经济学原理 曼昆 英文版课件 Chap_02
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曼昆《经济学原理》Chapter 02
10
Figure 2
The production possibilities frontier
Quantity of Computers Produced
3,000 2,200 2,000 F C The production possibilities frontier shows the combinations of output—in this case, cars and computers— that the economy can possibly produce. The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier. Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy’s resources.
6
The Economist as a Scientist
• Firms
– Produce goods and services – Use factors of production / inputs
• Households
– Own factors of production – Consume goods and services
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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章
How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.
How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world
Psychology
ego id
cognitive dissonance
Every field of study has its own terminology
Economics
Supply
Opportunity cost
Elasticity
Comparative advantage
Consumer Surplus
The Economic Way of Thinking
Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. Uses two approaches:
Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.
How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world
Psychology
ego id
cognitive dissonance
Every field of study has its own terminology
Economics
Supply
Opportunity cost
Elasticity
Comparative advantage
Consumer Surplus
The Economic Way of Thinking
Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. Uses two approaches:
Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
曼昆宏观经济学第七版英文课件第二章
▪ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ▪ The Consumer Price Index (CPI) ▪ The Unemployment Rate
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
Two definitions:
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
3
The Circular Flow
Income ($) Labor
Households
Goods Expenditure ($)
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Firms
4
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
18
U.S. Government Spending, 2008
$ billions
Govt spending
$2,882.4
- Federal
1,071.9
Non-defense
337.0
Defense
734.9
- State & local
1,810.4
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
in the production of final goods
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
23
Байду номын сангаас
GNP vs. GDP
▪ Gross National Product (GNP):
Total income earned by the nation’s factors of production, regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
Two definitions:
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
3
The Circular Flow
Income ($) Labor
Households
Goods Expenditure ($)
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Firms
4
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
18
U.S. Government Spending, 2008
$ billions
Govt spending
$2,882.4
- Federal
1,071.9
Non-defense
337.0
Defense
734.9
- State & local
1,810.4
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
in the production of final goods
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
23
Байду номын сангаас
GNP vs. GDP
▪ Gross National Product (GNP):
Total income earned by the nation’s factors of production, regardless of where located
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章PPT精品文档37页
Every field of study has its own terminology
Mathematics
integrals axioms
vector spaces
torts
Law
Promissory estoppel
venues
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Uses two approaches: Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.
Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Demand
Deadweight loss
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
曼昆的宏观经济学课件(英文版)
1990
1995
2000
2021/4/30
Why learn macroeconomics?
1. The macroeconomy affects society’s well-being. ▪ example: Unemployment and social problems
2021/4/30
Unemployment and social problems
• Why are there recessions? Can the government do anything to combat recessions? Should it??
2021/4/30
Important issues in macroeconomics
• What is the government budget deficit? How does it affect the economy?
▪ example 1:
Unemployment and earnings growth
▪ example 2:
Interest rates and mortgage payments
2021/4/30
%
Unemployment and earnings growth
5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
2021/4/30
Important issues in macroeconomics
• Why does the cost of living keep rising?
• Why are millions of people unemployed, even when the economy is booming?
《经济学原理曼昆》课件
的作用和合理分配的挑战。
3
政府干预
探讨政府在公共物品和市场失灵中的角色 和干预措施。
市场与价格：供求关系、市场均衡和价 格决定机制
1
供求关系
了解供求关系是理解市场机制的关键，它决定了商品的价格和数量。
2
市场均衡
市场均衡是供求关系达到稳定状态的情况，其中供给量等于需求量。
3
价格决定机制
价格是由供求关系决定的，市场均应用：消费者与生产者剩余、 税收和补贴的影响
寡头垄断
对寡头垄断市场进行分析，以及寡头垄断对经济和消费者的影响。
垄断竞争
探讨在垄断竞争市场中，不同厂商如何竞争和影响价格和产量。
公共物品和公共选择：市场失灵、公共物 品的特征和政府干预
1
市场失灵
了解市场失灵的原因和影响，并探讨政府
公共物品的特征
2
干预的必要性。
研究公共物品的特征，以及它们在经济中
交叉弹性
交叉弹性帮助我们了解商品之间 的替代关系和供求关系的复杂性。
边际分析：边际收益和边际成本
1
边际收益
边际收益是指增加或减少一个单位产出所带来的额外效益。
2
边际成本
边际成本是指增加或减少一个单位产出所需的额外成本。
市场结构：垄断、寡头垄断、垄断竞 争和纯竞争
垄断
深入了解垄断市场的特点、形成原因和对消费者和经济产生的影响。
《经济学原理曼昆》PPT课件
为大家带来《经济学原理曼昆》的PPT课件，帮助你更好地理解经济学的基本 概念和逻辑，以及市场和价格的关系。让我们一起开始经济学的探索之旅吧！
导论：经济科学的基本概念和逻辑
通过本节课，我们将深入了解经济科学的基本概念和逻辑，为后续的学习打下坚实的基础。让我们一起探索经 济学的精彩世界吧！
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In the circular-flow diagram, which of the following items does not flow from households to firms?
A. revenue B. Labor, land and capital. C. factors of production D. profit E. A, B and C.
Labor, land, and capital Income
Journal AssignmentCircular Flow Diagram
Draw a circular flow diagram. Identify the parts of the model that correspond to the flow of goods and services and the flow of dollars for each of the following activities:
Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world. As simplifications of reality, models need assumptions. Models start small and then grow in increasing complexity.
on the individual
parts of the economy.
How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets
Macroeconomics
looks at the economy as
Positive versus Normative Analysis
Positive
statements are statements that describe the world as it is.
Called
descriptive analysis
Normative
Called
statements are statements about how the world should be.
In the markets for goods and services in the circularflow diagram
A. households and firms are both buyers. B. households and firms are both sellers. C. households are buyers and firms are sellers. D. households are sells and firms are buyers. E. all of the above are wrong.
prescriptive analysis
Why Economists Agree and Disagree
We
agree on the methodology, but not on the underlying assumptions underlying incentives and behavior.
The Production Possibilities Frontier
Quantity of Computers Produced
3,000
D
2,200 2,000
C
A
1,000
B
0
300
600 700
1,000
Quantity of Cars Produced
The Production Possibilities Frontier
The Economist as a Scientist
The economic way of thinking . . .
Involves
thinking analytically and objectively. Makes use of the scientific method.
Involves the use of abstract models to focus the discussion on a main idea or theme in the complexity of the real world. To apply the scientific method in economics, assumptions are used to make the world easier to understand.
Quantity of Computers Produced
3,000
D
2,200 2,000
C
A
Production possibilities frontier
1,000
B
0
300
600 700
1,000
Quantity of Cars Produced
Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier
Market for Goods and Services
Spending Goods & Services bought
Firms
Households
Inputs for production Wages, rent, and interest
Market for Factors of Production
Scarcity Efficiency
Tradeoffs
Opportunity
Cost Economic Growth
Quantity of Computers Produced 4,000
The Production Possibilities Frontier
An outward shift in the production possibilities frontier
Thinking Like an Economist
Chapter 2
Economics trains you to. . . .
Be
mindful about the choices that you make. Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices. Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related. But there is the issue of terminology, some math, and GRAPHS, GRAPHS AND SOME MORE GRAPHS!
Two of the Most Basic Economic Models Are
The Circular Flow Diagram The Production Possibilities Frontier.
The Circular-Flow Diagram
Revenue Goods & Services sold
Factors of production are
A. the mathematical calculations firms make in determining their optimal production levels. B. social and political conditions that affect production. C. the physical relationships between economic inputs and outputs. D. Inputs of the production process.
In economics, capital refers to
A. the finances necessary for firms to produce their products. B. buildings and machines used in the production process. C. the money households use to purchase firms’ output. D. stocks and bonds. E. money
Two Roles of Economists
When
they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers.
Example-No Child Left Behind and Test Scores.
Economists build economic models by
A. Generating data. B. Conducting controlled experiments in a lab. C. Making assumptions. D. Reviewing statistical forecasts. E. Equations or diagrams.
The Production Possibilities Frontier
•Shows the various combinations of two goods that can be produced by one firm. •Assumes two goods •Assumes fixed technology and fixed factors of production.