国际经济学基础课后习题重点答案

第46页1、2、3、4题1、What were the mercantilists' views on trade? How were their views different from those of Adam Smith ? What is the relevance of all this today ?重商主义的观点是什么？它们与亚当斯密观点的不同之处？与今天有什么关系？Answer:①The mercantilists believed that a nation could gain in international trade only at expense of other nations. As a result ,they advocated restrictions on imports , incentives for exports , and strict government regulation of all economic activities .②The mercantilists believed that one nation could gain only at the expense of other nations and advocated strict government control of all economic activity and trade;Adam believed that all nations would gain from free trade and strongly advocated a policy of laissez-faire.③All of this is relevant today because many of the arguments made in favor of restricting international trade to protect domestic jobs are very similar to the mercantilists arguments made three or four c enturies ago. That is why we can say that”mercantilists is alive and well in the twenty-first century”.Thus we have to be prepared to answer and demonstrate that these arguments are basically wrong.2、What was the basis for and the pattern of trade accord ing to Adam Smith ? How were gains from trade generated ? What policies did Smith advocate in international trade ? What did he think was the proper function of government in the economic life of the nation ?根据亚当斯密的理论，其贸易模式的基础和模式是什么？贸易所得是怎样产生的？亚当主张在国际贸易中推行怎样的政策？他认为政府在国家的经济运行中应当扮演怎样的角色？Answer:The basis for trade:Absolute advantage.if one nation is more efficient than another nation in the production of one commodity, the nation has absolute advantage in that commodity.The gain of trade:Both nations can gain by each specializing in the production of the commodity of its absolute advantage and exporting part of its output to the other nation for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage.Policy:Adam Smith believed that all nations would gain from free t rade and strongly advocated free trade and a policy of laissez-faire,the policy of minimum government interference in or regulation of economic activity.3、（1）In what way was Ricardo’s law of comparative advantage superior to Smith’s theory of absolute ad vantage?Ricardo's law of comparative advantage is superior to Smith's theory of absolute advantage in that it showed that even if a nation is less efficient than or has an absolute disadvantage in the production of all commodities wit respect to the other nations,there is still a basis for beneficial trade for all nation.（2）how do gains from trade arise with comparative advantage？the gains from trade arise from the increased production of all commodities that arises when each country specializes in the production of and exports the commodities of its comparative advantage and imports the other commodities（3）How can a nation that is less efficient than another nation in the production of all commodities export anything to the second nation?the first nation should specialize in the production of and export th commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller and import the commodity in which ist absolute disadvantage is greater.104页1—8题1、（1）H-O theorem: the part of the H-O theory that postulates that a nation will export the commodity intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor.(2)Which force does Heckscher and Ohlin identify as the basic determinant of comparative advantage and trade?H-O identify the relative difference in factor endowments among nations as the basis determinant of comparative advantage and international trade.(3)In what way does the H-O theory represent an extension of the standard trade model present in the previous chapter?(a)By explaining the basis of comparative advantage (classical economists,such as Ricardo had assumed it )(b)By examining the effect of international trade on the earnings of factors of production.(which classical economists had left unanswered)2、104j页第二题？3、(4)What is the relationship to the international mobility of factors of production?With perfect mobility,labor would migrate from the low-wage nation to the high-wage nation until wages in the two nations became equal.similarly,capital would move from the low-interest to the high-interest nation until the rate of interest was equalized in the two nations.While trade operates on the demand for factors,factor mobility operates on the supply of factors.the result is completely equalization in the returns to homogeneous factors.4、里昂惕夫之谜（1）Leontief paradox:the empirical finding that U.S. Import substitutes were more K intensive than U.S. Exports.this is contrary to the H-O trade model,which predicts that ,as the most K-abundant nation,the United States should import L-intensive products and export K-intensive products.（2）What are some possible explanations of the Paradox? P69-P71对里昂惕夫之谜的各种解释①Due to the high efficiency of American workers由于美国工人效率高所致②Due to the rich human capital of U.S. 由于美国人力资本丰富所致③Due to the natural resources of U.S. 由于美国自然资源所致④Due to the Factor intensity reversal由于生产要素密集型逆转所致⑤Due to the trade policies of U.S. 由于美国贸易政策所致⑥Due to the demand reversal由于需求逆转所致(3)What is the status of the H-O theory today?The H-O theory remains the centerpiece of modern trade theory for explaining international trade today and there are other forces that provide additional reasons and explanations for some international trade not explained by the basic H-O model.these other trade theories thus complement the basic H-O model in explaining the pattern of trade.5、In what way can international trade with developing countries be said to have contributed to increased wage inequalities in the US during the past 20 years? (105页第五题）International trade with developing economies,especially newly industrializing economies (NIEs),contributed in two ways to increased wage inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers in the United States during the past two decades.Directly,byreduction the demand for unskilled workers as a result of increased U.S. imports of labor-intensive manufactures and, indirectly,by speeding up the introduction of labor-saving innovations,which further reduced the U.S. demand for unskilled workers.International trade,however,was only a small cause of increased wage inequalities in the United States.The most important cause was technological increased wage inequalities in the United States.The most important cause was technological change.6、（1）What is meant by economies of scale?规模经济即规模报酬递增Economic of scale refer to the production situation where output grows proportionally more than the increase in inputs of factors of production.For example,output may more than double with a doubling of input.（2）How can economies of scale be the basis for international trade?Even if two nations were identical inn every aspect,there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade based on economies of scale.When each nation specializes in the production of one commodity,the combined total world output of both commodities will be greater than without specialization when economies of scale are present.With trade,each nation then shares in these gains.(3)What is meant by te “new international economies of scale”?the new international economies of scale refers to the increase in productivity resulting from firms purchasing parts and components from nations where they are made cheaper and better,and by establishing production facilities abroad.7、(1)What is meant by product differentiation?Product differentiation is the business change those basically the same products in some way to enable consumers to believe that these products exist differentiation so they have different preferences to these products.产品差异化是指企业以某种方式改变那些基本相同的产品，以使消费者相信这些产品存在差异而产生不同的偏好。