2015英语儿科名词解释

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儿科名解

儿科学名词解释1.生长growth：指随年龄的增加，身体各器官和系统的长大，主要表现为形态变化。

可以通过具体的测量值来表示，是量变。

2.发育development：是细胞、组织、器官功能上的分化与成熟，是质的变化。

3.脱水dehydration：由于水的摄入量不足和丢失过多引起的体液总量、尤其是细胞外液量的减少。

脱水时除水分丢失外同时伴有钠、钾和其他电解质的丢失。

4.液体疗法：是通过补充液体及电解质来纠正体液容量及成分的紊乱，以保持机体正常生理功能的一种治疗方法。

5.蛋白质-能量营养不良protein-energy malnutrition，PEM：是由于各种原因所致能量和（或）蛋白质缺乏的一种营养缺乏症，常伴有各种器官功能紊乱和其他营养素缺乏，主要见于3岁以下婴幼儿。

其临床上如以能量供应不足为主，表现为体重明显减轻、皮下脂肪减少者称为消瘦型；如以蛋白质供应不足为主，表现为水肿者称为水肿型；介于两者之间者为消瘦-水肿型。

6.体重低下underweight：体重低于同年龄、同性别参照人群值的均值减2SD以下为体重低下。

7.生长迟缓stunting：身长低于同年龄、同性别参照人群值的均值减2SD为生长迟缓。

8.消瘦wasting：体重低于同性别、同身高参照人群值的均值减2SD为消瘦。

9.小儿单纯性肥胖症obesity：是由于能量摄入长期超过人体的消耗，使体内脂肪过度积聚，体重超过了一定范围的一种慢性营养障碍性疾病。

10.肥胖-换氧不良综合症Pickwickian syndrome11.体质指数BMI：指体重和身高平方的比值，是评价肥胖的一种指标。

12.营养性维生素D缺乏性佝偻病rickets of vitamin D deficiency：是由于儿童体内维生素D不足引起钙磷代谢失常的一种全身慢性营养性疾病。

其主要特征为正在生长的长骨干骺端或骨组织矿化不全，或骨质软化症，多见于2岁以内婴幼儿。

13.维生素D缺乏性手足搐搦tetany of vitamin D deficiency：是由于维生素D缺乏至血中钙离子降低，而出现惊厥、手足肌肉抽搐或喉痉挛等神经肌肉兴奋性增高症状，多见于六月以下小婴儿。

儿科

37. 儿童结核病X线检查有哪些特点？
38. 如何预防结核病？
39. 小儿受结核感染后几周，结核菌素试验为阳性？阳性反应、阴性反应的临床意义是什么？
40. 试述儿童原发性结核病的临床特点。
41. 抗结核药的应用原则？
42.
问答题：
1、举例说明小儿生长发育的一般规律
2、评价体格生长的常用指标有哪些
29.acuteinfectiouslaryngitis急性感染性喉炎
30. Bronchitis 支气管炎
31.bronchiolitis 毛细支气血管炎
32. Pneumonia 肺炎
33.Tonsillitis 扁桃体炎
34. Asthmatic bronchitis 哮喘性支气管炎
实验室检查：血象正常；大便常规偶见WBC。
问题：
1.写出诊断及诊断依据。
2.应与那些疾病鉴别？
3.写出治疗原则。
病案分析2
．患儿，王轩，男，８个月，因腹泻三天，伴呕吐，于2009年11月2日入院。
患儿于三天前不明原因出现腹泻，大便黄稀，每天5~6次，量多，同时伴呕吐，非喷谢状，为胃内容物，量不多，发热，体温38度左右，曾到当地诊所治疗，输液２天，用过“阿莫西林”、“病毒唑”，“思密达”等。热退，呕吐好转。但腹泻加重，每天大便十多次，故来就诊。
21. 营养不良患儿最早出现的症状是什么？
22. 两种特殊上感的病原体是？
23. 肺炎有哪些共同临床表现？
24. 支气管肺炎与支气管炎鉴别的要点是什么？
25. 试述重症肺炎循环系统功能障碍的临床表现。
26. 试述毛细支气管炎的临床表现。
27. 试述支原体肺炎的特点。

儿科全英文名解(含中文注释)

儿科全英文名解（含中文注释）鸣谢两位美丽可爱的童鞋：黑天鹅和(ಡωಡ)第二章：生长发育1.Physiological loss of body weight（生理性体重下降）The body weight of the infant declines to the lowest point 5-6 days after delivery, resulting from the fluid loss after birth. The body weight of the infant can recover to the birth weight 7-10days later.2.Neonate(新生儿):From birth to 28 days after birth.3.Perinatal period（围产期）:From 28 gestational weeks to 7 days after birth. 第三章：儿童疾病诊治原则1.Hypotonic dehydration低渗性脱水Hypotonic dehydration is usually due to a combination of sodium and water loss and water retention（保留） to compensate for the volume depletion, witha sodium concentration less than 130mmol/L.2.Isotonic dehydration 等渗性脱水isotonic dehydration usually due to a combination of sodium and water loss with the normal proportion, the fluid lost is mainly composed of extra cellular fluid, with a sodium concentration between 130mmol/l and 150mmol/l.第四章：营养与营养障碍疾病1.Underweight体重低下Body weight be lower than normal mean weight -for-age minus（减去）two standard deviations （标准差），the same sex (moderate 中度:means -3sD to means -2SD,severe重度：body weight <-3SD ) this index indicated （指示）that the children has acute or chronic malnutrition （急慢性营养不良）2.Stunting（生长迟缓）Height be lower than abnormal mean height-for-age minus（减去）two standard deviations（标准差），the same sex (moderate: means -3sD to means-2SD,severe: height <-3SD) this index indicated (指示）that the children has chronic malnutrition (慢性营养不良)3.Colostrum(初乳)：Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mom which contain antibodies immunoglobulins (免疫球蛋白)which provide infants with immunity (passive immunity). There is no transfer of immunoglobulins across the placenta（胎盘）and neonatal（新生的）infants are not capable of producing their own antibodies. They must rely on their passive immunity for the first few weeks of life. This makes colostrum essential to the health of any cria. A cria who does not receive enough is hyperinflammation.4.Substitutional nursing (代授法)：When the breast milk is enough but the mother can’t food the baby in time , the baby can be feed with other nutrition like milk for some times.5.Malnutrition(营养不良)：It is a disease caused by lacking of energy and protein . It often happens to the baby within 3 years old with symptoms of weight-losing , fat-losing , edema and functional disorders. （功能障碍）6.Obesity(肥胖症)：Obesity is defined as on excessively （过度的）high amount of body fat or adipose（脂肪）tissue in relation to lean body mass（去脂体重）7.Harrison’s groove(郝氏沟)：The distal 末梢end of the ribs are weak and may be depressed 压低的by the intrathoracic 胸廓内的pressure developed during respiration with a resultant 结果的semicoronal impression being found at the costal 肋attachment of the diaphragm膈膜 , leading to the formation of Harrison’s groove.8.Rachitic rosary(佝偻病串珠)：a radiographic 射线appearance of the contraction 收缩 junctions of the middle ribs in rickets. 佝偻病 This appearance results from the presence of bulky庞大的 growth plates at the bone or cartilage junctions.9.Chvostek’s sign (Chvostek’s 征，佛氏征)： Chvostek’s sign is contraction of the muscles of the eye , mouth or nose , elicited引出 by tapping 轻敲along the course of the facial nerve. 面部神经的行径The examiner taps gently over the facial nerve in front of the ear. This is a sign of a latent tetany. 潜在的手足抽搐10.Trousseau sign (Trousseau 征，陶瑟征)：It is carpal 腕骨spasm 肌肉痉挛 after 5 minutes of inflation 膨胀of a pressure cuff 袖口between the patient’s systolic pressure 收缩压and diastolic pressure舒张压. This measure assesses 评定 nerve irritability 兴奋性and is more specific for tetany 手足抽搐of vitamin D deficlency. 缺乏第七章：新生儿与新生儿疾病1. （1）Low birth weight neonate (LBW) (低出生体重儿)：Neonate whose BW is less than 2500g.（2） Normal birth weight neonate (正常体重儿):Neonate whose BW isbetween 2500g and 4000g.（3）Macrosomia neonate(巨大儿): Neonate whose BW is over 4000g.2.（1）Early new born (早期新生儿): Newborn less than 1 week. （2）Late newborn (晚期新生儿): Newborn aging from 2 weeks to 4 weeks.3.（1）Postterm infanct （过期儿）Those born after 42 weeks of gestation,calculated.（计算）from mother's first day of last menstrual period（月经期）,regardless of weight at birth. （2）Term infant （足月婴儿）livebom infant delivered before 42 wk form the first day of the last menstrual period and after 37 wk form that day（3）Premature (preterm infant)（早产儿）Liveborn infanct delivered before 37 weeks from the last menstrual period.4.（1）Small for gestational age （小于胎龄儿）The new born with the birth weight lower than the 10% of the birth weight of the new borns with the same gestational age（孕龄）.（2）Large for age （大于胎龄儿）The new born with the birth weight higher than the 90% of the birth weight of the new borns with the same gestational age.（3）Appropriate for gestational age（适于胎龄儿）The newborn with the birth weight bctween the 1oth and the 90th percentile of the birth weight of the newborns with the same gestational（妊娠期） age5.HIE （新生儿缺血性脑病）Hypoxic-ischemic（血管病变） damage of the brain resulting form perinatal asphyxia （围产期窒息）, primary cause of permanent（永久性） damage to CNS(cerebral palsy, mental deficiency, death)6.physiological jaundice （生理性黄疸）（1）appear after 1st day（2）Level of Bili.<13-15mg/dl (term<13,preterm<15) and bill increase<5mg/dl/day（3）Unconjugated bili. Mainly（4）Disappear in 2 weeks (term)or in 3 -4weeks (preterm)（5）No other symptoms7.Pathological jaundice （病理性黄疸）（1）appear within 24hours after birth.（2）level of Bili >13-15mg/dl (term >13,pretem >15 )or Bili increase >5mg/dl/day（3）increased conjugated Bili >2mg/dl（4）last longer,>2weeks in term or < 4weeks in pretem（5）Bili increase pro gressively or jaundice reappear after disappearing just one of the above five can make the diagnosis of pathological jaundice. 8.Maconilum aspiration syndrome 胎粪吸入综合征The infanct presents the symptoms of airway obstruction（呼吸道梗阻）,lung inflammation and some general symptoms,resulting from the aspiration of the amniotic fluidstained by meconium（羊水粪染）,most frequently happen in term and post term（过期）infanct.9.Apnea（呼吸暂停）A cessation（中断）of spontaneous（自发的）respiration(>20sec) accompanied by hear rate e<100bpm and cyanosis resuiting form the immaturity of the breath centre of the premature(（早产儿）.10.High risk infant（高危儿）An infant who should be under close observation by experienced doctors and nurses because of his severe disease or his high probability of severe disease which is caused by the health problem of his mother, the obstetric （产科）factors or the infant’s own problem.11.Hyaline membrane disease（新生儿肺透明膜病）A disease resulting form the lack of pulmonary surfactant in infant stortly after delivery, with the Manifestation（显示表明） of progressing dyspnea（呼吸困难）and respiratory failure, most frequently happen in preterm（早产儿）infant.12.wasting（消瘦）body weight be lower than normal mean weight-for-height minus two standard deviations, the same sex(moderate:mean-3sd<bodyweight<mean-2SD,severe:boby weight<mean-3SD). This inder indicate that the child has acute malnutrition（营养不良）13.Neutral Thermal Environment(neutral temperature)（中性温度） The ambient（环境）temperature at which oxygen consumption（氧耗量）and energy expenditure of the infant are at a minimum to maintain vital activities. For term infant with coating it is 24 C14.Apgar assement:（Apgar评分）A simple clinical scoring system for assessing the asphyxial severity of the newborn babier. Including heart rate, respiration, reaction to stimulate, muscal tention and appearance, 0-2 point each, tjotally 10 point.第九章：免疫性疾病1.Project Immunity (计划免疫): According to characteristics特有的of children’s immunity and he conditions of communicable 有传染性的diseases , people had drawn up a kind of immunity programs , namely project immunity . People inoculate接种some organico-product in order to progress the level of immunity , control and eliminate消除the communicable diseases.2.Aschoff body(风湿小体)：It is a one of the tiny lumps in heart muscle that are typical of rheumatic 风湿heart disease and consist of swollen , collagen cells 胶原生成细胞and fibrils.纤维3.Digeorge syndrom（先天性胸腺发育不良）Digeorge syndrome is the classic example of T-cell deficiency （缺乏）that is the result of dysmorphogenesis（畸形发生）of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches（咽囊） . it is classically characterizd by abnormal facies, thymic hypopiasia（胸腺发育不全） ,hypocalcemia（低血钙症）, cardiac anomalies （异常）and palate.第十章：感染性疾病1.Primary pulmonary tuberculosis （原发性肺结核）The major type of pulmonary tuberculosis developed in children during initial infection.（初发感染） Two clinical types:primary complex （原发综合征）and hilar lymph node tuberculosis. （肺门淋巴结结核） Manifestation: （表现）irritative cough（刺激性咳嗽）,nonproductive cough（干咳）,wheezing and mild dyspnea.（喘息和轻微的呼吸困难）It's prognosis（预后） includes improve or dissolve（溶解；解散；消失） (completely resolution,induration,calcification完全溶解,硬化、钙化),local progress and exacerbation（进展和恶化）.2.Primary complex （原发综合征）A clinical type of primary pulmonary tuberculosis with the characters of initial focus,lymphadenitis. It's prognosis（预后）includes improve or dissolve (completely resolution,induration,calcification),local progress and exacerbation.3.Tuberculin test 结核菌素试验A test based on the delayed type hypersensitivity.（迟发的过敏反应） Intradermal （皮内的）1 injection of 0.1ml containing 5 tuberculin units of PPD and measure the induration 48-72 hours after administration. Positive result means previous infection with TB, previous vaccination （疫苗接种）with BCG or active tuberculosis. Negative result means not infected with TB or false-negative.4.Koplik spots 柯氏斑点A pathognomonic sign of measles（麻疹）. Tend to occur over the bucca（口腔的）mucosa opposite the lower molars 1-2 days before eruption（出疹）.Grayish（带灰的，灰色的）white dots(as smali as grains of sands) with slight reddish areola.（红色的乳晕） It will disappear after eruption. 5.Tuberculous infection(结核感染)：It is an infection of tubercle bacillus. In this condition , the patient’s test of tubercalin and the test of serum PPD-lgM or lgG autibody are positive. But the tubercle focus can not be found in patient’s body.第十一章：消化系统疾病1.Severe diarrhea （重症腹泻）Diarrhea（腹泻） not only with severe gastrointestinal symptoms（严重的胃肠道症状）but also with dehydration（脱水）,eletrolyte-acid-base imbalance and systemic toxic symptom,（系统毒性症状）most frequently caused by intra-intestinal infection （肠内感染）.2.Secretory diarrhea （分泌性腹泻渗出性腹泻）Caused by a secretagogue （促分泌素）such as E. coli.enterotoxin（大肠杆菌肠毒素）,activating（激活）intracellular Ca 2+ which stimulate （刺激）active Cl- secrection from the crypt(隐窝) cells and inhibit（抑制；禁止）the neutral coupled （中性点耦合）NaCl absorption. It tend to be watery and of large volume.3.Osmotic diarrhea渗透性腹泻Osmotic diarrhea is caused by the presence of nonabsorbed solute （不被吸收的电解质）in the GI tract（胃肠道）. the solute may be one that is normally not well absorbed or one that is not well absorbeb because of a disorder of the small bowel.（小肠） This form of diarrhea is usually of lesser volume than a secretory diarrhea（分泌性腹泻）， and stops with fasting.4.Endogenous infection(内源性感染)：when the patient eat too much or the components 成份of the food are not balanced , the process of the digestion will be slowed down. And the food which can not be fully digested will stay in the upper part of the small intestine. ] 小肠Then the PH of the intestinal carvity will decreased. It leads to a result that the bacteria from the lower part of the intestine will move up and multiply繁殖. The food then will be fennent 发酵and rot 腐烂by those bacteria.第十二章：呼吸系统疾病1.Severe pneumonia （重症肺炎）Pneumonia with not only severe respiratory symptoms,but also systemic toxic symptoms （全身中毒症状）and disturbance（紊乱）in other systems,such as brain edema,respiratory failure,heart failure,gastrointestinal bleeding and acidosis.（消化道出血和酸中毒）2.Bronchiolitis（毛细支气管炎）Infection of the bronchiole, mainly occurs in children less than 2 yeara old, especially infants 2-6 months old . it is mainly caused by RSV and happen in cold seasons, usually with no fever or only mild to moderate fever. Characterized by irritative（刺激性） dry cough, expiratory dyspnea（呼气性呼吸困难）, wheezing rale （哮鸣音）and emphysema（肺气肿） in X-ray.3.The Division of Respiratory tract(上下呼吸道分界)：The respiratory tract is divided into 2 parts , the upper respiratory and the lower respiratory , by the ring-fonned gristle.环状软骨4.Severs asthma(重症哮喘)：including acute serious asthma attack , lasting status of asthma and deterioration恶化 of intractable asthma. 难治性哮喘5.Persistant asthma(哮喘持续状态)：It is a condition of severe acute attack of asthma which can not be released by proper适当的 drug in 24 hours.6.Pharyngo-conjunctival fever(咽结合膜热)：It’s disease which is caused by virus and is on epidemie 流行in spring and summer , with the feature of fever , pharyngitis咽炎 and conjunctivitis结膜炎. High fever , pharyngodynia咽痛 , tingle 刺痛感in eyes and pharyngeal congestion咽充血. Conjunctivitis emerged 出现in one or two sides and lymph nodes of cervix颈部 and behind the car are common and sometimes accompanied by gastrointestinal 胃肠的symptoms. It’s process is one to two weeks.7.Herpangina(疱疹性咽峡炎)：It is caused by Coxackie 柯萨奇group A virus and often seen in summer and spring. It can spread in children collective organization 集体. It is characterized by fever , pharyngitis咽炎, tingling刺痛in eyes , pharyngeal congestion咽充血.，herpes 疱疹 with flush大量的 around about 2 to 4 mm , in diameter . 直径can be found on phuryngepalatal arch uvula悬雍垂 , soft palate软腭 , ulceration 溃疡formed after splitting裂开 , the course is about 1 weeks.第十三章：心血管系统1.Discrepant Cyanosis(差异性紫绀)：Discrepunt Cyanosis occurs in PDA ,动脉导管未闭，the blood moves from the aorta to the pulmonary artery. If this abnormality lasted so long that the pressure of pulmonary is higher than the aorta , there will lead to right-to-left shunts and appear cyanosis in the second half of the body.2.Eisenmenger syndrome艾森曼格综合症Those patients with left-to-right shunts(ASD.VSD.PDA)whose shunts have became partially or totally right-to-left as a result of the development of pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension第十四章：泌尿系统疾病1.Nephrotic syndrome （肾病综合征）The Nephrotic syndrome is defined by a consultation （会诊；讨论会）of clinical and laboratory findings that includes severe proteinia（严重蛋白尿）( >50mg/kg/24h ),hypoalbuminenia （低蛋白血症）(<30g/L,),hyperlipidemia（高脂血症）(cholesterol胆固醇 >5.72mmol/L),edema.第十五章：造血系统疾病1.Physiological anemia （生理性贫血）In infants 2-3 months after birth ,the RBC decrease to 3*10^12/L and the Hb decrease to 110g/L as a result of the decreased level of EPO,the increase of circulation volume and the physiological hemolysis.（生理性溶血）The process is self-limited. It usually has no clinical manifestations（临床表现） and will recover within 6 months.2.Physiological hemolysis （生理性溶血）Normal newborns have higher hemoglobin （血红蛋白）and hematocrit（血细胞比容）levels and a shortened survival of the fefel RBCs contributes to the development of physiologic anemia.（生理性贫血）3.Extramedullary hematopoiesis（骨髓外造血）When hematopoietic（造血，自我造血） demand increases after birth , especially in the infant period, the liver, spleen and lymph nodes come back to the status to produce blood cells, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and lymphadenectasis appears, and there are immature erythrocytes（红细胞）and granulocytets in circulating blood.It is the specific phenomena only appearing in infant and toddler（学步的小孩，学步儿童）.it will recover to normal when infection and anemia are cured.4.Anemia(贫血)：The numbers of erythrocytes 红细胞or the concentration 浓度 of hemoglobin（Hb） per volume in the tipping circulation外周循环 is under normal. According to the data from WHO , the lower limit of hemoglobin in 6 months to 6-year old children is 110g/L. 6 to 14 years old is 120g/L , the hemoglobin increases 4 percent as altitude高度 raises every 1000 meters; lower than these numbers is called anemia.5.Iron Deficiency Anemia(缺铁性贫血)：A minocytic hypochromemia caused by inadequate iron supply for erythropoiesis.第十七章：内分泌疾病1.syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti diuretic hormone (抗利尿激素)SIADH （抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征）In bacterial meningitis (细菌性脑膜炎),when hypothalamus (下丘脑)or posterior pituitary gland (垂体后叶)is involved (影响）,ADH secretion(分泌）abnormal,resulting in hyponatremia（低钠血症）,hyposmolality（低渗透压）and aggravating brain edema（加重脑水肿）,conscious disturbance （意识障碍）and convulsion（惊厥.）2.Cortieoid sensitivity(激素敏感)referring to proteinuria 蛋白尿became negative , edema disappeared within 8 weeks after corticoid therapy.3.Partial corticoid sensitivity(激素部分敏感)：Edema disappeared within 8 weeks after corticoid therapy 肾上腺皮质激素but proteinuria is still”～”.4.Corticoid dependent(激素依赖)：Sensitive to corticoid relieved 解除rapidly after treatment but relapse复发 occurs when the dose 剂量reduced or stopped within 2 weeks , again relieved when resuming重新开始 full doses or restart treatment and this repeated 2 to 3 times.5.Corticoid resistant(激素耐药)：Referring to the protein the urine is still over “when” the treatment has been for full 8 weeks.6.Relapse (复发) and repetition (反复) ：proteinuria has been become negative and the hormone treatment has stopped for morethan 4 weeks , again the protein in the urine is over is called relapse; If the above symptoms during treatment is defined as repetition.7.Frequent relapse (频复发) and frequent repetition (频反复)：Refers to relapse or repetition occurs not less-than twice within 6 months.8.Tripod sign(十字架征)：Positive sign is when child sits up , he has to push the bed behind himself with whose hands to keep his position.简答打印店的儿科试卷后面，已经有详细而准确的全英文简答，且字迹相对也比较清楚，故此处不再整理。

儿科学名词解释

1.主动免疫2.被动免疫3.食物特殊动力作用4.基础代谢率5.人工喂养6.混合喂养7.初乳8.乳铁蛋白 9.双歧因子Vit.D缺乏性佝偻病1.颅骨软化2.肋骨串珠3. 肋膈沟4. 喉痉挛营养不良、肥胖症1.营养不良2.自发性低血糖3.肥胖症生儿总论1.围生期2.足月儿3. 早产儿4.过期产儿 5.低出生体重儿 6. 巨大儿7.高危儿8.小于胎龄儿9.大于胎龄儿 10.适于胎龄儿11.中性温度新生儿窒息1.新生儿窒息2.Apgar评分新生儿黄疸1.生理性黄疸液体疗法1.等渗性脱水2. 低渗性脱水3.高渗性脱水 4.口服补液盐5.生理维持液6.2：1等张含钠液小儿腹泻1.生理性腹泻呼吸系统疾病1.三凹征2.脓气胸3.肺大泡心血管疾病1．Eisenmenger Syndrom 2．Tetralogy of Fallot 3．Roger’s Disease 4．Differential Cyanosis5．Anoxic Spell 6．潜伏青紫型先心病 7．杵状指(趾)肾脏疾病1．择性蛋白尿 2．单纯性肾病 3．激素耐药 4．激素依赖 5．激素部分敏感 6．单纯性血尿血液系统疾病1．anemia 2．髓外造血 3．Iron Deficiency Anemia 4．Nutritional Megaloblastic Anemia结缔组织疾病1．舞蹈病 2．皮下结节 3.Kawasaki disease遗传代谢病1、染色体病2、单基因病3、多基因病4、平衡易位急性传染病1、Koplik斑2、Stimson线3、帕氏线4、口周苍白圈结核病1、结核感染2、原发型肺结核3、原发综合征中枢神经感染1、化脓性脑膜炎2、脑性低钠血症血液系统疾病1．Anemia 2．髓外造血 3．Iron Deficiency Anemia 4．Nutritional Mega答案儿童保健与营养1．主动免疫：给易感者接种特异性抗原，使体内主动产生免疫抗体，称主动免疫。

儿科名解

1.Stages of growth and development: 名解（儿童年龄分期是重点）⑴. Fetal period conception~birth 胎儿期⑵. Neonatal period umbilical ligation~ 28 days 新生儿期⑶. Infant period birth~1 year 婴儿期⑷. Toddler’s age 1~3 years 幼儿期⑸. Preschool age 3~6 years 学龄前期⑹. School age begin with entry into a school system and end with the beginning of teenage. (Girls: 7~11 or 12 years / boys 7~12 or 13 yrs) 学龄期⑺. Adolescence begins with the gradual appearance of secondary sex characteristics and end with cessation of body growth.2.Perinatal period围生期: commences at 28 completed weeks of gestation and ends 7 days after birth.3.Growth生长: An increase in measurable physical and physiologic changes.4.Development发育: A gradual change in function and the individual’s capacities.C5.atch up growth 追赶生长(名解)：is an accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed growth, particularly as a result of nutrient deprivation.6.Physiological weight loss生理性体重下降（名解，选择）：During the first week after birth, infant may loss 3%~9% of their weight due to the insufficient milk supply, water loss and meconium excretion. The weight loss reaches the peak at 3 to 4 days after birth and return to the level of birth weight at 7 to 10 days after birth.7.HeadCircumference (HC) 头围：is the length around above the supraorbital ridges and over the most prominent part of the occiput.8.Chest Circumference (CC)胸围The length around the chest at the nipple line.Newborn: 32cm; 1 year: CC=HC; ＞1 year: CC＞HC9.UpperArmCircumference (UAC)上臂围: The length around mid-point between the tip of the shoulder and the tip of the elbow (olecranon鹰嘴and the acromion肩峰)10.precocious puberty性早熟－In girls, the appearance of the secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years of age. －In boys, before 9 years of age.11.delayed puberty 性发育延迟－In girls, the lack of development of the secondary sexual characteristics by 14 years of age. －In boys, by 16 years of age.12.Scheduled immunization计划免疫：The process of providing active or passive immunity by planned administering an immunobiologic agent.13.Active immunity主动免疫: Immune bodies are actively formed against specific antigens by the antigen into the individual.14.Passive immunity被动免疫: Temporary immunity by transfusing immune globulins or antitoxins from another human or animal.15.Colostrum (the first milk, foremilk) 初乳（名解）The secretion of breasts within four days after delivery; Contains large quantities of immunologic factors: SIgA16.Full-term infant (between 38 to 41 gestational妊娠期的weeks)足月儿17.Pre-term infant (at 37 weeks or less)早产儿18.Post-term infant (at 42 weeks or more)过期产儿19.Normal weight infant (between 2500 to 3999g) 5-8斤正常出生体重儿20.Low birth weight infant (less than 2500g) 低出生体重儿21.Very low birth weight infant (between 1000 to 1499g)极低出生体重儿22.Extremely low birth weight infant (less than 1000g)超低出生体重儿23.Giant infant (more than 4000g)巨大儿24.Small for gestational age (SGA below the 10th percentile for gestational age)小于胎龄儿25.Average for gestational age (AGA, in the 11th to 90th percentile)适于胎龄儿rge for gestational age (LGA, greater than the 90th percentile)大于胎龄儿27.High-risk neonate高危儿：A greater-than-average chance of morbidity or mortality because of various circumstances.The mother with abnormal pregnancy history, infant with abnormal delivery course, abnormal condition at birth, diseases母亲异常妊娠史，异常分娩的新生儿，出生时有异常28.Neutral temperature适中温度（名解）：At this level of environment temperature, there is less demand on infants to maintain a minimal metabolic rate with lowest oxygen consume and heat lose from the body.Immediately care following delivery 中性温度(08级考过)29.Corrected age（名解）: CA = Chronological age (CH) —weeks or months prematureJaundice (hyperbilirubinemia)新生儿黄疸:An increase in serum bilirubin levels. It makes skin and eye yellowed.Unconjugated bilirubin (lipid-soluble); Conjugated bilirubin (water-soluble)30.Physiologic jaundice生理性黄疸: appears in 2~3 days after birth, peaks on 4~5 days, and normally disappear within 2 weeks of birth. To preterm baby jaundice disappear until 3~4 w. No other clinical symptoms.31.Nonphysiologic jaundice非生理性黄疸: occurs less than 24h after birth, hyperbilirubinemia persists beyond 2w in full-term infant or 4 weeks in a preterm infant. 时间，黄疸出现顺序记住32.Rickets佝偻病：is likely to develop in children from 3 months to 2 yearsof age. Mainly caused by a lack of vitamin D33.Protein-energy malnutrition（PEM）蛋白质能量营养不良：Caused by the various levels of inadequate protein and/or energy intake or may result from inadequate absorption of food.34.physiological salivate：Saliva increases greatly at age of 5~6 monthes, due to the shallow mouth floor and limited swallowing, physiological salivate developed.35.deferred diarrhea迁延性腹泻：2w～2m，malnutrition，bottle feeding，unstable stool，infection and multiple organs disfunction36.dehydration：脱水是指水分摄入不足或丢失过多所引起的体液总量尤其是细胞外液量的减少。

儿科规培题库名词解释02

10.低体重(lowweight)
体重小于同性别同龄儿平均体重减2个标准差。
11.高身材(tallstature)
身高大于同性别同龄儿平均身高加2个标准差。
12.高危儿(high riskinfant)
高危儿指已经发生或可能发生危重疾病的新生儿。
13.棕色脂肪(brown fat)
对指分布在中心大动脉、肾动脉周围、肩胛间区、颈及腋窝等部位的脂肪。
26.胎-母输血
胎儿红细胞经胎盘进入母体循环。
27.NICU(neonatal(newborn)intensive care unit)
新生儿重症监护中心。
28.原始反射(primitivereflect)
指足月儿出生时已具备的反射，如觅食反射、吸吮反射、握持反射、拥抱反射。
29.胎-胎输血
单卵双胎中一个胎儿的血经胎盘进入另一个胎儿。
44.MAS
胎粪吸入综合征，由于胎儿缺氧，出生后除胎粪吸入性肺炎外常伴HIE、颅内出血等系统损害。
45.Lucey-Driscoll综合征
即家族性暂时性新生儿黄疸，由于妊娠后期孕妇血清中存在一种孕激素，抑制UDPGT活性所致。本病有家族史，新生儿早期黄疸重，2～3周自然消退。
46.低出生体重儿(low birthweight infant)
目的是换出抗体和已致敏的红细胞，阻止溶血进一步发展；换出胆红素，防治核黄疸；输入新鲜未致敏的红细胞纠正贫血。
42.新生儿败血症(neonatalsepticemia)
对指病原体侵入婴儿血循环在其中生长、繁殖、产生毒素，由此造成全身各系统的严重病变。
43.医源性颅内出血
由于过多搬动婴儿、输注高渗液体或输液过快、频繁吸引和气胸等可使血压急剧上升导致脑血流被动而造成的颅内出血。

儿科考试名词解释

儿科考试名词解释内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）儿科名词解释迁延性腹泻：病程在2周至2个月的腹泻。

Roger病即小型室缺：缺损直径<5mm或缺损面积<0.5cm2／m2体表面积。

缺损小，心室水平左向右分流少，血流动力学变化不大，可无症状。

复杂性热性惊厥：一次发作持续10分钟以上，24小时内反复发作多次，局灶性或全面性发作，惊厥持续状态较常见的热性惊厥。

适中温度：又名，是指在这一环境温度下机体耗氧、代谢率最低，蒸发散热量亦少，而又能保持的最适环境温度。

惊厥持续状态：凡一次惊厥发作持续30分钟，或反复发作间歇期意识不能完全恢复超过30分钟者称惊厥持续状态，常导致惊厥性脑损伤。

生理性贫血：出生时婴儿随自主呼吸的建立，血氧含量增加，红细胞生成素减少，骨髓造血功能暂时性降低，网织红细胞减少；胎儿红细胞寿命较短，且破坏较多（生理性溶血）；由于婴儿生长发育迅速，循环血量迅速增加等原因，红细胞数和血红蛋白量逐渐降低，至2-3个月时（早产儿较早）红细胞降至3×1012／L，血红蛋白降至100g/L，出现轻度贫血，称为“生理性贫血”。

麻疹黏膜斑(Koplik癍):是麻疹早期的特异性体征，常在出疹前1－2天出现。

开始时见于下磨牙相对颊黏膜上，为直径0.5-1.0mm的灰白色斑点，周围有红晕，迅速增多，可累及整个颊黏膜及唇部黏膜，部分可融合。

于出诊后1－2天消失。

新生儿病理性黄疸：①生后24h内出现黄疸；②血清总胆红素值已经达到相应日龄及相应危险因素下的光照干预标准，或每日上升超过85umol/L（5mg／dl）或每小时＞8.5umol／L(0.5mg／dl);③黄疸持续长，>2周，>4周；④黄疸褪而复现；⑤血清>34umol/L（2mg／dl）。

凡符合以上特点之一者可诊断为病理性。

PPD试验：即结核菌素试验，受结核分枝杆菌感染后4~8周后结核菌素试验即呈阳性反应。

儿科英文名解

儿科英文名解1．Classification of Neonate（新生儿分类）1)Full term infant（足月儿）:Neonate whose gestational age(GA) is between 37 weeks and42 weeks2)Preterm infant(早产儿):Neonate whose GA is less than 37 weeks3)Post-term infant（过期儿）:Neonate whose GA is more than 42 weeks4)Low birth weight neonate(LBW)（低出生体重儿）:Neonate whose BW is less than 2500g5)Very low birth weight neonate(VLBW)（极低出生体重儿）: Neonate whose BW is lessthan 1500g6)Normal birth weight neonate（正常体重儿）: Neonate whose BW is between 2500g and4000g7)Macrosomia neonate（巨大儿）: Neonate whose BW is over 4000g8)Small for gestational age(SGA)（小于胎龄儿）:Infants whose BW are under P10 of thesame GA infants’BW9)Appropriate gestational age(AGA)（适于体重儿）: Infants whose BW are ranging fromP10 to P90 of the same GA infants’BW10)Large gestational age(LGA)（大于胎龄儿）: Infants whose BW are above P90 of the sameGA infants’BW11)Early newbore（早期新生儿）:Neoborn less than 1 week12)Late newbore（晚期新生儿）:Neoborn aging from 2 weeks to 4 weeks2.Neutral temperature（中性温度）:An appropriate environmental temperaturewhich can keep a neoborn’s normal temperature and can keep the least oygen cousuming,the least metabolism rate ,the least energy evaporated, so is called neutral temperature .3. Apnea（呼吸暂停）: when asphyxia of fetal or neoborn occurs, the respirate inhabitated and reflexal heart rate decreased because of lack of oxygen ,so is called apnea.4. Physiological body weight decline（生理性体重下降）: Intatedeficiency, fatal stool paused and water losed after birth can make physical body weight decline (3%--9%), and it reaches its lowest point in3 or 4 day and returns to its birth weight in 7 to 10 days .5. Physiological anemia（生理性贫血）: When neonate of 2—3 months, RBC drops to 110g/L, neonate occurs mild anemia .It will take 3 months to recover .6. Physiological diarrhea（生理性腹泻）: Physiological diarrhea usuallyoccurs in infants little than 6 months .They appear puffy and often have eczema .Soon after delivery , they may have diarrhea, whose times are increasing .However, there is no other symptoms and the infants have good appetites. Physical diarrhea does not affect the growth. Recent researches found that the diarrhea is a particular type of intolerance of lactose. The stool may recover normality after appending the complements.7. Project Immunity（计划免疫）: According to characteristics of children’simmunity and the conditions of communicable diseases ,people had drawn up a kind of immunity programs, namely project immunity. People inoculate some organico-product in order to progress the level of immunity , control and eliminate the communicable diseases.8.Serious Pneumonia（重症肺炎）:Serious Pneumonia is a kind of pneumonia.Respiratory system together with other systems are invaded,meanwhile,the general toxic symptom is also apparent.9.The Division of Respiratory tract（上下呼吸道分界）: Therespiratory tract is divided into 2 parts,the upper respiratory and the lower respiratory, by the ring-formed gristle.10.Discrepant Cyanosis（差异性紫绀）: Discrepant Cyanosis occurs in PDA.Because of PDA, the blood moves from the aorta to the pulmonary artery. If this abnormality lasted so long that the pressure of pulmonary is higher than the aorta, there will lead to right-to-left shunts and appear cyanosis in the second half of the body.11.Colostrum（初乳）: Colostrum is the first milk produced by the dam which containsantibodies (immunoglobulins) which provide crias with immunity (passive immunity). There is no transfer of immunoglobulins across the placenta and neonatal crias are not capable of producing their own antibodies. They must rely on their passive immunity for the first few weeks of life. This makes colostrum essential to the health of any cria. A cria who does not receive enough.12. Eisenmenger syndrome（Eisenmenger 综合征）: Eisenmengersyndrome occurs in patients with large congenital cardiac or surgically created extracardiac left-to-right shunts. These shunts initially cause increased pulmonary blood flow. Subsequently, usually before puberty, pulmonary vascular disease causes pulmonary hypertension, ultimately resulting in reversed or bidirectional shunt flow with variable degrees of cyanosis.13.Additional nursing（补授法）: When the breast milk is not enough, the babywithin 6 months can be feed partly with breast milk and partly with other nutritions each time.14.Substitutional nursing（代授法）: When the breast milk is enough but themother can’t feed the baby in time, the baby can be feed with other nutritions like milk for some times.15.Malnutrition（营养不良）: It is a disease caused by lacking of energy andprotein. It often happens to the baby within 3 years old with symptoms of weight-losing, fat-losing, edema and functional disorders.16. Obesity（肥胖症）: Obesity is defined as an excessively high amount of body fator adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass.17. Koplik spots（麻疹黏膜斑）: ulcerations on buccal mucosa around Stensenduct; spotty enanthema in oral cavity, may precede rash18. Harrison's groove（郝氏沟）: The distal end of the ribs are weak and may bedepressed by the negativeintrathoracic pressure developed during respiration with a resultant semicoronal impression being found at the costal attachment of the diaphragm, leading to the formation of Harrison's groove.19. Rachitic rosary（佝偻病串珠）: a radiographic appearance of thecostochondral junctions of the middle ribs in rickets. This appearance results from the presence of bulky growth plates at the bone or cartilage junctions.20. Chvostek's sign（Chvostek's 征）: Chvostek's sign is contraction of themuscles of the eye, mouth or nose, elicited by tapping along the course of the facial nerve. The examiner taps gently over the facial nerve in front of the ear. This is a sign of a latent tetany.21. Trousseau sign（Trousseau 征）: It is carpal spasm after 5 minutes ofinflation of a pressure cuff between the patient’s systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.This measure assesses nerve irritability and is more specific for tetany of vitamin D deficiency.22.Severe asthma（重症哮喘）including acute serious asthma attack , lastingstatus of asthma and deterioration of intractable asthma.23. Persistant asthma（哮喘持续状态）: It is a condition of severe acuteattack of asthma which can not be released by proper drug in 24 hours.24. Tuberculous infection（结核感染）: It is an infection of tubercle bacillus.In this condition, the patient’s test of tuberculin and the test of serum PPD-IgM or IgG antibody are positive. But the tubercle focus can not be found in patient’s body.25. Endogenous infection（内源性感染）: When the patient eat too much orthe components of the food are not balanced ,the process of the digestion will be slowed down. And the food which can not be fully digested will stay in the upper part of the small intestine. Then the PH of the intestinal carvity will decreased. It leads to a result that the bacteria from the lower part of the intestine will move up and multip;y . The food then will be ferment and rot by those bacteria.26 Aschoff body（风湿小体）:It is aone of the tiny lumps in heart muscle that aretypical of rheumatic heart disease and consist of swollen collagen ,cells and fibrils.27 Primary complex:（原发综合征）It is a combination of primary focus ofinfection in the lung parenchyma and caseous involvement of the regional lymph nodes ,usually hilar nodes.28 Corticoid sensitivity（激素敏感）referring to proteinuria became negative ,edema disappeared within 8 weeks after corticoid therapy.,29 Partial corticoid sensitivity（激素部分敏感）: Edema disappeared within 8 weeks after corticoid therapy but proteinuria is still + ～ ++.30 Corticoid dependent（激素依赖） : Sensitive to corticoidrelieved rapidly after treatment but relapse occurs when the dose reduced or stopped within 2 weeks ,again relieved when resuming full doses or restart treatment and this repeated 2 to 3 times.31 Corticoid resistant（激素耐药） : Referring to the protein in the urine is still over ++ when the treatment has been for full 8 weeks.32 Relapse（复发） and repetition（反复） : Proteinuria hasbeen become negative and the hormone treatment has stopped for morethan 4 weeds ,again the protein in the urine is over ++ is called relapse ;If the above symptoms during treatment is defined as repetition.Frequent relapse（频复发） and frequent repetition （频反复） : Refers to relapse or repetition occurs not less than twice within 6 months.33 Extra-medulla hemopoiesis（髓外造血） :In order to adaptto the anemia caused by infection or hemolysis and so on. After birth especially at infant stage , the live is enlarged for regaining the hemopoietic state. In fetal state this may accompanied by splenolymphomegaly ,nucleated red cells and premature neutrophils can be found in peripheral blood . This specific reaction of infant’s hemopoietic organs is called extra-medullar hemopoiesis.34.Physiological hemolysis（生理性溶血）: Fetal is in theenvironment of low PO2, so the quantity of RBC is large. After birth, PO2 rises. The quantity of RBC is relatively surplus, so many of them are vulnerable to be destroyed. The life of neonatal RBC is short, too.35 Anemia（贫血） : The numbers of erythrocytes or the concentration ofhemoglobin per volume in the tipping circulation is under normal. According to the data from WHO, the lower limit of hemoglobin in 6 months to 6-year old children is 110g/L.6 to 14 years old is 120g/L,the hemoglobin increases 4 percent as altitude raises every 1000 meters; lower than these numbers is called anemia .36 Tripod sign（十字架征） : Positive sign is when child sits up ,hehas to push the bed behind himself with whose hands to keep his position.37.Physiological jaundice（生理性黄疸）: Because of the featureof neonatal bilirubin metabolism ,approximately 50%-60% mature baby and more than 80% premature baby will emerge jaundice within 2 or 3 days after birth and reach the peak at the fourth or the fifty day . If the body is in good heath, jaundice will vanish within 2 weeks in mature baby and prolong to 3 or 4 weeks in premature baby.38.Pathological jaundice（病理性黄疸）:1) The jaundice emerges during the 1st 24hours on the new born.2) The bilirubin in the serum is higher than from 205.2 to 256.5 umol/L or raise 85 umol/L per day.3) The jaundice of term delivery lasts more than 2 weeks. The jaundice of premature lasts more than 4 weeks.4) The jaundice relapses.5) The conjunctive bilirubin is more than 24 umol/L.39.Pharyngo-conjunctival fever（咽结合膜热）: It’s adisease which is caused by virus and is on epidemic in spring and summer, with the feature of fever, pharyngitis and conjunctivitis. High fever, pharynache, tingle in eyes and pharyngeal congestion. Conjunctivitis emerged in one or two sides and lymph nodes of cervix and behind the ear are common and sometimes accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms . Its process is one to two weeks .40 Herpangina（疱疹性咽峡炎）: It is caused by Coxackie group Avirus and often seen in summer and spring. It can spread in children collective organization. It is characterized by fever, pharyngitis, tingling in eyes, pharyngeal congestion ,herpes with flush around about 2 to 4 mm in diameter can be found on pharyngepalatal arch uvula , soft palate ,ulceration formed after splitting ,the course is about 1 weeks .。

英语儿科名词解释

2015英语儿科学名词解释一、名词解释（先翻译，后解释）1、Infancy 婴儿期：自出生到1周岁之前，是生长发育第一高峰2、Preschool stage 学龄前期：自三周岁至6～7岁入小学前3、Toddler stage 幼儿期：自一岁至满三周岁之前4、boneage骨龄：用X线检查测定不同年龄儿童长骨干骺端骨化中心的出现时间、数目、形态的变化，并将其标准化，即为骨龄。

span指距：是两上肢水平伸展时两中指间的距离，代表上肢长骨的生长。

5、appropriate for gestational age，AGA 适于胎龄儿：婴儿的BW 在同胎龄平均出生体重的10-90百分位之间6、Program immunization 计划免疫（主动免疫）：是根据小儿的免疫特点和传染病发生的情况而制订的免疫程序，通过有计划地使用生物制品进行预防接种，以提高人群的免疫水平、达到控制和消灭传染病的目的7、Harrison groove郝氏沟：严重佝偻病小儿胸廓的下缘形成一水平凹陷，也称肋隔沟8、Craniotabes颅骨软化：是由于缺维生素D、钙所致，主要是因为钙质的吸收和利用障碍。

表现为乒乓球样颅骨，可形成儿童颅骨化延迟。

此时血钙可正常，单纯补钙有时无效。

9 、2：1等张含钠液：配置是2份0.9％NaCl，1份1.4％NaHC03。

其Na+、Cl-与血浆Na+、Cl-之比接近，更适合生理状态，属于等张液。

10、Isotonic dehydration 等渗性脱水：血清钠在130～150mmol/L之间11、ixed feeding 混合喂养：母奶不足需加其他代乳食品，如牛奶、奶粉，使婴儿吃饱，维持正常的生长发育，称为混合喂养。

12、Artificial feeding 人工喂养：4-6个月以内的婴儿由于各种原因不能进行母乳喂养时，完全采用配方奶或其他兽乳，如牛乳、羊乳、马乳等喂养婴儿，称为人工喂养。

13、Pathologic jaundice 病理性黄疸：新生儿黄疸如果有以下特点之一，则要考虑为病理性黄疸：①生后24小时以内出现黄疸②血清总胆红素已达到相应日龄及相应危险因素下的光疗干预指标，或每日上升超85μmol/L(5mg/dl)，或每小时>0.85μmol/L(0.5mg/dl)③黄疸持续时间长,足月儿>2周，早产儿>4周④黄疸退而复现⑤血清结合胆红素大于34μmol/L(2mg/dl)。

儿科名解汇总

儿科名词解释汇总生长发育：指小儿机体各组织、器官形态的增长和功能成熟的过程。

生长是指儿童身体各器官、系统的长大，可有相应的测量值来表示其的量的变化；发育是指细胞、组织、器官的分化与功能成熟。

平均需要量EAR （estimated average requirement）是某一特定性别、年龄及生理状况群体中对某营养素需要量的平均值，摄入量达到EAR 的水平时可以满足群体中半数个体对该营养素的需要，而不能满足另外半数个体的可能性。

推荐摄入量RNI（recommended nutrient intake ）可以满足某一特定群体中绝大多数（97-98%）人体的需要；适宜摄入量 AI（adequate intake）是通过观察或实验室获得的健康人群某种营养素的摄入量，在不能确定RNI 时使用；可耐受最高摄入量UL（tolerable upper intake level ）是平均每日可以摄入该营养素的最高量。

食物的热力作用（TEF）食物中的宏量营养素除了为人体提供能量外，本身在消化吸收过程中出现能量消耗额外增加的现象，即食物代谢过程中所产生的能量。

溢乳：15%的婴儿常出现溢乳，可因过度喂养、不成熟的胃肠运动类型、不稳定的进食时间而发生。

同时，婴儿胃水平位置，韧带松弛，易折叠；贲门括约肌松弛，幽门括约肌发育好的消化道解剖生理特点使6 个月内的小婴儿常常出现胃食道反流（gastroesophageal reflex,GER）。

围生期（perinatal period ）：是指产前、产时和产后的一个特定时期，自妊娠28 周至生后7 天。

小于胎龄儿SGA：指出生体重在同胎龄平均体重第10 百分位数以下，或低于平均体重两个标准差的新生儿；适于胎龄儿AGA：指出生体重在同胎龄平均体重第10～90 百分位数者；大于胎龄儿LGA：指出生体重在同胎龄平均体重第90 百分位数以上，或高于平均体重2 个标准差的新生儿。

湿肺（wet lung ）：亦称新生儿暂时性呼吸增快（transient tachypnea of newborn,TTN ）多见于剖宫产足月儿，为自限性疾病。

儿科学名词解释

儿科学(pediatrics)就是研究胎儿至青春期各年龄阶段得生长发育规律及其影响因素、疾病防治、身心健康得临床医学学科,就是全面研究儿童得一门非常重要得专业课程,就是临床医学生必修得一门课程。

胎儿期(fetal period):从受精卵形成至小儿出生为止,共40周。

划分为3个阶段:妊娠早、中、晚期。

新生儿期(neonatal period):胎儿娩出后脐带结扎开始到满28周。

围生期(perinatal period):就是指产前、产时与产后得一个特定时期。

指自妊娠28周(此时胎儿体重约1000克)至生后7天。

婴儿期(infant period):胎儿脐带结扎到1周岁,包括新生儿期。

幼儿期 (toddler’s age):1岁到3岁。

学龄前期(preschool age):3岁至6~7岁,幼儿教育时期。

学龄期(school age):6~7岁到12~13岁,小学学龄时期。

青春期(adolescence):女孩从11~12岁开始到17~18岁,男孩从13~14岁开始到18~20岁,上中学时期。

这一时期结束时体格逐渐停止生长,各器官功能发育成熟,从生物学角度来讲已完全发育成熟。

液体疗法:通过补充液体来纠正水、电解质与酸碱平衡得紊乱,恢复机体正常生理功能得一种治疗方法。

计划免疫(planned immunization):根据免疫学原理,儿童免疫特点及传染病发病情况按照规定得免疫程序有计划地利用生物制品给儿童进行预防接种,提高机体特异免疫力,达到控制以至消灭相应传染病得目得。

食物得特殊动力作用(SDA)=食物得热力作用(TEF):食物中得宏量营养素除了为人体提供能量外,本身在消化、吸收过程中出现能量消耗额外增加得现象,即食物代谢过程中所产生得能量,如氨基酸得脱氨以及转化成高能磷酸键产生得能量消耗,称为食物得热力作用。

营养素参考摄入量(DRIs):就是在RDA基础上发展起来得一组每日平均膳食营养素摄入量得参考值,包括4项营养水平指标:估计平均需要量(EARs)、推荐摄入量(RNIs)、适宜摄入量(AIs)、可耐受最高摄入量(ULs)。

儿科名解

儿科学名词解释1.生长growth：指随年龄的增加，身体各器官和系统的长大，主要表现为形态变化。

可以通过具体的测量值来表示，是量变。

2.发育development：是细胞、组织、器官功能上的分化与成熟，是质的变化。

3.脱水dehydration：由于水的摄入量不足和丢失过多引起的体液总量、尤其是细胞外液量的减少。

脱水时除水分丢失外同时伴有钠、钾和其他电解质的丢失。

4.液体疗法：是通过补充液体及电解质来纠正体液容量及成分的紊乱，以保持机体正常生理功能的一种治疗方法。

6.体重低下underweight：体重低于同年龄、同性别参照人群值的均值减2SD以下为体重低下。

7.生长迟缓stunting：身长低于同年龄、同性别参照人群值的均值减2SD为生长迟缓。

8.消瘦wasting：体重低于同性别、同身高参照人群值的均值减2SD为消瘦。

9.小儿单纯性肥胖症obesity：是由于能量摄入长期超过人体的消耗，使体内脂肪过度积聚，体重超过了一定范围的一种慢性营养障碍性疾病。

10.肥胖-换氧不良综合症Pickwickian syndrome11.体质指数BMI：指体重和身高平方的比值，是评价肥胖的一种指标。

12.营养性维生素D缺乏性佝偻病rickets of vitamin D deficiency：是由于儿童体内维生素D 不足引起钙磷代谢失常的一种全身慢性营养性疾病。

其主要特征为正在生长的长骨干骺端或骨组织矿化不全，或骨质软化症，多见于2岁以内婴幼儿。

儿科学名词解释Pediatrics

儿科学Pediatrics名词解释●新生儿：是指从脐带结扎到出生后28天内的婴儿;●围生期：是指产前、产时和产后的一个特定时期,即自妊娠28周胎儿体重约1000g至生后7天;●正常足月儿：是指胎龄≥37周并<42周,出生体重≥2500g并≤4000g,无畸形或疾病的活产婴儿;●中性温度：是指机体维持体温正常所需的代谢率和耗氧量最低时的最适环境温度;●生理性体重下降：是指出生后由于摄入不足、体内水分丢失较多、进入量少、胎脂脱落、胎粪排出等造成的体重暂时下降,约在1周末降至最低点,10天左右恢复到出生体重;●新生儿窒息：是指婴儿出生后无自主呼吸或呼吸抑制导致低氧血症、高碳酸血症和代谢性酸中毒,是引起新生儿死亡和儿童伤残的重要原因之一;●新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病HIE：是指各种围生期窒息导致的部分或完全缺氧、脑血流减少或暂停而导致胎儿或新生儿脑损伤,早产儿发生率较高;●胎粪吸入综合征：是由胎儿在宫内或产时吸入混有胎粪的羊水,而导致以呼吸道机械性阻塞及化学性炎症为主要病理特征、以出生后出现呼吸窘迫为主要表现的临床综合征,多见于足月儿或过期产儿;●新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征RDS：又称肺透明膜病,是由肺表面活性物质PS缺乏而导致,以出生后不就出现呼吸窘迫并进行性加重的临床综合征,多见于早产儿;●生理性黄疸：由于生理性的胆红素过多生成等原因造成胆红素在体内积聚引起的皮肤或其他器官黄染出现的临床症状,一般情况良好,足月儿一般在2-3天内出现,2周内消退,血清胆红素上限值为205μmol/L12mg/dl;●胆红素脑病：出生后由于新生儿处理胆红素的能力较差,血清未结合胆红素过高,透过血脑屏障,使基底核等处的神经细胞黄染、坏死,继而出现痉挛、抽搐、角弓反张等一系列临床综合征,是新生儿溶血病的最严重并发症;●计划免疫：是根据小儿的免疫特点和传染病的发生情况而制定的免疫程序,通过有计划地使用生物制品进行预防接种,提高人群的免疫水平,控制和消灭传染病;●营养性维生素D缺乏佝偻病：是由于儿童体内维生素D不足使钙、磷代谢紊乱,产生的一种以骨骼病变为特征的全身慢性营养性疾病;●免疫缺陷病：是指因免疫细胞和免疫分子发生缺陷引起的机体抗感染免疫功能低下的一组临床综合征;●Koplik斑：即麻疹黏膜斑,是麻疹早期具有的特征性的体征,开始多见于下磨牙相对的颊粘膜上,直径的灰白色小点,有红晕,可累及整个颊粘膜至唇部黏膜,于出疹后逐渐消失;●原发综合征：是小儿原发性肺结核的一种典型表现,是由肺原发病灶、局部淋巴结病变和两者相连的淋巴管组成;●生理性腹泻：多见于小于6个月的婴儿,外观虚胖,常有湿疹,出生不久即出现腹泻;除大便次数增多外,无其他症状,食欲好,不影响生长发育;添加辅食后,大便即逐渐转为正常;●支气管哮喘：是由多种细胞和细胞组分共同参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病,表现为气道反应性增加,反复发作喘息、气促、胸闷和咳嗽,常有特应质或过敏性体质;●艾森曼格综合征：是指室间隔缺损时当右心室收缩压超过左心室收缩压时,左向右分流逆转为双向分流或右向左分流,出现发绀的症候群;●法洛四联症：婴儿期后最常见的青紫型先天性心脏病,病理改变为右心室流出道梗阻、室间隔缺损、主动脉骑跨和右心室肥厚;●肾病综合征：是一组由多种病因引起的肾小球基底膜通透性增加,导致血浆内大量蛋白质从尿中丢失的临床综合征;临床表现为大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症、高脂血症和明显水肿;●骨髓外造血：出生后,尤其是在婴儿期,当发生感染性贫血或溶血性贫血等造血需要增加时,肝、脾和淋巴结可随时适应需要,恢复到胎儿时的造血状态,出现肝、脾、淋巴结肿大;●生理性贫血：小儿出生后自主呼吸建立,血氧增加,红细胞生成素减少,骨髓暂时性造血功能降低导致红细胞生成减少,而且婴儿红细胞寿命较短,破坏较多,加之婴儿生长迅速、循环血量迅速增加,导致红细胞数和血红蛋白量逐渐下降;2-3个月红细胞数降至×1012/L,血红蛋白量降至110g/L左右,出现轻度贫血;●血清铁SI：是指血浆中与血清转铁蛋白结合的铁;●血清总铁结合力TIBC：是指血清铁和未饱和铁结合力的总和;●热性惊厥：是小儿最常见的急性惊厥,常发生在发热性疾病初期体温骤然升高大多39°C时,常与上呼吸道感染有关;●Reye综合征：病理表现为急性弥漫性脑水肿和肝脏为主的内脏脂肪变性,与使用水杨酸药物如阿司匹林高度相关;。

儿科名词解释

胎儿期：从精子和卵子结合,新生命开始到小儿出生称为胎儿期;围生期：胎龄满28周体重大于或等于1000克至出生后7足天;青春期：从第二性征出现到生殖功能基本发育成熟,身高停止增长的时期;高危儿high risk neonate指已发生或有可能发生危重情况而需要密切观察的新生儿;正常足月儿是指胎龄满37～41周出生,体重在2500～4000g,无任何畸形和疾病的活产婴儿; 小于胎龄儿：是指出生体重在同胎龄体重第10百分位以下者,凡已足月而体重在2500g以下者为足月小样儿;生理性体重下降：新生儿初生数日内,因丢失水分较多及胎粪排出,出现体重下降,但一般不超过10%,出生10天左右恢复到出生体重;混合喂养：因母乳不足或其他原因不能全部以母乳喂养,而部分用牛羊乳或其他代乳品喂养称分补授法和代授法;头围：指经眉弓上方,枕后结节饶头一周的长度,与脑和颅骨的发育密切相关;上臂围：指沿肩峰与尺骨鹰嘴连线中点的水平绕上比一周的长度;初乳：按WHO规定,产后最初4d内分泌的乳汁为初乳,质稠色黄,相对密度较高,含脂肪少,含蛋白质多,主要为免疫球蛋白.蛋白质-能量营养良protein-energy malnutrition,PEM是指因缺乏能量和蛋白质引起的一种营养缺乏症;主要表现为体重减轻,皮下脂肪减少和皮下水肿,常伴有各个器官不同程度的功能紊乱;营养性维生素D缺乏性手足搐搦症：指当维生素D缺乏、血钙下降而甲状旁腺代偿分泌亦不足时,则低血钙不能恢复,总血钙<时即可导致神经肌肉兴奋性增高,出现手足搐搦、喉痉挛,甚至全身性惊厥;高危儿：已经发生或可能发生危重疾病的新生儿Apgar评分：是一种简易的临床评价高出生婴儿窒息程度方法,内容包括心率、呼吸频率,对刺激反应、肌张力和皮肤颜色,每项0-2分,总共10分先锋头：又称产瘤,是由于分娩使头皮循环受压血管通透性改变及淋巴回流受阻引起的皮下水肿,所以发生在头先露部位,出生时即可发现,肿块边界不清、不受骨缝限制、柔软、压之凹陷、无波动感,出生后2-3天即消失;原始反射：是指足月儿出生时已具备的反射,如觅食反射,吮吸反射,握持反射,拥抱反射呼吸暂停：呼吸停止20秒钟以上,伴心率减慢<100次/分,并出现青紫中性温度：指机体代谢氧和能量消耗最低并能保持体温正常的最适环境温度新生儿红斑：生后1~2天;在头部,躯干及四肢出现大小不同的多形性斑丘疹.1~2天自然消失;皮脂腺堆积在鼻尖,鼻翼,额面部形成小米粒,大小黄白色皮疹,新生儿粟粒疹;遗尿症：正常小儿2-3岁起已能控制排尿,如5岁以后仍发生不随意排尿,即为遗尿症;大多发生在夜间熟睡时,称为夜间遗尿症新生儿窒息：是胎儿因缺氧发生宫内窘迫或娩出过程中引发的呼吸、循环障碍,以致在出后1分钟内无自主呼吸或未能建立规律性呼吸,而导致低氧血症和混合性酸中毒;新生儿败血症：是指新生儿病原菌侵入血液循环并在血液中生长、繁殖产生毒素,造成全身感染新生儿黄疸：新生儿血中胆红素超过5mg/dI可出现肉眼可见黄疸,非结合胆红素增高是新生儿黄疸最常见的表现形式,重者可引起胆红素脑病核黄疸母乳性黄疸：多于生后4-7天出现黄疸,2-3周达高峰,停母乳3天后胆红素下降新生儿咽下综合征：是指新生儿娩出时吞下母血,于生后不久发生呕血与便血马牙：在口腔上腭中线和齿龈部位,有黄白色、米粒大小的小颗粒,是由上皮细胞堆积或黏液腺分泌物积留形成;数周后可消失;核黄疸：病理性黄疸严重者可发生胆红素脑病;因未结合胆红素浓度过高或血脑屏障通透性增强未结合胆红素进入脑组织,引起脑组织的病理性损害,又称核黄疸;血清总胆红素浓度超过342umol/L20mg/dl或早产儿的总胆红素浓度为L15mg/dl;新生儿硬肿症：指新生儿时期由多种原因引起皮肤和皮下组织水肿、变硬同时伴有低体温及多器官功能受损,也称为新生儿寒冷损伤综合征;简称新生儿冷伤;新生儿溶血病：指母婴血型不合所引起的新生儿同种免疫性溶血病;细菌性痢疾：是由志贺菌属引起的肠道传染病,中毒型细菌性痢疾是由急性细菌性痢疾的危重型,起病急骤,临床以突发高热,嗜睡,反复惊厥,迅速发生休克和昏迷未特征;新生儿肺透明膜病：指新生儿出生后不久即出现进行性呼吸困难、紫绀、呼吸衰竭等症状,多见于早产儿,病理上以肺泡壁及细小支气管壁上下内有嗜伊红透明膜和肺不张为特征又称新生儿呼吸窘迫症;胃液震荡试验：将胃液1ML+95%的酒精1ML,振荡15S,静置15分钟,如果沿管壁有一圈泡沫为阳性,阳性者则排除新生儿肺透明膜疾病;缺氧发作：肥胖-换气不良综合征：严重肥胖者可因脂肪过度堆积而限制胸廓扩展及膈肌运动,导致肺通气不良,引起低血氧症、红细胞增多、发绀严重时心脏扩大,心力衰竭甚至死亡;Koplik斑：Koplik斑在疹发前24-48小时出现,为直径约1mm灰白色小点,外有红色晕圈,,开始散布在对着的下臼齿的颊粘膜上,量少,但在一天内很快增多,可累及整个颊粘膜并蔓延至唇部粘膜,粘膜斑在皮疹出现后即逐渐消失,可留有暗红色小点,具有早期诊断意义;原发性肺结核：是由结核杆菌初次侵入人体后发生的原发性感染,是小儿肺结核的主要类型,包括原发综合征和支气管淋巴结结核;原发综合症：由肺原发病灶,局部淋巴结病变和两者相连的淋巴管炎组成惊厥：是指全身或局部骨骼肌群突然发生不自主收缩,常伴意识障碍;惊厥持续状态：是指惊厥持续30分钟以上,或两次发作间歇期意识不能完全恢复者;Todd 麻痹：惊厥后可发生一过性24小时内瘫痪屏气发作：为呼吸运动暂停的一种异常行为,多发生于6-18个月婴幼儿,5岁前会自动消失癫痫持续状态：癫痫发作连续30分钟以上,或反复发作持续30分钟以上,发作间期意识不恢复者三脚架征：即患儿坐起时两臂向后伸直以支撑身体;吻膝实验阳性：即患儿坐起时不能自如的弯颈使下颌抵膝；头低下症：即将手置于患儿肩下,抬起其躯干时,患儿头与躯干不平行;过敏性紫癜anaphylactoid purpura又称舒-亨综合征,是以小血管炎为主要病变的血管炎综合征;临床特点除皮肤紫癜外,有关节肿痛,腹痛,便血,血尿等;主要见于学龄儿,男孩多于女孩; 川崎病kawasaki disease又称皮肤黏膜淋巴结综合征,是一种以全身中小动脉炎为主要病变的急性发热出疹性疾病;表现为急性发热,皮肤黏膜病损和淋巴结肿大;21-三体综合征21 trisomy syndrome又称先天愚型或Down综合征,是人类最早发现的常染色体畸变疾病,也是小儿染色体疾病中最常见的一种;艾森曼格综合征：当肺动脉高压显著,产生自右向左的分流时,临床出现持久性紫青即为艾森曼格综合征;先天心脏病：CHD:是指胚胎时期心脏和血管发育异常所致的畸形,是新生儿和儿童时期特别是4岁以下的儿童最常见的心脏病;差异性紫癜：心脏肺动脉压力超过主动脉时,产生右向左分流,患儿下半身紫青,左上肢轻度紫青,右上肢正常,称为差异性紫癜阿斯综合征：因心脏搏出量显著减少,患儿出现意识丧失,惊厥,甚至死亡肺门舞蹈：左向右分流型先心病时,肺动脉段凸出,肺野充血,肺门血管增粗,X线透视下可见肺动脉总干及分支心脏搏动而一明一暗,似肺门跳动,这种现象称为肺门舞蹈蹲踞现象：法洛四联症患儿多有蹲踞症状,每行走、游戏时,常常主动蹲下片刻;蹲踞时下肢屈曲,使静脉回心血量减少,减轻了心脏负荷,同时下肢动脉受压,体循环阻力增加,使右向左分流减少,从而缺氧症状暂时得到缓解;肠套叠：是指部分肠管和肠系膜套入临近肠腔内造成的一种绞窄性肠梗阻;生理性腹泻：生理性腹泻多见于6个月以下的婴儿,其外观虚胖,常有湿疹,出生后不久即腹泻,每天大便次数多,甚至十几次,每次大便量不一定很多,其中含少量水分,一般没有特殊腥臭味;生理性腹泻的婴儿除大便次数增多外,多无其他症状,食欲好,无呕吐,生长发育不受影响,添加辅食后,大便即逐渐转为正常口服补盐液：是WHO推荐用于治疗急性腹泻合并脱水的一种溶液;它由氯化钠,碳酸氢纳,枸橼酸钾,葡萄糖,加水至1000ml配制而成,其电解质渗透压为220mmol/L2/3张;鹅口疮：以白色念珠菌感染所致的口炎;特征是口腔粘膜上出现白色乳凝块状物骨髓外造血：出生后,尤其婴儿期,当遇到多种感染性贫血或造血需要增加时,肝、脾和淋巴结可适应需要恢复到胎儿时期的造血状态,出现肝、脾淋巴结肿大,末梢血中出现有核红细胞或和幼稚中性粒细胞;这是小儿造血器官的一种特殊反应,称为“骨髓外造血”婴儿肝炎综合征是指：婴儿期起病,具有肝细胞性黄疸、肝脏病理特征和肝功能损伤的临床症候群,病因包括：宫内和围生期感染、先天遗传代谢病、肝内胆管发育异常等Goodpasture综合征：肺出血-肾炎综合征,临床特点是咯血,呼吸困难,血尿及蛋白尿,有时可出现水肿及高血压,迅速出现肾功能衰竭激素依赖：对激素敏感,用药缓解,减量或停药2周内复发,恢复用量或再次用药又缓解并重复2-3次者激素耐药：以强的松每日治疗8周判断,尿蛋白仍++激素敏感：以强的松每日治疗8周判断,尿蛋白完全转阴激素部分敏感：以强的松每日治疗8周判断,尿蛋白减少至+-++。

儿科名词解释

儿科名词解释生长发育：指小儿机体各组织、器官形态的增长和功能成熟的过程。

生长是指儿童身体各器官、系统的长大，可有相应的测量值来表示其的量的变化；发育是指细胞、组织、器官的分化与功能成熟。

平均需要量EAR（estimated average requirement）是某一特定性别、年龄及生理状况群体中对某营养素需要量的平均值，摄入量达到EAR的水平时可以满足群体中半数个体对该营养素的需要，而不能满足另外半数个体的可能性。

推荐摄入量RNI（recommended nutrient intake）可以满足某一特定群体中绝大多数（97-98%）人体的需要；适宜摄入量AI（adequate intake）是通过观察或实验室获得的健康人群某种营养素的摄入量，在不能确定RNI时使用；可耐受最高摄入量UL（tolerable upper intake level）是平均每日可以摄入该营养素的最高量。

溢乳：15%的婴儿常出现溢乳，可因过度喂养、不成熟的胃肠运动类型、不稳定的进食时间而发生。

同时，婴儿胃水平位置，韧带松弛，易折叠；贲门括约肌松弛，幽门括约肌发育好的消化道解剖生理特点使6个月内的小婴儿常常出现胃食道反流（gastroesophageal reflex,GER）。

围生期（perinatal period）：是指产前、产时和产后的一个特定时期，自妊娠28周至生后7天。

小于胎龄儿SGA：指出生体重在同胎龄平均体重第10百分位数以下，或低于平均体重两个标准差的新生儿；适于胎龄儿AGA：指出生体重在同胎龄平均体重第10～90百分位数者；大于胎龄儿LGA：指出生体重在同胎龄平均体重第90百分位数以上，或高于平均体重2个标准差的新生儿。

湿肺（wet lung）：亦称新生儿暂时性呼吸增快（transient tachypnea of newborn,TTN）多见于剖宫产足月儿，为自限性疾病。

儿科名词解释汇总

1、生理性腹泻：多见于小于6个月的婴儿，外观虚胖，常有湿疹。

生后不久即腹泻，但除大便次数增多外，无其他症状，食欲好，不影响生长发育。

添加辅食后，大便即逐渐转为正常。

2、性早熟：女孩在8岁、男孩在9岁以前出现性发育征象。

性征与真实性别一直者为同性性早熟，不一致者为异性性早熟；按下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能是否提前发动分为中枢性（真性）性早熟和外周性（假性）性早熟。

3、帕氏（Pastia）线：猩红热皮疹的特征性表现，在腋窝、肘窝、腹股沟等皮肤皱褶部位出现密集皮疹，伴有皮下出血点可形成紫红色线条。

4、假月经：部分女婴在生后5-7天，可见阴道流出少量血液，持续1-3天自止，此系母体雌激素在孕期进入胎儿体内，生后突然中断所致。

5、舞蹈症：为风湿热病人的主要临床表现之一。

表现为全身或部分肌肉呈不自主的运动，以四肢动作最多，入睡消失。

6、主动免疫：给易感者接种特异性抗原，使机体主动产生免疫抗体以预防疾病发生的方法。

7、被动免疫：对未接受主动免疫的易感儿在接触传染病后给予胎盘球蛋白、丙种球蛋白等注射，使小儿短期内具有被动免疫，避免发生疾病。

8、累计体液损失量：发病后水和电解质等体液的总损失量，即患病前与来诊时体重的差值，可通过前囟、眼窝、皮肤弹性、循环情况和尿量等临床指标进行评估。

9、围生期：指出生前、后的一个特定时期，我国将围生期定为自妊娠28周至出生后7天。

10、“马牙”或“板牙”：在新生儿牙龈边缘可见散在黄白米色米粒大小颗粒或斑块，俗称“马牙”，系上皮细胞堆积或黏液腺分泌物积留所致。

属正常，可自行消失，不宜挑刮。

11、菌血症：指细菌短暂侵入血液，无中毒表现。

12、鹅口疮：白色念珠菌感染所致的口炎。

特征是在口腔黏膜上出现白色乳凝块状物。

13、生理性贫血：出生后，由于血氧含量增高，红细胞生成素减少，胎儿红细胞破坏增多，加之婴儿生长发育较快，循环总量增加，红细胞数、血红蛋白逐渐降低。

至2~3月降到110g/L以下，呈自限过程。

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