《专业英语》课件(7)-Steady_State
自动化专业英语
intrinsic adj. 内在的
circuitry n. 电路
transistor n. 晶体管
semiconductor n. 半导体
dope v. 掺入
predominance n. 优势
crystal n. 晶体
germanium n. 锗
steady-state 稳态
prevent…from doing 使……不……
threshold n. 阈
override v., n. 超过，压倒
converter n. 逆变器，整流器
accelerate v. 加速
saturation n. 饱和
disturbance n. 扰动，干扰
flip-flop n. 触发器
relevance n. 关联
terminology n. 术语
aptness n. 恰当
pilot n. 飞行员
aloft adv. 高高地
cockpit n. 坐舱
deduce v. 演绎
simultaneously adv. 同时地
auto-restoration n. 自动恢复供电
dead substation transfer 故障变电站转移
substation load transfer 变电站负荷转移
load flow 潮流
archive v. 存档
deferment n. 延期，暂缓
responsiveness n. 响应
amplifier n. 放大器
integrated circuit 集成电路
《专业英语》课件(6)-Stability_and_the_Time_Response
简介连续系统或离散系统的稳定性是由其对输入或扰动的响应决定的。
直观地说，稳定系统是在没有外部激励时保持静态或平衡的系统，如果去掉所有的激励，系统会返回到静止状态。
输出将经过一个过度过程，稳定在一个与输入一致或由其决定的稳态。
如果我们将同样的输入加到一个不稳定系统上，输出将不会稳定到稳态过程，它将无限制的增加，通常为指数形式或增幅震荡。
稳定性可以由连续系统的脉冲响应或离散系统的Kronecker delta 响应如下精确地定义：当时间趋近无穷时，如果脉冲响应为零，则连续系统是稳定的。
一个可接受的系统至少应满足三个基本指标：稳定性、精度和满意的暂态响应。
这三项标准体现在一个可接受的系统必须对特定的输入和扰动具有满意的时间响应。
因此，虽然我们为了方便在拉氏域和频域研究问题，但至少应在定性上将这两个域与时域联系起来。
实际上，拉氏域既能提供稳定和不稳定系统的暂态响应信息，也能提供稳定系统的稳态响应的信息。
本文讨论拉氏域和时间响应的关系，并重点强调暂态响应，和在拉氏域中建立系统稳定性的判剧。
精度将在下一篇文章中讨论，频率响应在以后的单元中讨论。
第一项为强制分量，由输入引起，第二项为暂态分量，由系统的极点决定。
图2-2A-2给出了暂态和c(t)。
暂态呈指数衰减，常用的表示衰减速度的量是时间常数：时间常数是衰减指数暂态降到初始值e-1=0.368倍所用的秒数。
因为e-t/T=e-1当 t=T 时，可以看出简单滞后系统1/(Ts+1)的时间常数是T 秒。
实际上，这就是简单滞后传递函数常被写为这种形式的原因。
s 的系数直接表明衰减的速度，4T 秒后，暂态衰减到初值的1.8%。
简单滞后有两个重要特征。
1. 稳定性：对于系统稳定性，系统极点必须位于s 平面的左半边，这样系统暂态衰减，而不是随时间增加而增加。
2. 响应速度：加速系统的响应（即减小时间常数）， 极点1/T 应左移。
对于单位阶跃输入R(s)=1/s ，输出的变换为)2()(2n n 22n ωωζω++=s s s s C>1时，极点在负实轴上 n 的两侧，暂态是两个衰减指数的 和，每个各有其自己的时间常数。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语 Chapter 7 Power System Protections
Section 1 Introduction
（6）Phase sequence relays such as (i) negative sequence relays and, (ii) zero sequence relays, （7）Differential relays and percentage differential relays, （8）Distance relays such as (i) plane impedance relays, (ii) angle impedance relays, i.e. Ohm or reactance relays, (iii) angle admittance relays, i.e. Mho relays and, (iv) offset and restricted relays, （9）Pilot relays such as (i) wire pilot relays, (ii) carrier channel pilot relays, (iii) microwave pilot relays.
Chapter 7
Power System Protections
Section 1 Introduction
Text
New Words and Expressions Resume
Exercises
End
Section 1 Introduction
The steady-state operation of a power system is frequently disturbed by various faults on electrical equipment. To maintain the proper operation of the power system, an effective, efficient and reliable protection scheme is required. Power system components are designed to operate under normal operating conditions. However, if due to any reason, say a fault, there is an abnormality, it is necessary that there should be a device which senses these abnormal conditions and if so, the element or component where such an abnormality has taken
电机专业英语
chopper circuit 斩波电路
circuit branch 支路
circuit components 电路元件
circuit diagram 电路图
circuit parameters 电路参数
coaxial 共轴的,同轴的
air-gap flux 气隙磁通
air-gap line 气隙磁化线
algebraic 代数的
algorithmic 算法的
alloy 合金
ampere-turns 安匝(数)
amplidyne 微场扩流发电机
Amplitude Modulation (AM) 调幅
auxiliary motor 辅助电动机
bandwidth 带宽
base 基极
bilateral circuit 双向电路
bimotored 双马达的
biphase 双相的
bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管
block diagram 方框图
line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的
load characteristic 负载特性
load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线
locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩
locked-rotor 锁定转子
magnetic amplifier 磁放大器
armature circuit 电枢电路
armature coil 电枢线圈
armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波
Section 4 Steady StateFlowmaster英文PPT的教程
NUT 6.3 Slide 8 of 96
Check Valves
• Single phase
• 4 check valves available
• Swing-check valve • Clapper-check valve • Plug-check valve • Poppet Check Valve
NUT 6.3 Slide 18 of 96
Controllers
• 4 main groups
• tabular data • curve input • PID • COM Enabled Controllers
• Plus 2 specialized controllers
• motor torque controller • pressure unloader controller
NUT 6.3 Slide 2 of 96
Components Available
(Single Phase)
• Air Conditioning • Airside Systems • Pipes & Passages • Bends • Valves • Transitions • Pumps • Controllers • COM Controllers • Electro-Mechanical • Sources • Discrete Losses
NUT 6.3 Slide 4 of 96
NUT 6.3 Slide 5 of 96
Bends
• 8 bends available in single phase
• 3 circular cross-section • 5 rectangular cross-section
电气专业英语
电气专业英语CHAPTER Ⅰelectron 电子positive charge 正电荷negative charge 负电荷electromotive force (emf) 电动势reference direction 参考方向polarity 极性power 功率instantaneous power瞬时功率passive 无源的active 有源的resistor 电阻capacitor 电容inductor 电感generator 发电机independent source独立源voltage-controlled voltage source 电压控制电压源transistor 晶体管current-controlled voltage source 电流控制电压源amplifier 放大器voltage-controlled current source 电压控制电流源integrated circuit 集成电路current-controlled current source 电流控制电流源nonlinear 非线性的short circuit 短路open circuit 开路node 节点branch 支路loop 回路(counter)clockwise 顺(逆)时针phasor 相量sinusoidal 正弦steady-state稳态time domain 时域phasor diagram 相量图frequency domain 频域lag 滞后lead 超前superposition theorem 叠加定理amplitude 振幅sequence顺序phase sequence 相序incandescent lamp 白炽灯CHAPTER Ⅱanalog 模拟thermocouple 热电偶discrete 离散的binary 二进制multiplication乘法addition加法fidelity保真photoelectric光电piezoelectric压电bit位byte字节code编码register寄存器gain增益operational amplifier运算放大器difference amplifier差动放大器differential 微分的；差动的feedback反馈coupling耦合CHAPTER Ⅲsemiconductor半导体power electronic电力电子transformer变压器eddy涡流hysteresis磁滞rectifier整流器step-down降压的step-up升压的filter滤波PWM（pulse width modulation）脉冲宽度调制inverter逆变器torque转矩low-pass低通harmonics谐波high order harmonics高次谐波step pulse阶跃脉冲CHAPTER Ⅳinduction machine感应电机rotating magnetic field旋转磁场core铁芯exciting voltage励磁电压leakage flux漏磁通synchronous speed同步速prime mover原动机saturation饱和度field current励磁电流shaft轴steam-turbine-driven generator汽轮发电机vibration振荡exciter励磁机transformer变压器primary/secondary/tertiary winding一次/二次/三次绕组copper loss铜耗hysteresis loss磁滞损耗core-loss铁芯损耗air-gap气隙CHAPTER Ⅴcentral processing unit(CPU)中央处理单元mainframe主机server服务器client客户local area network(LAN)局域网clock cycle时钟周期RAM(random access memory)随机存储器ROM(read only memory)只读存储器slot槽data bus数据总线socket插座interface接口pixel像素resolution分辨率source code源代码octal八进制hexadecimal十六进制assembler汇编程序graphical user interface图形用户界面data base数据库bandwidth带宽router路由器gateway网关CHAPTER Ⅵfirst-swing第一次摇摆out of step失步damp阻尼，衰减transient stability暂态稳定性synchronism同步excitation voltage励磁电压power versus angle relationship功角关系series capacitor串联电容器static var compensators(SVCs)静止无功补偿器synchronous condenser同步调相机automatic voltage regulator自动电压调节器active power有功功率reactive power 无功功率automatic generation control(AGC)自动发电控制speed governor 调速器active power balance有功功率平衡var flow无功潮流overload过载bus 母线feeder 馈线，馈线电路distribution system配电系统in parallel并联的nominal frequency额定频率asynchronous异步的voltage drop电压降落power loss功率损耗transmission line输电线路fuse保险丝electric power system电力系统CHAPTER Ⅶover-voltage过电压lighting arrester避雷器voltage transformer电压互感器current transformer电流互感器time-delayed relay 延时继电器vacuum circuit breaker 真空断路器oil circuit breaker 油断路器overexcitation过励undercurrent欠电流resonance谐振out of step失步overvoltage过电压intertern fault匝间故障external fault外部故障internal fault内部故障ground fault接地故障line to line fault 相间短路故障single line to ground fault 单相接地故障double line to ground fault 两相短路接地故障3-φto ground fault 三项接地短路故障3-φfault 三相故障phase sequence relay 相序继电器directional relay方向继电器undervoltage relay 低电压继电器overcurrent relay过电流继电器trip coil 跳闸线圈circuit breaker断路器relay 继电器power system protection 电力系统保护CHAPTER Ⅷnuclear power plant核电站greenhouse effect温室效应feed water pump给水泵cooling tower冷却塔boiler 锅炉CHAPTER Ⅸfrequency response 频率响应rectangular coordinates 直角坐标logarithmic coordinates 对数坐标sufficient condition 充分条件steady-state error稳态误差polynomial多项式necessary condition必要条件forward transfer function 前向传递函数transfer function 传递函数open-loop transfer function 开环传递函数eigenvector 特征向量root-locus 根轨迹differential equation 微分方程。
英语学习专业英语讲义PPT课件
2、从句在说明主句时有三种可能位置-前、后、中
第13页/共17页
中间-嵌入句将主句分成两部分，造成阅读理解的困难。
This is not, of course, the case in human affairs, and the most that can be done is to seek for mathematical models which describe, however imperfectly as yet they are, the presumed behavior of the system or situation under investigation.
D: 缩略词 Laboratory: lab unidentified flying object: UFO Radio detection and ranging: radar Transistor 和receiver合成transceiver：收发机 Telecommunications satelite: TELESAT通信卫星 练习1：写出下列缩略词的中英文全称：PID、PLC、PLD、MOS、TTL、TS、
总结：
语法分析时：
1、找谓语，再找主语。汉语常略主语，而英语中是由主、谓
第14页/共17页
科技英语翻译技巧（translating skills of scientific and technical English)
研究生专业英语_电力系统及其自动化(虚拟仪器)
abnormal overload 异常过载，事故过载active power 有功功率ampere-hour efficiency 充电效率aperiodic damping 非周期阻尼arithmetic circuitry 运算电路capacitive voltage transformer 电容式电压互感器closed electric circuit 闭合电路de-energizing circuit 去激电路，去励磁电路distribution network 配电网earthing arrangement 接地系统electrical phase angle 电相（位）角electronic transducer 电子式互感器end pressure 端部压力energy conversion factor 能量转换系数equivalent admittance 等效导纳equivalent generator 等效发电机equivalent parameter 等效参数，等值参数equivalent reactance 等效电抗，等值电抗equivalent resistance 等效电阻，等值电阻excitation characteristic 励磁特性extended uncertainty 扩展不确定度faulty line selection 故障选线Ferro resonance 铁磁谐振field inspection 现场检验fully energized 全激励，满励磁fundamental frequency 基本频率，基频high tension lead 高压引线insulation 绝缘interrupt mode 中断模式inverter 逆变器。
《自动化专业英语》PPT课件
标题的书写特征 （续）
所有字母全大写
REVIEW AND PROSPECT OF COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ALUMIUM SMELTERS IN CHINA
标题的内容特征
关键词，反映论文的性质和主要内容 研究的手段或方法
Research on Controllability of Magnetic Suspension with High Temperature Superconducting Electromagnet
示例2
A model predictive control strategy for supply chain optimization
This paper describes a model predictive control strategy to find the optimal decision variables to maximize profit in supply chains with multiproduct, multiechelon distribution networks with multiproduct batch plants. The key features of this paper are: (1) a discrete time MILP dynamic model that considers the flow of material and information within the system; (2) a general dynamic optimization framework that simultaneously considers all the elements of the supply chain and their interactions; and (3), a rolling horizon approach to update the decision variables whenever changes affecting the supply chain arise. The paper compares the behavior of a supply chain under centralized and decentralized management approaches, and shows that the former yields better results, with profit increases of up to 15% as shown in an example problem. Keywords: Supply chain management; Scheduling; Dynamic scheduling; Optimal control; Decision support tools; Hybrid systems
专业英语参考
Oral route of drug administration 肠道给药途径Parenteral route of drug administration 非肠道给药途径Systemic effect 系统效应/全身效应Self-administration of medication 自我服药Solid oral dosage forms 常规给药的固体剂型Liquid oral dosage forms 常规给药的液体剂型Expiration date 有效期In Vitro ['vi:trəu] Test 体外试验In Vivo ['vi:vəu] Test 体内试验computer-aided drug design(计算机辅助药物设计）“lead”compound (先导化合物）structure-activity relationship(SAR) 构效关系rational drug design 理性药物设计/合理药物设计Medicinal agent 药用成分Bioavailability 生物利用度Compressed tablet 压制片剂Effective drug absorption 有效药物吸收One usual dose of the drug 每一剂的剂量Per number of doses 每单位剂量The efficacy of the drug 药效Direct compression 直接压片法Compression granulation 挤压制粒法Wet granulation 湿法制粒法Basic charateristics: Good fluidity （流动性）Good compressibility （可压缩性）CADD Computer-Aided Drug Design 计算机辅助药物设计SAR structure-activity relationship 构效关系Good lubricity（润滑能力）A steady-state blood or tissue level 稳定的血液或者组织水平in vivo/in vitro environment 在体内/体外环境Maximizing drug availability 达到最大的药物利用度sustained release 缓释controlled release 控释Gastrointestinal（GI）tract 胃肠系统Crystal size distribution 晶体粒度分布Cooling crystallizer 冷却结晶器Evaporative crystallizer 蒸发结晶器salting-out crystallization 盐析结晶法The total solids test 固体总量测试chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量Marine drug 海洋药物Rational drug design 理性药物设计Marine natural products 海洋天然产物High-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 高效核磁共振仪High-resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry 高效快速原子轰击质谱仪High-performance liquid chromatography 高效液相色谱仪come into play 开始活动Orchestrate['ɔ:kistreit] 编管弦乐曲,使和谐地结合起来; 配合orchestra 管弦乐队UNIT 11When a new drug is discovered，one of the first questions a pharmaceutical company asks is whether or not drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route. If it cannot, the drug is primarily relegated (归入) to administration in a hospital setting(医院管理)or physician's office. If patient self-administration cannot be achieved，the sales of the drug constitute(组成、构成) only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise Of drugs that are administered orally，solid oral dosage forms represent the preferred class of product. The reasons for this preference are as follows. Tablets and capsules (胶囊) represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed. By comparison, liquid oral dosage forms，such as syrups (糖浆) ，suspensions (悬浮液) ，emulsions (乳液) ，solutions，and elixirs (甘香酒剂，药酒) ，are usually designed to 旨在；目的在于contain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml. The patient is then asked to measure his or her own medication using a teaspoon, tablespoon，or other measuring device. Such dosage measurements are typically in error by a factor ranging from 20% to 50% when the drug is self-administered by the patient.通过口腔途径服药是使药物起效的重要的服药方法，除了胰岛素治疗，非肠道途径不是自我服药的常规方法。
化学专业英语部分原文及翻译
U27 The acid-base titration starts with the dissolution of the solid acid sample in deionized water. Add the end-point indicator, which is phenolphthalein, with two drops to each flask containing the acid sample and deionized water.Properly label the flasks. Be consistent in all of the samples when adding the indicator. Swirl the flasks until the solid acid is completely dissolved. Finally, rinse with deionized water three times around, which is critical to ensure that all solid acid has been removed from the flask walls and dissolved in the solution. All solid particles must be dissolved prior to the titration.7、酸碱滴定伴随着于固体酸溶解于去离子水中发生。
在每支装有酸样品和去离子水的试管中加入两滴终点指示剂——酚酞，并在试管上贴好标签。
在加指示剂的时候保持所有样品条件一致。
震荡试管直到所有固体酸完全溶解。
最后，用去离子水冲洗试管壁周围三次，确保试管壁上的固体酸从试管上脱落并溶解于溶液中。
所有的固体酸都必须在滴定前完全溶解。
8 The buret needs to be checked for if it is quantitatively clean, both to avoid contamination and to be sure that titrant volumes are accurately read. Make sure the buret stopcock is closed. Fill the buret with water and then drain it to check the buret, making sure that its walls drain cleanly. Before checking for drainage, wait a minute or two after completely draining the buret. Sometimes droplets appear on the inner walls of the buret after some time, indicating that the buret is not quantitatively clean .In this case ,it is necessary to use standard cleaning procedures to clean the buret. If the buret is droplet free, then it is quandtatively clean and can be used for titration.8.滴定管需要检查，如果它是定量清洁，既避免了污染又能确保滴定剂卷的准确地阅读。
自动化专业英语课后单词及课后句子总结
P3U1architecture n. 体系结构instruction set 指令集binary-coded adj. 二进制编码的central processing unit (CPU) 中央处理器processor n. 处理器location n. （存储）单元word length 字长access v. 存取，接近fetch v., n. 取来field n. 域，字段opcode n. 操作码operand n. 操作数address n. 寻址single-precision adj. 单精度的floating-point adj. 浮点的terminal n. 终端complement v. 补充，求补decode v. 解码，译码request n. 请求inactive n. 不活动，停止I/O-mapped adj. 输入/输出映射的（单独编址）memory-mapped adj. 存储器映射的（统一编址）难句翻译[1] …how the instruction execution cycle is broken down into its various components.……指令执行周期怎样分解成不同的部分。
[2] One way to achieve meaningful patterns is to divide up the bits into fields…一种得到（指令）有效形式的方法是将（这些）位分成段……[3] The majority of computer tasks involve the ALU, but a great amount of data movement is required in order to make use of the ALU instructions.计算机的大多数工作涉及到ALU(逻辑运算单元)，但为了使用ALU指令，需要传送大量的数据。
电力系统专业英语
电力系统 power system 发电机 generator 励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor 电压 voltage 电流 current升压变压器 step-up transformer 母线 bus 变压器 transformer空载损耗 no-load loss 铁损 iron loss 铜损 copper loss空载电流 no-load current 有功损耗 active loss无功损耗 reactive loss输电系统 power transmission system 高压侧 high side 输电线 transmission line 高压 high voltage 低压 low voltage 中压 middle voltage功角稳定 angle stability 稳定 stability 电压稳定 voltage stability 暂态稳定 transient stability 电厂 power plant 能量输送 power transfer交流 AC 直流 DC 电网 power system落点 drop point 开关站 switch station 调节 regulation高抗 high voltage shunt（逃避）reactor并列的 apposable 裕度 margin故障 fault 三相故障 three phase fault 分接头 tap切机 generator triping 高顶值 high limited value 静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state) 机端电压控制 AVR 电抗 reactance电阻 resistance 功角 power angle 有功（功率） active power 电容器 Capacitor 电抗器 Reactor 断路器 Breaker电动机 motor 功率因数 power-factor 定子 stator阻抗 impedance 功角 power-angle 电压等级 voltage grade有功负载: active load PLoad 无功负载 reactive load 档位 tap position电阻 resistor 电抗 reactance 电导 conductance电纳 susceptance 上限 upper limit 下限 lower limit正序阻抗 positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗 negative sequenceimpedance零序阻抗 zero sequenceimpedance无功（功率） reactive power 功率因数 power factor 无功电流 reactive current 斜率 slope 额定 rating 变比 ratio参考值 reference value 电压互感器 PT 分接头 tap仿真分析 simulation analysis 下降率 droop rate 传递函数 transfer function 框图 block diagram 受端 receive-side 同步 synchronization保护断路器 circuit breaker 摇摆 swing 阻尼 damping无刷直流电机 Brusless DC motor 刀闸(隔离开关) Isolator 机端 generator terminal变电站 transformer substation给永磁同步电机 Permanent-magnet Synchronism Motor异步电机 Asynchronous Motor三绕组变压器 three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器 double-column transformer DblClmnTrans固定串联电容补偿 fixed series capacitor compensation双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bus system励磁电流 Magnetizing current 补偿度 degree of compensation电磁场:Electromagnetic fields 失去同步 loss of synchronization装机容量 installed capacity 无功补偿 reactive power compensation故障切除时间 fault clearing time 极限切除时间 critical clearing time强行励磁 reinforced excitation 并联电容器 shunt capacitor<下降特性 droop characteristics 线路补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)电机学 Electrical Machinery 自动控制理论 Automatic Control Theory电磁场 Electromagnetic Field 微机原理 Principle of Microcomputer电工学 Electrotechnics 电路原理 Principle of circuits电机学 Electrical Machinery电力系统稳态分析 Steady-State Analysis ofPower System电力系统暂态分析 Transient-State Analysis of Power SystemElectrical System's Relay Protection电力系统元件保护原理 Protection Principle of Power System 's Element电力系统内部过电压 Past Voltage within Power system模拟电子技术基础 Basis of Analogue Electronic Technique数字电子技术 Digital Electrical Technique电路原理实验 Lab. of principle of circuits电气工程讲座 Lectures on electrical power production电力电子基础 Basic fundamentals of power electronics高电压工程 High voltage engineering电子专题实践 Topics on experimental project of electronics电气工程概论 Introduction to electrical engineering电子电机集成系统 Electronic machine system 电力传动与控制 Electrical Drive and ControlSystem Relaying Protection主变压器main transformer升压变压器step-up transformer降压变压器step-down transformer工作变压器operating transformer备用变压器standby transformer公用变压器common transformer三相变压器three-phase transformer单相变压器single-phase transformer带负荷调压变压器on-load regulating transformer 变压器铁芯transformer core变压器线圈transformer coil变压器绕组transformer winding变压器油箱transformer oil tank变压器外壳transformer casing变压器风扇transformer fantransformer oil conservator(∽变压器油枕drum变压器额定电压transformer rated voltage变压器额定电流transformer rated currenttransformer voltage regulation 变压器调压范围rage配电设备power distribution equipment SF6断路器SF6 circuit breaker开关switch按钮button隔离开关isolator,disconnector真空开关vacuum switch刀闸开关knife-switch接地刀闸earthing knife-switch电气设备electrical equipment变流器current converter电流互感器current transformer电压互感器voltage transformer电源power source交流电源AC power source直流电源DC power source工作电源operating source备用电源Standby source强电strong current弱电weak current继电器relay信号继电器signal relay电流继电器current relay电压继电器voltage relay跳闸继电器tripping relay合闸继电器closing relay中间继电器intermediate relay时间继电器time relay零序电压继电器zero-sequence voltage relay 差动继电器 differential relay闭锁装置locking device遥控telecontrol遥信telesignalisation遥测telemetering遥调teleregulation断路器breaker,circuit breakermini-oil breaker,oil-mini-mum 少油断路器breaker高频滤波器high-frequency filter组合滤波器combined filter常开触点normally opened contact常闭触点normally closed contact并联电容parallel capacitance保护接地protective earthing熔断器cutout,fusible cutout电缆cable跳闸脉冲tripping pulse合闸脉冲closing pulse一次电压primary voltage二次电压secondary voltage并联电容器parallel capacitorreactive power compensation 无功补偿器device消弧线圈arc-suppressing coil母线Bus,busbar三角接法delta connection星形接法Wye connection原理图schematic diagram一次系统图primary system diagram二次系统图secondary system diagram两相短路two-phase short circuit三相短路three-phase short circuitsingle-phase ground short单相接地短路circuitcalculation of short circuit 短路电流计算current自动重合闸automatic reclosing高频保护high-freqency protection距离保护distance protectiontransverse differential横差保护protectionlongitudinal differential纵差保护protection线路保护line protection过电压保护over-voltage protection母差保护bus differential protection 瓦斯保护Buchholtz protection变压器保护transformer protection电动机保护motor protection远方控制remote control用电量power consumption载波carrier故障fault选择性 selectivity速动性 speed灵敏性 sensitivity可靠性 reliability电磁型继电器 electromagnetic无时限电流速断保护 instantaneously over-current protection跳闸线圈 trip coil工作线圈 operating coil制动线圈 retraint coil主保护 main protection后备保护 back-up protection定时限过电流保护 definite time over-current protection三段式电流保护 the current protection with three stages反时限过电流保护 inverse time over-current protection方向性电流保护 the directional current protection零序电流保护 zero-sequence current protection阻抗 impedance微机保护 Microprocessor Protection。
研究生专业英语_电力系统及其自动化(虚拟仪器)
abnormal overload 异常过载，事故过载active power 有功功率ampere-hour efficiency 充电效率aperiodic damping 非周期阻尼arithmetic circuitry 运算电路capacitive voltage transformer 电容式电压互感器closed electric circuit 闭合电路de-energizing circuit 去激电路，去励磁电路distribution network 配电网earthing arrangement 接地系统electrical phase angle 电相（位）角electronic transducer 电子式互感器end pressure 端部压力energy conversion factor 能量转换系数equivalent admittance 等效导纳equivalent generator 等效发电机equivalent parameter 等效参数，等值参数equivalent reactance 等效电抗，等值电抗equivalent resistance 等效电阻，等值电阻excitation characteristic 励磁特性extended uncertainty 扩展不确定度faulty line selection 故障选线Ferro resonance 铁磁谐振field inspection 现场检验fully energized 全激励，满励磁fundamental frequency 基本频率，基频high tension lead 高压引线insulation 绝缘interrupt mode 中断模式inverter 逆变器。
电气工程与自动化专业英语 第7章
This chapter is concerned with how the induction motor(电感电动机) behaves when connected to a constant frequency supply. This is by far the most widely used and important mode of operation, the motor running directly connected to a constant voltage mains supply. In addition, equivalent circuit of induction motor is developed in this chapter.
13
7.1 Run-up and Stable Operating Regions
Steady-state rotor losses and efficiency This is that it is never possible for all the power crossing the air-gap from the stator to be converted to mechanical output, because some is always lost as heat in the rotor circuit resistance. In fact, it turns out that at slip s the total power (Pr) crossing the air-gap always divides so that a fraction sPr is lost as heat, while the remainder (1-s)Pr is converted to useful mechanical output.
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（5）It must be admitted that… 必须承认，……
（6）It appears (seems) that… 看来……，似乎…… （7）It is stated (said, reported, estimated, calculated, suggested, guessed, supposed) that…据说（报道，统 计，推算，建议，猜测，推测）……，一般认
steady-state error final value theorem distinguish type number integer integrator ramp n. n. n. v. 稳态误差 终值定理 区分，辨别 型数 整数 积分环节，积分器 斜坡
acceleration
n.
加速度
扰动误差
disturbance error
superposition
identical
n.
a.
叠加
相同的，一样的
eliminate
ahead of
v.
消除
在前面
entry
accompany
n.
v.
入口
伴随
难句解释：
[1] The designer should be fully aware, however, of the
的稳态误差可写作下式：
esቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ lime(t ) limsEr (s)
t s0
(2-2B-1)
对开环传递函数G(s)，设有如下的通用式子： K a k s k a1 s 1 G( s) n (2-2B-4) s bl s l b1 s 1 在这个式子中： 1) K 已知，使分子分母多项式的常数项单位化，即传递函 数G的增益。它和下一节介绍的根轨迹增益不同，后者的最高 次幂项的系数是单位值1。 2) G的型数是整数n。分母中s因子代表着积分，型数就是G 中积分环节的数目n。 3) 增益，根据n的不同取值，通常的惯例，把下列名字和 注解与K相联系。 n = 0: Kp = position error constant 位置误差常数 n = 1: Kv = velocity error constant 速度误差常数 n = 2: Ka = acceleration error constant 加速度误差常数
为……
（8）It is to be noted that… 要注意……
（9）It is well known that…众所周知…… （10）It happened that… 碰巧…… （11）It will be seen (shown) from this that… 由此可见 （说明）
（12）It follows that… 从而……，这样一来……，于
role of the steady equations and errors in the overall process, as well as their influence on the dynamic behavior of the plant. 设计者应该充分了解稳态方程和误差在整个过程中
到了传递函数G的增益。
[4] Actual systems are also subjected to undesirable
inputs, such as noise in command inputs and disturbances arising from changes in the plant parameters or changes in the environment in which the plant is operating.
消除了速度型误差。在扰动进入系统的入口处加上积
分器，可以消除有扰动输入时阶跃信号引起的稳态误 差，如果要系统稳定，这个附加的积分器必须伴有至 少一个零点。
的作用，同时也应知道它们在被控对象动态性能上的
影响。 be aware of… : 意识到 as well as… : 同时，也要
[2] It is an important performance criterion; a
guidance system that cannot place a spacecraft on a suitable trajectory is obviously useless no matter how well-behaved its transient response. 它是一个重要的性能指标；一个导航系统，如果不
是…… （13）It has been pointed out (shown) that… 已经指出
（说明）
P2U2B Steady State
背景知识：稳态误差是衡量控制系统性能的一个重要 指标。有两种不同的稳态误差。一种是对输入信号跟 踪所产生的稳态误差，另一种是外部干扰所引起的稳 态误差。增加前向通道的放大倍数或者在适当的位置
能把航天器置于合适的轨道上，它的暂态响应再好也没
用。 no matter how: 引导让步状语从句
[3] K as given, with the constant terms in numerator and denominator polynomials made unity, is formally the gain of the transfer function G. K已知，使分子分母多项式的常数项单位化，即得
如同期望的，其特征方程是一样的，但是分子函数是
不同的。因此可知扰动输入不会影响系统的稳定性，
但是可以改变暂态响应的形状，并且它要引入到在测 量整个系统精度所必须考虑的稳态误差。
由于扰动而引起的输出的任何变化都是不希望发生 的，扰动误差Ed就是它的实际输出Cd
Ed ( s) Cd ( s) Gp ( s) D( s) 1 Gc ( s)Gp ( s)
增加积分环节可以减少或者消除稳态误差。
阅读文章并回答下列问题：
1. What is the purpose of a control system designed?
2. How is the error defined?
3. How is the gain of open-loop TF confirmed?
(2-2B-6)
系统总误差是输入误差和扰动误差的总和
ess lim
s 0
sR sGp D 1 Gc G p
(2-2B-7)
同时减少误差的各方面因素通常是很困难的。很 明显，了解一些关于干扰输入特性的知识是相当有必 要的。在控制器中加一个积分器，可将式(2-2B-7)中两 个误差项置为零。这个附加的积分增加了系统的型，
较长，为避免句子“头重脚轻”使结构不平衡，常常
使用用It充当形式主语的It句型。例如： （1）It is very important (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) to …（It 代替不定式短语）…… 很重要。 （2）It takes very much time learning…（It 代替动名
词短语）……要花费很多时间。
（3）It is important (possible, necessary, natural,
inevitable) that…，……是重要的（可能的，必要的， 自然的，不可避免的）。 （4）It is clear (obvious) that… 很清楚……，显 然……
复习与回顾
翻译下列单词及短语（英汉互译）：
激励
超调
冲激
主极点
判据
临界阻尼 amplitude Quadratic Horizontally
过阻尼
欠阻尼 characteristic equation setting time vertically
专业英语语法特点（四） ——It 句型使用多
专业英语在说明概念或术语时，有时句子的主语比
扰动误差 实际系统也受非期望输入的影响，比如：控制命 令中的噪声，设备运行时由于设备参数变化和运行环 境变化引起的扰动。夹杂在控制命令中的噪声输入，
需要用滤波技术除去或抑制，使之不影响控制输入本
身。我们仅讨论在设备处进入系统的扰动，而不是从 控制器中进入的，如图2-2B-2a。
以干扰d作为主要输入，重画框图如图2-2B-2b。由于系
4. What influence do disturbance inputs act on the
system?
5. How is the steady-state error resulting from a step in the disturbance input eliminated?
生词与短语：
尺度。它是一个重要的性能指标；一个导航系统，如果 不能把航天器置于合适的轨道上，它的暂态响应再好也 没用。
精度通常是按可接受的对特定输入(Er)或扰动(Ed)
的稳态误差而定的。误差e(t)定义为期望输出值r(t)和实
际输出值c(t)的差。要注意，这里的误差并不一定是启
动信号(t)，除非是单位反馈系统。当系统的暂态结束 后，误差e(t)成为稳态误差ess。根据终值定理，时域中
……，这样通过在系统扰动进入点前引入（积分环
节），可以消除有扰动输入中的阶跃成分导致的稳态误 差。
翻译示例：
稳态误差
控制系统的设计目标是控制一个系统的动态性能， 使之响应于命令或扰动。设计者应充分了解稳态方程和 误差在整个过程中的作用，同时也应知道它们在被控对 象动态性能上的影响。
控制系统的精度是对系统跟随控制命令情况的衡量
统是线性的，叠加定理成立，我们可以假定r为零。单
位反馈系统的扰动传递函数可写作下式：
Gp ( s) C d ( s) Gd ( s ) D(s) 1 Gc (s)Gp (s) H (s)