经济学原理曼昆英文版课件 Chap_02

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曼昆《经济学原理》Chapter 02

10
Figure 2
The production possibilities frontier
Quantity of Computers Produced
3,000 2,200 2,000 F C The production possibilities frontier shows the combinations of output—in this case, cars and computers— that the economy can possibly produce. The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier. Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy’s resources.
6
The Economist as a Scientist
• Firms
– Produce goods and services – Use factors of production / inputs
• Households
– Own factors of production – Consume goods and services
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件

© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.

曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章

How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.
How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world
Psychology
ego id
cognitive dissonance
Every field of study has its own terminology
Economics
Supply
Opportunity cost
Elasticity
Comparative advantage
Consumer Surplus
The Economic Way of Thinking
Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. Uses two approaches:
Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)

曼昆宏观经济学第七版英文课件第二章

▪ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ▪ The Consumer Price Index (CPI) ▪ The Unemployment Rate
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
Two definitions:
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
3
The Circular Flow
Income ($) Labor
Households
Goods Expenditure ($)
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Firms
4
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
18
U.S. Government Spending, 2008
$ billions
Govt spending
$2,882.4
- Federal
1,071.9
Non-defense
337.0
Defense
734.9
- State & local
1,810.4
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
in the production of final goods
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
23
Байду номын сангаас
GNP vs. GDP
▪ Gross National Product (GNP):
Total income earned by the nation’s factors of production, regardless of where located

曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章PPT精品文档37页

Every field of study has its own terminology
Mathematics
integrals axioms
vector spaces
torts
Law
Promissory estoppel
venues
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Uses two approaches: Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.
Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Demand
Deadweight loss
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件

© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).

曼昆的宏观经济学课件(英文版)

1990
1995
2000
2021/4/30
Why learn macroeconomics?
1. The macroeconomy affects society’s well-being. ▪ example: Unemployment and social problems
2021/4/30
Unemployment and social problems
• Why are there recessions? Can the government do anything to combat recessions? Should it??
2021/4/30
Important issues in macroeconomics
• What is the government budget deficit? How does it affect the economy?
▪ example 1:
Unemployment and earnings growth
▪ example 2:
Interest rates and mortgage payments
2021/4/30
%
Unemployment and earnings growth
5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
2021/4/30
Important issues in macroeconomics
• Why does the cost of living keep rising?
• Why are millions of people unemployed, even when the economy is booming?

《经济学原理曼昆》课件

的作用和合理分配的挑战。
3
政府干预
探讨政府在公共物品和市场失灵中的角色和干预措施。
市场与价格：供求关系、市场均衡和价格决定机制
1
供求关系
了解供求关系是理解市场机制的关键，它决定了商品的价格和数量。
2
市场均衡
市场均衡是供求关系达到稳定状态的情况，其中供给量等于需求量。
3
价格决定机制
价格是由供求关系决定的，市场均应用：消费者与生产者剩余、税收和补贴的影响
寡头垄断
对寡头垄断市场进行分析，以及寡头垄断对经济和消费者的影响。
垄断竞争
探讨在垄断竞争市场中，不同厂商如何竞争和影响价格和产量。
公共物品和公共选择：市场失灵、公共物品的特征和政府干预
1
市场失灵
了解市场失灵的原因和影响，并探讨政府
公共物品的特征
2
干预的必要性。
研究公共物品的特征，以及它们在经济中
交叉弹性
交叉弹性帮助我们了解商品之间的替代关系和供求关系的复杂性。
边际分析：边际收益和边际成本
1
边际收益
边际收益是指增加或减少一个单位产出所带来的额外效益。
2
边际成本
边际成本是指增加或减少一个单位产出所需的额外成本。
市场结构：垄断、寡头垄断、垄断竞争和纯竞争
垄断
深入了解垄断市场的特点、形成原因和对消费者和经济产生的影响。
《经济学原理曼昆》PPT课件
为大家带来《经济学原理曼昆》的PPT课件，帮助你更好地理解经济学的基本概念和逻辑，以及市场和价格的关系。让我们一起开始经济学的探索之旅吧！
导论：经济科学的基本概念和逻辑
通过本节课，我们将深入了解经济科学的基本概念和逻辑，为后续的学习打下坚实的基础。让我们一起探索经济学的精彩世界吧！

曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语课件Chap

The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX. NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
实际汇率——使外汇市场供需平衡的价格。
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The demand curve for foreign currency is downward sloping because a higher exchange rate makes domestic goods more expensive. The supply curve is vertical because the quantity of dollars supplied for net capital outflow is unrelated to the real exchange rate.
2. At the equilibrium real exchange rate, the demand for dollars to buy net exports exactly balances the supply of dollars to be exchanged into foreign currency to buy assets abroad.

《曼昆经济学原理》课件

贸易的益处。
比较优势
各国根据自身的资源、技术和成本优势进行专业化生产，实
现全球资源的最优配置。
贸易条件
贸易条件的变化对出口国和进口国的影响，以及贸易条件与
经济增长的关系。
贸易政策
自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策的优缺点，以及政策制定时应
考虑的因素。
国际金融
国际收支
国际收支平衡表的构成，以及影响国际收支的因素。
国际货币体系
国际金本位制、布雷顿森林体系和牙买加体系的比较和演变。
外汇市场
外汇市场的参与者、交易方式和汇率决定机制。
资本流动
资本流动的原因、影响和风险。
汇率制度
固定汇率制度
固定汇率制度的优点和缺点，以及应对货币投机的策略。
浮动汇率制度
浮动汇率制度的优点和缺点，以及汇率浮动对经济的影响。
汇率目标区
国际合作在全球化进程中的作用和必要性。
04
PART 05
经济学理论
REPORTING
古典经济学
01
总结词
古典经济学主张自由市场经济，强调市场供需关系和价格机制的自发调
节作用。
02 03
详细描述
古典经济学家认为，市场经济在自由竞争下能够达到最优资源配置，价格、工资和利润等变量由市场供需决定，政府只需充当守夜人角色，不应对经济进行过多干预。
《曼昆经济学原理》 PPT课件
REPORTING
• 导言 • 微观经济学 • 宏观经济学 • 国际经济学 • 经济学理论
目录
PART 01
导言
REPORTING
经济学定义
总结词
经济学是一门研究人类经济行为和现象的社会科学。
详细描述

经济学原理第二章课件

4% 3% 6% Transportation 6% Food & Beverages 6% 43% Medical care Recreation 15% Education and communication Apparel 17%
MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING
Housing
x 100%
4
MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING
EXAMPLE
year price of pizza
basket: {4 pizzas, 10 lattes}
price of latte cost of basket
2007
2008
$10
$11
$2.00
$2.50
$10 x 4 + $2 x 10 $12 x 4 + $3 x 10
Rate of increase: ($195 – $150)/$150 = 30%
CPI inflation rate from previous problem = 40%
12
Problems with the CPI: Substitution Bias
Over time, some prices rise faster than others.
10
ACTIVE LEARNING
Answers
CPI basket: {10# beef, 20# chicken} Household basket in 2006: {5# beef, 25# chicken}
2
cost of CPI beef chicken basket 2004 2005 2006 $4 $5 $9 $4 $5 $6 $120 $150 $210

经济学原理曼昆英文版课件 Chap_02

The Production Possibilities Frontier
•Shows the various combinations of two goods that can be produced by one firm. •Assumes two goods •Assumes fixed technology and fixed factors of production.
Thinking Like an Economist
Chapter 2
Economics trains you to. . . .
Be
mindful about the choices that you make. Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices. Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related. But there is the issue of terminology, some math, and GRAPHS, GRAPHS AND SOME MORE GRAPHS!

Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world. As simplifications of reality, models need assumptions. Models start small and then grow in increasing complexity.
Example-No Child Left Behind and Test Scores.

经济学原理曼昆Chapter 02

Chapter 2 Thinking Like an EconomistMULTIPLE CHOICEFigure 2-1AB 211. Refer to Figure 2-1.Which shape refers to the markets for goods and services? aa. oval Ab. oval Bc. rectangle 1d. rectangle 22. Refer to Figure 2-1.What is flowing from rectangle 1 to oval A? ba. revenueb. goods and services soldc. factors of productiond. labor, land, and capital3. Refer to Figure 2-1.Which of the following is an activity undertaken by the actors in rectangle 2? ca. produce and sell goods and servicesb. hire and use factors of productionc. own and sell factors of productiond. exchange goods and services between firms and householdsFigure 2-212345678910Consider the production possibilities curve for a country that can produce cars, corn (in bushels), or a combination of the two. 4. Refer to Figure 2-2. If this economy devotes all of its available resources to producing corn, then itwill produce da. 0 bushels of corn and 10 cars.b. 135 bushels of corn and 3 carsc. 160 bushels of corn and 10 cars.d. 160 bushels of corn and 0 cars.5. Refer to Figure 2-2. Which combination of points show production possibilities only achievablewith improvements in technology or increases in resources? da. A, D, and Eb. B and Gc. C and Fd. None of the above is correct.6. Refer to Figure 2-2. If this society moves from point D to point E, da. it gives up 25 bushels of corn to get 3 cars.b. it gives up 135 bushels of corn to get 3 cars.c. it gives up 3 cars to get 135 bushels of corn.d. it gives up 3 cars to get 25 bushels of corn.7. Refer to Figure 2-2. If this society is producing at point C, da. there is unemployment.b. production is efficient.c. growth can only be achieved through an advancement in technology.d. the opportunity cost of producing one more car is approximately 10 bushels of corn.8. Which of the following is a positive, as opposed to a normative, statement? ba. The US Department of Justice should allow a merger between AT&T and T-Mobilebecause it would have little effect on consumers.b. Antitrust laws should be used to prevent further concentration in the wireless telephoneservice market.c. The US Department of Justice sued AT&T to block its merger with T-Mobile.d. The wireless telephone service market is too highly concentrated.9. Which of the following famous people did not major in economics in college? ba. Donald Trumpb. Natalie Portmanc. John Elwayd. Mick Jagger10. Which of the following statements is correct about environmental economists? da. They view economics as a framework for natural resource allocation.b. They work at government agencies as well as universities and advocacy groups.c. They use economic arguments and systems to persuade companies to clean up pollutionand conserve natural resources.d. All of the above are correct.11. In the ordered pair (20, 100), 20 is the aa. x-coordinate.b. y-coordinate.c. scatterplot.d. slope.12. Between the two ordered pairs (20, 100) and (30, 80), the slope is ba. 1/2.b. -1/2.c. 2.d. -2.Figure 2-4snowblowers solds n o w s t o r ms 1020304050607080901234567891013. Refer to Figure 2-4. According to the graph, snowstorms aa. and snowblowers sold are positively correlated.b. and snowblowers sold are negatively correlatedc. and snowblowers sold are uncorrelated.d. are caused by more snowblowers being sold.14. Refer to Figure 2-4.Your friend John created the graph above to illustrate that snowstorms arecaused by more snowblowers being sold. You inform him that his interpretation is incorrect due to aa. omitted variable bias.b. reverse causality.c. slope mismatch.d. shifting versus moving along a curve.15. Refer to Figure 2-4.Which of the following could be an omitted variable in the graph? da. the price of snowblowersb. a change in consumers’ incomesc. a change in the seasonsd. All of the above are correct.PROBLEMFigure 2-1AB 211. Refer to Figure 2-1. What is the name of the model depicted in the figure?The Circular Flow2. Refer to Figure 2-1. What do the ovals represent in the figure?A: Markets for goods and service B: Markets for factors of production 3. Refer to Figure 2-1. What do the rectangles represent in the figure?1:Firms 2:Households4. Refer to Figure 2-1. What do the outer arrows represent in the figure?A to 1:revenue 1 toB :wages,rent, and profit B to 2 income 2 to A :spending 5.Refer to Figure 2-1. What do the inner arrows represent in the figure? A to 2:goods and services bought 2 to B:Labor,land,and capital B to1:Factors of production 1 to A: goods and services sold6. Refer to Figure 2-1. What does the arrow going from oval A to rectangle 2 represent in the figure? A to 2:goods and services bough7. Refer to Figure 2-1. What does the arrow going from oval B to rectangle 2 represent in the figure? B to 2 income 8.Refer to Figure 2-1. What are two elements not included in this figure that could be included in a more complex model? 9. The three main factors of production, or categories of inputs, used by firms to produce goods andservices areFigure 2-212345678910Consider the production possibilities curve for a country that can produce cars, corn (in bushels), or a combination of the two. 10.Refer to Figure 2-2. The bowed outward shape of the production possibilities curve indicates that opportunity cost of corn in terms of cars is 11.Refer to Figure 2-2. Which point(s) on the graph is(are) efficient production possibilities? 12.Refer to Figure 2-2. Which point(s) on the graph show unemployment of resources? 13. Refer to Figure 2-2. Which point(s) on the graph is(are) unattainable given current resources andtechnology?14.Who would be more likely to study the effects of government spending on the unemployment rate, a macroeconomist or a microeconomist? 15.Who would be more likely to study the effects of foreign competition on the accounting industry, a macroeconomist or a microeconomist? 16.Who would be more likely to study the effects of rent control on housing in New York City, a macroeconomist or a microeconomist? 17.Who would be more likely to study the inflation rate in the United States, a macroeconomist or a microeconomist? 18.Is the following a positive or normative statement? The federal minimum wage is lower than many state minimum wages. 19.Is the following a positive or normative statement? The Federal Reserve should set an inflation target and employ policies to meet the target. 20.Is the following a positive or normative statement? The United States government should mandate that every citizen purchases health insurance. 21. Is the following a positive or normative statement? The unemployment rate in Nevada is higher thanthe unemployment rate in New York.10203040506070801234567891022. Refer to Figure 2-3. What are the coordinates of point C?23. Refer to Figure 2-3. How are price and quantity related in this graph?24. Refer to Figure 2-3.What is the slope of the line?25. Refer to Figure 2-3.Is a move from point A to point B considered a shift of the curve or amovement along the curve?。

Chap公共部门经济学经济学原理曼昆中英文双语PPT课件

The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level. 需求曲线和社会成本曲线的交点决定了社会最优产量。
u The socially optimal output level is less than the market equilibrium quantity. 社会最优产量比市场均衡产量低。
如果铝厂排放污染（负外部性），那么生产铝的社会成本就比铝生产者的私人成本高。
第13页/共46页
The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics
铝市场和福利经济学
For each unit of aluminum produced, the social cost includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution.
第20页/共46页
Figure 3 Education and the Social Optimum
Price of Education
Supply (private cost)
Social value Demand (private value)
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of
每生产一个单位量的铝，社会成本既包括铝生产者的私人成本，也包括污染给旁观者带来的成本。
第14页/共46页
Pollution and the Social

曼昆经济学原理课件 (2)

u It moves the economy’s scarce resources from savers to borrowers. 它把经济的稀缺资源从储蓄者手中转移到借贷者手中。
Financial Institutions in the U.S. Economy
u The financial system is made up of financial institutions that coordinate the actions of savers and borrowers.
• A medium of exchanges is an item that people can easily use to engage in transactions.
äThis facilitates the purchases of goods and services.
金融中介机构
u 银行
ä The sale of stock to raise money is called equity financing.
• Compared to bonds, stocks offer both higher risk and potentially higher returns.
ä The most important stock exchanges in the United States are the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange, and NASDAQ.
ä银行通过允许人们根据自己的存款签发支票，帮助创造出一种交换媒介。
• 交换媒介是人们能容易地用来进行交易的东西。
ä这方便了物品与劳务的购买。

经济学原理第二章课件

10
ACTIVE LEARNING
Answers
CPI basket: {10# beef, 20# chicken} Household basket in 2006: {5# beef, 25# chicken}
2
cost of CPI beef chicken basket 2004 2005 2006 $4 $5 $9 $4 $5 $6 $120 $150 $210
living.
MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING
13
Problems with the CPI: Introduction of New Goods
The introduction of new goods increases variety,
allows consumers to find products that more closely meet their needs.
The BLS tries to account for quality changes
but probably misses some, as quality is hard to measure.
Thus, the CPI overstates increases in the cost of
1
price price of of beef chicken
2004
2005 2006
$4
$5 $9
$4
$5 $6
The CPI basket cost $120 in 2004, the base year.
A. Compute the CPI in 2005. B. What was the CPI inflation rate from 2005-2006?

经济学原理第二章课件

2006: Households bought {5 lbs beef, 25 lbs chicken}. A. Compute cost of the 2006 household basket. B. Compute % increase in cost of household basket over 2005-6, compare to CPI inflation rate.
= $60 = $78
$11 x 4 + $2.5 x 10 = $69
2009
$12
$3.00
Compute CPI in each year using 2007 base year: Inflation rate:
2007: 100 x ($60/$60) = 100 2008: 100 x ($69/$60) = 115 2009: 100 x ($78/$60) = 130
many contracts and in Social Security
MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING
2
How the CPI Is Calculated
1. Fix the “basket.” The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) surveys consumers to determine what’s in the typical consumer’s “shopping basket.”
6
ACTIVE LEARNING
Answers
CPI basket: {10 lbs beef, 20 lbs chicken}
1
price price of of beef chicken

经济学原理 曼昆 英文版课件 Chap_02

曼昆《经济学原理》Chapter 02

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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件

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《经济学原理曼昆》课件

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《曼昆经济学原理》课件

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经济学原理 曼昆 英文版课件 Chap_02

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Chap公共部门经济学经济学原理曼昆中英文双语PPT课件

曼昆经济学原理课件 (2)

经济学原理第二章课件

经济学原理第二章课件

经济学原理曼昆英文版课件 Chap_02

经济学原理曼昆英文版课件 Chap_02