地打量了她一下。

作者通过描写探长的外表，嘲笑他贪婪的本性)
8. Inversion(倒装)
倒装是指改变正常的主语、谓语、宾语序或状语的位。

常见的倒装是为了着重描写，把需要强调的句子成分移前，也有为了承接上文，把下句中与上句有关联的事物移到句首。

1). From out of the forest rushed a tiger.
2). Came frightful days of snow and rain. He did not know when he made camp, when he
broke camp. He travelled in the night as much as in the day.
——Jack London
9 Litotes (曲言法/间接肯定法)
曲言法是以反面之否定代替肯定之修辞格。

Litotes is a figure of speech which consists in making a statement by the use of negative before some other words, to indicate a strong affirmative in the opposite, as:
1). It is no easy. (= very difficult)
2). My French is not so bad. (= very good)
3). He is no mean opponent in the coming debate.
(That is to say, “He is a worthy opponent.”)
4). Not without effort he made this discovery.
5). Nothing is impossible to the man who will try.
(English proverb)
6). I never go past that house but I think of my miserable life in the old society.
10 Metaphor(隐喻/暗喻)＊＊
Metaphor contains an implied comparison, it calls one thing by the name of another or one thing is described in terms of another.
隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，它直接把一种事物比为另一种事物，不用比喻词，通常比较含蓄。

1). The imperialists and all reactionaries are paper tigers.
(All reactionaries and paper tigers are two entirely different things, but they are surprisingly
alike in one respect: in appearance they both look strong and terrible, but in fact they are weak and can be easily crushed and defeated.)
2). To me the pageant of season is a thrilling and unending drama. ---四季的绮丽变幻---
Helen Keller: Three Days to See
3). There was a stormy discussion at our last meeting.
4). The sunshine of happiness is made up of very little beams.
5). All the world’ a stage, and all the men and women merely players. (Shakespeare)
6). Because of his wealth, he was a fountain of generosity to his relatives and friends.
11. Metonymy(借代/转喻/换喻)＊＊＊
Metonymy means a change of name. The thing spoken of and the thing meant may be wholly unlike, but the relation between them is such that the mention of one suggests the other.
转喻是指用一名称来指代与之密切相关的事物。

1.以器物代替容器里的东西
1). The kettle (=The water in the kettle) is boiling.
2). The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. (=her baby)
2.以作者的名字代替作品
3). He reads Shakespeare. (= the works of Shakespeare)
4). Nowadays no one can claim to scholastic attainments, without knowing Darwin and Einstein. (= the Theory of Evolution and the Theory of Relativity.)
(attainments: something achieved 成就/成绩)
3.用工具代替使用工具的人或使用工具的结果
5). The pen has more influence than the sword.
(=Those who use the pen have more influence than those who use the sword)
4.用人或物的明显特征代替这人或物
6). Many people love rosy cheeks. (= children)
7).Grey hairs should be respected. (=people with grey hairs)
8). He succeeded to the crown in 1848.
(i.e. became the sovereign ruler最高统治者)
(sovereign：having the greatest power in the country有至高无上权利的)
9). After a day’s travelling we took a rest under the shade. (=the tree)
5.以人的器官代替其功能
10). He has a sharp tongue. (=speaking)说话尖刻
11). I was not a man to let my heart (=emotion) rule my head (=reason)
12. Oxymoron(矛盾修饰法) ＊＊
Oxymoron is a figure of speech which combines incongruous (inappropriate) and apparently contradictory words and meaning for a special effect. It is formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous terms. An understanding of oxymoron can help us to enjoy more fully the implied complexity of descriptions and feelings.
矛盾修饰法是把两个表面上意思完全相反的词或词组搭配在一起来形容一项事物，去揭示事物的矛盾性，造成一种出人意外、引人入胜的效果。

这种修辞方法，语言简练，富有哲
理。

1). Painful pleasure.（悲喜交加）
2). A victorious defeat.（胜利的失败）
3). A thunderous silence.（此时无声胜有声）
Juliet---
4).Goodnight, goodnight! Parting is such sweet sorrow,
That I shall say good night till it be tomorrow.
------Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet
朱丽叶------
晚安！晚安!离别总是这样甜蜜和痛苦，
我真要向你道晚安直到天明。

(莎士比亚细腻描绘了罗密欧和朱丽叶深夜在花园幽会时这种苦甜参半的复杂心情)
5). I despise(=look down upon) its very vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires,
the littlest great man, the haughtiest(=aggrogant) beggars, the plainest（=not beautiful, pretty）beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest(=very sad) pleasures of any town I ever saw.
——O. Henry
我最蔑视权贵，这里我曾见过最贫穷的百万富翁，最渺小的伟人，最高傲的乞丐，
最丑陋的美人，最低矮的摩天大楼，最无趣的乐事。

—欧·亨利
6). Beautiful tyrant, fiend angelical,
Dove feather’s raven, wolfish-ravening lamb,
Despised substance of divinest show,
Just opposite to what thou justly seems,
A damned saint, an honorable villain!
美丽的暴君，天使般的恶魔！
长着鸽子羽毛的渡鸦，嗜杀成性的羔羊！
神圣仪表下面的卑鄙本质！
正是你的外貌的对立面，
该遭诅咒的圣徒，体面的恶棍！
——威廉·莎士比亚
13. Onomatopoeia (拟声法)
Onomatopoeia is the use of words to imitate a sound appropriate to the sense.
1). The door banged after him.（把…砰得关上）
2). The rain pattered all night.（雨啪嗒啪嗒地下）
3). A sharp rattle was heard on the window, which made the children jump.（格格声）
4). There were tinkling(叮当声)of small bells and jingling(叮叮当当)of big bells as the
sledge glided on the smooth ice in the stillness of night.
14. Parallelism(平行结构)
Parallelism is a figure which consists of a continued comparison of two or more similar objects, showing the points of resemblance and of difference. It is an extended antithesis.
英语parallelism(平行结构)源于希腊语parallelismos, 意思是alongside one another(并排)，它是英语中最常见的修辞格之一，广泛应用于诗歌、散文、喜剧、小说及讲演中。

它是把结构相同或相似、意义相关或并重、语气一致的语言分别平行并列在一起的一种修辞方法，能使读者感到它具有语义丰富、音韵铿锵、句式匀称等特点。

1). Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country.
2). We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air---.
3). With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.(climax+parallelism) (Martin Luther King: I Have a Dream)
4). There is no reason for us to be enemies. Neither of us seeks the territory of the other;
neither of us seeks domination over the other; neither of us seeks to stretch out our hands and rule the world.
(Winston Churchill: Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.)
15. Pun(双关)＊＊＊
Pun is a play upon words that are similar in sound but different in sense. It is seldom used except for jest. (笑话、俏皮话=joke)
英语Pun(双关)源自拉丁语paronomazein，意为“以不同的名称称呼”，它是使用同音异义词或同形异义词进行的一种幽默表达方式，该词在句子里有双重或更多的含义，可作不同的解释，以造成一种滑稽、幽默的效果。

莎士比亚、狄更斯、马克·吐温、萧伯纳等都是运用双关语的行家。

利用语言中的谐音、歧义、模糊等现象，让一个词语、一个短语、一个句子或一个语言片段同时兼顾两种事物，或表达双层意思。

一个是表面的，一个是隐含的，并以隐含意思为主。

这种双关语的恰当运用，可以使语言生动有趣，或借题发挥，旁敲侧击，或指桑骂槐，冷嘲热讽，收到由此及彼，由表及里的效果。

1). 同音双关(Homophonic pun)
①Britain rules the waves, Mussolini waives the rules. (大英帝国统辖四海，墨索里尼无法无
天)
(Wave本意海浪，复数意为海洋；waive本意是放弃，引申为蔑视。

这两个词同音异议，构成双关)
②Seven days without water makes one weak. (week)
③Eat our corn, you’ll smile from ear to ear.
(from year to year=year after year; ……保你笑得合不拢嘴)
2). 同形异议双关(antanaclasis)
④—What’s the longest sentence in the world?
世界上最长的句子是什么？
—Prison for life.
无期徒刑
⑤He laid down his arms.
(放下手臂//stopped fighting=放下武器)
⑥We must all hang together, or we shall hang separately. (我们必须团结在一起，否则我们将一个个地被绞死。

美国独立战争时期著名政治家Benjamin Franklin 的一句名言)
3).一词多义双关(sylleptic): 词形相同而意义多样
⑦An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country. (大使是一个为了本国利益而在国外撒谎的诚实人。

“lie”可理解为“说谎”，也可作“存在、居住”解，形成双关，风趣幽默)
16 Personification(拟人)
Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person. (quality:品质/特征; represented: symbolized象征/代表)
拟人是把物当作人来描写的一种修辞格。

它变无灵为有灵，使表现对象栩栩如生、活灵活现。

1). the anger of the tempest.
2). the whisper of the leaves.
3).The wind sighed in the tree tops.风在树梢叹息
4). Look at the smiling moon. How bright she is!
5). The thirsty soil drank in the rain.
6). None preaches better than the ant, and she says nothing.
7).The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds—even thousands years.
8). Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. ------却饱尝辛酸(抽象概念拟人化)
Mark Twain—Mirror of America
17 Paradox (似非而是的反论)＊＊＊＊＊
(反论表面上自相矛盾、有悖常理、不合乎逻辑，甚至是荒谬的，实际上经过仔细体会，它是颇有道理、意味深长的修辞格。

反论特点有三：其一，反论通常要靠一个完整的句子来表达；其二，反论表层意义和深层意义是互相矛盾的；其三，反论表层意义是令人怀疑和不可信的，但句子却有蕴含着潜在的真理，即深层的含义。

------似非而是的隽语，或僻论，或自相矛盾的话，看似矛盾其实正确的观点)
A paradox is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the surface seems self-contradictory, absurd, or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. (proposition见解、观点; succinct(concise)言简意赅; well-founded有道理的、有根据的)
A good example of a paradox is in this passage from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, when Juliet finding out who Romeo is, expressing her feelings in this way:
① Nurse: His name is Romeo, and a Montague,
The only son of your great enemy.
Juliet: My only love sprung from my only hate.
Too early seen unknown and known too late!
Prodigious birth of love it is to me,
That I must love a loathed enemy.
——Shakespeare
(Prodigious: enormous/colossal; Loathe: hate)
我所钟情所至的是我唯一的世仇，
早已相见不曾相知，而今相知已太迟！
涌泉的爱浪喷自胸膛，
爱之所以是不共戴天的世敌。

——莎士比亚
(因为罗密欧和朱丽叶分属两个世仇很深的家族，可朱丽叶对罗密欧一见钟情。

“我所钟情所至的是我唯一的世仇”，这是一种不协调的、颠颠倒倒的爱情。

只有这种互相依存的矛盾的语句才能将世仇的恶果披露无遗，从而发人深省)
②. The child is the father of the man.
(儿童乃成年人之父)
(孩子的父亲是成人，怎么能说儿童乃成年人之父呢？句子字面意义是矛盾的，此乃无稽之谈。

但每个人都是从小到大，成年人都是由儿童成长起来的，且成年人中纯洁美好的东西都是儿童时代形成的，即所谓“三岁看大，七岁看老”。

内涵深刻，耐人寻味)
③. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. ——Mark Twain---Mirror of America
(这位让世界发出阵阵笑声的人自己却饱尝辛酸)
(按理说，一个能让全世界发出笑声的人也应该是经常笑的人，可马克吐温并不是这样，他一生笼罩在悲剧的阴影里，自己的亲人在短短的几年相继去世，饱尝了人世辛酸。

他晚年变得愤世嫉俗、嫉恶如仇，写下了大量辛辣尖刻的文章，挖苦小人，抨击时弊，赢得了世人的阵阵掌声)
④. If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty be revealed by sight. Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little,the panorama of color and action fills the world is taken for granted.
——Helen Keller: Three Days to See
(------告诫人们珍惜已有的东西)
⑤. One has to be cruel to be kind.
(为了仁慈，必须残忍。

------父母对子女的管教严格到了残忍的程度，但出发点是仁慈的)
⑥. More haste, less speed. (越急越慢，欲速则不达)
18. Repetition(反复/重复)＊＊
Repetition is the use of the same word, phrase, speech sound etc. in a poem, speech etc. Its purpose is for the speaker to make a deeper impression on the audience.
重复是演讲者为了加强语气、强化语势、抒发强烈感情、强调所要表达的观点等，在诗歌或演讲中连续或间隔重复使用同一单词、短语或句子的修辞方法。

反复大致可分为四类：连续反复(Immediate Repetition)、首语重复发(Anaphora)、尾语重复法(Epiphora)和间语重复法(Epanalepsis)
1). 连续反复(Immediate Repetition) 是指相同的单词、短语或句子紧接出现，中间不被隔开。

这样的反复语义非常集中，如排炮连发，产生一气呵成的语流，给人一种江河直下的美感。

①Would you please please please please please please please stop talking?
Earnest Hemingway: Hills Like White Elephants
(那就请你、请你、请你、请你、请你、请你、请你不要再讲了! 在《形如白象山》短篇故事中，女主角为了不让男主角把话继续说下去，连续用力7个please，可见要求之迫切和强烈)
2). 首语重复法(Anaphora)
意为“连续的两个词或两个以上的诗行、从句或句子中起始词语的重复”。

首语重复法重在音韵的重复，而排比结构旨在结构的重复。

①.We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air--
②.Yesterday the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Hongkong.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam.
Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Wake Islands.
And this morning the Japanese attacked Midway Islands.
——F. D. Roosevelt
这时美感总统 F. D. Roosevelt在国会发表的演讲(Ask for a Declaration of War against Japan). 研究者使用了首语重复法及典型的平行结构，语气强烈，音韵铿锵，增强了语势。

3). 尾语重复法(Epiphora)
意为“连续的句子或从句相同的词或短语结束”，尾语重复法常用于演讲，用音韵的力量增加美感和语势，使语言更具说服力。

①The government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.
②Reading makes a full man, meditation a profound man, discourse a clear man.
(读书使人充实，思考使人深刻，演讲使人条例清晰)
4). 间语重复法(Epanalepsis)
意为同一词或短语被其它词语间隔后重复使用。

①.Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.
(我们绝不因害怕而谈判，但我们也绝不怕谈判)
②.Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.
(不要问你的祖国能为你做些什么，要问你自己能为祖国做些什么)
19 Synecdoche(提喻/举喻)＊＊＊
Synecdoche is a figure of speech which consists chiefly in putting a part for the whole or the whole for the part, and which consists chiefly in putting the concrete for the abstract or the abstract for the concrete.
(consist in 在于，存在于)
提喻是指以局部代替全体或以全体代替局部，以抽象代替具体或以具体代替抽象的一种修辞格。

1). The part for the whole
①There are fifty sails (=ships or boats) in the harbor.
②They were short of hands (=helpers) at harvest time.
③------or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and apprentices and eat your humble bread and cheese.
------吃一餐平常百姓吃的面包夹奶酪
2). The whole for the part
④The surgeon cut me (=abdomen) open and took out the appendix. ---切开了腹部，取出了阑尾炎
⑤China (=The Chinese players) defeated Japan (=the Japanese players) in the men’s world table-tennis championships.
3).The concrete for the abstract
⑥Every life has its roses (=happiness) and thorns (=sadness) ------有苦有甜
⑦There is a mixture of the tiger (=cruelty) and the ape (clumsiness) in the character of him.
他既凶残又笨拙
4). The abstract for the concrete.
⑧keelboats, flatboats, and large rafts carried the first major commerce商业(=commercial goods货物).
⑨He is the admiration (=the person who is admired) of the students.他是学生敬佩的人
20. Simile(明喻)
Simile is an expression of comparison between two different things. It is usually introduced by “as”“as if” or “like”, and sometimes also by “as…as/as…so”, and “resemble” as the signs of comparison.
明喻就是打比方，指一事物像另一事物的修辞格。

常用的比喻词有“as” ,“as if” or “like”, and sometimes also by “as…so /as…as”, and “resemble”等
1). Mercy drops as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath.
—Shakespeare
2). The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing.
3).The apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist. ------砸得粉碎
4). Self-criticism is as necessary to us as air to water.
5). As a man whispers, so the breeze makes a low, hissing sound.
6). Learning resembles scaling the heights.
21. Syllepsis(一语双叙/一笔双叙)＊＊
Syllepsis一词源于希腊语，syn意为together, 而lepsis的含义是taking. 因此Syllepsis 的意思是：“taking together”. Syllepsis是指一个词与另外两个性质不同的词搭配，形式上符合英语使用习惯，但含义上一为直义(literary meaning)，一为喻义(figurative meaning)。

一语双叙辞格结构的前后两部分的搭配无论从句法上还是从意义上都贴切吻合(自然)达到了“一管两”的效果。

概括起来，一语双叙大致有四种表现形式：
1.一个谓语动词与两个宾语搭配
The young girl caught the train and a cold.
The newly-elected leader took the oath and his seat.
------宣誓就职
2．一个介词与两个宾语搭配
He left in a huff and a taxi.
他怒气冲冲地坐出租车离开了。

Mark fought with desperation and a stout club.
马克挥舞着一根结实的木棍绝望地战斗。

3．[文法]兼用法，两个主语共一个谓语
Either they or I am wrong.
Ten minutes later, the coffee and Commander Dana of Naval Intelligence arrived simultaneously.
4．一个形容词作定语修饰两个名词（名词短语）
Yesterday he had a blue heart and coat.
昨天他穿了一件蓝色大衣而且心情抑郁。