ViBe
联想VIBE-X上手体验
联想VIBEX上手体验在今年的IFA德国消费电子展上,联想向世人公布了其PC+产品的新成员——联想智能手机VIBEX。
与近期发布的类似级别的智能手机产品一样,这款配置安卓4.2系统的智能手机,拥有5英寸显示屏和2000毫安的内置电源,以及2GB运行内存,与16GB的机身内存。
看过了展台上给出的参数后,让我们重点分享联想VIBEX 的上手感受。
初次见VIBEX,对其第一印象就是它的轻和薄。
VibeX的厚度只有6.9毫米,重量仅121克,在同尺寸1080PIPS 显示屏手机中更加轻薄。
虽然拥有同样MediaTek芯片和电池容量的VIVOX3只有5.75毫米,但大家不要忘了它的五英寸屏幕却只有720P的分辨率。
此外,联想VIBEX的手握感比以往联想的任何手机都要好。
VIBEX通过业界领先的削弧技术打造出机身四角的圆滑过渡设计,加上适中的尺寸,拿在手里的第一感觉是恰到好处,不会因为机身过大或者边角过于锋利而赶到不适。
值得一提的是,VIBEX独具特色的金属织物质感的背壳设计,与2.5D弧面玻璃屏幕结合,带来前所未有的时尚质感。
在拍照体验方面,联想VIBEX整合了硬件配置与拍照软件,让人眼前一亮。
除了1300万像素自动变焦的后置摄像头外,VibeX的前置摄像头更是采用超越主流像素级别——500万像素,配备84°广角镜头,可以轻松实现多人自拍。
联想自带超级相机3.5版本,拥有多项参数设置及丰富特效;而内置的美丽魔镜,还可以在自拍时实时实现“美白+磨皮+瘦脸+大眼”四大功能。
为了检验VIBEX的拍照效果,我们与其摄像头进行了亲密接触。
它的成像效果不错,当使用后置摄像头时,清晰度远超心理预期,而背景的自动虚效果则让拍照更显专业;当测试前置摄像头时,500万像素的前置摄像头与美丽魔镜对肤质提升的效果,相信可以满足众多女性用户对自拍的期待。
此外,VIBEX智能手机预装超级相册,为用户提供焕然一新的图片编辑与查看方式。
运动检测ViBe算法python实现代码
运动检测ViBe算法python实现代码运动物体检测⼀般分为背景建模和运动物体分析两步。
即构建不包含运动物体的背景模型。
然后将新的视频帧和背景模型对⽐,找出其中的运动物体。
⽬前⽐较好的背景建模算法有两种:1)⽂章(Zivkovic Z. (2004) Improved adaptive Gausianmixture model for backgroundsubtraction, Proceedings of ICPR 2004, August 23-26, Cambridge, UK.)提出的⾼斯混合模型法。
在此算法中,背景的每⼀个像素都被拟合到⼀个⾼斯混合模型。
对于新的图⽚,只需要判断每个像素是否服从这个⾼斯混合模型就可以判断出这个像素是背景还是前景。
但混合⾼斯算法的缺点是计算量相对⽐较⼤,速度偏慢,对光照敏感。
2)⽂章(ViBe: A universal backgroundsubtraction algorithm for video sequences.)提出的ViBe算法。
该算法速度⾮常快,计算量⽐较⼩,⽽且对噪声有⼀定的鲁棒性,检测效果不错。
由于最近在做⼀些跟踪检查的研究,就⽤到了ViBe算法,根据⽹上的c++版本编写了这个python版的算法,在这分享给⼤家。
class ViBe:'''''classdocs'''__defaultNbSamples = 20 #每个像素点的样本个数__defaultReqMatches = 2 #min指数__defaultRadius = 20; #Sqthere半径__defaultSubsamplingFactor = 16#⼦采样概率__BG = 0 #背景像素__FG = 255 #前景像素__c_xoff=[-1,0,1,-1,1,-1,0,1,0] #x的邻居点 len=9__c_yoff=[-1,0,1,-1,1,-1,0,1,0] #y的邻居点 len=9__samples=[] #保存每个像素点的样本值,len defaultNbSamples+1__Height = 0__Width = 0def __init__(self, grayFrame):'''''Constructor'''self.__Height = grayFrame.shape[0]self.__Width = grayFrame.shape[1]for i in range(self.__defaultNbSamples+1):self.__samples.insert(i,np.zeros((grayFrame.shape[0],grayFrame.shape[1]),dtype=grayFrame.dtype));self.__init_params(grayFrame)def __init_params(self,grayFrame):#记录随机⽣成的⾏(r) 和列(c)rand=0r=0c=0#对每个像素样本进⾏初始化for y in range(self.__Height):for x in range(self.__Width):for k in range(self.__defaultNbSamples):#随机获取像素样本值rand=random.randint(0,8)r=y+self.__c_yoff[rand]if r<0:r=0if r>=self.__Height:r=self.__Height-1 #⾏c=x+self.__c_xoff[rand]if c<0:c=0if c>=self.__Width:c=self.__Width-1 #列#存储像素样本值self.__samples[k][y,x] = grayFrame[r,c]self.__samples[self.__defaultNbSamples][y,x] = 0def update(self,grayFrame,frameNo):foreground = np.zeros((self.__Height,self.__Width),dtype=np.uint8)for y in range(self.__Height): #Heightfor x in range(self.__Width): #Width#⽤于判断⼀个点是否是背景点,index记录已⽐较的样本个数,count表⽰匹配的样本个数count=0;index=0;dist=0.0;while (count<self.__defaultReqMatches) and (index<self.__defaultNbSamples):dist= float(grayFrame[y,x]) - float(self.__samples[index][y,x]);if dist<0: dist=-distif dist<self.__defaultRadius: count = count+1index = index+1if count>=self.__defaultReqMatches:#判断为背景像素,只有背景点才能被⽤来传播和更新存储样本值self.__samples[self.__defaultNbSamples][y,x]=0foreground[y,x] = self.__BGrand=random.randint(0,self.__defaultSubsamplingFactor)if rand==0:rand=random.randint(0,self.__defaultNbSamples)self.__samples[rand][y,x]=grayFrame[y,x]rand=random.randint(0,self.__defaultSubsamplingFactor)if rand==0:rand=random.randint(0,8)yN=y+self.__c_yoff[rand]if yN<0: yN=0if yN>=self.__Height: yN=self.__Height-1rand=random.randint(0,8)xN=x+self.__c_xoff[rand]if xN<0: xN=0if xN>=self.__Width: xN=self.__Width-1rand=random.randint(0,self.__defaultNbSamples)self.__samples[rand][yN,xN]=grayFrame[y,x]else:#判断为前景像素foreground[y,x] = self.__FG;self.__samples[self.__defaultNbSamples][y,x] += 1if self.__samples[self.__defaultNbSamples][y,x]>50:rand=random.randint(0,self.__defaultNbSamples)if rand==0:rand=random.randint(0,self.__defaultNbSamples)self.__samples[rand][y,x]=grayFrame[y,x]return foreground我做的鱼的跟踪效果图以上就是本⽂的全部内容,希望对⼤家的学习有所帮助,也希望⼤家多多⽀持。
俚语
!Aa bird's- eye view 比喻俯视,从宏观看,有全局观念about-face 立场的彻底转变a dime a dozen 便宜,不值钱a fair shake 公平的待遇,公平的机会after one's heart 正合心意,正中下怀a leg-up 搭把手,助一臂之力(通常用在give和get之后)a leg up (稍微)占优势,领先一步a little bird 消息灵通的人士armpit 脏乱不堪的地方a rough diamond 外粗内秀的人;初露光芒的设想artsy-fartsy 假装艺术的,附庸风雅的at daggers 互相仇视,关系紧张attaboy 好小子!好样的Awol 擅离职守BBabe magnet 少女磁铁,吸引女孩的男人Backbite 背后诽谤Back talk 回嘴,顶嘴Backchat 回嘴,反唇相讥Bad-mouth (当面)批评,说某人坏话Badger game 美人计,敲诈Band-aid 急忙拼凑的,权宜的;权宜之计Bang for the buck 货真价实,物有所值Bark up the wrong tree 找错了门,怪错了人Bean counter 斤斤计较的人Beat under the belt 暗中伤人,使阴招Hit below the belt 用不正当手段打人Strike below the belt 不择手段Tackle below the belt 进行不公的攻击Go belly up 破产,完蛋Between jobs 失业Big time 非常,很,大大地Big-time 有名的、杰出的、第一流的Big-timer 某行业或领域中的佼佼者Blockbuster 大片,巨作Blow hot and cold 出尔反尔,反复无常Boo 喝倒彩;(男)女朋友Boo-boo 小错误;小伤口Bottoms up 干杯,一饮而尽Bozo 壮汉,(有勇无谋)的大汉Bury one’s head in the sand自欺欺人,逃避现实Bury the hatchet 和解,停战Butt 笑料,笑柄CCafé society 社会名流Cash cow 摇钱树Catfight 女人打架;口水仗,争执Clock watcher 急着下班的人Clockwork 准时,有规律Coffin nail 香烟Cold fish 对人冷淡之人Cook 杜撰事实,篡改账目Crab 性情暴躁的人Crash course 速成班,短训班Crash the gate 混票,混进Crash a party 未请自来,不速之客Cupboard love 有目的的爱Cushion the blow 使婉转Cut a deal 达成协议,成交Cut a melon 分红Cut to the chase 直切主题DDead sea apple 金玉其外败絮其中;令人失望的事Dirt cheap 便宜Dish 心爱物;漂亮女人DOA 绝望地,徒劳的;无可挽救的事情Doctor 掺假,做手脚Doctor up the account 做假账Dog in the manger 站着茅坑不拉屎Dogleg 急转弯Dos and don’ts 注意事项、规章制度Doubting Thomas 怀疑一切的人Draw a blank 希望落空;记不起来Draw straws 抽签决定Drop a dime 告密。
[转]前景检测算法--ViBe算法
[转]前景检测算法--ViBe算法原⽂:转⾃:因为监控发展的需求,⽬前前景检测的研究还是很多的,也出现了很多新的⽅法和思路。
个⼈了解的⼤概概括为以下⼀些:帧差、背景减除(GMM、CodeBook、 SOBS、 SACON、 VIBE、 W4、多帧平均……)、光流(稀疏光流、稠密光流)、运动竞争(Motion Competition)、运动模版(运动历史图像)、时间熵……等等。
如果加上他们的改进版,那就是很⼤的⼀个家族了。
对于上⼀些⽅法的⼀点简单的对⽐分析可以参考下:⾄于哪个最好,看使⽤环境吧,各有千秋,有⼀些适⽤的情况更多,有⼀些在某些情况下表现更好。
这些都需要针对⾃⼰的使⽤情况作测试确定的。
呵呵。
推荐⼀个⽜逼的库:⾥⾯包含了各种背景减除的⽅法,可以让⾃⼰少做很多⼒⽓活。
还有王先荣博客上存在不少的分析:下⾯的博客上转载王先荣的上⾯⼏篇,然后加上⾃⼰分析了两篇:本⽂主要关注其中的⼀种背景减除⽅法:ViBe。
stellar0的博客上对ViBe进⾏了分析,我这⾥就不再啰嗦了,具体的理论可以参考:ViBe是⼀种像素级的背景建模、前景检测算法,该算法主要不同之处是背景模型的更新策略,随机选择需要替换的像素的样本,随机选择邻域像素进⾏更新。
在⽆法确定像素变化的模型时,随机的更新策略,在⼀定程度上可以模拟像素变化的不确定性。
背景模型的初始化 初始化是建⽴背景模型的过程,⼀般的检测算法需要⼀定长度的视频序列学习完成,影响了检测的实时性,⽽且当视频画⾯突然变化时,重新学习背景模型需要较长时间。
ViBe算法主要是利⽤单帧视频序列初始化背景模型,对于⼀个像素点,结合相邻像素点拥有相近像素值的空间分布特性,随机的选择它的邻域点的像素值作为它的模型样本值。
优点:不仅减少了背景模型建⽴的过程,还可以处理背景突然变化的情况,当检测到背景突然变化明显时,只需要舍弃原始的模型,重新利⽤变化后的⾸帧图像建⽴背景模型。
缺点:由于可能采⽤了运动物体的像素初始化样本集,容易引⼊拖影(Ghost)区域。
基于Vi Be的车流量统计算法
基于Vi Be的车流量统计算法【摘要】基于Vi Be的车流量统计算法在交通领域有着重要的应用价值。
本文首先介绍了Vi Be算法的概述,然后探讨了该算法在车流量统计中的应用及其优势。
还深入讨论了Vi Be算法存在的不足之处,并提出了改进基于Vi Be的车流量统计算法的思路。
结合前人研究成果,展望了基于Vi Be的车流量统计算法的前景,总结了本文的研究工作,并展望未来研究方向。
通过本文的研究,将有助于提高车流量统计的准确性和效率,为交通管理提供更多有力的支持。
【关键词】车流量统计算法, Vi Be算法, 优势, 不足, 改进, 前景, 研究工作, 研究方向, 引言, 正文, 结论.1. 引言1.1 研究背景车流量统计是城市交通管理和规划的重要组成部分。
随着城市化进程的不断加快,城市交通拥堵已经成为人们生活中的一个普遍问题。
准确地监测和统计车流量对于改善交通拥堵、提高道路通行效率、优化交通规划具有至关重要的意义。
传统的车流量统计方法主要依靠人工收集数据或使用传感器设备,但这些方法存在着很多问题,比如数据采集效率低、成本高昂、数据精度无法得到保障等。
研究如何利用先进的计算机视觉技术来实现车流量统计就显得尤为重要。
在这样的背景下,基于Vi Be的车流量统计算法应运而生。
Vi Be 算法是一种基于背景差分的运动目标检测算法,具有简单、稳健、高效的特点。
通过将Vi Be算法应用于车流量统计中,可以实现对车辆的自动检测和跟踪,提高数据采集效率,减少人力成本,提高数据处理精度。
本文旨在深入探讨基于Vi Be的车流量统计算法,分析其应用和优势,同时针对其不足之处提出改进方案,为未来的交通管理工作提供参考和借鉴。
1.2 研究意义车流量统计一直是交通管理和规划领域中的重要问题,通过准确统计车辆数量和流量情况,可以帮助交通部门更好地制定交通政策和优化交通网络。
而随着智慧城市和智能交通技术的发展,基于视频监控的车流量统计算法也得到了广泛的应用。
ViBe介绍
ViBe: A Universal Background Subtraction Algorithm for Video Sequences(一个视频序列通用的背景减法算法)ViBe是一种像素级视频背景建模或前景检测的算法,效果优于所熟知的几种算法,对硬件内存占用也少。
算法的主要优势:内存占用少,一个像素需要作一次比较,占用一个字节的内存;无参数法;可直接应用在产品中,软硬件兼容性好;性能优于混合高斯,参数化方法,SACON等;像素级算法,视频处理中的预处理关键步骤;背景模型及时初始化;具有较好的抗噪能力。
背景差方法实现运动物体检测面临的挑战主要有:必须适应环境的变化(比如光照的变化造成图像色度的变化);相机抖动引起画面的抖动(比如手持相机拍照时候的移动);图像中密集出现的物体(比如树叶或树干等密集出现的物体,要正确的检测出来);必须能够正确的检测出背景物体的改变(比如新停下的车必须及时的归为背景物体,而有静止开始移动的物体也需要及时的检测出来)。
物体检测中往往会出现Ghost区域,Ghost区域也就是指当一个原本静止的物体开始运动,背静差检测算法可能会将原来该物体所覆盖的区域错误的检测为运动的,这块区域就成为Ghost,当然原来运动的物体变为静止的也会引入Ghost区域,Ghost区域在检测中必须被尽快的消除。
一个Ghost区域的实例如图Fig.1,在图中可以发现相比于原图,检测的结果中错误的多出现了两个人的形状,这就是Ghost。
ViBe算法详解:ViBe检测方法ViBe是本篇论文中所提出的一个检测方法,相比于其他方法它有很多的不同和优点。
具体的思想就是为每个像素点存储了一个样本集,样本集中采样值就是该像素点过去的像素值和其邻居点的像素值,然后将每一个新的像素值和样本集进行比较来判断是否属于背景点。
该模型主要包括三个方面:模型的工作原理;模型的初始化方法;模型的更新策略。
模型的工作原理背景物体就是指静止的或是非常缓慢的移动的物体,而前景物体就对应移动的物体。
vibe 背景减法
2)REVIEW OF OTHER ALGORITHMS
Strategies
像素点之间相互独立
Disadvantage
像素点扰动错误分类
背景像素点周围的块在一定时间内具有相似 的变化
1周边像素属于其它物体 2N*N的Block就是一个N平方元 素的向量问题
principal component analysis(PCA)
3)Adapted distance measure and thresholding
Distance measure: 普通的颜色距离公式在阴暗环 境中效果不好 区分颜色匹配和光线匹配 Ideal: background pixel values lie along the principal axis of the codeword along with the low and high bound of brightness, since the variation is mainly due to brightness. 背景像素值位于一起 的低和高亮度约束,因为沿主轴线的码字的变化 主要是因于亮度。
新的样本值应该更新到背景模型当中但是旧的样本值不一定要被替换和机械性质的替换掉旧样本值不同我们通过统一的概率密度函数随机挑选一个样本进行替换经过一次更新之后模型中一个样本被保留下来的概率为
ViBe: A Universal Background Subtraction Algorithm for Video Sequences; ViBe+:Improvement for ViBe
缺乏随时间更新的机制
……
……
∑-△motion detection filter:
英语口语:如何安慰他人
安慰他人一.重点词汇1.Blame v. 责怪2.Thought n. 想法3.Fault n. 错误4.Vibe n. 情绪5.Negativity n. 消极二.实用主题句1.Don't blame yourself.不要怪自己。
2.Don't give it another thought.不要多想了。
3.It's not your fault.这不是你的错。
4.Don't get upset about it.别生气了。
5.This happens to people.这是常有的事。
6.All vibes are welcome here.有什么情绪都是正常的,你什么都能跟我说。
7.What is with all the negativity?怎么突然这么消极了?三.内容精讲1. Don’t blame yourself. 不要怪自己。
Don’t + do something明明错误和自己无关,却总觉得自己有错,这样的情况相信在大家的身上都发生过。
当他人陷入这种自责的情绪时,我们就可以用这句来安慰。
例如:A: I should have never done that. 我不应该那么做。
B: Don’t blame yourself. 不要怪自己了。
更多表达:我们面对面劝他人“不要做某事”时,也可以用这个句型。
例如:Don’t go there. 别去那儿。
Don’t give up. 别放弃。
表达“不要责怪某人”时,同样要用到这个句型。
例如:Don’t blame him. 别怪他。
Don’t blame them. 别怪他们。
注意:当表达责怪他人(而不是“你”)时,后面的人称代词需要用宾格形式。
发音:重读don’t,强调“不要”。
2. Don’t give it another thought. 不要多想了。
当我们陷入自责情绪时,总会多想,然后自己开始钻牛角尖。
VIBE POWERBOX5000.1P-V0 POWERBOX 5000.1 PRO POWERB
POWERBOX5000.1P-V0POWERBOX 5000.1 PROPOWERBOX3000.1P-V0POWERBOX 3000.1 PROPOWERBOX1500.1P-V0POWERBOX 1500.1 PROOwners ManualAttentionWarningCongratulations on purchasing your VIBE amplifier. Please read this manual in order to fully understand how to get the best results from this product and ensure that all advice on how to look after the product is followed.Thank you for buying VIBE, we hope you enjoy listening to your product as much as we enjoyed creating it.During the normal use of this amplifier the heatsink may become very hot.Please do not touch during or immediately after use.Please ensure that when installing this product the heatsink will not come into contact with any materials that may be damaged by heat such as upholstery or plastics.An aftermarket audio amplifier will place an additional load on the vehicles charging system.Most modern vehicles have sufficient capacity in the charging system as not all the electrical components of the vehicle will be switched on at once.Check the fuse rating of the amplifier and use this as the peak current requirement.Generally the continuous current draw will be a third of the peak current.Limited WarrantyAll VIBE products carry a full 12 month warranty, valid from the date of the original receipt and proof of purchase. The online warranty card should be completed within seven days of the original purchase date. The original receipt and packaging should be retained for this twelve month period. If the product develops a problem any stage during the warranty period, it should be returned to the point of purchase in it’s original packaging, and complete with no items missing. If the store is unable to repair the product it may have to be returned to VIBE.A full description of VIBE’s warranty information can be found on our website: What Is Not Covered• Damage to product due to improper installation.• Subsequent damage to other components.• Damage caused by exposure to moisture, excessive heat, chemical cleaners and / or UVradiation.• Damage through negligence, misuse, accident or abuse. Repeated returns for the same fault may be considered abuse.• Any cost or expense related to the removal and / or re-installation of the product.• Damage caused by amplifier clipping or distortion.• Items repaired or modified by any unauthorised repair facility.• Return shipping on non defective items.• Products returned without a returns authorisation number.• Damage to product due to use of sealant.International WarrantyContact your international VIBE dealer or distributor concerning specific procedure for your country’s warranty policies. /warrantyWarningVIBE equipment is capable of sound pressure levels that can cause permanent damage to your hearing and those around you. Please use common sense when listening to your audio system and practice safe sound.CopyrightAll content included in this manual such as text, graphics, logos, icons, images and data, are the property of Midbass Distribution Limited t/a VIBE Technologies Limited (herein referred to as “VIBE”, “us” or “we”) and its affiliate or their content and technology providers, and are protected by United Kingdom and International copyright laws. All rights reserved. VIBE TV, VIBE Arcade, Bass Box, Optisound, Cinesound, BlackAir, BlackBox, Space, LiteAir, SLICK, BlackDeath, Bubonic, Reaper, Anti-VIBE, FastPlug, BlackHole, QB69, VIBE Turbo Port, Vibe TurboVent, Pressure Board, Super Driver, VIBE Pulse, VIBE Power, VIBE Digital, VIBE MAG Plugs, Ferrite Loaded, VIBE Solid Core, VIBE OCC, VIBE FLAT, ICC, Bass Enhance, Bass Enhance+, QBass, SpeedBass, PowerBass, N-Wedge, Box Grip, ARBSS, Supercar Series and all stylised representations of product names, or the abbreviations of product names, as logos are all trademarks of VIBE. Graphics and logos are trademarks or trade dress of VIBE Technologies Ltd or its subsidiaries. VIBE’s trademarks and trade dress may not be used in connection with any product or service that is not VIBE’s, in any manner that is likely to cause confusion among customers or in any manner that disparages or discredits VIBE. All other trademarks not owned by VIBE or its subsidiaries that appear in this manual are the property of their respective owners, who may or may not be affiliated with, connected to, or sponsored by VIBE or its subsidiaries.TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED AT LAW, VIBE IS PROVIDING THIS MANUAL AND ITS CONTENT ON AN “AS IS” BASIS AND MAKESNO (AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL) REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS MANUAL OR THE INFORMATION, CONTENT, MATERIALS OR PRODUCTS INCLUDED IN THIS MANUAL INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN ADDITION, VIBE DOES NOT REPRESENT OR WARRANT THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL IS COMPLETE OR CURRENT, AND THAT ALL SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. VIBE RECOMMEND CAUTION WHEN LISTENING TO MUSIC REPRODUCED THROUGH VIBE EQUIPMENT. VIBE EQUIPMENT IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING SOUND AND SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS THAT CAN PERMANENTLY DAMAGE HEARING OF YOU AND THAT OF OTHERS. FOR SAFE AND ENJOYABLE LISTENING, THE SOUND SHOULD BE CLEAR WITHOUT DISTORTION AT A COMFORTABLE VOLUME. BY USING ANY VIBE EQUIPMENT, YOU AGREE TO TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR YOUR OWN SAFETY AND THE SAFETY OF OTHERS WHEN LISTENING TO MUSIC AT HIGH VOLUMES THROUGH EQUIPMENT YOU HAVE PURCHASED. USE OF ANY VIBE EQUIPMENT CONSTITUTES AGREEMENT TO THIS DISCLAIMER. Except as specifically stated in this manual, to the fullest extent permitted at law, neither VIBE nor any of its affiliates, directors, employees or other representatives will be liable for damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this manual or the information, content, materials or products included. This is a comprehensive limitation of liability that applies to all damages of any kind, including (without limitation) compensatory, direct, indirect or consequential damages, loss of data, income or profit, loss of or damage to property and claims of third parties. For the avoidance of doubt, VIBE does not limit its liability for death or personal injury to the extent only that it arises as a result of negligence of VIBE, its affiliates, directors, employees or other representatives.will eventually damage the amplifier.Power CableGround CableRCA Cables• At least 8 gauge cable should be used for the ground connection to the amplifier.• The amplifier ground should be connected directly to the chassis of the vehicle, to bare metal.• The cable length should be kept to an absolute minimum.• It is not recommended that you connect the ground cable to the vehicles seatbelts anchor point.• At least 8 gauge cable should be used for the power connection to the amplifier.• The power cable should be taken directly from the battery. Rubber grommets should be used when passing through any bulkheads to prevent the cable from becoming chaffed or cut.• It is vital that a fuse / circuit breaker (of at least equal value to the one fitted in the amplifier) is placed inline with the power cable and is no further than 18 inches away from the battery.• Please ensure that the fuse is not fitted until the entire installation procedure is complete.• Depending on the model of your headunit and the number of speakers youwish to power you will have to run either one, two or three RCA cables from the source to the amplifier.• Please take extra care when running these cables from the source to the amplifier. Ensure that they are placed away from all items that can generate any interference, wiring harnesses etc.• It is recommended that the RCA cables should be run on opposite sides of the car to the previously installed power cables if possible, to avoid the cable picking up interference.This control is used to set the LPF crossover frequency for the amplifier. The frequency is adjustable between 50Hz and 20kHz.4. Gain controlThis control is used to match the input signal of the source to the amplifier. See the setup section1ΩTo correctly set the gain control of the amplifier to match that of the source (headunit) use the following setup routine:Turn the gain control to minimum on the amplifier.Ensure the bass boost is set to 0 dB.On the headunit set all crossovers (if applicable) to flat and both bass and treble to zero.Turn up the source (headunit) to approx 3/4 volume.Very slowly turn up the gain on the amplifier until distortion can be heard in any of the subwoofers or until the volume reaches an uncomfortable listening level when this is reached turn down the gain control slightly.The gain control is now set.The setting of the crossover will depend on what kind of speaker you are installing.For a subwoofer it is recommended that the crossover is set to Low Pass and the frequency is set to match that of the speakers specifications, or your preferred frequency - this is usually about 60 - 120Hz.Note:By using the crossovers correctly you will not only lengthen the life of your speakers but you will also get better performance from them.To optimise your setup seek the advice of a professional installation engineer or visit your local VIBE audio dealer.Set Up SectionSpecificationModel POWERBOX1500.1P-V0POWERBOX3000.1P-V0POWERBOX5000.1P-V0 Configuration Full range Monoblock Full range Monoblock Full range MonoblockDimensions (H x W x D)2.6” x 6.8” x 9.2”(66 x 172 x 233mm)2.6” x 8.3” x 9.2”(66 x 210 x 233mm)2.6” x 11.4” x 9.2”(66 x 290 x 233mm)RMS @ 4Ω400 watts1100 watts1900 wattsRMS @ 2Ω650 watts2050 watts3300 wattsRMS @ 1Ω1500 watts3300 watts5200 watts Maximum Power3000 watts6600 watts10,400 watts Frequency Response15Hz - 50kHz15Hz - 50kHz15Hz - 50kHz Crossover Type LP / HP / Flat LP / HP / Flat LP / HP / FlatLP Crossover range80Hz - 20kHz80Hz - 20kHz80Hz - 20kHzHP Crossover Range15Hz - 80Hz15Hz - 80Hz15Hz - 80Hz Topology Full Range Class D Full Range Class D Full Range Class DFor international technical support please contact the distribution agent for your country.Please visit for more details.International Technical EnquiriesNotes :11 Notes :ww ww ww ww /vibeaudio /vibeaudio /vibecaraudioDesigned and engineered in England。
磁共振3D—TOF与VIBE序列对三叉神经痛的诊断价值
磁共振3D—TOF与VIBE序列对三叉神经痛的诊断价值作者:党计锋王伟霞赵埴飚潘兴利贾耀来源:《中外医疗》2016年第09期[摘要] 目的探讨磁共振三维时间飞跃法扫描序列(3D-TOF)与容积内插屏气扫描序列(VIBE序列)对三叉神经痛(trigeminal neuralgia,TN)的诊断价值。
方法在该院2012年1月—2014年10月纳入96例确诊为三叉神经痛的患者,并采用3D-TOF序列与VIBE序列大、小体素模式对患者进行扫描,记录患者三叉神经周围的血管数目,计算并分析患者的SNR (图像信号噪声比)和CNR(对比噪声比)。
结果3D-TOF序列及VIBE序列直观地呈现了原始图像中难以明确判断的血管的走向及血管压迫与患者症状的关系,96例患者中,24例患者进行了手术治疗,其中,12例患者的责任血管位于右侧小脑的上动脉,9例患者位于小脑前的下动脉,3例患者位于右侧的小脑的上动脉桥静脉及前下动脉,且三叉神经存在血管压迫或接触90例,与周围血管无压迫或接触6例,阳性率为94%,同时,经3D-TOF序列扫描显示血管的数目少于VIBE序列扫描显示的数目, VIBE序列高于3D-TOF序列。
结论联合3D-TOF序列与VIBE序列可克服两种序列的缺点,提高神经血管的成像速度并明确分辨出不同大小和血流速度的责任动脉,对三叉神经痛的诊断具有较好的临床意义。
[关键词] 3D-TOF序列;VIBE序列;三叉神经痛;SNR;CNR[中图分类号] R745.11 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-0742(2016)03(c)-0186-03Value of Magnetic Resonance 3D-TOF Sequence and VIBE Sequence in Diagnosis of ProsopalgiaDANG Ji-feng, WANG Wei-xia, ZHAO Zhi-biao, PAN Xing-li, JIA YaoMRI Room, Zoucheng General Hospital of Yankuang Group, Zoucheng, Shandong Province, 273500 China[Abstract] Objective To discuss the value of magnetic resonance 3D-TOF sequence and VIBE sequence in diagnosis of prosopalgia. Methods 96 cases of patients with prosopalgia diagnosed in our hospital from January 2012 to October 2014 were scanned by large and small voxel models of 3D-TOF sequence and VIBE sequence, the trifacial nerve peripheral blood vessel number of the patients was recorded, the SNR (signal/noise ratio) and CNR (contrast noise ratio) of the patients were calculated and analyzed. Results The 3D-TOF sequence and VIBE sequence visually presented the vascular trend that was hard to definitely determine in the original image and the relationship between perstriction and symptoms of patients, in the 96 cases of patients, 24 cases were treated with operation, among them, the offending vessel lying in anterior cerebeller artery on the right sidewas in 12 cases, lying in anterior inferior cerebellar artery was in 9 cases, lying in the bridging vein of anterior cerebeller artery on the right side and anterior inferior cerebellar artery was in 3 cases, perstriction or contact in trifacial nerve was in 90 cases, non-perstriction or contact with the peripheral blood vessel was in 6 cases, and the positive rate was 94%, at the same time, the blood vessel number showed by 3D-TOF sequence scanning was fewer than that showed by VIBE sequence scanning. Conclusion The 3D-TOF sequence and VIBE sequence can overcome the shortcomings of these two sequences, improve the image taking speed of nerve and blood vessel and definitely distinguish the offending vessels of different sizes and blood flow rates, and it is of better clinical significance for the diagnosis of prosopalgia.[Key words] 3D-TOF sequence; VIBE sequence; Prosopalgia; SNR; CNRTN是原发性三叉神经痛的简称,是由单条或多条责任血管压迫三叉神经的根部引起的,也是较常见的脑神经痛,其临床症状主要表现为分布区内短暂性反复发作性的刀割样或灼烧样剧痛[1]。
融合改进的三帧差分和ViBe 算法的运动目标检测
2020,56(13)1引言运动物体检测[1](前景检测),即在视频中识别运动目标(前景)和相对静态部分(背景)的过程。
它是运动分析、视频监控的关键步骤,也是最基础和重要的步骤。
常见的检测算法有背景减法、帧差法和光流法等。
背景减法[2-4]是先建立背景模型,当前帧减去背景模型即⦾图形图像处理⦾融合改进的三帧差分和ViBe 算法的运动目标检测王春丹1,谢红薇1,李亚旋1,张昊21.太原理工大学软件学院,太原0300242.太原理工大学信息与计算机学院,太原030024摘要:针对ViBe 算法在相机抖动和树叶晃动的动态背景下,出现的误检率高和准确度低的问题,提出一种改进的ViBe 算法。
该算法选取多帧使用基于Canny 的三帧差分改进算法进行背景建模;在背景模型更新时根据背景复杂程度设置调整因子,调整阈值和背景模型更新率适应动态背景的检测;为提高检测目标的完整性,改进的ViBe 算法得到的前景目标,与三帧差分算法结合并且进行形态学处理完成对运动目标的提取。
实验结果表明,改进的算法在树枝晃动、相机抖动的复杂背景下,检测目标的准确度和完整性提高了。
关键词:运动目标检测;ViBe 算法;三帧差分法;Canny ;自适应阈值文献标志码:A 中图分类号:TP391doi :10.3778/j.issn.1002-8331.1906-0105王春丹,谢红薇,李亚旋,等.融合改进的三帧差分和ViBe 算法的运动目标检测.计算机工程与应用,2020,56(13):199-203.WANG Chundan,XIE Hongwei,LI Yaxuan,et al.Motion object detection with improved three-frame difference and ViBe puter Engineering and Applications,2020,56(13):199-203.Motion Object Detection with Improved Three-Frame Difference and ViBe AlgorithmWANGChundan 1,XIE Hongwei 1,LI Yaxuan 1,ZHANG Hao 21.College of software,Taiyuan University of Technology,Taiyuan 030024,China2.College of Information and Computer,Taiyuan University of Technology,Taiyuan 030024,ChinaAbstract :Aiming at dynamic background of camera of camera shake and leaf sway in ViBe algorithm,an improved ViBe algorithm is proposed with high false detection rate and low accuracy,which firstly selects multiple frames by using Canny-based three-frame difference improvement algorithm for background modeling.The background model is updatecd,and the adjustment factor is set according to the background complexity,and then the adjustment threshold and the background model update rate are adapted to dynamic background detection.In order to improve target detection integrity,the three-frame difference algorithm is combined with morphological processing.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves accuracy and integrity of target detection under complex background of branch shaking and camera shake.Key words :motion object detection;ViBe algorithm;three-frame difference method;Canny;self-adaptive threshold 基金项目:国家自然科学基金(No.61702356);山西省基础研究计划项目(No.201801D121143)。
Eni-Vibe 使用快速入门指南说明书
ENI-VIBE ™ Configuration:Refer to the Operating Guide for comprehensive instructions for various scenarios. One scenario is outlined below:1.Before data recording can begin, a configuration file must be created on the Micro-SD ® card. To create the configuration file, insert the Micro-SD ® card into PC via Micro-SD ® card slot or external Micro-SD ® carddevice reader, open the Eni-Vibe™ Analysis Software Toolkit and select the SD card drive.a. Open the Eni-Vibe™ software and click the Create Configuration File tabb. Go to the File Explorer window and locate the SD Card Drive. Clickandnavigate to the Eni-Vibe™ drive. Click Select Folder. c. Click and the formatting confirmation window willappear (See image on the right) Click OK.NOTE: For the purposes of this quick start guide, default setting values will be used. Fordetails on selecting different value settings, refer to the Operating Guide.d. Click at the bottom of the screen and select Current Folder . You can verify the presence of the configuration file by opening your File Explorer window; it will be listed inthe Eni-Vibe™ drive.2. After creating the configuration file, remove the Micro-SD ® card and insert into the Eni-Vibe™ deviceNOTE: Ensure the Eni-Vibe™ is powered off before inserting Micro-SD ® card to avoid file corruption.ENI-VIBE ™ Data Collection:1. To turn on the device, press the Power button2. The Check/Ready light will blink to indicate the presence of the Micro-SD ® card and the configuration file that was just created3. Once the device is satisfied with setup requirements, the Recording Status is ready when the light turns green shortly after the Check/Ready light flashes.NOTE: If Recording Status is not flashing, refer to the Operating Guide for troubleshootinga. To start recording, press the Record button. The Recording Status light will turn orange.4. To stop recording, press the Record button again5. The device will then save the current file and the Recording Status light will turn green to indicate that the device is ready to record the next file6. To turn off the device, press the Power buttonENI-VIBE ™ Data Transfer to Enidine:1. To view the data, eject the Micro-SD ® card from the device and insert into the computer.2. Open the folder, drag and drop the data file into an email, and send to ***************************. 818-700-7818 ***************ENI-VIBE ®ENI-VIBE ™Software:1. Visit the Dytran website and select Products > Advanced Sensing > Express Data Acquisition2. Select desired series (4400) and scroll down to More Details . Click link under Software Download and download .zip file to the PC.3. Run the setup.exe file. Once completed, a Vibracorder™ icon will appear on the desktop.View ENI-VIBE ™ Data: 1. To view the data, eject the Micro-SD ® card from the device and insert into the computer2. In the Eni-Vibe™ Analysis Software Toolkit, click the Read Vibracorder Data tab, then clickand select the file. If you want to view various files at once, use thebu tton .3. In order to analyze a data clip, select the boundaries of the data you want to analyze by using the axis cursors. If cursors are not visible, clickto re-centercursor locations. 4. Once the data clip is selected, click. The Data Analysis tab will open automatically.Analysis:The analysis tools are on the right side of the screen(refer to the Operating Guide for more details onh o w to use these tools)818-700-7818 ***************ENI-VIBE ®。
进口成人用品常见英语单词
进口成人用品常见英语单词功能特性延时Delay持久Lasting缩阴Tighten唤醒Arousal有刺痛感Tingly迷你Mini自慰器Masturbator无线Wireless防水WaterProof膏Cream凝胶Gel按摩油Oil增大Enlargement后庭Anal水溶性Water-Based 或H2O热感Warming冰感Cool润滑液Lubricant (简称Lube)成人Adult玩具Toy费洛蒙Pheromone有机的Organic按摩棒Vibrator震动棒Vibe蜡烛Candle按摩油Massage Oil伸缩Up and down阴蒂Clit拉珠Bead前列腺ProstateG点G-Spot阴道Vagina阳具Penis 或dildos跳蛋Bullet后庭塞Plug双重Duo远程Remote丝绒光滑VelVet柔软的Soft材料Material新品New充气娃娃doll情趣内衣lingerie丝袜silk丰胸breast蝴蝶butterfly使用人群男人Man男性Male 或Him女人Women女性Female 或Her女同Lesbian男同Gay材质成分硅胶Silicone无毒软胶TPR虚拟肤质Skin塑胶Plastic产地Made in China 中国Made in USA 美国Made in TaiWan 台湾Made in Hong Kong 香港Made in Japan 日本。
vibe的用法
vibe的用法Vibe这个词已经成为现代社交媒体时代中流行的术语之一。
它描述了人们在某个特定环境中感受到的氛围或情绪。
通过使用vibe,人们可以更好地理解并参与到不同活动和场所中去。
本文将介绍vibe的定义、用途和如何感知和传达vibe,以及在不同环境下利用vibe带来的益处。
一、什么是vibe?Vibe(音译“空气感”)指的是人们对于某个地方、事件或群体所产生的情绪或氛围的感知。
它是难以具体定义却深刻而真实存在的东西。
无论是聚会、酒吧、音乐节,还是工作场所等,每个地方都有其独特的vibe,从而影响人们的情绪和互动方式。
二、如何感知和传达vibe?1. 感知vibe:要想感知到一个地方或事件的vibe,需要多观察、倾听和敏锐地捕捉环境中微妙的氛围变化。
这可能包括场所内外部分发出的声音、颜色搭配、布局设计、人们穿着打扮等方面。
同时,人们还可以依靠直觉来感知vibe。
2. 传达vibe:一旦感知到了vibe,人们可以通过各种方式将其传达给他人。
社交媒体平台是最常见的传达vibe的渠道之一,人们可以通过文字、照片、表情符号等多种形式来分享他们所体验到的vibe。
另外,音乐、电影等艺术形式也是传达和呈现vibe的重要手段。
三、在不同环境中利用vibe带来的益处1. 促进互动和交流:每个地方都有其独特的vibe,它能够吸引具有相似兴趣和情绪状态的人聚集在一起。
比如,在音乐节上,人们共同享受音乐所带来的狂喜和激情;而在工作场所中,积极向上的vibe能够促进团队合作和创造力。
2. 提升活动或场所魅力:一个拥有积极向上和愉快氛围的地方往往更容易吸引人们前往,并获得正面口碑。
比如,在一家餐厅中,优质食物、舒适环境和热情服务相结合,能够创造出令人愉悦的用餐体验,从而吸引更多顾客。
3. 改善个人情绪:当身处一个充满活力和积极的vibe的环境中时,人们往往会因此感到更加快乐和满足。
比如,在一个音乐会上,欢快的音乐和大家共同跳动的节奏会让人感到振奋和愉悦。
基于融合帧间差的改进Vibe方法
基于融合帧间差的改进Vibe方法赵光明;韩光;李晓飞;车少帅;刘浏【期刊名称】《计算机技术与发展》【年(卷),期】2015(000)003【摘要】Vibe ( Visual background extractor) algorithm runs very quickly and can restrain the impact of noise,but it does has flaws. For example,the several classical related papers didn't propose the efficient method to remove shadows,and couldn’ t remove the"ghost" ar-eas quickly. On the issues mentioned above,propose an improved Vibe algorithm based on fusing frame differential method. Using a new frame differential method,it gives two improvements. On the one hand,a new way to detect and remove the shadow using the brightness information only in gray space is proposed. On the other hand,it can remove the "ghost" area quickly,via using the frame differential feature skillfully,means doing "And" operation between the two kinds of background images. Finally,improve the result with morpho-logical method and show the result of experimental verification. The results show that this improved method does remove the shadows well and remove the "ghost" well. Besides it improves the reliability and accuracy of the detection from the practicaleffect.%Vibe( Visual background extractor,视觉背景提取)算法速度快,能有效抑制噪声,但是也有缺陷,比如无法有效去除运动目标阴影,且不能快速去除“鬼影”区域。
磁共振序列的命名及名称(不同厂家之间的序列名)(一)
磁共振序列的命名及名称(不同厂家之间的序列名)(一)在使用磁共振成像,或者做科研,或者设计新成像方法的时候,我们离不开一个词,叫:序列。
那么什么是磁共振的序列呢?在磁共振成像中,我们会首先利用射频脉冲RF激发成像区域,利用梯度场的产生及切换来进行每个质子的空间定位,再利用采集信号系统来采集磁共振信号,最后使用傅里叶变换及后处理等重建系统来重建图像。
一、序列的概述序列就是:射频脉冲,梯度场和信号采集时间等相关各参数及其在时序上的排列组合。
不同的组合,产生不同的序列,达到不同的图像权重(对比度)效果。
一般的脉冲序列由五部分构成,即:射频脉冲,层面选择梯度(如果是3D序列则是范围选择梯度),相位编码梯度(如果是3D序列,就有两个方向的相位编码梯度),频率编码梯度,MR信号。
图1:一个典型的脉冲序列图,由五部分主要内容构成。
二、序列的名称了解了序列的一些基本概念后,我们日常磁共振工作中,肯定会跟各种序列打交道。
既然是不同序列,就有不同的名称。
目前,由于制造商不同、序列设计理念差异、序列名称命名规则、版权等问题,序列的名字名称并不统一。
大家使用不同的磁共振设备,序列名称并不相同,甚至是千差万别,这样的话对于才使用磁共振的初学者容易造成混淆及模糊。
图2:不同的主要磁共振制造商序列名字的不同图3:不同的主要制造商参数名称的差异磁共振序列的名称当然不是胡乱命名,也有很多磁共振的国际学术团体及组织对一些序列名称经过讨论来最终确定。
但是鉴于磁共振序列的开发灵活性,各制造商之间的差异性以及设计序列人员及机构的版权性,目前磁共振序列的名称还是比较杂乱的。
一个新的磁共振序列如何命名并无明显的规则,但是大体上遵循两点: 1.符合这个序列的特点及物理原则或者作用; 2.名字叫得响亮,便于宣传(这一点体现在不同制造商的序列取名)。
比如:三维容积内插快速扰相T1WI梯度回波序列。
Philips(荷兰皇家飞利浦),GE(美国通用),Siemens(德国西门子)三家都有这个序列。
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GMM:
建模方法是记录每个像素点在不同时间的值,这些值组成 了混合高斯模型的权重。这种背景像素模型能处理实际场 所中遇到的多模的自然场景,在重复的运动背景情况下, 如:树叶树枝等,处理的结果很好。
Disadvantage:1)计算代价较大 2)如果背景高低频变化频繁,算法的敏感度不能精确调 节,模型不能与目标相适应,故高频目标可能损失 3)要注意到自然图像很多其实并非是高斯模型
3)DESCRIPTION OF VIBE
Three considerations: 1) 模型是什么,如何判别前景背景 2) 模型的初始化问题 3)模型的更新问题
1) Pixel Model and Classification Process
Ideal: 已经观测到的像素值再次出现的可能性比没 出现过的高很多 classification: 非参数聚类
3)Adapted distance measure and thresholding
Distance measure: 普通的颜色距离公式在阴暗环 境中效果不好 区分颜色匹配和光线匹配 Ideal: background pixel values lie along the principal axis of the codeword along with the low and high bound of brightness, since the variation is mainly due to brightness. 背景像素值位于一起 的低和高亮度约束,因为沿主轴线的码字的变化 主要是因于亮度。
Codebook algorithm:
像素表现为codebook,它是由一个长的图像序列的背景模 型的压缩形式。每个codebook由codeword组成,codeword 包含了创新的颜色变换矩阵所表示的颜色变换。
Disadvantage :其更新机制并不允许创建一个新的电报密 码本,这在背景的不变结构部分发生变化时可能出问题 (如:室外场景中的免费停车场)。
将前景块中小于等于50个像素点的背景块判定为 前景且不更新,这可以限制一些前景块中错误分 类为背景的点的出现
Inhibition of propagation
it is not always suitable to suppress static objects; it is not appropriate for static objects when users want to keep static objects over time. Compute the gradient on the inner border of background blobs and inhibit the propagation process when the gradient (rescaled to the [0; 255] interval) is larger than 50. This avoids that background values cross object borders. inhibition process slows down the propagation process of background seeds in the foreground object.
Threshold
use a threshold in relation to the samples in the model for a better handling of camouflaged foreground.为了更好处理伪装前景,用一个和模 型中的样本相关联的阈值 we compute the standard deviation σm of the samples of a model and define a matching threshold as 0.5 * σm bounded to the [20, 40] interval.我们计算一个模型的样本的标准偏差σm, 并定义一个匹配的阈值电压为0.5 *σm凑整至[20, 40]区间。
Past update policy disadvantage
保守式更新
属于前景的像素值永远 不能计入背景模型中
产生永久的ghost
盲人更新
无论是否属于背景,样 缓慢运动目标无法检测 本都会计入背景模型中 出来
Author’s update method: 1) a memoryless update policy 2) a random time subsampling 3) Spatial Consistency Through Background Samples Propagation
ViBe: 一种通用的视频背景提 取算法
王倩
主要内容
1) INTRODUCTION 2) REVIEW OF BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION
ALGORITHMS 3) DESCRIPTION OF VIBE a. classification b. Initialization c. update 4) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 5) THE IMPROVEMENT OF VIBE:VIBE+
2)REVIEW OF OTHER ALGORITHMS
Strategies
像素点之间相互独立
Disadvantage
像素点扰动错误分类
背景像素点周围的块在一定时间内具有相似 的变化
1周边像素属于其它物体 2N*N的Block就是一个N平方元 素的向量问题
principal component analysis(PCA)
A. 参数确定 ф=16; R=20;
样本数N=20 #min=2
B. Comparison With Other Techniques
Байду номын сангаас
1) GMM 2) EGMM 3) Bayesian algorithm based upon histograms 4) codebook algorithm 5) the zipfian - estimator 6) Gaussian model 7) first-order low-pass filter
(a) Input image. (b) Ground-truth. (c) ViBe (RGB). (d) ViBe (gray). (e) Bayesian histogram. (f) Codebook. (g) EGMM [Zivkovic]. (h) GMM [Li etal.]. (i) Gaussian model. (j) First-order filter. (k) Sigma-Delta Z.
1)INTRODUCTION
Goal:
自动检测,分割并且跟踪视频中的目标;
Concept: 通过用现在的图像去对比已知的观察图像(背景图像),该观 察图像不含有任何感兴趣的对象,是背景模型(或背景图像)。 这个对比过程被称为前景检测。 Problem Characteristics:
Ghost
ineffective for most practical situations(fast illumination
changes; motion changes ;high frequency background objects ;changes in the background geometry)
2) Background Model Initialization
Ideal: 邻居像素可以共享一个空间分布 第一帧时随机挑选周围几个像素点的像素值当做其 背景样本计入背景模型中
优点:1第二帧即可进行前景检测 2光源突变时,抛弃所有的样本值,可以立刻初始化 背景。
3)Updating the background model over time
Result
ViBe+ appears second in the “Average ranking across categories” column but first in the “Average ranking” and “Average precision” columns.
1
1
1
优点:1. 提高空间相关性,可以应对摄像头抖动; 1 2. 消除 ghost
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
TP: true positives FP: false positives TN: True negatives FN: false negatives percentage of correct classification PCC:
经过 dt 时间后:
2)Time Subsampling
Ideal: 没必要每一帧都更新一次背景模型.
a random subsampling policy time subsampling factorф; ф=16; 一个像素点在16次判为背景的情况下有一次机会更 新它的背景模型
根据一个像素对应的背景模型 M(x)来分类它的当 前像素值 V(x) 具体方法: 在欧氏颜色空间中以V(x)为球心画一 个球体SR(v(x)) ,统计在球内的背景模型样本点数