翻译理论与实践1-
《翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲
7
重复法
反译法（作业评讲与提 8
升）
9
句型转换
理论 课时
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
学时安排
实验 课时
习题 课时
1
1
1
1
小计
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
长难句（作业评讲与提
10
1
升）
11
特殊句式
2
语法成分的互换（作业
12
1
评讲与提升）
13
一文多译
2
特色理论简介（作业评
14
1
讲与提升）
四、考核及成绩评定方式
1. 成绩考核由两部分构成：平时成绩和期末考试。 2. 平时主要考查出勤及作业情况，占总成绩的 40%。平时成绩基础分为 75 分，1 个好的表现（简称 GJ，指回答问题或作业等表现优异的情况）等同于 3 分，平时成绩可以超过 100 分，总评成绩最多不超过 99 分；1 次缺席（记录表中用？表示）减 3 分；3 次请假（记录表中用 l 表示）减 2 分。 3. 期末考试为笔试，占总成绩的 60%。
五、教材及参考书目
教材：刘龙根、胡开宝、伍思静，《大学英语翻译教程》。北京：中国人民大学出版社，2012。
参考书： 陈文伯，《译艺：英汉汉英双向笔译》。北京：世界知识出版社，2004。 刘宓庆，《翻译教学：实务与理论》。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2006。
大纲执笔: 杨炳钧
《翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲
课程名称：翻译理论与实践 课程代码：001-(2017-2018-1)EN411 学分/学时：2/32 适用专业：不限 先修课程：无 后续课程：无 开课单位：外国语学院
一、课程性质和教学目标
翻译理论与实践unit 1 introduction
3. English advantages
• • • •
nouns, esp. abstract nouns passive voice prep., adj., and others logic
• 12. Part of his good mood was an awareness of the approach of a new season, and part that he had thought it over and
Short & long sentences
• 在五种基本句型中，在有名词出现的地方一般可以扩展成 名词从句﹑ 动词不定式短语﹑ 动名词短语等 。 • 7：他跟谁都不招呼一声就走了，真是奇怪。 • 译：It’s very funny his going without saying goodbye to anyone. • 8：报告取消了，我们都感到很遗憾。 • 译：We all thought it a pity that the report had been cancelled.
• • • •
《中国翻译》（2013年第1期：韩素音翻译竞赛） 译言网 中国翻译协会网站 Language Tips
3. 胎又瘪了。 译：We’ve got another flat tire. cf: The tire turns flat again. 4.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 译1：It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译) • 译2：We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints. • • • • •
翻译理论与实践1
定语从句的翻译
1、Such adjective can hardly distort the reality which they concealed.这种修辞改变不了他们掩盖的事实。 （前置定语） 2、We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.关于这点，我们要对特别委员会表示满 意，它的活动应当受到鼓励。（后置定语） 3、Photographs are taken of stars, the light of which is too faint to be seen by eyes at all.虽然许多形体的光线 非常微弱，肉眼根本看不见，但他们的照片还是被 拍了下来。(让步状语）
篇章翻译
• 行文方面：科技英语以客观陈述为主，故语体正式，语篇 组织严谨，观点明确、逻辑性强、结构紧凑，没有插叙倒 叙。 • • 语法方面：科技语篇中句子结构完整，且句式复杂句子多。 常用的语法结构有：被动语态、非谓语动词、条件句、虚 拟语气、后置定语、定语从句等。 • 词汇方面：科技文章中专业术语多、复合词多、名词多且 为长词大词，很少使用口语词汇、词组等。 • 总之，由于科技英语的主要目的是表述科学发现、科学 事实、实验报告和各类说明等，所以其语篇特点为正式、 准确、严密、精练、清晰。
英译汉的层次
1
2
3
4
词语
Title
句子
Title
段落
Title
篇章
Title
词类
•英汉间的语际转换常常伴有词类转换
如：名词换成动词
翻译理论与实践 第一节
(二)理解逻辑关系
为了透彻理解原文，译者往往还得上下有联系地理 解原文的逻辑关系。有时原文里的一个词、一个词 组或一个句子可能有几种不同的意思，就得仔细推 敲，估计实际情况，根据逻辑推理来决定哪一种是 确切的译法。 It is good for him to do that. 这样做对他有好处。 他这样做是件好事。
第三部分：“五四”之后的近代翻译 史
“五四”是我国近代翻译史的分水岭。“五四” 以前最显著的表现是，以严复、林纾等为代 表翻译了一系列西方资产阶级学术名著和文 学作品，“五四”以后，我国翻译事业开创 了一个新的历史时期，开始介绍马列主义经 典著作和无产阶级文学作品。
第三部分：“五四”之后的近代翻译 史：
玄奘：
世称三藏法师，俗称唐僧 。他在唐太宗贞观 二年出发去印度求经，十七年后才回国。他 带回佛经657部，主持了比过去组织制度更加 健全的译场。他不但把佛经由梵文译为汉文， 而且把老子著作的一部分译成梵文，成为第 一个把汉文著作向国外介绍的中国人。
第二部分：“五四”之前的近代翻译 史
翻译理论与实践
第一章：我国翻译史简介
第一部分：佛经翻译 安世高 三支 释道安 佛教三大翻译家
安世高：
佛经翻译是在东汉桓帝建和二年（公元一四 八年）开始的，安世高是当时的译者，也是 佛经翻译的创始人。
三支：
支娄迦谶（支谶）：月支国人，译了十多部佛经， 译笔生硬，读者不易看懂。 支亮：支谶的弟子 支谦：字恭明，三国时期高僧，月支国优婆塞人， 体形细长黑瘦。汉末来中国，他的祖父法度在东汉 灵帝时，率国人数百移居中国，支谦同来，至洛阳， 受业于支谶的门人支亮。他懂得多种西域文，精通 梵语，博览经籍，翻译了数十种佛经重要典藉。因 其博学超众，曾被吴主孙权拜为博士。
01-翻译理论与实践
Reference Books
翻译教程类 《英汉文体翻译教程》，陈新主编，北京大学出 版社，1999 《英汉翻译教程》，庄绎传，外语教学与研究出 版社，1999 《英汉翻译教程》，张培基等，上海外语教育出 版社，1980 《实用翻译教程》，范仲英，外语教学与研究出 版社，1994 《实用翻译教程》（英汉互译增订本），冯庆华， 上海外语教育出版社，2002 《新编英汉翻译教程》，孙致礼，上nslation method. It reveals the translator’s preference to the transfer of content instead of the form. （意译）
Ghost Gone with the Wind Pretty Woman Lord of the Ring The Professional Home Alone Bathing Beauty The Ring Sister Act Bean
I. The definition of translation
What is translation?
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida) 所谓翻译，即是在译入语中使用最贴近而 又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息，第一 是意义，第二是文体。 （尤金· 奈达）
翻译理论和实践
Translation: Theory and Practice
翻译理论与实践.doc
第一章英汉文化对比与翻译有一则趣谈:一所国际公寓闹火灾,里面住有犹太人,法国人,美国人和中国人.犹太人急急忙忙先搬出的是他的保险箱,法国人先拖出的是他的情人,美国人则先抱出他的妻子,而中国人则先背出的是他的老母.一、文化的定义文化是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富,精神财富和相应的创造才能的总和。
文化包括物质文化与精神文化,物质文化是指文化中看得见,摸得着的那部分,因此也称之为硬文化.相对来说,精神文化就是软文化,而软文化则是文化的深层结构。
美国著名翻译理论家尤金．奈达将语言文化特性分为五类：Ecological Culture 生态文化Material Culture物质文化Social Culture社会文化Religious Culture宗教文化Linguistic Culture语言文化二.中西方文化差异（一）西方重唯理,思辩,中方重经验,直觉（二）西方的细节分析与中方的整体综合（三）中西方价值观与人生追求的不同三、文化影响翻译的表现形式:(一)词汇空缺现象（Zero of equivalent word）在一种语言里的有些词在另一种语言里没有对等或契合的词,有人称这种情况为词汇空缺(lexical gap) Salad沙拉Lost Generation迷惘的一代Beat Generation垮掉的一代Baby Boomers生育高峰儿婴儿潮一代Y uppies雅皮士Dinks丁克Sandwich Generation三明治世代Couch Potato电视迷老泡在电视机前的人；终日懒散的人Mall Rats购物狂Hippie嬉皮士功夫kongfu叩头kowtow 炕Kang太极Taichi粽子Zongzi苦力Kuli饺子jiaozi 还有一些民族文化内涵特别丰富的词语，在翻译时也必须采用释义或注释等方法，说明该词的语用含义，才能使译语读者了解原语独特的文化现象。
如：钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
第一讲 翻译理论与实践--翻译史简介
• •
1. 各类文体翻译研究回顾 进入80年代，我国翻译结束了经验式的封闭性的翻译理论研究，开始对各种 文体翻译的研究，进一步加强了文学翻译，大量的国外名著被翻译介绍到国 内，相继出现了法律翻译、新闻翻译、社科翻译、应用文翻译、科技翻译和 经贸翻译等各相关学科的专门翻译的研究。口译翻译研究也得到进一步的发 展。现代文体翻译具有以下特征：1. 题材和体裁丰富；2. 实用性、针对性强； 3. 文体特征研究细致。文学翻译在诗歌方面，英诗汉译以卞之琳为代表，既 译神也译形，提出了格律移植宽严有度，“以顿（汉语中口语的基本节奏单 位）代步（指英诗的音步）”的主张。江枫进一步提出“以形传神，立形存 神”的观点。汉诗英译方面翁显良有独到见解，以意象和节奏为本色，以不 切为切，浅中见深。许渊冲提出用：一（identification）、艺（re-creation）、 异（innovation）、依（imitation）、怡（recreation）、易（rendition）六个 字概述了译诗的目的论、认识论、方法论和常道与变道。高健和刘炳善对散 文翻译颇有研究，提出“意之所到，风格随之”，巧劲来自真功夫。许国璋 主张学术翻译要“切译”，自成一体。程镇球对政论性文稿的翻译以严谨著 称，陈忠诚译法律以精确驰名。刘先刚提出建立企业翻译学的构想，使科技 翻译研究得到进一步的发展。另外公文、合同、广告、招标文件等应用性文 体的翻译研究也得到了一定的发展。口译研究也得到了发展。
• 第五个时期从鸦片战争到五四运动前。清末的严复翻译了许多 西方政治经济学说，如赫胥黎的《天演论》（Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays）、亚当•斯密的《原富》（An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations）、孟德斯鸠 的《法意》（L’esprit des Lois）、斯宾塞尔的《群学肆言》 （The Study of Sociology）、约翰•穆勒的《群己权界论》（On The Sociology • On Liberty）、甄克思的《社会通诠》（A History of Politics Liberty A Politics）等。 他提出了“信、达、雅”作为翻译的标准对我们的翻译具有指 导意义。第六个时期从五四运动到中华人民共和国成立。我国 近代翻译史的先驱鲁迅和瞿秋白等开始介绍马列主义经典著作 和无产阶级文学作品。鲁迅对翻译标准的主要观点是：“凡是 翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原文 的丰姿。”第七个时期从新中国成立至今。
翻译第一讲 翻译理论与实践
导学——学法指导 学法指导 导学
译者素养： 译者素养：
译者的素质： 译者的素质： 外语素质 语言敏感度 心理素质 翻译的辅助工具： 翻译的
导学——学法指导 学法指导 导学
Tips： ：
提高方法： 提高方法：
翻译理论+翻译技巧+ 1. 翻译理论+翻译技巧+翻译实践 研究有关翻译的论述，弄懂翻译的基本问题。 （ 阅读理论著作；专题论文；翻译教材；译品的前言后语） 2. 研究译作范本 从中摸索翻译的规律和技巧，对比不同译本的处理和效果。 研究典型译例，注意翻译技巧的说明和译句的得失，为翻译 实践打好基础 3. 不断进行翻译实践 （1） 依照词语---句子---段落---语篇的顺序； （2） 选择不同题材和体裁的练习材料； （3） 难易循序渐进； （4） 译文反复修改，不断提高译文质量； （5） 选择有参考译文的文本，进行对比学习； （6） 可请别人修改或校正。
翻译理论与实践
导 学 第一章： 第一章：翻译概述 第二章： 第二章：英汉语言对比 第三章： 第三章：词语的翻译 第四章：句子翻译技巧（ 第四章：句子翻译技巧（上） 第五章：句子翻译技巧（ 第五章：句子翻译技巧（下） 第六章： 第六章：常见文体的翻译
导 学
• • 教学目的：本课程教学目的是使学生掌握基本的翻译理论,提高翻译水平。 教学目的：本课程教学目的是使学生掌握基本的翻译理论,提高翻译水平。 本课程主要介绍基本的翻译理论知识， 本课程主要介绍基本的翻译理论知识，通过英汉两种语言的对比和大量译例 翻译，介绍了翻译的一系列常用方法和技巧。通过实践熟悉翻译技巧， 翻译，介绍了翻译的一系列常用方法和技巧。通过实践熟悉翻译技巧，培养 翻译能力，不断提高翻译水平和能力。 翻译能力，不断提高翻译水平和能力。。
翻译理论与实践(全套)精品PPT课件
导学——课程要求
Tests: 60% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be
Main Language points: 1. Comparative studies of language family 2. Comparative studies of word building in English and
Chinese 3. Comparative studies of syllable
Exercise
5
第三章：词语的翻译
教学目的：旨在帮助学生了解词义的多样性 （引申、褒贬）；并掌握词语翻译的选词技巧。
教学内容： 1. 词义的选择 2. 词义的引申 3. 词义的褒贬 4. 翻译练习
6
第四章：句子翻译技巧（上）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。
教学内容： 1. 翻译的定义、分类 2. 翻译的标准 3. 翻译的过程：理解——表达——校对 4. 中、西译史
练习
4
第二章：英汉语言现象对比
Teaching aims: to learn about the similarities and differences of Chinese and English in word forming and vocabulary so as to translate them accurately.
二、教学过程：
1. 增译法 2. 省译法 3. 词类转换 4. 正说反译、反说正译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
7
第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。
翻译学导论-理论与实践
第五章：功能派翻译理论。20世纪七、八十年代德国功能派翻译理论的出现标志着翻译研究逐渐脱离了静态的语言类型的分析，取而代之的是德国的功能和交际方法。本章重点论述了赖斯关于文本类型和语言功能的早期研究、曼泰里（Manttari）的翻译行为理论、弗米尔的目的论、诺德的更为详细的文本分析模式等。
第六章：翻译研究种的话语和语域分析。20世纪70年代至90年代，建立在韩礼德系统功能语法基础之上的话语分析得到了较大发展。豪斯基于韩礼德的语域分析提出了她的翻译质量评价模式，贝克的翻译教科书《换言之：翻译教程》则从话语和语用分析的角度切入，哈蒂姆和梅森则更多的从语用和符号学的层面切入语域分析。本章后半部分也涉及了其他学者对从话语分析和语域理论切入翻译这一方法提出的批评。
第三章：等值和等效。本章主要涉及罗曼雅各布逊的意义和等值的实质、奈达的建立于《圣经》翻译基础之上的翻
译的科学及其所提出的形式对等和动态对等、纽马克的语义翻译和交际翻译、科勒的对等和等值以及70年代以后，一些学者如切斯特曼、巴斯奈特、贝克等人对等值这一概念的发展。
第四章：翻译的变化方法。从20世纪50年代以来，出现了很多从语言学的角度去分析翻译的方法。本章重点介绍了3种模式：维奈（Vinay）和达贝尔内（Darbelnet）的直接翻译和间接翻译、卡特福德的形式对应和篇章对等及翻译变化的层次和范畴、茨瓦尔特（Van Leuven Zwart）的有关翻译变化的比较—描写模式。
第一，每一章正文前面都有一个方框，简短列出本章的主要观点。然后是这些观点所依据的文本，有些甚至细到某一部著作的具体章节。正文部分基本上都包括简介（除了第一章）、主要内容及其评价、与主要内容相关的个案及其分析讨论、本章小结、与本章内容有关的需进一步阅读的书目，最后是与本章有关的讨论题和研究点。第二，引用和使用了大量的图表，并在该书前面目录后有专页列出图表的名称，以利查找。第三，该书在最后注释和索引前，还有一个与翻译研究有关的互联网网址的附录。其中包括两个发布有关会议、最近出版物和研究信息的网址，6个国际性翻译期刊的网址和4个经常含有有用链接的翻译组织的网址。
翻译理论与实践
翻译理论与实践25%1. 1 mp rove the followi ng Tran slati ons:1.Often at the end of a hard day ' s work one realizes with dismay that the meagerstack of fini shed work one has acco mp lished has immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole.译文：往往一天辛苦工作结束时，一个人会灰心地意识到他所完成的少量的一堆工作对整个工作产生无限小的影响。
2.They left me at the gate, nor easily or lightly; and it was a stra nge sight to me to see the cart go on, taking P eggoty away, and leav ing me un der the elus tree look ing at the house in which there was no face to look at me with love or likely any more.译文：他们在大门前离开我，这也不容易的，不愉快的；看见车子载着辟果提走了，把我留在那些老榆下看那所房子，房子里再也没有一张怀着爱或欢心来看我的脸了，我觉得这是一种稀有的景象。
3.Any visitor to Chi na is overwhelmed by the con tradictio ns in here nt in its helter-skelter 喧嚣混乱的）progress.译文：任何到中国的人，都会被她喧嚣混乱的进步中所固有的矛盾所压倒。
4.二十岁的时候，随时随地向人透露我的年龄，答得比问得还快。
翻译理论与实践1(英译汉)实战练习 15篇1
翻译理论与实践1（英译汉）实战练习15篇1．The Policy of Mass Media1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individual.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life2. The American and the English1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots inthe obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.3. The Education of Humanists1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “endless frontier.”6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.4. . American Study1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become bast in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3) Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity.5. Jack London1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinheritedto be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.6. President Carter1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room inAmerica.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead.7.On “Mein Kampf”1) Mein Kampf’s the me song recurring again and again is race race purity race supremacy though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race.2) It was never intended by Nature Hitler claims that all races should be equal any more than individuals are equal.3) Some are created superior to others.4) The Germans as the world’s strongest race should rule over the inferior through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule.6) The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races.7) To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda diplomacy and force. 8) Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussionof propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of the Nazis’ most effective and formidable weapons.8. How to Write Clearly1) I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.2) You have only to go to great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections.3) One cause of obscurity is that many writers think not before but as they write.4) The pen originates the thought.5) The disadvantages of this and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard is that there is a sort of magic in the written word.6) The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature and then stands in the way of its own clarification.7) But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the willful.8) Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears.9) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reis with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.9. 1) Of course there is a strong element of luck in both success and failure but it is my belief that there are no “secrets” to success.2) One thing I have discovered is that attitudes and values that I acquired in China long before came to the United States have had a great bearing on the success in my business.3) These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation.4) However although I respect the spirit of Confucianism I have not tried to adapt this ancient Chinese philosophy to modern society.5) For besides moderation other things I have found to be essential to success are patience adaptability decisiveness confidence unconventional thinking social responsibility and last luck.6) The importance of these attributes is in their interaction.7) Some of them are antithetical to others—patience will often collide with decisiveness for instance—and yet it is hard to think of any of my decisions in which they did not play a role.10. Tragedy1) Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fearso long sustained by now that we can even bear it.2) There are no longer problems of the spirit.3) There is only the question:4) When will I be blown up? 5) Because of this the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about worth the agony and the sweat.6) He must learn them again.7) He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and teaching himself that forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.8) Until he does so he labors under a curse.9) He writes not of love but of lust of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion.11. The Choice of Life1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment.2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with goodwill.3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country.4) I respect them; they are good citizens good husbands and good fathers and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting.5) I am fascinated by the men few enough in all conscience who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will but at all events we gave the illusion of it.7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and the choice once made it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.12. Science Fiction1) Moreover if SF is the laboratory of the imagination its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out.2) That is SF has always had a certain feedback effect on society as its visions emotionally engage the future consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.3) The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced byits image of the future.4) For that matter some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-style after appealing models provided by SF stories.5) The diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up and augmented SF’s social feed back effects.6) Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it.7) This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed here.13. 1) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America’s shore.3) As the population of the American citize ns of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently improved so their economic conditions have prospered.4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities Japanese and Koreans for instance.5) The average Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.6) At present there is a number ofenterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame.7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent.8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world.9) Meanwhile Chinese-descent citizens have roles to play in American political circles as they have risen evidently in political status.14. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2) Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3) but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4) Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5) Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6) Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7) As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dreamsuch as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8) On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9) Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man.15. Mr. Zhang a retired miner bought four chicks early this yeae.2) One day he found one of them missing.2) He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time.3) Towards evening into his yard came a chick followed by his neighbor Wang who ran to catch the chick.4) Naturally Zhang’s wife wouldn’t let him go with the chick.5) and so a quarrel ensued.6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently which he bought nearly the same time as Mr Zhang did.7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening.8) Having heard the story he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off.9) The chick went straight to join Zhang’s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang’s home.10) And at Zhang’s call “Chick chick” all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him.11) Wang had no more to say but made an immediate apologize. Thus ended the quarrel over a chick.。
英语翻译理论与实践1-教案
教师教案课程名称：英语翻译理论与实践1英文名称：Translation Theories and Practice 1课程编号：课程类别：专业基础课学分：2总学时：32理论学时：32实验学时：0授课班级：使用教材：英汉互译实践与技巧（第三版）任课教师：职称:所在单位：院系(部处)系教务处制教案填写说明教案按每一大节课进行编写，其进度应与授课计划相同。
教案可以是打印稿也可以是手写稿。
有关部分填写要求如下：1、课程类别（封面）：包括公共课、学科基础课、专业基础课、专业方向课、实践性教学环节、实验课、专业任选课、公选课。
2、课堂教学目的及要求：本大节课（本次课）的教学目的及要求。
3、课堂教学重点及难点：指根据教学大纲要求，确定课堂教学知识信息的重点、难点。
4、教学过程：这是整个教案的主体部分，既体现出教学活动的逻辑程序，又要划分出若干环节或步骤，并考虑到它们的时间分配、具体方法的应用，相互间的衔接、过渡，以及教学过程与板书的协调等等，充分反映教师教学设计思想，体现教师的教学经验和风格。
5、教学方法及手段：指举例讲解、多媒体讲解、模型讲解、实物讲解、挂图讲解、音像讲解等。
6、课后作业与思考题：指本大节课（本次课）结束后需要布置的作业与思考题。
7、课后小结：课后自我总结分析是对课程教学中教学环节的设计、教学重点难点的把握、教学方法的应用、师生双边活动的设计及教学效果等情况的总结与分析，为以后的教学提供经验与参考。
第1次课２学时教师教案注：每项页面大小可根据实际情况自行添减Teaching Notes—— A Brief Introduction to Translation翻译概论作为第一讲，有必要向学生简要全面介绍一下教材的内容和特点、该课程的具体要求以及学习方法。
《英汉互译实践与技巧》是清华大学优秀教材，该教材内容丰富、新颖，具有很高的权威性。
编者许建平现为清华大学外语系教授、硕士研究生导师，在翻译理论和实践方面造诣很深，在国内翻译界具有很高的威望。
翻译理论与实践智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下湖南师范大学
翻译理论与实践智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下湖南师范大学湖南师范大学第一章测试1.下列不属于翻译的是（）。
A:古代汉语与现代汉语之间的转换 B:用文字解释一副图画 C:甲用同一种语言转述乙的话 D:湘方言与赣方言之间的转换答案:用文字解释一副图画2.将“翻译”比作“仆人”意在强调（）。
A:翻译的地位之高 B:翻译的难度之大 C:翻译的责任之大 D:翻译的价值之高答案:翻译的难度之大3.下列不属于非文学翻译的类型是（）。
A:社科作品的翻译 B:产品说明书的翻译 C:旅游景点介绍的翻译 D:科幻作品的翻译答案:产品说明书的翻译4.易之本在于（）。
A:变 B:变化 C:化 D:易答案:易5.人类智慧是人工智慧的（）。
A:创造产品 B:延伸 C:创造者 D:合作者答案:创造产品第二章测试1.从语言运用考察传播，传播分为同语传播与异语传播。
（）A:对 B:错答案:对2.翻译传播过程的系统模式用以解释整个过程中子系统、各要素及相关因素的互动关系，又可分为：（）。
A:叠加系统模式 B:单一系统模式 C:交叉系统模式 D:复合系统模式答案:单一系统模式;复合系统模式3.根据传播的媒介方式，翻译传播现象划分不正确的选项包括：（）A:个体翻译传播 B:纸媒介翻译传播 C:公共标识翻译传播 D:人际翻译传播答案:个体翻译传播4.媒介作为翻译传播过程要素之一，不包括（）。
A:讯息传递的渠道、中介物和工具B:讯息传递的技术手段C:从事讯息采集、加工制作和传播的社会组织 D:出版社答案:出版社5.国际上四大主流通讯社包括：美联社、合众国际社、路透社和（）。
A:新华社 B:CNN C:BBC D:法新社答案:法新社第三章测试1.Chinese industrial output growth rebounded in August after months ofdecline, challenging hopes that the government is successfully engineering a smooth economic “soft landing” and fuelling speculation that Beijing willsoon order an interest rate rise. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）A:Chinese industrial output growth rebounded in August after months ofdecline, // challenging hopes that the government is successfully engineeringa smooth economic “soft landing” //and fuelling speculation that Beijing willsoon order an interest rate rise. B:Chinese industrial output growthrebounded in August after months of decline, // challenging hopes that thegovernment is successfully engineering a smooth economic “soft landing”and fuelling speculation //that Beijing will soon order an interest rate rise.答案:Chinese industrial output growth rebounded in August aftermonths of decline, // challenging hopes that the government issuccessfully engineering a smooth economic “soft landing” //andfuelling speculation that Beijing will soon order an interest rate rise.2.Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhaps because ofit-China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era by bypassing many of the costly transitional technologies that industrial nations are now seeking to replacewith more advanced digital systems. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）A:Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhaps because of it-//China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era //by bypassing many of thecostly transitional technologies //that industrial nations are now seeking toreplace with more advanced digital systems. B:Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhaps because of it-China hopes to leapfrog intothe digital era// by bypassing many of the costly transitional technologiesthat industrial nations are now seeking to replace with more advanced digital systems.答案:Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhapsbecause of it-//China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era //bybypassing many of the costly transitional technologies //that industrial nations are now seeking to replace with more advanced digital systems.3.China has joined the multilateral group controlling the export of nuclearmaterials and technology in an important step to bring its policies onproliferation in line with those of Western powers. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）A:China has joined the multilateral group controlling the export of nuclearmaterials and technology // in an important step to bring its policies onproliferation in line with those of Western powers. B:China has joined themultilateral group controlling the export of nuclear materials and technology in an important step// to bring its policies on proliferation in line with those of Western powers.答案:China has joined the multilateral group controlling the export ofnuclear materials and technology // in an important step to bring itspolicies on proliferation in line with those of Western powers.第四章测试1.在许多情况下，“引申词意”和“化解词意”实际上是相似的。
《翻译理论与实践》教学内容
翻译理论与实践教学内容（54学时）1. 翻译理论部分（18学时）第一章中国翻译理论（4学时）中国传统翻译思想：古代佛经翻译思想。
传统翻译思想形成时期（近代西学翻译：马建忠，梁启超，严复，林纾）。
传统翻译思想转折时期（五四新文学时期：鲁迅，瞿秋白，郭沫若，成仿吾）。
传统翻译思想发展时期（四十年代：林语堂，朱光潜，艾思奇，贺麟，朱生豪，梁宗岱）。
传统翻译思想鼎盛时期（建国初期：矛盾，傅雷，钱钟书，焦菊隐）。
现代翻译思想：中西翻译思想的融合（王佐良，许渊冲，叶君健）。
翻译学科的建设。
阅读：《20世纪中国翻译思想史》，王秉钦编著，南开大学出版社，2004年《中国译学理论史稿》(修订本)，陈福康编著，上海外语教育出版社，2003年《翻译的艺术》，许渊冲著，五洲传播出版社，2006年《中国翻译通史》(五卷)，马祖毅主编，湖北教育出版社，2006年《中国20世纪外国文学翻译史》（上下卷），查明建著，湖北教育出版社，2007年《傅雷谈翻译》，怒安编，辽宁教育出版社，2005年《新编当代翻译理论》，刘宓庆著，中国对外翻译出版公司，2005年《中国新时期翻译研究考察：1981-2003》，李林波著，西北工业大学出版社，2007年《梁实秋中庸翻译观研究》，严晓江著，上海译文出版社，2008年《翻译家鲁迅》，王友贵著，南开大学出版社，2005年《翻译家周作人论》，刘全福著，上海外语教育出版社，2007年《二十世纪中国文学翻译之争》，王向远、陈言著，百花洲文艺出版社，2006年《重释“信、达、雅”——20世纪中国翻译研究》，王宏志著，清华大学出版社，2007年第二章西方当代翻译理论主要流派（6学时）美国翻译培训班学派，翻译科学派，翻译研究派，多元体系派，解构主义派，建构主义翻译学。
阅读：《西方翻译理论精选》，申雨平编，外语教学与研究出版社，2002年《西方翻译理论文献阅读》，李养龙编著，世界图书出版公司，2007年《当代国外翻译理论导读》，谢天振主编，南开大学出版社，2008年《当代翻译理论》(Contemporary Translation Theories)，Edwin Gentzler编著，上海外语教育出版社，2006年《翻译研究》(Translation Studies)，Susan Bassnett编著，上海外语教育出版社，2005年《语言、文化与翻译》(Language, Culture and Translating)，Eugene Nida著，上海外语教育出版社，1993年《翻译学——一个建构主义的视角》，吕俊、侯向群著，上海外语教育出版社，2006年《西方翻译简史》，谭载喜编著，商务印书馆，2004年《西方翻译研究方法论：70年代以后》，李和庆、黄皓、薄振杰编著，北京大学出版社，2005年《当代美国翻译理论》，郭建中编著，湖北教育出版社，2000年《当代英国翻译理论》，廖七一编著，湖北教育出版社，2001年《西方译论研究》，刘重德著，中国对外翻译出版公司，2003年《奈达翻译理论研究》，马会娟著，外语教学与研究出版社，2003年《新编奈达论翻译》，谭载喜编著，中国对外翻译出版公司，1999年第三章翻译方法（2学时）词对词翻译，直译，意译，歪译，转译，交际翻译。
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第一单元 翻译概论
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巴别塔典故
据《圣经·创世纪》，创世之初，普天之下人类同 操一种语言。出于骄傲，人们想建一座通天之塔。 耶和华对人类的骄傲感到恼怒，于是使人们的语 言变得互不相通，从而在造塔的人们中间造成了 巨大的混乱，只好放弃了造通天塔的狂妄打算。 而那个建通天塔(Babel)的地方后来就被称为巴比 伦城(Babylon)。
Translating is probably the most complex type of event in the history of the cosmos
(I.A Richards 1953)
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季羡林先生在谈到翻译的目的时曾说： “翻译对于促进人类文化的交流，其作用 是不可忽视的。
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Exercise of Foreignizing & Domesticating Translations
To kill two birds with one stone All roads lead to Rome
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一石双鸟； 条条大路通罗马。 一箭双雕； 殊途同归。
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1.3 翻译史简介
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Philological orientation and semiotic insights (Nida)
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Exercises of Literal & free translations
He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.
学、宗教等各个领域，产生了一大批杰出的翻译家和一系 列优秀的翻译作品。在德国，宗教改革家路德顺从民众的 意愿，翻译刊行第一部“民众的圣经”，开创了现代德语发 展的新纪元。在法国，文学家阿米欧用17年的时间翻译了 《希腊罗马名人比较列传》。英国的查普曼则用18年时间 翻译了《伊里亚特》和《奥德赛》。1611年《钦定圣经译 本》以语言通俗、优美和流畅而闻名于世，被视为“英语 中最伟大的译著”，对现代英语的发展产生了深远的影响 。
(Nida); The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target-L readers as was produced by the original on the source-L readers (Newmark); 按翻译的效果来分: 显性翻译、隐性翻译
为什么中华文化竟延续不断一直存在到今 天呢？
若拿河流来作比较，中华文化这一条长河， 有水满的时候，也有水少的时候，但却从 未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入，注入的次 数大大小小是颇多的，最大的有两次，一 次是从印度来的水，一次是从西方来的水。
而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。
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思考题 请大家一起想想人们在什么情况下需要翻
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1.1 翻译的目的
从上述巴别塔的故事我们也可以得出翻译 的最初目的就是为了交流信息。
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到底什么是翻译？这是翻译理论家和翻译 实践者都无法回避的问题。
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翻译的概念可以从广义和狭义两个方面去 理解。广义的翻译指语言与语言、语言与 非语言之间的代码转换和基本信息的传达。 狭义的翻译指一种语言活动，是把一种语 言表达的内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出 来。
巴别，希伯来文是“变乱”的意思，巴比伦文则 是“神的门”的意思——father, God, confusion.
摘自
/asiapan/archives/2005/10/post_208.ht ml
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Derrida’s explanation of God
For Derrida, God is seen as a deconstructionist, for he interrupts the construction of the Tower of Babel. In this act, God interrupts himself and thereby produces “dissemination”(传播). Derrida argues that God is saying, “You will never impose (强加）your meaning or your tongue, and I, God therefore oblige you to submit to the plurality of languages which you will never get out of”.
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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
按处理的方式来分: 全文翻译、摘译、编译、节 译、改译、综译
按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译 按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译、归化翻译 按翻译的目的来分: 交际翻译、语义翻译 Semantic and communicative translations: 分类混乱：Translating means translating meaning
译？你曾经接触过怎样的翻译工作？
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1.2 翻译的分类
从不同的角度出发可以对翻译进行以下分 类：
分类的角度类型 按翻译主体的性质来分: 人工翻译、机器翻
译 按工作方式来分: 口译、笔译 按翻译的材料来分: 文学翻译（包括诗歌、
小说、戏剧等文学作品）和实用翻译（包 括科技、商务、新闻、法律等资料的翻译）
人类古代的翻译活动大都与宗教的发展密 切相关。西方的翻译是从翻译《圣经》开 始的，而中国的翻译则始于佛经的翻译。 在这一点上两者有着很多的相似之处。
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西方翻译史
高潮时期、特点以及主要代表人物 第一次：公元前3世纪中叶 罗马文学家用拉丁语翻译或改编荷马史诗和埃斯
库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇德斯等人的希腊戏 剧作品，把古希腊文学特别是戏剧介绍到罗马， 促进了罗马文学得诞生和发展
第二次：公元4～6世纪
哲罗姆翻译的《通俗拉丁文本圣经》标志着《圣 经》翻译取得了与世俗文学分庭抗礼的重要地位。
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第三次：公元11～12世纪之间
西方翻译家们云集西班牙的托莱多，把大批作品从阿拉伯 语译成拉丁语，是历史上少有的基督徒和穆斯林的友好接 触。
第四次：公元14～16世纪 欧洲文艺复兴运动翻译活动深入到思想、政治、哲学、文