雅思模拟测试题

LISTENING approximately 30 minutes SECTION 1Questions 1 - 10Questions 1 - 5Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.Question 55.How much does the course cost?$ ___________________Question 6Circle the correct letters A - C.6. The student says he’d like to:A Live at a student hostelB Share social with classmatesC Live as a home stayQuestion 7 and 8Complete the table belowWrite NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.Question 9 and 10Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.9. What proportion of students come from England?_________________________________________10. How long is a train ride from the university to the center?________________________________________SECTION 2 Questions 11 – 20Questions 11 - 20Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.11. His first impression of the institute was _________________.12. Eric’s first accommodation was __________________.13. He usually has meals in a __________________.14. The food at the dining hall was ________________.15. The students in the university were _______________.16. The name of his present course is ________________.17. The difficulty of his present course is ______________.18. The suggestion for improving the course is _____________.19. Eric has been in his first accommodation for _____________.20. His second accommodation is ________________.SECTION 3 Questions 21 – 30Circle the correct letters A - C.21.How long do they make preparations before they arrive.A two weeksB five weeksC eight weeks22.How many books does a course need ?A31B 25C 2923.How many books could we sell if a lecturer tells us that he expects us to sell 90 copies of abook?A 45-150B 35-120C 45-12024.How much is academic and professional publishing market worth a year ?A $500 millionB $400 millionC $4500 millionWrite NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.Some even go so far as 25. ________________ to the appropriate lecturers inorder to let them know what's coming up.The publishers send us – 26. __________________ 'inspection copies' lecturerscan then get.a free copy and dec ide whether it's going to be suitable for27._________________Main object is to find books that are good 28. ____________________Also look for books that are 29. __________________and 30. _________________SECTION 4Questions 31 - 40Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.There are a lot of perishable food such as 31. _________________ and vegetables.Give three reasons to preserve food: eat these kinds of foods all year round32.__________________________________there are food shortagesA number of methods of preserving food involve: low temperature33. ________________chemicalsirradiation34. _________________Circle two correct letters A-E35./36. How many minutes does heating milk to 65°C and 150°C take according to―pasteurization‖ ?A: 45 minutesB: 14 minutesC: 33 minutesD: 4 secondsE: 3 secondsCircle the correct letters A - C.37. When were tin cans first used to store and preserve food?A in the early 1900sB in the early 1700sC in the early 1800s38.When was the refrigerator invented?A in 1824B in 1822C in 1825Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.39.Sugar is used to preserve jamsVinegar is used to _______________.40.Water has evaporated leaving only ______________________.ACADEMIC READING60 minutesReading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13,which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The Natural Greenhouse EffectThe natural greenhouse effect is a phenomenon created by the heat energy radiated by the sun and greenhouse gases normally present in the atmosphere. In simple terms, sunlight passes through the atmosphere, warming the Earth. In turn, the Earth radiates this energy back towards space. As it passes through the atmosphere, greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) absorb part of the energy, while the remainder escapes into space. This means that some of the sun's energy becomes trapped – thus making the lower part of the atmosphere, and Earth, warmer.Energy in balanceIf the atmosphere accumulated all the trapped heat, then the Earth's temperature would just rise and rise, but it doesn't. The temperature only rises until the amount of infrared(红外线的) or long wave radiation leaving the Earth balances the amount of energy coming in from the sun. As long as the amount of greenhouse gases in the air stays the same, and as long as the amount of heat arriving from the sun is constant, an equilibrium is established（11）. This is a steady state where as much energy is lost to space as is gained from the sun. In equilibrium, the natural greenhouse effect maintains the average temperature of Earth at around 14 degrees Celsius.The atmosphere is changingThe Earth's atmosphere is made up of 78 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen. Only about 1 per cent is made up of natural greenhouse gases, but this comparatively small amount of gas makes a big difference. Before the Industrial Revolution (which started in England about 300 years ago) the mix of gases that made up the atmosphere was relatively constant. The Industrial Revolution brought new industrial processes, more extensive agriculture, and a rapid increase in the world's population. This rapid increase in human activity meant that more of the gases which cause the greenhouse effect were released into the atmosphere. We know this because of measurements made over the last 35 years and the analysis of air bubbles trapped in ancient ice. There is now clear evidence that levels of carbon dioxide（8题的问题）, methane, nitrous oxide and halocarbons are increasing.The enhanced greenhouse effect and climate changeMany scientists think that the increasing concentration of these greenhouse gases has led to an increase in the world's average temperature. This is called the enhanced greenhouse effect. While scientists agree that the levels of greenhouse gases are rising, there is less certainty about what the precise effects of this will be. To help them understand these effects, scientists use mathematical models. These models take account of many processes that together determine the behavior of the atmosphere (eg, temperature, humidity, wind speed and atmospheric pressure). Many researchers are predicting that the world will get warmer, but exactly how much warmer or how quickly it will happen is still being debated.A national and international issueAn increase in global temperature would bring changes to the entire planet, and therefore to every nation. This makes it an international issue（13每一个国家）which needs worldwide study and responses. But individual countries are each responsible for their own greenhouse gas production. Australia produces about 1.5 per cent of the world's anthropogenic(类人类基因)greenhouse gases. We have very high emissions of greenhouse gases relative to other developed countries, considering the size of our population and economy（6与题目所提出的有异）. One of the reasons for this is that other nations have reduced their carbon dioxide emissions because they use more natural gas and nuclear power instead of oil and coal.Australia and over 150 other countries signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at the first Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. This agreement set up a process which enabled governments to meet regularly to discuss action to avert extreme climate change. As a result of subsequent talks, all developed countries were asked to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels. In December 1997, a conference of governments held in Japan attempted to reach legally binding agreements about what each country should do. The idea was for each country to reduce its greenhouse gas output by a similar percentage.Australian scientistsThe Australian government argued that this was not fair on Australia because they have a different sort of economy from other developed nations, and would suffer economic and social costs if emissions were reduced by the same percentage as other countries(10与题目不符). Australian scientists are working on many aspects of the greenhouse effect to determine climatic trends. Others model the effect of the enhanced greenhouse effect on Australia's climate and economy(12很明显的大情况).Still some scientists prefer to live and work on the Antarctic ice cap, to see what effect the enhanced greenhouse effect may be having there. All this is part of a worldwide attempt to better understand what may be causing global warming and to decide what can be done about it.Questions 1-5Complete the summary using the list of words A-L below.Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.As modernity continues to progresses, a global concern over the enhanced 1…………I…..... has produced an extensive collaboration between over 150 countries. Scientific evidence has demonstrated a steady increase in levels of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and 2. …E …OR…L……..... In 1992, the United Nations presented at the first Earth Summit, a realistic framework proposal to reduce greenhouse emissions back to their corresponding 3…………D…..... levels. In 1997, a conference in 4………J…….....attempted to create an international standard on the amount of emissions that should be reduced by any industrialized country today. The Australian government argued a standard was not fair due to the diverse economy of each culture and nation involved. Further research continues in attempt to understand all the aspects causing 5…………H….....and what solutions can be achieved by developed countries in up coming millennium.Questions 6-10Do the following statements agree with information given in the Reading Passage 1In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the informationif the statement contradicts the informationFALSENOT GIVENif there is no information on thisDeveloping countries are attempting to maintain a standard gas emission rate NG6.7.Chlorofluorocarbons are compounds, similar to hydrocarbons, but the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine and chlorine atoms. NG完全没有Studies in ancient ice have revealed an increase in carbon monoxide levels. F8.9.The Earth's atmosphere is made up of 78 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen. TRUEAustralia agrees with the United Nations proposed regulatory agreement F10.Questions 11-13Choose the correct letter A, B or CWrite the correct letter in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11.An equilibrium of greenhouse gases can only be established BAwhen the amount of lunar heat and greenhouse gasses in space remain constant.Bwhen the amount of solar heat and greenhouse gasses in the air remain constant.Cwhen Australia stops producing 1.5% of the world's total greenhouse emissions.Dwhen Earth's accumulated heat rises and falls12. Australian scientists are working on what aspects of the greenhouse effect? CAProgressive disturbances in the rate of carbohydrates in the atmosphere.Living in the Antarctic and the effects of snow production.BCClimatic trends and effects in relation to economic outcomes.DAn international emission rate suitable for all modern countries13. An increase in global temperature would affect the entire planet, therefore BAthis makes it exclusively a socio/economical issue.Bthis makes it exclusively an international issue.Cthis makes it exclusively a national issue.Dthis makes it exclusively an extraterrestrial issue.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26,which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.CHILD PSYCHOLOGYAThe study of children’s behavior includes all physical, cognitive, motor, linguistic, perceptual, social, and emotional characteristics, from birth through adolescence（24研究从哪个阶段开始. Child psychologists study the similarities and differences among children and describe normal as well as abnormal behavior and development. Two critical problems for child psychologists are (1) to determine how environmental variables (such as parental attitudes) and biological characteristics (such as health) interact and influence behavior, and (2) to understand how behavioral changes influence one another.HistoryBBoth Plato and Aristotle wrote about children. Plato believed that children are born with special talents and that their training should stress those talents. His views are consistent with modern thinking about individual differences and education. Aristotle proposed methods for observing children’s behavior that were forerunner s for modern methods. In the 18th century the French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau seemed to echo Plato when he stated that children should be free to express their energies in order to develop their special talents. His view suggests that normal development occurs best in a nonrestrictive, supportive environment. Similar concepts are popular today.Scientific studyCIn the 19th century, Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution provided an impetus for the scientific examination of child development. His emphasis on the survival behavior of different species led to observing children to identify their adaptive behaviors and to learn about the inheritance of human behavior. These studies were of limited scientific value because they lacked objectivity and often failed to describe adequately the behaviors being observed, making validation impossible.DScientific research in child development flourished from the early 1900s. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test (1916), by the American psychologist Lewis Terman led to a number of studies about children’s intellectual development. In the 1920s scientists began large-scale observational studies of children and their families. All used the longitudinal method, in which the same children are observed and tested over a specific time period.EThe accumulated results of all the major studies reported over a period of 20 years provided information about patterns and rates of child development, as well as age norms for a wide variety of behaviors. These norms are used to assess children’s development. One problem with the observational studies was that they emerged from an interest in evolution and genetics. Consequently, environmental influences were largely dismissed as unimportant and were excluded from the work on intelligence.Environmental studiesFAbout the time that the observational work was flourishing, other researchers were writing about the role of the environment in children’s development and behavior. Sigmund Freud, who emphasized the effects of environmental variables on development, stressed the importance ofparental behavior during infancy. To the present day, Freud’s theory continues to influence child psychologists.GPsychologist John B. Watson also stressed the role of the environment in shaping chi ldren’s development, called Behaviorism. Although behaviorists emphasize environment, they almost totally deny the influence of biological variables on development. Their basic assumptions are that the mind of a newborn child is a blank slate, or tabula rasa; all behaviors are determined by environmental events; and differences among children are the result of those environmental variables. Although they contributed much to the study of children, their concepts eventually were viewed as being overly narrow.Thus, current studies have their origins in Darwin’s theory of evolution but also incorporate Watson’s concern for the influence of the environment.HThroughout the 1920s until the early 1960s, psychologist and self proclaimed genetic epistemologist Jean Piaget, developed a cognitive theory in child psychology. This work involves both experimental and observational methods. By focusing on progressive behavior, biological and environmental variables could be easily integrated to account for cultural diversity. Developmental TheoriesIA theory of development should reflect an attempt to relate behavioral change to chronological age; that is, diverse behavioral characteristics should be related to specific stages of growth. The rules governing the transitions between these growth states also must be identified. The dominant developmental theories are Freud’s theory of personality development and Piaget’s theory of perception and cognition. Both developementalists explain human maturity in terms of interactions of biological determinants and environmental events.JFreud’s theory is based on the concept that a healthy personality requires the satisfaction of instinctual needs. In Freudian psychology the personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego14. The id is the source of instinctual drives. The role of the ego is to cope with the demands of the id while remaining within the rules of society, which in turn are represented by the superego. The physical focus of instinctual needs changes with age or stages. Infants, for example, achieve maximum id satisfaction from sucking; this is called the oral stage. Children progress through four stages, ending with adult sexuality. Freud clearly integrated biological and environmental variables in his theory.KPiaget believed that from birth humans are active learners who do not require external incentives. He proposed that cognitive development occurs in four stages. Stage I, sensorimotor intelligence (birth–2 years), takes the child from unrelated reflexive movements to behavior that reflects knowledge of simple concepts. Stage II, preoperational thought (2–7 years), is characterized by an increasing use of abstract symbols as reflected in imaginative play. Stage III, concrete operational thought (7–11 years), involves relatively sophisticated problem-solving behavior and attainment of adult thought. Stage IV, formal operational thought (12 years and older), is characterized by the ability to develop hypotheses and deduce new concepts.Heredity and environmentLIt is generally agreed that patterns of child development are determined by both genetics and the environment, although sharp disagreements occur about the relative importance of an individual’s genetic makeup. Research indicated that both genetic and environmental variables contribute to intellectual behavior. A genetic component also exists in personality characteristics such as introversion and extroversion, activity level, and predisposition to psychoses. Many advances have been made in identifying the genetic causes of mental disorders, but more research is needed to understand better how genetic mechanisms operate among normal children.Questions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has 12 paragraphs, A-L.Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14. The theory of the id, ego and superego15. Standardized testing of childhood intellectual development16. The basic assumption of Tabla Rasa17. An account on various older Philosophers18. A four stage developmental process not requiring external incentivesQuestions 19-23Classify the following disciplines of Child Psychology according to whether the writer statesA they are advocates of environmental influenceB they are advocates of genetic determinismC they are advocates of both the nature and nurture argumentWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 19 - 23 on your answer sheet.19.Evolutionists20.Behavioralists21.Observationalists22.Developementalists23.Cognitive TheoristsQuestions 24 and 26Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.24.Child Psychology studies the behavior of children fromwhat stages?25.What Philosopher echoed the ideologies of an ancientpredecessor?26.Charles Darwin is the proponent of what theory? READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 27-40,which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Questions 27 - 31Reading Passage 3 has five marked paragraphs. A-EChoose the correct heading for eachparagraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27. Paragraph A28. Paragraph B29. Paragraph C30. Paragraph D31. Paragraph EDrama and Dramatic ArtsDrama is a form of literature, usually in dialogue form, intended for a performance. The word drama comes from a Greek word meaning ―to do,‖ and thus drama is usually associated with the idea of action. Most often, drama is thought of as a story about events in the lives of characters. As the adjective dramatic indicates, the ideas of conflict, tension, contrast, and emotion are usually associated with drama.Drama is a means of storytelling, while others see it as a form of religion, spectacle, or entertainment.Theater has been used as an extension of religious festivals, as a means for spreading political ideas or propagandizing mass audiences as entertainment, and as a form of art. Consisting of individuals or small groups, usually working outside established theatrical channels, performing anything from circus skills to farcical plays for a mass audience; this form of theater is exemplified today by commercial television.Western TheaterAlthough the origins of Western theater are unknown, most theories point to a ritual origin in ancient and prehistoric religious practices. V irtually all ritual contains theatrical elements attributed to ancient fertility rites, harvest festivals and shamanism. The earliest period in Western theatrical history is known as The Classics, because it encompass the drama and theater of the classical civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome, written in Greek or Latin, the classical languages.Greek theaterThe first piece of critical writing on the origin of theater is Aristotle's Poetics (c. 330 bc). According to Aristotle, Greek tragedy developed from dithyrambs—choral hymns often telling a story in honor of the wine god Dionysus. From this it was but a small step to the addition of other actors and characters and the evolution of drama as an independent form. The plays were highly formalized, consisting of episodes with characters alternating with choral songs. Generally, little action occurred onstage and most events and information were related through dialogue and choral songs. The stories are mostly drawn from myths or ancient history, retelling a story while emphasizing a consideration of humanity's place in the world and the consequences of individual actions. By the 4th century bc comedy had supplanted tragedy as the dominant form.As Greek culture spread in the wake of the conquests of Alexander the Great, literary comedies and philosophical tragedies became inappropriate, and domestic comedy—called Middle and New Comedy—proliferated. These plays are similar in plot and style to the situation comedies on television today. The plot hinges on a complication or situation revolving around love, family problems, money, or the like. The characters are simplified social types, such as a miserable father or a nagging mother-in-law.Greek theater construction evolved over two centuries. The permanent stone theaters that survive today as ruins were not built until the 4th century bc, that is, after the classical period ofplaywriting. The open-air theaters consisted of a semicircular seating area built into a hillside around the orchestra and a raised stage behind it for actors. These theaters held 15,000 to 20,000 spectators. As the importance of actors grew and that of the chorus diminished, the stage became higher and encroached on the orchestra space.AThe actors—all men—wore theatricalized versions of everyday dress, but, most importantly, they wore larger-than-life masks, which aided visibility and indicated the nature of the character to the audience. Movement was apparently stately and formal, and the greatest emphasis was on the voice. Music accompanied the dances. An ancient Greek production was probably more akin to opera than to modern drama.Roman theaterBAs the Roman Republic spread in the 4th century bc, it absorbed Greek territories and naturally, Greek drama and architectural design. Native Roman drama did not develop until the 3rd century bc. Although play production was originally associated with religious festivals, the spiritual nature of the events was soon lost; as the number of festivals increased, drama became primarily a secular entertainment. The most popular forms were comedy and farce. By the 2nd century bc, Roman playwriting was dominated by the Greek New Comedy genre. The plays generally involve domestic intrigue, although some have a moral value as well. Although the plays read much like contemporary comedies, two-thirds of the lines may have been sung.CAlthough Greek and Roman tragedies were performed during the only the 1st century ad, plays were written to be recited or simply read and not acted—because by this time public interest was too limited to sustain tragedy. Plays were based on Greek myths but tended to emphasize supernatural elements, bloody violence, and obsessive passion. Written in a five-act structure that included soliloquies and poetic speeches, this genre became strongly influential throughout the Renaissance.DRoman theater building, as that of Greece, developed after the period of classical writing had ended. In part, this happened because the Romans were afraid to offend one god by building a theater in honor of another. Choruses had become insignificant; the orchestra was substantially reduced to a small semicircle. The large stage was backed by an elaborate three-story facade with three doors; most Roman comedies are set on a street in front of three houses. As with Greek theater, scenery was minimal and suggestive.EBy the 2d century ad literary theater had declined in popularity and was replaced by spectacle and popular entertainment. Even the gladiatorial events were theatricalized with superficial plots, costumes, and settings. Some Roman actors, especially the women, had licentious reputations, and partly because the mimes frequently satirized the Christians, among others, the emerging Christian church attacked the Roman theater, thereby contributing to its ultimate demise and to the lingering reputation of theater and actors as evil or immoral. With the fall of the Roman Empire in ad 476, classical theater came to an end; mainstream theatrical activity did not reemerge for more than 500 years. Only the popular entertainers, known as jongleurs and minstrels in the medieval world, survived and provided a thread of continuity.Questions 32-35Look at the following drama genres and the list of descriptions below.Match each drama genre with the correct description, A-DWrite the correct letter A-D in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.32.Tragedy33.New Comedy34.Sacrilegious parodies35.DithyrambsQuestions 36-40Complete the summary belowChoose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in the boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.。