High glass transitions of novel organosoluble polyamide-imides
tpo53三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
托福阅读tpo53全套解析阅读-1 (1)原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (9)背景知识 (10)阅读-2 (12)原文 (12)译文 (14)题目 (15)答案 (19)背景知识 (21)阅读-1原文Evidence of the Earliest Writing①Although literacy appeared independently in several parts of the prehistoric world,the earliest evidence of writing is the cuneiform Sumerian script on the clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia,which,archaeological detective work has revealed,had its origins in the accounting practices of commercial activity. Researchers demonstrated that preliterate people,to keep track of the goods they produced and exchanged,created a system of accounting using clay tokens as symbolic representations of their products.Over many thousands of years,the symbols evolved through several stages of abstraction until they became wedge-shaped(cuneiform)signs on clay tablets,recognizable as writing.②The original tokens(circa8500B.C.E.)were three-dimensional solid shapes—tiny spheres,cones,disks,and cylinders.A debt of six units of grain and eight head of livestock,for example might have been represented by six conical and eight cylindrical tokens.To keep batches of tokens together,an innovation was introduced(circa3250B.C.E.)whereby they were sealed inside clay envelopes that could be broken open and counted when it came time for a debt to be repaid. But because the contents of the envelopes could easily be forgotten,two-dimensional representations of the three-dimensional tokens were impressed into the surface of the envelopes before they were sealed.Eventually,having two sets of equivalent symbols—the internal tokens and external markings—came to seem redundant,so the tokens were eliminated(circa3250-3100B.C.E.),and only solid clay tablets with two-dimensional symbols were retained.Over time,the symbols became more numerous,varied,and abstract and came to represent more than trade commodities,evolving eventually into cuneiform writing.③The evolution of the symbolism is reflected in the archaeological record first of all by the increasing complexity of the tokens themselves.The earliest tokens, dating from about10,000to6,000years ago,were of only the simplest geometric shapes.But about3500B.C.E.,more complex tokens came into common usage, including many naturalistic forms shaped like miniature tools,furniture,fruit,and humans.The earlier,plain tokens were counters for agricultural products,whereas the complex ones stood for finished products,such as bread,oil,perfume,wool, and rope,and for items produced in workshops,such as metal,bracelets,types of cloth,garments,mats,pieces of furniture,tools,and a variety of stone and pottery vessels.The signs marked on clay tablets likewise evolved from simple wedges, circles,ovals,and triangles based on the plain tokens to pictographs derived from the complex tokens.④Before this evidence came to light,the inventors of writing were assumed by researchers to have been an intellectual elite.Some,for example,hypothesized that writing emerged when members of the priestly caste agreed among themselves on written signs.But the association of the plain tokens with the first farmers and of the complex tokens with the first artisans—and the fact that the token-and-envelope accounting system invariably represented only small-scale transactions—testifies to the relatively modest social status of the creators of writing.⑤And not only of literacy,but numeracy(the representation of quantitative concepts)as well.The evidence of the tokens provides further confirmation that mathematics originated in people’s desire to keep records of flocks and other goods.Another immensely significant step occurred around3100B.C.E.,when Sumerian accountants extended the token-based signs to include the first real numerals.Previously,units of grain had been represented by direct one-to-one correspondence―by repeating the token or symbol for a unit of grain the required number of times.The accountants,however,devised numeral signs distinct from commodity signs,so that eighteen units of grain could be indicated by preceding a single grain symbol with a symbol denoting“18.”Their invention of abstract numerals and abstract counting was one of the most revolutionary advances in the history of mathematics.⑥What was the social status of the anonymous accountants who produced thisbreakthrough?The immense volume of clay tablets unearthed in the ruins of the Sumerian temples where the accounts were kept suggests a social differentiation within the scribal class,with a virtual army of lower-ranking tabulators performing the monotonous job of tallying commodities.We can only speculate as to how high or low the inventors of true numerals were in the scribal hierarchy,but it stands to reason that this laborsaving innovation would have been the brainchild of the lower-ranking types whose drudgery is eased.译文最早文字的证据①虽然读写能力是在史前世界的几个地方分别出现的，但书写的最早证据是古代美索不达米亚泥板上的苏美尔楔形文字，根据考古探查工作揭示，它起源于商业活动的会计实践。
约恩·福瑟《忧郁症I》中的后现代表征
第44卷 第2期2024年05月Journal of Hebei Minzu Normal University 河北民族师范学院学报Vol.44 No.2May.2024挪威作家约恩·福瑟（Jon Fosse）因其“创新的戏剧和散文，为不可言说之物发声”而荣获2023年度诺贝尔文学奖，被誉为“新易卜生”“21世纪的贝克特”。
虽以戏剧创作享誉当世，但福瑟文学生涯的起点却是小说。
他在1983年以长篇小说《红与黑》（Red ，Black ）出道，在近十年之后才开始创作戏剧。
福瑟的戏剧、小说、诗歌形成了其创作世界的有机整体。
至今，中国出版了两部福瑟的戏剧，其译者邹鲁路认为福瑟的小说成就同样值得关注，“如果略过福瑟在其他文学领域的创作不谈，不可能真正理解福瑟在其他文学创作旅程的整体脉络，并最终达到进入福瑟戏剧世界，以及透彻理解其戏剧作品奥妙的目的。
”[1]90《忧郁症I》（Melancholy I ）是福瑟于1995年出版的长篇小说，它于1996年同时获得马尔瑟姆最佳新挪威语图书奖（Melsomprisen）和萨默尔最佳新挪威语图书奖（Sunnmorsprisen），同年，他出版了续篇《忧郁症II》（Melancholy II ）。
后现代主义是以“解构”为主题的理论与实践，在文学实践中，“解构”表现出“反体裁”的倾向，“在后现代文学中，高雅与通俗、小说与非小说、文学与非文学、虚构与写实都没有确定的界限和标志。
”[2]137这部作品在文类、“叙事”、文本三个方面都表现出明显的后现代表征，不同手法的运用和结合使作品更深刻地探讨了人作为个体的孤独与挣扎。
一、解构文类20世纪以来，受解构主义的冲击，文学创作中的真实与虚构的界限被打破，在此背景下，出现了历史真实与文学虚构并存的文学形式——传记小说（biographical novel / biofiction）。
它结合了传记和小说两种文类，属于小说化的传记或传记性的小说。
从视域融合视角看莫言小说《红高梁家族》的英译
一
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观点 ， 同时 也会产 生许 多不 同的 的分歧 。翻译 活动 始于理
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长春理工大学学报 （ 社 会 科 学版 ）
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切” 。确切 地说“ 视域” 就是人们对客 观世界 的 自我 判断或
本 的历史视域 即被确定 下来 。译 者通过接 收来 自原作 者的 观点 与 自身 的视域 相融合 ， 这一融合 过程 中译 者视 域和原作
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域” ， “ 视域 概念本质上 就属于处 境概念 ， 视 域就是看 视的 区
［ 作者简介 ］ 尹丕安 （ １ ９ ６ ９ 一 ） ，男，博 士，教授 ，研 究方向为语用 学。 ２ ０ １ ２ 年， 莫言 因“ 用魔幻现实主义将 民间故事 、 历史和现 代融为一体” ， 获得 ２ ０ １ ２ 年诺 贝尔文学奖 。但值得 注意 的是 ， 莫言 小说 的翻译本无 一例外 均出 自美 国著名 翻译家葛浩 文 之手 ， 因此 ， 莫言小说能获得诺 贝尔 委员会的青睐 ， 葛浩 文功 不可没 。葛浩 文的莫言作 品英译本 曾被 美国汉学界评为 “ 比 原著写 得更好 ” 。他的 翻译 严谨而讲 究 ， 让 中国文学披 上了
用眼睛透视心灵—评析《老人与海》
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 《永别了，武器》中主人公亨利形象分析2 名词化隐喻在外贸函电中的功能分析3 On Analysis of Jonathan Swift’s Satiric Arts in Gulliver’s Travels4 《老人与海》的象征意义探究5 An Analysis of Trademark Translation——from the perspective of Skopos Theory6 从目的论的角度论英文电影片名的翻译策略7 托尼•莫里森《秀拉》中的女性主义8 英汉色彩词的对比研究9 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿成长悲剧的成因分析以及对当今青少年的启迪10文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。
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奈达“功能对等”理论在中国电影片名英译中的运用分析84 英汉“去除”类运动事件表达异同的对比研究85 克里斯加德纳的成功之路——电影《当幸福来敲门》评析86 从《雾都孤儿》看查尔斯•狄更斯的善恶观87 An Exploration on Different Cultures in Terms of Flowers88 浅析我国中小企业电子商务现状与对策89 中美商务交往中的语用失误分析90 “家有儿女”VS“成长的烦恼”——对比研究中西方家庭教育91 A Tentative Study of the Origin of American Place Naming92 中西文化对红颜色的理解及翻译93 旅游资料翻译中文化因素的处理94 《纯真年代》中的女性主义95 女性社会价值的深情呼唤—小说《到灯塔去》中拉姆齐夫人和莉丽人物形象的对比研究96 从跨文化交际层面谈口译译者能力的提高97 美剧网络字幕翻译研究98 跨文化交际视角下沉默行为的解析99 《紫色》的妇女主义解读100 浅析《老人与海》中桑提亚哥丰富的精神世界101 是受害者还是恶棍?——重新解读夏洛克102 论《一个小时的故事》中马拉德夫人女性意识的觉醒103 输出理论在大学英语教学中的应用104 论圣经诗篇的修辞特点105 探析英语政治委婉语的应用106 浅析英语粘着词素及其在词汇教学中的实用价值107 《推销员之死》中美国梦破灭的主要原因108 英汉动物词语隐喻意义的对比分析109 英语商务信函的礼貌用语110 A Comparison of the English Color Terms111 房地产广告的英译研究112 A Comparative Study of American and Chinese Spatial Language in Business Negotiation 113 浅析简奥斯丁小说中自由间接引语114 主位推进模式在语篇翻译中的应用115 论《欲望号街车》中的两姐妹的角色塑造116 浅析中文商标词英译的原则和方法117 中美幽默的比较118 论《第二十二条军规》中漫画式的艺术魅力119 英语广告的批评性话语分析120 文化负迁移对翻译的影响121 新闻英语标题的特点和翻译122 中西建筑文化差异及其形成背景分析123 从生态女性主义视角分析《卡斯特桥市长》124 Rationalism in The Mysterious Stranger125 从女性主义角度浅析《诺桑觉寺》126 论《动物庄园》的反讽艺术127 从广告层面比较研究中美文化差异128 中西方寒暄语简要对比研究129 中美两国家庭文化差异130 谈成长中的大卫•科波菲尔的情感波折131 身势语在演讲中的重要性和运用研究132 A Struggle for Survival and Mastery—on Buck’s Experience in The Call of the Wild 133 英汉颜色词文化内涵的异同分析134 从文化角度对比中美两国谈判风格135 析乔治艾略特在《织工马南》中的语言特色136 寻找自我——从女性意识角度解读《觉醒》137 高中英语阅读课堂教师提问策略对学生口语输出的影响138 美国校园俚语发展的促动因素看美国的自由精神139 《论语》中“仁”的翻译研究（开题报告+论）140 化学专业学生英语阅读策略研究141 浅析合作原则在外贸英文电函中的应用142 A Comparison of the English Color Terms143 试论“选择性”口译的应用——从释意派理论角度分析口译工作中的变译现象144 如何激发初中生学习英语的兴趣145 灰姑娘文学形象在西方文化中的发展和演变研究146 公示语翻译失当分析——以电影票等的顾客分析为例( )147 汽车广告翻译浅析－－-论消费者心理差异对汽车广告翻译的影响148 当代中美青年恭维言语行为对比研究149 从语境视角浅析《生活大爆炸》中反语的幽默属性150 莎士比亚：男权神话的守望者—莎士比亚戏剧的女性主义解读151 浅析《双城记》中狄更斯的浪漫现实主义152 英汉新词对比研究153 《谁动了我的奶酪》中的象征意义154 中英礼貌用语差异155 论网络语言的语音变异156 A Comparison of the English Color Terms157 以迪士尼为例分析美国文化在全球扩展这一趋势对其本身影响158 从生态批评的角度解读《查特莱夫人的情人》159 功能翻译理论关照下的英汉商标翻译160 论跨文化因素在跨国企业管理中的影响作用161 广告英语中语言的性别差异162 概念隐喻视角下看莎士比亚十四行诗163 少儿英语学习中的情感因素分析164 旅游景点标志翻译初探165 美国俚语中所折射出的美国亚文化现象166 浅析英语无灵句中的汉英认知思维方式差异167 战争对美国文学的影响168 初中英语口语教学的课堂管理169 Hemingway’s Individual Heroism from Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea170 中西方文化差异在初中英语词汇教学中的体现171 别样的美丽——析《厄舍古屋的倒塌》中无处不在的哥特式风格172 透过《飘》看现代女性对待生活的态度173 从功能对等理论看中西商务翻译中文化差异导致的不对等翻译174 中英文谚语的对比175 文化差异对中美商务谈判的影响176 English to Chinese Translation Methods177 礼貌原则在英汉语言文化差异中的应用178 《我弥留之际》中的格雷马斯叙事结构179 Pragmatic Differences of Politeness in Intercultural Communication Between English and Chinese180 基于作品人物浅析菲茨杰拉德181 莎士比亚历史剧中的政治观182 广告翻译策略初探183 《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的人物性格分析184 图式理论在英语阅读教学中的应用研究185 “红”的中英对比及其翻译186 美国主流文化形成探析187 《时间中的孩子》成长主题分析188 浅谈迪斯尼文化扩张中的品牌运营策略189 论托尼·莫里森《宠儿》中的模糊化现象190 A Comparison of the English Color Terms191 动物成语的英译192 The Application of Situational Approach to Teaching Listening in High School English Classroom193 用眼睛透视心灵—评析《老人与海》194 《布罗迪小姐的青春》中的人物冲突分析195 《乱世佳人》主人公斯嘉丽形象浅析196 《灿烂千阳》中女性人物的忍耐，斗争和重生197 中式英语形成的原因以及在英语学习中克服中式英语的对策198 Analysis of the Factors that Influence News Listening Comprehension199 《推销员之死》中丛林法则的牺牲品200 A Comparison of the English Color Terms。
“脱冕的同貌人”：20世纪西方“戏仿型”小说主人公的“反英雄”形象
‘齐齐哈尔大学学报“(哲学社会科学版)2023年4月Journal of Qiqihar University(Phi&Soc Sci) Apr.2023 收稿日期:2022-11-16 作者简介:程军(1975-)男,副教授,博士㊂主要从事西方文艺理论和美学研究㊂胡嘉琪(2002-),女,在读学生㊂主要从事文学研究㊂ 基金项目:2019年度国家社科基金一般项目:后现代主义文学戏仿研究(19BZW034)脱冕的同貌人”:20世纪西方 戏仿型”小说主人公的 反英雄”形象程 军,胡嘉琪(安徽财经大学文学院,安徽蚌埠233030)摘 要:作为一种依托于经典叙事作品的 二手文本”,西方现代 戏仿型”小说通过对源文本中英雄式主角进行降格处理,获得了一个与古代原型平行并置的现代对应角色 一个 脱冕的同貌人”或 反英雄” 作为主人公,来实现独特的作品意旨和艺术效果㊂尽管因其形象的滑稽可笑而常常成为作者和读者嘲弄和讥讽的对象,但这些被脱冕或降格的反英雄式的主人公却并非被彻底否定的反面人物,而是一些集双重性格或二元品格于一身的正反同体式的悲喜剧角色㊂关键词:脱冕的同貌人;戏仿型小说;主人公;反英雄中图分类号:I106.4 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-2638(2023)04-0089-05ADecrowning Double ”:The Anti -hero ”Image of Protagonistin Modern Western Parodistic NovelsCHENG Jun ,HU Jia -qi(School of Literature,Anhui University of Finance &Economics,Bengbu Anhui,233030) Abstract :As a kind of second-hand text”based on the previous classical narrative works,modern western parodistic novelsdegrade the heroic protagonists in its source texts and gets their modern correspondent protagonists- decrowning double”or anti-he⁃ro”-parallel to their ancient models,in order to achieve unique intention and artistic effect.Although often being scorned and ridiculedby authors and readers because of their funny image,these decrowned or degraded anti-heroic protagonists are not the completely nega⁃tive villain,but the ambivalent,tragicomic characters of double personalities,two faces or dual characters. Key words :decrowning double;parodistic novels;protagonist;Anti-hero 戏仿(parody,又常被译为 讽拟”㊁ 戏拟”或 滑稽模仿”等),是一种别具特色的文艺创作手法,常常通过对源文本((source text))进行反讽㊁戏谑式的模仿与改写来创造新的作品㊂在20世纪西方的文学实践来看,戏仿的大量运用是一个非常重要的创作现象,正如著名后现代批评家哈琴(L.Hutcheon)所言, 这个世纪(20世纪)的戏仿是构建文本形式与主题的一种主要方式㊂”[1]2同样,在20世纪西方小说创作领域也是如此㊂从西方现代主义和后现代主义小说创作实绩来看,许多小说家都把对古代史诗㊁神话㊁传奇㊁童话等经典叙事作品(或经典叙事体裁)的戏仿作为构建其作品情节㊁结构和主题的基本手段(我们把这类作品称为 戏仿型”小说),从而实现自己的创作意图和特殊的艺术效果,并由此创作出许多在20世纪西方文坛上享有盛誉的伟大小说,包括像‘尤利西斯“(乔伊斯)㊁‘约瑟夫和他的兄弟们“(托马斯㊃曼)㊁‘我弥留之际“(福克纳)㊁‘羊童贾尔斯“(约翰㊃巴斯)㊁‘洛丽塔“(纳博科夫)㊁‘白雪公主后传“(巴塞尔姆)㊁‘赫索格“(贝娄)㊁‘五号屠场“(冯内古特)㊁‘小世界“(戴维㊃洛奇)等作品㊂从文体特征上看,这种 戏仿型”小说都是依托于源文本(多为前代经典叙事作品)的二度创作形式或 二手文本”(second-hand text)㊂与源文本相比,它们通常具有自己独特的文体结构㊁创作机制和叙述逻辑㊂而本文在这里主要关注的,则是此类小说在作品 主人公”(protagonist)的塑造㊁定位与处理上与源文本对立㊁相反的逻辑,以及由此而表现出来的与源文本截然不同的主题意旨㊁气质格调和艺术效果㊂一㊁20世纪之前西方文学作品中 英雄式”主人公的衰落20世纪西方 戏仿型”小说所依托的源文本中的主人公大多是一些高贵㊁崇高㊁伟大的 英雄”式人物,如古代史诗或神话中的神灵㊁英雄,浪漫传奇故事中的骑士,童话中的王子或真实历史中的帝王㊁圣贤㊁领袖等一些 高模仿”(high mimetic,弗莱语)模式的主人公;而在这些源文本的现代戏仿作品中,通常会在主人公的形象定位和性格塑造方面按照一种相反的逻辑重新设计,对源文本中的 英雄”式主人公进行一种 降格式”(degradative)的处理㊂当代著名批评家巴赫金曾经指出,戏仿是一种典型的 狂欢化”(carnival)的体裁,是一种 令人开心的降格游戏”[2]97,集中表现为对源文本中被过于理想化㊁崇高化的主角进行降格,将其 脱冕”(Decrowning), 被放到当今现实的水平上加以描绘,放到了当今的日常生活环境里,用今天的低俗语言来描绘”[3]524,从而让古代英雄变得 现代化”㊁ 世俗化”甚至 粗鄙化”㊂经过这番降格处理后,我们在这些戏仿作品中就几乎看不到那些拥有高贵的品格㊁伟大的理想㊁执着的信念㊁坚定的意志㊁行动的热情以及超人的力量(智力㊁体力)的英雄式主人公,取而代之的则是往往一些充满物质㊁肉体欲望的世俗㊁平庸甚至低级委琐的小人物㊂于是, 反英雄”(anti-hero)在这里代替了前作中的 英雄”成了小说的主角㊂当代学者亨克㊃阿尔岑(H.Aertsen)指出,在一部戏仿之作中,主人公往往会以一种粗俗的(churl)或反英雄的形象出现[4]133;巴赫金也指出, 讽刺性的模拟(parody),意味着塑造一个脱冕的同貌人(decrowning double)”[5]167,都直接点明了戏仿作品中主人公的反英雄特性㊂通过戏仿对源文本中英雄式主角做反英雄化处理,这种手法的运用在西方小说史上早有先例,比如,塞万提斯创作的戏仿中世纪骑士小说的巨著‘堂㊃吉诃德“㊂法国学者勒内㊃基拉尔(Rene Girard)曾断言,西方小说所有的概念都已经在塞万提斯的作品中初露端倪[6]54,同样,塞万提斯对中世纪骑士传奇(‘堂㊃吉诃德“的源文本)中主人公的反英雄化处理也开近代小说的英雄 脱冕”之先河㊂按照一般读者惯常的阅读期待,骑士传奇中的主角多出身高贵,不是王公贵族,就是国王㊁将军,但塞万提斯戏仿之作中的主人公堂㊃吉诃德(他以高贵的骑士自许)只是一个小村镇的破落乡绅,出身贫苦,地位低贱;在传奇中,骑士往往被描绘得英武神勇㊁年轻俊朗㊁相貌堂堂,而堂㊃吉诃德骑士则年逾五旬,形销骨立㊁身体羸弱;传奇中的骑士通常都有一套光鲜华贵的装备和行头 高头大马㊁金盔银甲㊁宝剑神枪等,而堂㊃吉诃德则骑着一匹皮包骨头的瘦马 驽骍难得”,头戴理发师的铜盆改制的 曼布里诺头盔”,手持一把据说是祖上留传下来的锈迹斑斑的破剑;传奇中塑造的骑士通常都英勇无比㊁所向披靡,再加上神灵护佑,虽然迭遇凶险㊁历经磨难,也总能逢凶化吉并最终战胜强敌而建立辉煌的功绩;而堂㊃吉诃德则在仗义行侠过程中先被一骡夫打翻在地而狼狈逃跑,接着又在大战风车时被摔得鼻青脸肿,后来又在苦修赎罪时被折磨的赤身裸体㊁面黄肌瘦㊁萎顿不堪㊂另外,在骑士传奇中,为了突出主人公崇高的㊁近乎神性的理想化形象,通常极少去描述其吃喝拉撒等日常生活琐事,而塞万提斯则不厌其烦地详细描绘堂㊃吉诃德的日常衣食起居: 吃的大锅杂烩里常放的是牛肉,而不是羊肉;晚餐几乎顿顿是葱头拌肉末,星期六炖点羊蹄羊骨,星期五只吃扁豆,星期日添上一道鸽肉, ㊂”[7]12通过对英雄骑士的一番降格的㊁漫画化的处理,塞万提斯为我们生动展示了一个日常的㊁世俗的㊁跌落凡尘的伪骑士形象,从而与源文本中高贵的㊁理想化的㊁充满神性光辉的英雄式主人公形成鲜明的对照和巨大的反差㊂文学作品中英雄式主人公的缺位,在20世纪的西方已成为一种典型的文坛现象和创作趋势㊂20世纪是一个平庸㊁世俗的 散文”时代,普通的平民大众开始登上历史舞台并逐渐走向中心,而传统的英雄和大写的 人”则日益萎缩和边缘化㊂对此,现代德国大哲雅斯贝尔斯曾感叹道: 在今天,我们看不见英雄㊂我们甚至愧于使用这一字眼㊂历史性的决定不再由孤立的个人作出,不再由那种能够抓住统治权并且孤立无援地为一个时代而奋斗的人作出㊂”[8]162在这样一个社会语境之下,英雄式的伟大人物再也不可能成为时代的偶像和主角,再也没有了叱咤风云㊁一呼百应的气魄和领导历史潮流的能力㊂与现代文化中的主体或 人”的日益逼仄的境遇走向几乎同步,英雄式的主人公在现代小说中的地位也日益衰微㊂传统小说中将英雄人物作为绝对主角并给予热情无度的褒扬和礼赞的做法,在现代小说中已经变得不合时宜㊂这一趋势实际上早在19世纪晚期就已初现端倪㊂自然主义大作家左拉就敏锐地意识到在其生活的时代表现普通生活的一般过程”成为小说创作的 基本原则”,主人公已不可避免地走向了凡俗㊁普通的日常生活世界,因此小说家在他们的小说中 必须去掉 英雄’”,必须抛弃这种 过度夸大了的人物,木偶化的巨人㊂”[9]470这种趋势发展到20世纪,小说中英雄式主人公缺位的现象日趋明显,已逐渐形成一种强大的创作潮流㊂对此现象,批评家弗莱(Northrop Frye)的解释是,20世纪文学正处于文学发展历史诸阶段的 反讽”阶段,在此阶段作家们虽然仍需要依赖 神话”来进行创作,但却往往是通过 反讽”㊁戏仿 神话”来解构它们㊂而在这种 反讽”戏仿模式主导下创作出来的作品中,主人公往往 比我们自己在能力和智力上低劣”[10]5,是一群常被人们轻蔑㊁嘲笑的软弱幻灭型的人物,一种典型的 反英雄”㊂弗莱接着强调, 在英雄已逝的舞台上,反英雄,即在陌生孤寂的世界里显得渺小无能的小人物,正扮演着主角”[11]22,已成为现代文学的核心角色㊂这一观点是对20世纪 戏仿型”小说主人公的类型特征所做出的最恰当的规定㊂二㊁20世纪西方 戏仿型”小说主人公的反英雄形象 从现代小说到后现代小说西方20世纪 戏仿型”小说对主人公进行 反英雄”化处理的常规做法,是设置一个和源文本中 英雄式”的古代主人公平行并列的 降格”版的现代对应角色作为小说主人公,来实现对前者的戏仿㊂这一角色与古代英雄表面相似但骨子里却截然不同,他/她是一个经过降格㊁变形的 山寨”版 英雄”,按照巴赫金的说法,是对应于前者的一个 脱冕的同貌人”,是古代英雄的一个漫画化的形象,或者说是一个披着英雄外衣的 小丑”㊂他/她多多少少拥有古代英雄某09齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 方面的高贵品格和伟大理想,但却往往缺乏实现这种理想所必需的坚定的意志㊁行动的热情和超出凡人的力量(当然也没有了神的眷顾和帮助);他/她所秉持的理想和英雄观念固然美好,但随着时移势迁已经变成了不合时宜的过时之物,失去了现实可行性;他/她多少能够意识到自己所负有的与古代英雄相似的崇高使命或责任并试图用传统的理想主义信念改变当代现实,恢复往日英雄的伟业和荣光,但却往往在残酷扭曲的现实面前寸步难行㊁处处碰壁,陷入堂㊃吉诃德式的荒诞㊁尴尬的可笑境地,遭遇与古代英雄的赫赫功绩完全相反的惨败下场;他/她本该像古代英雄一样获得民众的尊重和敬仰,然而在现实社会中却由于其自身的种种弱点和英雄气质的缺失而成为他人嘲笑甚至同情的对象㊂我们以20世纪的经典戏仿作品为例来说明这个问题㊂乔伊斯的现代 戏仿型”小说‘尤利西斯“(其源文本是希腊史诗‘奥德赛“)就是这种将主人公 反英雄”化的佳例,其中的主人公布鲁姆是希腊英雄奥德修斯的现代版的 脱冕的同貌人”㊂在‘奥德赛“中,主角奥德修斯是一位人神合一的英雄,在史诗中被誉为 猛勇的狮子”㊁ 足智多谋的奥德修斯”㊂他功业显赫,事迹辉煌:在特洛伊战争中献出木马计里应外合攻破特洛伊城池;在率领同伴归国途中,先后遭遇独目巨人㊁海神㊁魔女㊁海妖㊁海怪㊁神女等妖魔神怪的重重阻挠,历经十年,历尽各种难以想象的艰辛和危难,孤身一人返归故土;返乡回家后,又同儿子一起设计杀死纠缠自己妻子并挥霍自己家财的求婚者,最后全家得以团圆㊂奥德修斯的诸多事迹,体现出他的英雄本色和各种可贵的美德:足智多谋㊁英勇无畏㊁意志坚定㊁爱憎分明㊁善良忠贞㊂而在‘尤利西斯“中,主人公布鲁姆(他以18个小时的都柏林漫游,对应了奥德修斯的十年海上历险)则是一个现代大众社会的庸人典型㊂在事业上,他才能平庸,也无一技之长,虽做过不少工作,但至中年仍一事无成,只能靠做小广告经纪人来养家糊口㊂在社会和政治地位上,他作为一个外来的犹太人,属于当时都柏林社会的边缘人群和 异类”,常常不得不战战兢兢地小心过活,对别人种族歧视的言论忍气吞声,遭人白眼也不敢反抗㊂在家庭生活中,布鲁姆也颇不如意:儿子早年的不幸夭折,给其心灵蒙上了深重的阴影;因收入不如妻子莫莉,使得他更多地担任照顾家庭的 家庭妇男”的角色;长期的性无能使得妻子有了外遇,他却甘戴 绿帽”,甚至明知妻子在家与情人约会时,还主动为他们提供 方便” 离开自己的家外出漫游㊂‘尤利西斯“中还通过大量的细节描写,不厌其烦地对布鲁姆一天所经历的纷繁杂乱的日常琐事㊁吃喝拉撒的生理活动,以及各种各样荒诞不经㊁低俗龌龊的心理活动进行详尽无遗的展示,以凸显出主人公的庸人形象和整个世纪初爱尔兰社会的庸俗气质㊂像下面的一段文字:布卢姆先生吃起牲口和家禽的下水来,真是津津有味㊂他喜欢浓郁的杂碎汤㊁有嚼头的胗㊁ ㊂他尤其爱吃在烤架上烤的羊腰子㊂那淡淡的骚味微妙地刺激着他的味觉㊂[12]117通过对布鲁姆喜食动物内脏(在西方文化中,动物下水是污秽不洁之物,属于应抛弃的废物之列)的特殊嗜好的描写,乔伊斯将一个贪图口腹之欲㊁看重世俗享受㊁生活品味低劣的俗人形象生动鲜活地展现在读者面前㊂除了像乔伊斯这样的现代小说家之外,20世纪后期的后现代小说家更喜欢采用类似于‘尤利西斯“的降格手法,通过设置一个当代反英雄式的对应角色作为主人公,来完成对前作中英雄主角的 脱冕”,像后现代著名小说家巴塞尔姆㊁索尔㊃贝娄㊁冯内古特等人,都莫不如此㊂在‘白雪公主后传“中,巴塞尔姆设置了一个现代都市的 庸人”保罗与格林童话‘白雪公主“中高贵的王子 白雪公主的拯救者 相对应:他虽然具有贵族血统,也确知自己负有拯救现代 白雪公主”的责任,但面对这个崇高的使命,他却不断选择逃跑和躲避,为此躲藏到修道院,甚至发明一个 远距离早期警报系统”来偷窥现代 白雪公主”的一举一动以履行自己保护责任,就是始终不敢将拯救行动付诸实践,最后落了个误饮毒酒倒地身亡的可笑下场㊂在巴塞尔姆的另一部戏仿作品‘玻璃山“中,在源文本(同名童话)中的那个勇敢机智㊁历尽艰险并最终成功攀上玻璃山顶救出公主的青年英雄,在戏仿作品中的现代对应角色变成了一个虽然装备了一套整齐的攀岩设施(使用了诸如登山钉㊁管工橡皮粘等辅助工具)却仍然半天也挪动不了一步的毫无英雄气概的胆小鬼㊂另外,在索尔㊃贝娄的小说‘赫索格“中,源文本(‘圣经“中的摩西事迹)的主人公摩西是上帝的代言人和其旨意的执行者,是一个无所不能的领袖㊁先知㊁民族英雄,他不远万里㊁历尽艰辛领导以色列人回归故土,立下不世功勋㊂而这位伟大英雄的现代对应角色赫索格却是一个陷于巨大精神危机的现代西方知识分子的典型形象:面对现代社会混乱多元的价值观念,他找不到自己安身立命的生命支点和精神支柱,像一个悬空吊着的 晃来晃去的人”;虽然坚守自己的高尚理想,秉持传统人道主义的信念,却只是整天沉醉于空想和冥思而始终不敢付诸实际行动,是一个善于思考㊁拙于行动的 意志薄弱㊁满怀希望的大傻瓜”,一个 好心肠”的懦弱无能的浪漫主义者㊁理想主义者㊂类似地,库尔特㊃冯内古特的小说‘五号屠场“的主人公毕利也是‘圣经“中耶稣的现代 脱冕的同貌人”,耶稣作为伟大的上帝之子㊁世间万民的救世主和替罪羊,通过其崇高的人间赎罪行动和死而复生以拯救尘世人类;在‘圣经“中,耶稣神通广大㊁无所不能,处处显露神迹,显示上帝的神圣万能,得以顺利传播上帝的福音㊂而毕利虽然具有耶稣的同样的身份 随军牧师的助理,却扮演一个小丑式的 多余人”的角色,一个不仅无法普度众生而且连自身都难保的可怜无助的小人物㊂他外表和行为都十分滑稽可笑,被德国士兵笑称为 整个第二次世界大战中所看到的最令人发笑的人之一”[13]71;在战争中,他只是胆怯懦弱㊁无精打采㊁孤立无助的小卒子,既不能丝毫影响战争的走势,也无法抚慰被俘战友的精神创痛,还往往被战友们取笑和欺辱㊂显然,在这个 新生的基督”毕利的身上,神圣万能的耶稣的光辉形象已被消磨殆尽,其英雄气质已荡然无存㊂三㊁20世纪西方 戏仿型”小说主人公 反英雄”形象的双重意义所有的这些20世纪西方 戏仿型”小说中的被 脱冕”的主人公的 反英雄”形象,给读者带来的直接阅读反应就是一种滑稽可笑㊁荒诞不经的喜剧感,因为无论是对英雄的19 第4期 脱冕的同貌人”:20世纪西方 戏仿型”小说主人公的 反英雄”形象脱冕”㊁降格,还是对他们的世俗化㊁粗鄙化描写或处理,往往都很容易产生一种笑谑㊁滑稽的喜剧效果㊂德国当代美学家耀斯(H.R.Jauss)指出,喜剧一般带给读者的心理效应并不会像史诗或悲剧那样会产生一种对其中的英雄人物的 钦慕式认同”,它只会让读者产生一种 反讽式认同”,其中最常用的方法就是对主人公加以嘲讽,把他/她从史诗般的理想中降回到日常生活的现实中㊂[14]293西方20世纪的 戏仿型”小说正是通过降格和 脱冕”手段把古代史诗㊁神话中理想化的崇高英雄人物降低到普通㊁平凡的小人物水平,使普通读者不再把他们当做高高在上的崇拜来偶像,而是把他们看作与自己一样的普通人,与他们近距离接触并展开亲昵的交往和对话,甚至对他们施以讥讽㊁嘲笑,由此获得一种放松感㊁优越感,进而与小说主人公获得认同㊂这种认同体验往往会使读者获得一种从权威的沉重压力下解脱的快感和愉悦轻松的感受,而这些都是引发笑声的源泉㊂对此,巴赫金指出: 脱冕,亦即把事物从遥远的前景中移近,消除史诗的距离, 把事物打破,使它裸露(扒去等级装束),这样一来光着身子的对象就显得好笑了㊂”[3]527值得注意的是,被脱冕的 反英雄”形象之所以能够产生喜剧性效应,还需要以源文本中的英雄式主人公作为参照而产生的对比效果才能得以真正实现㊂也就是说,这些 反英雄”人物所以让人发笑,是源自于这些人物实际的差劲㊁拙劣的表现与读者对他们的高期望值(崇高的品质㊁伟大的人格等)所形成的强烈对比和反差㊂正如耀斯所言, 喜剧主角本身并不引人发笑,只是把他置于某些期望视域中时才显得滑稽可笑,他的滑稽可笑是因为他否定了这些期望或者规范㊂”[14]291因此,上述诸多小说中的反英雄主人公所带来的笑声和喜剧性,实际上都来自于读者精神上摆脱压抑㊁解除禁锢之后而获得的解脱㊁自由而快乐的笑声,因而具有一种精神解放的意义㊂需要强调的是,戏仿作品中对源文本中英雄式主人公的降格或脱冕,并不是对传统英雄及其高贵品格的单纯否定,在其自身之内同时还包含着肯定㊁创造㊁变革等积极因素,因而具有两面性或双重性的特征㊂如同狂欢节中的脱冕和加冕(当移植到文学作品中时就显示为一种脱冕型结构)是合二为一㊁不可分割㊁相互转化的双重仪式一样,戏仿作品中的脱冕也具有双重性㊁双面性,同加冕不可分离㊂[5]163小说中把这些反英雄人物与古代英雄进行平行类比,正是因为二者之间存在一定相似㊁相像之处,具有一定的可比性㊂这种平行类比,实际上就是首先对这些 反英雄”人物的一种 加冕”,使其经历一个向上的运动和 升格”的过程,赋予他们 英雄”的外衣㊁高贵的冠冕和耀眼的光环,然后再通过对其内在 反英雄”本质的暴露,让这些英雄性的光环㊁冠冕和象征物成为虚有其表㊁大而无当的空壳和伪装,使得这些人物如同穿着国王外衣的乞丐那样显得怪诞反常㊁滑稽可笑,从而让他们最终走下神坛㊂这样看来,20世纪西方的 戏仿型”小说中所有对源文本中英雄式主人公的 脱冕”㊁降格,也就不是对他们的简单㊁绝对的否定,而是通过对他们进行世俗化㊁卑琐化的处理来暴露出这些英雄人物形象本身的局限性和相对性,是从世俗的㊁现时代的角度来重新审视他们,破除长期笼罩在他们身上的虚幻的浪漫主义耀眼光环,让这些为传统意识形态所神化㊁理想化的英雄恢复其人性化㊁世俗化的本来面目㊂在前面我们所举的 戏仿型”小说主人公身上, (他们所对应)古代英雄的 神”性气质几乎已荡然无存;像当代大众社会中的凡夫俗子一样,他们身上展现出来的更多的是各种毛病㊁缺陷和弱点,比如布鲁姆的庸俗㊁保罗的胆怯㊁赫索格的迷惘㊁毕利的懦弱等,但恰恰正因为这些弱点和缺陷,让他们显得更接地气㊁更易亲近㊁更具现实性,是与我们读者一样的普通而真实的 人”,而不再是一个理想化的㊁近乎完美的 神”㊂于是,在这些 戏仿型”小说中我们可以发现,被脱冕或降格的反英雄式主人公虽然常常会成为嘲笑㊁讥讽的目标,但同时他们又并不是被彻底否定的反面人物㊂尽管作者揭露了他们身上的许许多多的缺陷㊁弱点㊁恶习或可笑之处,但却没有把他们刻画成大奸大恶的㊁㊁一无是处的负面角色;相反,他们大多是一些 好人”,甚至还多少拥有其英雄原型的某些优秀的品质㊁崇高的理想或高尚的情操,比如像在布鲁姆身上表现出来的面对困境的积极态度和博爱悲悯的情怀,保罗对自己的拯救公主使命的最终承担,赫索格对传统人道主义信仰的坚守以及在毕利㊃皮尔格里姆身上所体现出来渴望拯救人类和世界的伟大悲悯情怀等等,都能让读者依稀看到其古代原型的影子㊂于是,在经历了类似于狂欢节仪式的具有 双重性”的 脱冕”和降格手法的处理之后, 戏仿型”小说中主人公的形象也相应获得了双重性质,因而成为一个狂欢体(戏仿就是一种典型的狂欢体)形象, 这种形象力图在自身中能包括事物形成中的两极,或对照事物中的双方,并且把他们结合起来,如诞生/死亡㊁少年/老年㊁上/下㊁正面/背面㊁夸奖/斥骂㊁肯定/否定㊁悲剧性/喜剧性,如此等等㊂”[2]236这是一些 正反同体”的复杂多维的人物形象,常常集双重人格㊁两副面孔或矛盾对立的品格于一身㊂他们身上的双重性或矛盾性品质的表现是多方面的:他们既具有 原型”的某些英雄品格,同时又是彻彻底底的 反英雄”;他们既坚持自己拯救人类和世界的理想,同时又没有实现它们的自信和能力;他们既追慕古代英雄的崇高行为,渴望恢复他们往日的荣光,同时又因为时代的转变而沦落为对英雄的一种拙劣模仿;他们既渴望干预㊁改变同时代的社会现实,同时又是 生活在别处”的精神流浪者;他们既是思想的巨人㊁英雄,同时又是行动的矮子和现实的小丑;他们既无法改变污浊㊁庸俗的现实世界,同时又不愿与这个世界同流合污;他们既是古代人(在精神归属方面),又是现代人;他们既老又新,既传统又现代;他们既高尚又庸俗,既勇敢又怯懦,既浪漫又现实;他们既可爱可敬,同时又滑稽可怜;他们既是遭人嘲弄㊁讥笑的喜剧性人物,同时又扮演着让人唏嘘㊁同情的悲剧性角色㊂发生在这些 反英雄”人物身上的都是一种堂㊃吉诃德式的当代悲剧,根源在于其坚守的传统价值和当今世俗价值之间的错位㊁冲突㊂他们似乎是一群被动穿越到现代社会的古典 英雄”:同样的拯救人类和世界的理想与行为,在古典的英雄时代就显得是那么崇高悲壮,让人感动,受人敬仰;而在英雄逝去的现代世俗社会中,这些观念和行为就显得是那么的不合时宜而成为众人的笑柄㊂时代语境的巨大变化让原来极其伟大㊁崇高的理想和行动变成了喜剧性十足的可笑念头和荒诞行径㊂对于这样的双重性的复杂角色,我们不应该只看到或强调其中的某一方面,而完全忽视和否29齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 。
克劳德·麦凯《回到哈莱姆》中的跨国书写
克劳德•麦凯《回到哈莱姆》中的跨国书写舒进艳内容摘要：克劳德•麦凯的《回到哈莱姆》描摹了20世纪早期的黑人跨国体验。
学界主要阐释了作者个人的跨国经历与黑人国际主义思想对小说塑造主要人物的影响，而忽视了小说中副线主人公雷的国籍及其旅居哈莱姆的意义。
雷的跨国移民经历既再现了麦凯的复杂跨国情感与认同经历，又观照了哈莱姆作为流散非裔移居的理想家园与城市黑人社区所承载的空间意涵。
论文提出哈莱姆具有三个维度，作为移民唤起历史记忆的地理空间、建构跨国身份的政治空间及容纳差异的多元文化空间，并考察移民在跨国流动中历经的现代性体验，以此揭示他们通过改变既定身份与重新定义自我而竭力摆脱传统的民族、种族和阶级观念的束缚与身份认同的困惑，从而参与到美国城市的种族空间生产中。
关键词：克劳德•麦凯；《回到哈莱姆》；跨国书写基金项目：本文系国家社会科学重大项目“美国文学地理的文史考证与学科建构”（项目编号：16ZDA197）；天津市研究生科研创新项目“美国新现实主义小说的跨国空间研究”（项目编号：19YJSB039）的阶段性研究成果。
作者简介：舒进艳，南开大学外国语学院博士研究生、喀什大学外国语学院副教授，主要从事美国文学研究。
Title: Claude Mckay’s Transnational Writing in Home to HarlemAbstract: Claude McKay’s Home to Harlem depicts the black transnational experience of the early 20th century. Academics mainly studied the influence of McKay’s personal transnational experience and black internationalist thinking on his main character, but neglected the minor plot’s protagonist Ray and his nationality, and the significance of his sojourn in Harlem. Ray’s transnational migration experience not only embodies McKay’s complex transnational feeling and identity experience, but also reflects Harlem’s spatial significance as an ideal home for African diaspora and urban black community. The paper aims to examine Caribbean immigrants’ experience of modernity in Harlem which is interpreted as the geographic space for immigrants to evoke historical memories, the political space for constructing transnational identities and the multicultural space for accommodating differences. It is to prove that they manage to extricate themselves from the shackles of traditional concepts of nation, race and class and their confusion of identity by changing their established identity and redefining themselves, and thus participate in the production of racial space in American cities.60Foreign Language and Literature Research 2 (2021)外国语文研究2021年第2期Key words: Claude Mckay; Home to Harlem; transnational writingAuthor: Shu Jinyan is Ph. D. candidate at College of Foreign Languages, Nankai University (Tianjin, 300071, China), associate professor at School of Foreign Studies, Kashi University (Kashi 844000, China). Her major academic research interest includes American literature. E-mail: ******************1925年，阿伦•洛克在《新黑人》选集中将哈莱姆描述为一个国际化的文化之都，视其重要性堪比欧洲新兴民族国家的首都。
湖泊红球藻等离子诱变及其高产虾青素藻株培养条件的优化
代容春，林荣华，何文锦，等. 湖泊红球藻等离子诱变及其高产虾青素藻株培养条件的优化[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（23）：213−220. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030120DAI Rongchun, LIN Ronghua, HE Wenjin, et al. Plasma Mutagenesis of Haematococcus lacustris and Optimization of Culture Conditions for High-yield Astaxanthin Algae Strains[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(23): 213−220. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030120· 工艺技术 ·湖泊红球藻等离子诱变及其高产虾青素藻株培养条件的优化代容春1,2, *，林荣华1,2，何文锦1,2，薛 婷1,2，陈建楠1,2，陈 菁1,2，孙化淼1,2（1.福建师范大学生命科学学院，福建福州 350117；2.福建师范大学南方海洋研究院，福建福州 350117）摘 要：为进一步提高湖泊红球藻（Haematococcus lacustris ）的工业利用价值，本研究使用常压室温等离子体（atmospheric and room temperature plasma ，ARTP ）诱变仪对湖泊红球藻进行等离子诱变。
以藻细胞致死率为指标确定等离子诱变的适宜输入功率和诱变时间。
诱变之后通过固体平板培养初筛和液体培养复筛获得高产虾青素的突变藻株。
再以藻细胞密度为指标采用单因素实验及正交试验对高产藻株的营养生长阶段的培养条件进行优化，并筛选虾青素诱导阶段适宜虾青素积累的高光照条件。
谁是后现代主义小说之父_论博尔赫斯对后现代主义小说的首创之功
— — — 论博尔赫斯对后现代主义小说的首创之功
王钦峰
内容提要 关于谁是 “后 现 代 主 义 小 说 之 父 ” 的 问 题 ， 是 西 方 学 术 界 长 期 的 后 现 代 论 争 所
遗留的问题之一 。 本文认为 ， 伊哈布 · 哈桑和戴维 · 洛奇等学者所提出的后现代主义小说始于乔 伊斯或贝克特的观点是欠缺说服力的 。 文章通过对博尔赫斯代表作的发表时间 、 理论贡献 、 整体 创作实绩和对其他后现代主义作家的影响等方面的梳理 ， 指出只有博尔赫斯才是名副其实的后现 代主义小说之父 。 关键词 哈桑 博尔赫斯 后现代主义小说 影响 模仿
⑦
谁是后现代主义小说之父？
文集 （ 名为 Paracriticisms ： Seven Speculations of the Times ） 中对乔伊斯的后现代性进行 了 专 文 芬尼根们觉醒 〉 与后现代想 探讨，标题为 《〈 象》 （ 该 文 亦 于 1987 年 收 入 《后 现 代 转
⑧ ）， 折》 而在发表于 1982 年的 《 后现代主义概
一 、 一个悬而未决的问题
在西方文论界，尽管已有学者从西方文学 传统中找到了 诸 如 劳 伦 斯 · 斯 特 恩 （ Laurence Sterne ） 、 萨 德 侯 爵 （ Marquis de Sade ） 、 布 莱 克 （ William Blake ） 等众多的 “后现代主义先
① ， 驱” 但这并不等于说，理 论 界 已 经 解 决 了 谁
③
是 “后 现 代 主 义 小 说 之 父 ” 这 一 问 题 。 因 为 ， “先 驱 ” 这 一 概 相对于某一种文学思潮而 言 念所指涉的毕竟是文学史上某种遥远的非典型 的个案，它对于当下的同类思潮尚欠缺直接的 相关 性 或 催 发 性， 而 “父 亲 ” 这 一 概 念 所 指 涉的则是该文学思潮近期的 、 具有直接相关性 。因 的有影响个 案， 简 言 之 是 “直 接 缔 造 者 ” 此，关 于 谁 是 “后 现 代 主 义 小 说 之 父 ” 或 后 现代 主 义 小 说 的 “直 接 缔 造 者 ” 这 一 问 题，
tpo54三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
托福阅读tpo54全套解析阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (4)题目 (5)答案 (9)背景知识 (10)阅读-2 (10)原文 (10)译文 (12)题目 (13)答案 (18)背景知识 (20)阅读-3 (25)原文 (26)译文 (27)题目 (28)答案 (33)背景知识 (35)阅读-1原文The Commercialization of Lumber①In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood.Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.It is durable and strong, yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools.It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation.The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.②By 1860, the settlement of the American West along with timber shortages in the East converged with ever-widening impact on the pine forests of the Great Lakes states. Over the next 30 years, lumbering became a full-fledged enterprise in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Newly formed lumbering corporations bought up huge tracts of pineland and set about systematically cutting the trees. Both the colonists and the later industrialists saw timber as a commodity, but the latter group adopted a far more thorough and calculating approach to removing trees. In this sense, what happened between 1860 and 1890 represented a significant break with the past. No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products. By the 1870s, farmers and city dwellers alike purchased forest products from large manufacturingcompanies located in the Great Lakes states rather than chopping wood themselves or buying it locally.③The commercialization of lumbering was in part the product of technological change. The early, thick saw blades tended to waste a large quantity of wood, with perhaps as much as a third of the log left behind on the floor as sawdust or scrap. In the 1870s, however, the British-invented band saw, with its thinner blade, became standard issue in the Great Lakes states' lumber factories.Meanwhile, the rise of steam-powered mills streamlined production by allowing for the more efficient, centralized, and continuous cutting of lumber. Steam helped to automate a variety of tasks, from cutting to the carrying away of waste. Mills also employed steam to heat log ponds, preventing them from freezing and making possible year-round lumber production.④For industrial lumbering to succeed, a way had to be found to neutralize the effects of the seasons on production. Traditionally, cutting took place in the winter, when snow and ice made it easier to drag logs on sleds or sleighs to the banks of streams. Once the streams and lakes thawed, workers rafted the logs to mills, where they were cut into lumber in the summer. If nature did not cooperate—if the winter proved dry and warm, if the spring thaw was delayed—production would suffer. To counter the effects of climate on lumber production, loggers experimented with a variety of techniques for transporting trees out of the woods. In the 1870s, loggers in the Great Lakes states began sprinkling water on sleigh roads, giving them an artificial ice coating to facilitate travel. The ice reduced the friction and allowed workers to move larger and heavier loads.⑤But all the sprinkling in the world would not save a logger from the threat of a warm winter. Without snow the sleigh roads turned to mud. In the 1870s, a set of snowless winters left lumber companies to ponder ways of liberating themselves from the seasons. Railroads were one possibility.At first, the remoteness of the pine forests discouraged common carriers from laying track.But increasing lumber prices in the late 1870s combined with periodic warm, dry winters compelled loggers to turn to iron rails. By 1887, 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan, transforming logging from a winter activity into a year-round one.⑥Once the logs arrived at a river, the trip downstream to a mill could be a long and tortuous one.Logjams (buildups of logs that prevent logs from moving downstream) were common—at times stretching for 10 miles—and became even more frequent as pressure on the northern Midwest pinelands increased in the 1860s. To help keep the logs moving efficiently, barriers called booms (essentially a chain of floating logs) were constructed to control the direction of the timber. By the 1870s, lumber companies existed in all the major logging areas of the northern Midwest.译文木材的商业化①在19世纪的美国，几乎所有建筑材料都含有木材。
论前景化在《玻璃山》中的应用
论前景化在《玻璃山》中的应用摘要：利奇(g.n.leech)认为,前景化作为一种艺术的偏离,它本来就具有一种普遍的意义。
一件艺术作品在某些方面偏离(deviate)了我们作为社会成员习得的、预期在使用的媒介中会出现的标准是艺术交往中的一个非常普遍的原则。
本文以此观点对《玻璃山》进行了剖析，阐述了前景化在文学创作中的构思和人物塑造作用。
关键词：前景化；构思；人物塑造中图分类号：i106 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2011）-05-00-01一、小说内容简介《玻璃山》是美国著名的后现代主义作家唐纳德.巴塞尔姆的代表作。
他善于用非线性，反体裁，戏仿，和拼贴画等手段在语言上大胆地进行创新，在内容上赋予了作品深刻的生活哲理和内涵。
他消解了“传统意义的统一性，代之以多元性的，无中心的离心结构”。
[1]该小说写于1979年，形式独特，用数字从1到100编号排列所有的词组，句子和段落，是对斯堪的纳维亚故事《玻璃山上的公主》的改写。
原故事的主人公是位勇敢的骑士，他爬上了陡峭的玻璃山，不但娶了公主，而且得到了领土和财富。
二、前景化理论在小说《玻璃山》中的具体应用前景化由布拉格学派著名的语言学家和文学评论家莫卡罗夫斯基(mukarovsky)在20世纪30年代提出的。
他认为“文体是前景化,是使人们注意,使其新颖,是系统地违背标准常规。
”“前景化”作为韩礼德(m.d.k.haliday)功能文体学中的一个术语,指的是“有动因的突出”(motivated prominence)。
利奇(g.n.leech)认为,作为一种普遍的准则,要想审知艺术作品的意义与价值,那就是与其把注意力集中在自动化的表述模式上,还不如放在能引起兴趣与惊讶的成分上。
首先这部小说的结构就被定为在“前景化”的状态之中。
巴塞尔姆在形式上打破了小说的写作惯例，过去用来建构现实的种种元素，诸如，时间，空间，及语言的种种结构，现在都变的支离破碎了。
高锟获noble的论文原文 诺贝尔奖
where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the fibre and the outer region, respectively. All the modes exhibit cutoffs except the H E M mode, which is the lowest-order hybrid mode. It can assume two orthogonal polarisations, and it propagates with an increasing percentage of energy outside the fibre as the dimensions of the structure decrease. Thus, when operating the waveguide in the HE X 1 mode, it is possible to achieve a single-mode operation by reducing the diameter of the fibre sufficiently. Under this condition, a significant proportion of the energy is carried outside the fibre. If the outside medium is of a lower loss than the inside dielectric medium, the attenuation of the waveguide is reduced. With these properties, H E n mode operation is of particular interest. The physical and electromagnetic aspects of the dielectric-fibre waveguide carrying the H E n mode for use at optical frequencies will now be studied in detail. Conclusions are drawn as to the feasibility and the expected
设计研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译
Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
金的等离子共振等综述
a b s t r a c t
This review describes the fundamental aspects of laser–gold nanoparticle (Au NP) interaction that leads to nanoscale energy deposition to the surroundings through light amplification and heat generation. Besides the importance of the primary process in physics and chemistry, application of the light–NP interaction has attracted significant interest from various areas ranging from analytical chemistry to material chemistry and biomedicine. Here we consider both mechanistic and application aspects. Our attention is focused on pulsed-laser-induced fast processes that revealed the heating–cooling dynamics of electrons, lattice (particle), and particle’s environment. On the application side, we focus on material fabrication and processing that beat diffraction-limited resolution. Together, we will shed a light on the essence of research activities carried out in the past 10 years. In addition to an abundance of latest information obtained from currently available literature, this review includes figures obtained by our own calculations to provide readers with a better understanding of the basics of the optical properties and energy and heat-transfer processes of Au NPs, which are not familiar to photochemists. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
纳米玻璃作文35字
纳米玻璃作文35字英文回答：Nanoglass is an advanced material with uniqueproperties that offer significant potential for various applications. Composed of silica nanoparticles, nanoglass exhibits exceptional strength, transparency, and durability. Its nanostructure allows for tailored optical, electrical, and thermal properties. Nanoglass has been explored for use in diverse fields, including optics, electronics, energy storage, and medicine.In optics, nanoglass can be engineered to manipulate light in unprecedented ways. Its tunable refractive index enables applications in lenses, waveguides, and optical filters. For example, nanoglass lenses can achieve higher resolution and focus light more precisely than conventional lenses.In electronics, nanoglass holds promise for flexibleand transparent devices. Its high electrical conductivity and low thermal expansion make it suitable for use as substrates in thin-film transistors and solar cells. Nanoglass-based electronics offer potential for enhanced flexibility, portability, and durability.Nanoglass also shows promise in energy storage applications. Its high surface area and porosity facilitate efficient ion transport, making it a promising material for batteries and supercapacitors. Nanoglass-based energy storage devices have the potential to deliver higher power density and longer cycle life.In medicine, nanoglass has been investigated for drug delivery, imaging, and tissue engineering. Its biocompatibility and tunable properties allow the development of targeted drug delivery systems, advanced imaging techniques, and scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Nanoglass-based medical devices offer potential for improved treatment outcomes and minimally invasive procedures.Nanoglass is an emerging material with transformative potential across multiple disciplines. Its uniqueproperties and versatility make it a promising candidatefor various applications. Continued research and development in nanoglass technology are expected to unlock further innovations and drive advancements in diverse fields.中文回答：纳米玻璃是一种具有独特性能的高级材料，在各种应用中具有巨大潜力。
高灰度 英语
高灰度英语：探索语言深度的艺术In the realm of language learning, the concept of "high gray-scale English" often goes unnoticed, yet it holds immense significance in mastering the nuances of the language. High gray-scale English refers to the ability to express oneself with precision and nuance, beyond the limitations of basic vocabulary and grammar. It is an art form that requires a profound understanding of thelanguage's historical, cultural, and contextual backgrounds. The beauty of high gray-scale English lies in itsability to convey complex ideas and emotions with subtlety and elegance. It is not merely about mastering a large vocabulary or adhering strictly to grammatical rules. Instead, it is about understanding how words and phrases interact with each other to create a rich and layered tapestry of meaning.To achieve this level of proficiency, one must immerse oneself in the language, absorbing its sounds, rhythms, and idioms. Reading classic literature, listening to native speakers, and engaging in conversation are all integral to this process. By exposing oneself to a wide range oflinguistic inputs, learners can develop a deep intuitive understanding of how English works.Additionally, understanding the history and culture of England and other English-speaking countries is crucial. Language is deeply rooted in culture, and by understanding the context of a word or phrase, learners can better appreciate its true meaning. For instance, understanding the historical significance of a term like "empire" or "liberty" can enhance one's comprehension of related concepts and discussions.Moreover, high gray-scale English demands a willingness to experiment and take risks. Learners must be comfortable with making mistakes and learning from them. By trying out new words, phrases, and sentence structures, they can push the boundaries of their language skills and discover new ways to express themselves.In conclusion, high gray-scale English is not just a matter of vocabulary or grammar; it is an embodiment of cultural understanding, intuitive language sense, and the courage to explore. It is a journey that requires patience, dedication, and a love for the language. As learnersprogress on this path, they discover the infinite richness and depth of the English language, and the ability to communicate with precision and clarity.**高灰度英语：探寻语言深度的艺术**在语言学习的领域中，“高灰度英语”这一概念常常被忽视，然而它在掌握语言细微差别方面具有重要意义。
王旭｜从梦的褶皱到图像的转译
王旭｜从梦的褶皱到图像的转译▲王旭｜1986年生于中国南阳，毕业于洛阳师范学院油画专业。
褪去梦境中状似逻辑的线性褶皱，遮蔽或拂拭支离破碎的记忆场景是构成王旭绘画语言的主要特征。
现工作生活于河南南阳。
（由王旭工作室供图）在臆想捏造和表述客观对象的线索上，状貌意象的描绘替代了西方古典绘画中的完整性及完美性；王旭通过对各式事物的主观理解、物象的解构变体将物质实体破坏得“面目全非”，整体性地破坏和颠覆是他所要呈现关于梦的褶皱的幻象意图；并在一个毫无意义的现实背景上编排、润饰崭新的图像的行为过程中游离：自由记忆、经验幻想以及在梦中存在悖谬的即兴感和记实性。
——惠书文■王旭 --《肖像：枯萎着的花和发芽的土豆》展览现场Portraits: withered flowers and sprouting potatoes©一甸艺术｜An art space ＆Wang Xu’s studio2019猎质·历史的个体症状西安当代艺术展艺术家个案研究之王旭个展《肖像：枯萎着的花和发芽的土豆》.........................................................Wang Xu｜From dream folding to image translation--- 从梦的褶皱到图像的转译 ---王旭个展《肖像：枯萎着的花和发芽的土豆》, 策展人：惠书文, 2019© Wang Xu’s studio / Xi’an CuiZhenkuan Art Museum本文共分为四个部分：一.“梦”的表象和褶皱，二.文本与图像的互相转译，三.艺术语言，四.展览后记This article is divided intofour parts: 1.The appearance and fold of "dream"，2.Translation of text and images，3.Artistic language，4.Postscript of Exhibition王旭·《肖像：枯萎着的花和发芽的土豆》个展现场一Portraits: withered flowers and sprouting potatoes，2019©Xi’an CuiZhenkuan Art Museum王旭·《肖像：枯萎着的花和发芽的土豆》个展现场二Portraits: withered flowers and sprouting potatoes，2019©Xi’an CuiZhenkuan Art Museum◇◇◇◇绘画艺术是个人对内外世界表达的一种媒介，是个体私密性情感诉意的真实语言。
宏大叙事
——当代美国史学的曲折反映程群（华东理工大学哲学与政治学院讲师，上海 200237）摘要：史学“碎化”是美国史学重建中面临的一大难题。
史学“综合”几乎是大多数美国史学家的心愿。
但也有史学家提出，关键并不在于史学“综合”，而在于重建史学的宏大叙事。
关于宏大叙事的各种解读有助于我们理解史学中的“宏大叙事”。
美国史学中的宏大叙事在不同的历史阶段有着不同的曲折反映。
由于各种因素的影响，二战后的美国史学出现疏离宏大叙事的趋势。
史学家们惊叹宏大叙事的缺失，呼吁和设计宏大叙事的重建与复归。
当代美国史学宏大叙事的重建面临种种难题。
这些难题从理论上讲是由于宏观社会理论的缺失与后现代理论的瓦解作用造成的，这是当代西方史学乃至整个世界史学需要直面的问题。
而宏观社会理论的缺失、后现代理论的产生与宏大叙事的缺失一样都可以追溯到更深层的社会历史根源。
关于美国历史的宏大叙事的前景如何，只有将来的美国史学家能够回答。
关键词：宏大叙事；美国史学；缺失；重建Loss and Reconstruction of Grand Narrative？——In the Current American HistoriographyCHENG Qun(Philosophy and Politics School, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China)Key Words: Grand Narrative American Historiography Loss ReconstructionAbstract:As fragmentation was a main problem for reconstruction of American historiography, most American historians appealed for the synthesis of history. But some historians considered that the resolution was not to do the synthesis but to reconstruct the grand narrative of history. Grand narrative in American historiography revealed itself differently on different historical stages. For the influence of various ingredients, American historiography after World War II tended to be alien from the grand narrative. So historians lamented the loss of grand narrative and gave a lot of designs of reconstruction of it. These designs confronted some problems, which theoretically resulted from the lack of grand social theory and the deconstruction of postmodernism, which like the loss of grand narrative have their social and historical roots. As for the future of the grand narrative in American historiography, it is waiting the future American historians to answer.——当代美国史学的曲折反映程群史学“碎化”是美国史学重建面临的一大难题，史学“综合”是大多数美国史学家的心愿。
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High glass transitions of novel organosoluble polyamide-imides based on noncoplanar and rigid diimide-dicarboxylic acidDer-Jang Liaw *,Wen-Hsiang ChenDepartment of Chemical Engineering,National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,43,Section 4,Keelung Road,Taipei,TaiwanReceived 5November 2005;accepted 29November 2005Available online 17February 2006AbstractA series of novel polyamide-imides (PAIs)with high glass transition temperature were prepared from diimide-dicarboxylic acid,2,20-bis(tri-fluoromethyl)-4,40-bis(trimellitimidophenyl)biphenyl (BTFTB ),by direct polycondensation with various diamines in N -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone using triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents in the presence of dehydrating agent (CaCl 2).The yield of the polymers was obtained was high with moderate to high inherent viscosities (0.80e 1.03dL g ÿ1).Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)of the polymers showed number-average and weight-average molecular weights up to 8.6Â104and 22Â104,respectively.The PAIs were amorphous in nature.Most of the polymers exhibited good solubility in various solvents such as N -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP),N ,N -dimethylacetamide (DMAc),N ,N -dimethylformamide (DMF),pyridine,cyclohexanone and tetrahydrofuran.The polymer films had tensile strength in the range of 79e 103MPa,an elongation at break in the range of 6e 16%,and a tensile modulus in the range between 2.1and 2.8GPa.The glass transition temperatures of the polymers were determined by DMA method and they were in the range of 264e 291 C.The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE)of PAIs were determined by TMA instrument and they were between 29and 67ppmC ÿ1.These polymers were fairly thermally stable up to or above 438 C,and lose 10%weight in the range of 446e 505 C and 438e 496 C,respectively,in nitrogen and air.These polymers had exhibited 80%transmission wavelengths which were in the range of 484e 516nm and their cutoff wavelengths were in between 418and 434nm.The PAIs with trifluoromethyl group have higher bulk density resulting in higher free volume and then lowering the dielectric constant.Ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Noncoplanar;Polyamide-imides;Solubility;Thermal stability;Dielectric constant1.IntroductionPolyimides are one of the most successful classes of high-performance polymers and are widely used in industries [1e 3].However,processing difficulties encountered with polyimides are due to their infusibility and poor solubility in organic solvents.Polyamide-imide (PAI)is one of the classes of copolyimides,which combines the advantages of high-thermal stability and processability [4].Harris et al.[5]investigated the influence of introducing pendent groups (CH 3,I,Br,and Cl)in the 2-and 20positionsof 4,40-diaminobiphenyl on the solubility and on the mechan-ical properties of resulting polyimides,respectively,and they observed improvement in the solubility of the polymers,which they attributed to a noncoplanar structure.Therefore,the incorporation of the noncoplanar 2,20-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,40-biphenyl unit into the polymer backbone is expected to improve processability,as well as optical and electrical properties of the PAIs.It has been reported that the incorpora-tion of noncoplanar 2,20-disubstituted biphenylene into a para -linkage polymer chain does not initially change the rigidity of polymer backbone but reduces the interactions of polymer chains.The phenyl rings are forced by the bulky 2,20-disubsti-tution into a noncoplanar conformation,decreasing the inter-molecular forces between the polymer chains which improves significantly the solubility and thermal stability of polymers [6].*Corresponding author.Tel.:þ886227376638/27335050;fax:þ886223781441/27376644.E-mail addresses:liaw@.tw ,liaw8484@ (D.-J.Liaw).0141-3910/$-see front matter Ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.11.020Polymer Degradation and Stability 91(2006)1731e1739/locate/polydegstabIn the present study,new rigid and noncoplanar diimide-dicarboxylic acid(BTFTB)with2,20-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,40-biphenylene group was prepared.A series of novel organosoluble PAIs having the6F group were synthesized by the reaction of BTFTB with various diamines synthesizedby our laboratory containingflexible units,bulky substituents, rigid,noncoplanar and pendent groups under Yamazaki reac-tion conditions[7e11].Effect of rigid and noncoplanar struc-ture in the polymer chain on optical,electric,thermal and physical properties was investigated.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsThe noncoplanar diamine,2,20-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (BTFB),was supplied by CHRISKEV Co.Inc.and used after recrystallization twice from a mixture of ethanol/water in the ratio of4:5.2,20-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexa-fluoroproane(DA-2)was purchased from Wakayama Seika Kogyo Co.Ltd and used without purification.Trimellitic anhydride(TMA,from Merck)was purified by sublimation. Triphenyl phosphite(from Merck)was used without puri-fication.N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone(NMP)and pyridine were purified by distillation under reduced pressure over calcium hydride prior to use and stored over4A˚molecular sieves. Commercially available anhydrous calcium chloride(CaCl2, from Merck)was dried under vacuum at150 C over night.2.2.Monomer synthesis2.2.1.2,20-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,40-bis(trimellitimidophenyl)biphenyl(BTFTB)Aflask was charged with a mixture of10mmol of2,20-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine(BTFB),22mmol of trimellitic anhydride and30mL of glacial acetic acid.The heterogeneous mixture was refluxed for12h.The reaction mixture wasfil-tered to yield a white solid,which was washed with ethanol and recrystallized from the mixture of DMF/water(v/v¼7:1)and dried in vacuum at100 C for24h to afford a light yellow solid.The IR spectrum of BTFTB(KBr pellet)ex-hibited absorptions at1781,1714(imide C]O),1365 (imide C e N)and1702cmÿ1(acid C]O).Yield:90%,m.p. 342 C(by DSC at a scan rate of10 C minÿ1).1H NMR (500MHz,DMSO-d6):d(ppm)¼8.42(dd,J¼8.75,1.00Hz,2H,H e),8.32(s,2H,H d),8.11(d,J¼7.75Hz,2H,H f),8.08(d,J¼1.85Hz,2H,H a),7.90(dd,J¼9.90,1.70Hz,2H,H c),7.71(d,J¼8.40Hz,2H,H b);13C NMR (125MHz,DMSO-d6):d(ppm)¼165.99(C8),165.80(C15), 136.70(C10),135.70(C12),135.53(C3),134.84(C13), 132.58(C4),132.45(C6),132.01(C9),130.00(C5),127.98 (quartet,2J C e F¼31Hz,C2),124.59(C7),124.04(C11), 123.62(C14),123.50(quartet,1J C e F¼274Hz,C1).Anal.Calcd for C32H14O8N2F6:C,57.50%;H,2.11%;N, 4.19%.Found:C,57.01%;H,2.28%;N,4.15%.2.3.Synthesis of polymerA mixture of0.90mmol of diamine DA-1,0.90mmol of BTFTB,0.35g of calcium chloride,0.80mL of triphenyl phosphite,0.80mL of pyridine,and4mL of NMP was re-fluxed for3h.The homogeneous solution was subsequently poured into a large quantity of methanol with constant stirring to precipitate polymer.The polymer wasfiltered and washed thoroughly with methanol and hot water,repeatedly,and dried at120 C under vacuum.The inherent viscosity of the poly-mer in N,N-dimethylacetamide(DMAc)was0.86dL gÿ1, measured at a concentration of0.5g dLÿ1at30 C.The IR spectrum of PAI-1(KBr pellet)exhibited absorption bands at3351(N e H),1779(imide C]O),1716(C]O imide and amide)and1361cmÿ1(C e N),and those of the amide group occurred around3351and1716cmÿ1.Anal.Calcd for C54H34O8N4F6:C,66.12%;H,3.49%;N, 5.71%.Found:C,65.77%;H,3.60%;N,5.87%.All other PAIs(PAI-2e PAI-8)were prepared analogously.2.4.MeasurementsIR spectra were recorded in the range4000e400cmÿ1on a Bio-Rad FTS-3500spectrometer.13C and1H NMR spectra were obtained by using a Bruker A V ANCE-500operating at 125.77MHz for carbon and500.13MHz for proton and using tetramethylsilane(TMS)as an internal standard.The inherent viscosities of all polymers were measured using Ubbelohde viscometer in DMAc at a concentration of0.5g dLÿ1at 30 C.Elemental analyses were performed on Perkin e Elmer 2400C,H,and N analyzer.Wide-angle X-ray diffraction pat-terns were recorded at ambient temperature withfilm speci-mens on an X-ray diffractometer(Philips model PW1710) using Nifiltered Cu-K a radiation(25kV,20mA).The scan-ning rate was3 C minÿ1.Thermogravimetric data were ob-tained on a Du Pont Q500TGA under nitrogenflowing conditions(60cm3minÿ1)at a heating rate of10 C minÿ1. Dynamic mechanical measurements(DMA)were taken on a Du Pont983DMA unit at a frequency of1Hz,temperature ranging from room temperature to350 C at a heating rate of5 C minÿ1.The sample size was approximately 30Â0.8Â1.5mm.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) of the polymer was performed on a Du Pont2000differential scanning calorimeter,temperature ranging from ambient tem-perature to350 C at a heating rate of10 C minÿ1.Tensile properties were determined from stress e strain curves obtained with an Orientec Tensilon with a load cell of10kg.A gauge of 2.0cm and a strain rate of2cm minÿ1were used for this study. Measurements were performed at ambient temperature with film specimens of dimensions4mm wide,5cm long,and ca.0.1mm thick.The in-plane linear coefficient of thermalCNCOOCOOHCF3F3CNCCOOCOHOcabfed853241679108'15131214111732 D.-J.Liaw,W.-H.Chen/Polymer Degradation and Stability91(2006)1731e1739expansion (CTE)was obtained from a TA TMA-2940thermo-mechanical analyzer (10 C min ÿ1from 25to 300 C,10mN).The CTE value on the temperature scale between 50and 150 C was recorded after an initial conditioning step (heating to 300 C,hold 5min and cool).Dielectric con-stants were measured by the parallel plate capacitor method using a dielectric analyzer (TA instruments DEA 2970)on thin films.Gold electrodes were deposited on both surfaces of dried films under vacuum,followed by measuring at 25 C in a sealed chamber maintain under nitrogen atmo-sphere.The density of the polymer was measured by buoyancy technique.A well-dried polymer sample was first weighed in air and then the volume of the polymer was measured with a pycnometer (Accupyc-1330).From the weight in air and the volume,the density of the polymer was calculated.UV e vis spectra of the polymer films were recorded on a JASCO V-550spectrophotometer at room temperature in air.A cutoff wavelength is defined here where the transmittance became below 1%in the spectrum.Weight-average (M w ),number-average (M n )molecular weights and polydispersity (M w =M n )were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).Four Waters (Ultrastyragel)columns 300Â7.8mm (guard,105,104,103,500A˚in a series)were used for GPC analysis with tetrahydrofuran (THF)(1.0mL min ÿ1)as the eluent.The eluents were monitored with an RI detector (Schambeck SFD GMBH RI 2000)and UV detector (Gilson model 116)at 254nm.Polystyrene was used as the standard.3.Results and discussion 3.1.Synthesis of monomerAs shown in Scheme 1,the new noncoplanar diimide-dicarboxylic acid monomer,2,20-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,40-bis(trimellitimidophenyl)-biphenyl (BTFTB )was obtained by condensation of BTFB with two mole equivalents of tri-mellitic anhydride in refluxed glacial acetic acid.The addition reaction between the amino and anhydride groups,and subsequent cyclodehydration reaction was carried out in het-erogeneous solution.After purification by rinsing with ethanoland recrystallization from DMF/water,the structure of the diimide-dicarboxylic acid monomer was confirmed by ele-mental analysis,IR and NMR spectroscopies.The IR spectrum of BTFTB showed absorption bands around 2500e 3700(C(O)O e H),1781(asymmetric imide C ]O stretching),1714(symmetric imide C ]O stretching),1702(acid C ]O stretching)and 1365cm ÿ1(imide ring vibration,axial)confirmed the presence of imide ring and carboxylic acid groups in the structure.The 1H NMR and the 13C NMR spec-trum of 2,20-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,40-bis(trimellitimidophe-nyl)biphenyl (BTFTB )are presented in Fig.1and Fig.2,respectively.The resonance signals at downfield regions (d (ppm):8.42e 8.11)in the 1H NMR spectrum are ascribed to the protons of trimellitimido group.This is because of the con-jugation effect by carboxylic acid and imide ring.The area of integration for the protons is in accordance with the assign-ment.However,signal due to the proton of carboxylic acid group in the 1H NMR spectrum was not observed.This was probably due to the fast exchange of this proton with a trace amount of moisture associated with the solvent [12].13C NMR spectrum of BTFTB shows two quartet peaks because of the heteronuclear 13C e 19F coupling.The large quartet (C 1)centered at 123.50ppm was due to the CF 3carbon and one-bond C e F coupling constant was about 274Hz.Besides,the CF 3-attached carbon (C 2)also showed a clear quartet centered at 127.98ppm with a smaller coupling constant of about 31Hz due to two-bond C e F coupling.Carbonyl carbons of carbox-ylic acid and imide groups resonate in the downfield at d (ppm)165.80and 168.99,respectively.From the results of the NMR analyses,the formation of diimide-dicarboxylic acid monomer conforming to the proposed structure can be evidenced.The results of the elemental analyses are presented in Section 2.The observed values are in good agreement with the calculated ones.3.2.Synthesis of polyamide-imides (PAIs)Direct polycondensation of a dicarboxylic acid with a diamine using triphenyl phosphite (TPP)and pyridine as condensing agents had led to amide which is an efficientH 2NNH 2CF 3F 3C+C C C OO O OHBTFBTMANCCO O C O N CCC OO CF 3F 3CHO glacial acetic acidBTFTB2Scheme 1.Synthesis of new diimide-dicarboxylic acid (BTFTB ).1733D.-J.Liaw,W.-H.Chen /Polymer Degradation and Stability 91(2006)1731e 1739way to obtain PAIs of moderate to high polymerization degree in a laboratory scale.This method was successfully applied for the preparation of PAIs(PAI-1e PAI-8)from diimide-dicarboxylic acid(BTFTB)with various diamines(DA-1e DA-8) (Scheme2).All the polymerizations in NMP proceeded homogeneously.The PAIs were obtained in almost quantitative yields (yields were above95%),and had inherent viscosity values ranging between0.80and1.03dL gÿ1(Table1).Number-average M n and weight-average M w molecular weights of the polymers were found to be in the range of3.2Â104e 8.6Â104and 5.7Â104e22Â104,respectively(Table1). The structure of PAIs was confirmed by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy.IR spectra of these PAIs revealed the characteristic absorp-tions at1779,1716,and1361cmÿ1due to imide group,and those of the amide group around3351and1716cmÿ1confirm-ing the presence of imide ring and carboxylic acid group in the structure.The results of the elemental analyses of the PAIs are listed in Table1.The observed values were in good agreement with the calculated ones.The transparent,tough andflexible polymerfilms obtained by casting their DMAc solutions were further characterized by wide-angle X-ray measurement, UV e vis spectroscopy,and dynamic mechanical,thermal mechanical,dielectric and mechanical analyses.3.3.Properties of polymersThe solubility of the PAIs in several organic solvents at 3.0%(w/v)is summarized in Table2.Remarkably,all these PAIs were easily soluble at room temperature in aprotic polar solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone(NMP),N,N-dime-thylacetamide(DMAc),N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)as well as in less polar solvents such as pyridine,cyclohexanone and tetrahydrofuran.The excellent solubility of these PAIs may be attributed to the presence of the2,20-bis(trifluoro-methyl)-4,40-biphenylene groups which forced the phenyl rings into a noncoplanar conformation,decreasingtheDMSO-d650100150ppm1415166.07124.5124.0CNCOCOOHCF3F3CNCCOCOHO853241679108'1513121411Fig.2.The13C NMR spectrum(125MHz)of BTFTB in DMSO-d6at ambient temperature.CNCOCOOHCF3F3CNCCOOCOHOcabfedd7.78.48.38.28.18.07.97.8ppmaebcfFig.1.The1H NMR spectrum(500MHz)of BTFTB in DMSO-d6at ambienttemperature.1734 D.-J.Liaw,W.-H.Chen/Polymer Degradation and Stability91(2006)1731e1739intermolecular force between the polymer chains inhibiting the dense packing of the polymer chains.Thus,solvent mol-ecule could easily penetrate into the polymer chains [9].For comparison,the solubility properties of analogous polymers Ref 1and Ref 2which were derived from DA-2are also listed in Table 2.It was observed that the polymer PAI-2showed better solubility than polymers Ref 1and Ref 2.That is,the PAIs containing trifluoromethyl group showed better solubility than those bearing biphenyl and noncoplanar methyl units.Obviously,the incorporation of the trifluoro-methyl group into the polymer backbone enhanced the solubility.2TPP/pyridine BTFTB +H 2NArNH 2DA-1–DA-8CC N O OCO N H Ar CF 3F 3CNC OnO C C O NH PAI-1–PAI-8Ar:(1)(2)O OO C OCF 3CF 3(3) (4)OOCH 3H 3C OC O CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 3H 3C H 3C(5)(6)(8)O C OScheme 2.Preparation of various polyamide-imides (PAIs).N H COC N C O OOC NC O OC NO H OC CF 3CF 3OORef 11735D.-J.Liaw,W.-H.Chen /Polymer Degradation and Stability 91(2006)1731e 1739The wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns of PAIs indicated that the polymer films were amorphous.The highly amorphous nature of the polymers could be attributed to the structural modification through the incorporation of the noncoplanar tri-fluoromethyl groups.The incorporation of the trifluoromethyl and noncoplanar groups might decrease the intermolecular forces between the polymer chains due to a looser packing of polymer chain as compared to the unsubstituted polymers [9,13].Therefore,crystallization tendency is markedly lowered and the solubilities are significantly enhanced.The thermal properties of the PAIs were evaluated by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA),thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)and thermal mechanical analyzer (TMA).The results are presented in Table 3.No distinct glass transi-tion temperature (T g )was observed from the heating traces in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).Therefore,the T g value of the polymers was determined by DMA using film specimens.Glass transition temperatures (T g ’s)of PAIs were found to be in the range of 275e 291 C,except PAI-1.As it can be expected,PAI-5e PAI-7had higher T g than com-mercial PAI,Torlon Ò(Solvay Advanced Polymers,T g ¼275 C)[14]and Aron (Amoco,T g ¼272 C)[4].Espe-cially,polymer PAI-6having adamantane group showed high T g value.In general,the chain rigidity increases due to the in-corporated group,which restricts the free rotation of the poly-mer backbone.Hence,the obtained polymers showed high glass transition temperature [10].Polymer PAI-1containing tert -butyl group showed the lowest T g value,however,in our previous literature [15]the T g values of the polymers contain-ing tert -butyl group are lower than PAI-1,except polymer hav-ing symmetric and rigid group.TGA measurement was conducted in nitrogen and air atmospheres.The polymers ex-hibited almost one-step decomposition pattern with no signif-icant weight loss below 438 C both in nitrogen and in air.As listed in Table 3,the temperatures at 10%weight loss (Td 10),examined by TG analysis,showed values ranging from 446e 505 C in nitrogen and 438e 496 C in air.Among the various polymers synthesized,polymer PAI-2containing trifluoro-methyl group had the highest thermal stability in nitrogen and air atmospheres.Obviously,the incorporation of the tri-fluoromethyl group into the polymer backbone enhanced the thermal stability.It is interesting to find that PAI-3showed higher Td 10in air than in nitrogen.The higher Td 10value in air may reflect CH 3oxidation of the polymer chain,which forms carbonyl (C ]O)and hydroxy (O e H)groups and then causes weight gain [10,16].The coefficient of thermal expan-sion (CTE)of the PAIs was obtained from TMA measure-ments on polymer films,which were cast from DMAc solutions.The CTEs of these polymers are presented in Table 3.It observed that the CTE values (29ppm C ÿ1)of the PAI-5were as good as that of commercially available PAIs,Torlon Ò(Solvay Advanced Polymers,CTE ¼30.6ppm C ÿ1)[14].In-troducing flexible bridge linkage,pendent bulky group,nonco-planar group,ether unit and aliphatic group into the polymer backbone tends to enhance the free volume between polymer chains and also loosen the molecular packing in the film andC N C O ON Ref 2H COC N C O OCH 3H 3CC NO H OC CF 3CF 3OTable 1Inherent viscosity,molecular weight and elemental analysis of various polyamide-imides (PAIs)Polymer code h inh a (dL g ÿ1)M n b (Â10ÿ4)M w b (Â10ÿ4)M w =M n bElemental analysis (%)CH N PAI-10.86ec ec ec Calcd.66.12 3.49 5.71Found 65.77 3.60 5.87PAI-20.928.622.0 2.56Calcd.61.57 2.63 4.87Found 61.21 2.86 5.00PAI-30.88 3.25.71.78Calcd.68.85 4.04 5.10Found 68.38 4.07 5.18PAI-40.89ec ec ec Calcd.67.71 3.33 5.45Found 67.41 3.50 5.67PAI-5 1.03 4.78.2 1.74Calcd.69.10 3.68 5.12Found 69.53 3.87 5.44PAI-60.82 5.912.4 2.10Calcd.69.84 3.91 4.94Found 69.33 4.00 5.10PAI-70.80 5.912.0 2.03Calcd.69.84 3.91 4.94Found 69.23 3.96 4.99PAI-80.944.27.51.79Calcd.71.01 3.45 4.80Found70.433.775.01a Measured in DMAc at a concentration of 0.5g dL ÿ1at 30 C.b Measured by GPC in THF using polystyrene as a standard.cPolymer was insoluble in THF at room temperature.1736 D.-J.Liaw,W.-H.Chen /Polymer Degradation and Stability 91(2006)1731e 1739hence,the polymers have relatively higher CTE values [17].In addition,comparison of the thermal properties of polymer PAI-2and Ref 2revealed that polymer PAI-2containing tri-fluoromethyl group exhibited thermal properties similar to Ref 2which has poor solubility.The optical properties of the PAIs films are evaluated by UV e vis spectroscopy.Cutoff wavelength and 80%transmis-sion wavelength for PAIs films were investigated and listed in Table 3.These polymers had exhibited 80%transmission wavelengths which were in the range of 484e 516nm and their cutoff wavelengths were in between 418and 434nm.Especially,polymer PAI-2showed excellent optical proper-ties compared to other PAIs.The excellent optical property of the polymer PAI-2was attributed to the high fluorine-content and fluoroalkyl groups in the DA-2unit resulting in the reduction of the intramolecular conjugation and pre-vents the extensive electronic conjugation.For comparison,UV e vis data of the PAIs films (PAI-2,Ref 2and Ref 3)are also presented in Table 3.It is observed that the 80%transmission wavelength and cutoff wavelength of absorption in PAI-2were lower than that of the analogous PAIs (Ref 2and Ref 3)and polymer PAI-2was highly transparent than the analogous PAIs (Ref 2and Ref 3).This proves that changing the diimide-dicarboxylic acid monomer from non-fluorinated to fluorinated BTFTB and having trifluoromethyl groups as the substituted side could improve transparent na-ture of polymers.The presence of trifluoromethyl groups in BTFTB unit and DA-2can render the molecule to have non-coplanar conformation and removes the extended electronic conjugation [17e 18].In addition,the 80%transmission wavelength and cutoff wavelength for Ref 2and Ref 3films is about 10nm longer than that of the corresponding BTFTB -based polyamide-imide film.This indicates that the methyl groups of Ref 2and Ref 3are not as efficient in breaking the conjugation length as the trifluoromethyl groups of BTFTB .This is probably because of the differences in both the size and shape of the disubstituent groups and their electronic states in conjugation with the polymer backbone [18].The dielectric constants of the PAIs films were measured by the parallel plate capacitor method using a dielectric analyzer (TA Instrument DEA 2970)and results were listed in Table 4.The dielectric constants of these polymers were lower than commercially available PAI,Torlon Ò(SolvayTable 2Solubility of various polyamide-imides (PAIs)Polymer code Solvent a NMP DMAc DMF DMSO Pyridine Cyclohexanone THF PAI-1þþþþþþþþþþþþPAI-2þþþþþþþþþþþþþPAI-3þþþþþþþþþþþþPAI-4þþþþþþþþþþPAI-5þþþþþþþÿþþþþþPAI-6þþþþþþþþþþþPAI-7þþþþþþþþþþþþþPAI-8þþþþþþþþþþþRef 1b þþþÿþÿþÿe e Ref 2þþþþþþÿþþþÿþÿAbbreviations:NMP,N -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone;DMAc,N ,N -dimethylacetamide;DMF,N ,N -dimethylformamide;DMSO,dimethylsulfoxide;THF,tetrahydrofuran.N H COCN C O OOCN C O OC NO H OC CF 3CF 3OORef 1C NCO ON Ref 2H COC N C O OCH 3H 3CC NO H OC CF 3CF 3Oa Solubility:þþ:soluble at room temperature;þ:soluble on heating at 70 C;þÿ:partially soluble on heating at 70 C.bResults cited from Ref.[9].CN C O O N Ref 3H COC N C O OCH 3H 3CC NO H O C CH 3CH 3O H 3C H 3CCH 3CH 31737D.-J.Liaw,W.-H.Chen /Polymer Degradation and Stability 91(2006)1731e 1739Table 3Thermal and optical properties of various polyamide-imides (PAIs)Polymer code T g a ( C)Td 10b ( C)Char yield c (%)CTE d(ppm/ C)80%Transmission wavelength (nm)e Cutoff wavelength (nm)e In nitrogen In air PAI-12644874474458506434PAI-22755054965151484418PAI-32774464744560504430PAI-42825044815947504430PAI-52904754394729516428PAI-62914814423842502430PAI-72904754384147508424PAI-82754974785367492422Ref 22705004865753500426Ref 3e fe fe fe fe f536438CN C O O N Ref 2H COC N C O OCH 3H 3C C NO H O C CF 3CF 3OC N C O ON Ref 3H COCN C O OCH 3H 3CC NO H O C CH 3CH 3O H 3C H 3CCH 3CH 3a From DMA measurements conducted at a heating rate of 5 C min ÿ1.b Temperature at 10%weight loss (Td 10)was determined by TG at a heating rate of 10 C min ÿ1.c Char yield at 800 C in nitrogen.d The CTE value was obtained on the temperature scale between 50and 150 C.e The thickness of the polyamide-imide films was 23e 35m m and the wavelength range of measurement was from 200to 800nm.fNot available.Table 4Dielectric constant and bulk density of the polyamide-imides (PAIs)Polymer code Bulk density a (g/cm 3)Dielectric constant b DEA film thickness (m m)PAI-2 1.3942Æ0.0078 3.7169Ref 2 1.3345Æ0.0104 4.0269Ref 3 1.2166Æ0.0058 4.0669PAI-31.2906Æ0.00633.8264CN C O O N H COC N C O OCF 3F 3C C NO H OC CF 3CF 3OPAI - 2C NCO O N Ref 2H COC N C O OCH 3H 3C C NO H OC CF 3CF 3OC NCO O N Ref 3H COC NC O OCH 3H 3CC NO H O C CH 3CH 3O H 3C H 3CCH 3CH 3C N CO ON H COC N C O OCF 3F 3CC NO H O C CH 3CH 3O H 3C H 3CCH 3CH 3PAI - 3aThe bulk density was measured by the method of Archimedes’principle,r bulk ¼A /(A ÿB )Âr w ,where A is the dry membrane weight in air,B is the membrane weight in water,and r w is the water density [21,22].bDielectric constants were obtained in the frequency of 1KHz on thin films.。