并列结构与从属结构

有时neither/either所引导的是述谓成分，而nor/or却能引导 整个的句分。而both...and/not only...but(also)却通常不可 以这样用。 He neither likes fiction,nor does he like poetry.
而不可以说：He both likes fiction and poetry.
② 由and连接并列成分除表示语义增补以外，还 可以表示其他意义. He is Jack of all trades and master of none.(表 示转折） He opened the door and went in.（表示顺序）
He heard a cry for help,and (therefore)he rushed out of the house.（表示因果）
句法功能也相同，并由并列连词
(coordinator)或其他并列手段连接起来 的语法结构序列叫做“并列结构”。
二．并列结构的各种形式
1.并列结构的构成：
① 可以是词和词的并列； buy or sell good but expensive ② 词组和词组的并列；
one way or the other
4. 并列结构中的对称组合： 如果一个并列结构由四个或四个以上项目构成，常 用成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。 Only a few cities are known as “good baseball towns”——Cincinnati, Detroit, Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, and New York.
③ 如果要使次要的思想内容处于不重要的地位，还可以
让他出现在词组中。
The house at the end of the street was designed by
Palladio.
从属连词(Subordinator) 就词的构成来说，从属连词可以分为：
• 简单从属连词(Simple Subordinator)
3. 并列连词的插入语： 不论是由两个或两个以上项目构成的并列结构，都 可以在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，从而使这 个项目处于更加突出的地位。 Keith spends Saturday night walking down the street or, when the cops are after him, running through alleys.
列连词（Quasi-coordinator),如as well as, as much as,
rather than, more than等，它们是介乎并列连词与从属连 词或复杂介词之间的语法结构。
按词汇意义划分，英语并列连词可分为 三类：
以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连词
以or为代表的表示选择的并列连词
south, and her husband wanted to go there,tFra Baidu biblioteko.
③ neither...nor/either...or在用法上与both ...and/not only...but (also)也有区别。当neither/either出现在主动 词之前时，随后的nor/or既可带主动词，也可以不带主 动词，而意义无异。 He has either gone to the movies,or he has (gone) to the theatre.
• 复杂从属连词(Complex Subordinator)
• 关联从属连词(Correlative Subordinator)
• 边际从属连词(Marginal Subordinator)
a)
简单从属连词
简单从属连词即单词从属连词(One-word Subordinator) ，如after, although, as, because, before, directly, for, if, immediately, lest, once, like, since, that, though, till, unless, until, when(ever), whereupon, while, whilst等。 b) 复杂从属连词
从属是语义上分清主次的手段
作为语义上分清主次的手段，所谓从属就是把
次要的思想内容置于结构上的从属地位，从而突出
句子的主要思想。有多种多样的从属方法：
① 把次要的思想内容置于限定从属分句。
John ,who comes from a large ,lower-class family,enrolled in college this fall.
③ 一些由and连接的语法结构形似并列，实际并 非并列结构。 This room is nice and warm.(=nicely warm) I'll go and bring back your boots.(=go in order to bring back)
II. 以or为代表的表示选择的并列连词
about $1600, or a doctorate for $1700.
② 也有全用连词的，在修饰色彩上给人以悠闲缓慢，延 续持久的感觉；相反有时也可以全用逗号，在修饰色
彩上给人以紧张，急促，明快，利落的感觉。
Raising vegetables presents endless opportunities for
Think it over again and you 'll find a way out. （表示结果） Mary likes music and Jim is fond of sports. （表示对比） He has a somewhat swelled head ,and I don't like this.（表示评注）
⑤ 用冒号连接两个并列分句，通常表示下文是上 文的解释和发挥。 Hijackers and kidnappers offer two equally
impossible alternatives:a refusal to meet their
terms may mean death for their victims;meeting their terms may mean more victims in the future.
② 也可以用非限定分句和无动词分句。
Expecting trouble, the guards were fully armed.
Curious about their new neighbours, the Johnsons went
and visited them at the first opportunity.
由两个或两个以上单词构成的从属连词叫做复杂从属连词。
Coordination & Subordination
Coordinate Construction Subordinate Construction
制作：侧耳倾听
Coordinate Construction
并列结构的含义 并列结构的各种形式 并列连词的意义与用法
一．并列结构的含义
两个或两个以上意义相关，层次相同，
Subordinate Construction
如果一个语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次 的结构为其直接成分，这种现象叫做“从属” （Subordination）。 从属于其他语法结构的结构叫做“从属结构” （Subordinate Construction）。
并列与从属
并列与从属是两种不同的连接手段。从语义上 看，两个分句所表示的意义，在说话人看来， 如果具有同等的重要性，就可以把他们并列起 来，连成一个并列句。 The rain stopped, and the sun came out.
以but为代表的表示语义转折和对比的并列连词
I. 以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连词
① 这类并列连词包括and,both...and,not only...but(also),not...nor,neither...nor等。在语 义上表示其所连接的成分是对前项的补充和引 申，包括肯定和否定两种意义的引申。 Mrs Cox is both kind and gentle to her pupils. Alf is not going to the movies,nor am I.
were the officers and the dogs. ③ 在某些连接性状语（Conjunct）如 accordingly,furthermore,hence,however,nevertheless,therefore等 之前通常要用分号，而不用逗号，因为这些词项是副词，而不是
连词。
He had worked in the foreign service for two years without leave;hence he was tired almost beyond endurance.
III. 以but为代表的表示语义转折和对比
的并列连词
这类并列连词包括but, not...but, while, whereas, only, yet 等。 He said that he was busy today but that he would be free tomorrow. Jane is slender,while Mary is stout. She is a funny girl,yet you can't help liking her.
三．并列结构的意义与用法
英语有三个主要的并列连词，即and，or，but。还有三个
词项nor，so，yet，它们既可作并列连词，也可作连接性 副词。此外还有几对关联并列连词（Correlative Coordinator),它们是both...and, either...or, not...but, not...nor, neither...nor ,not only...but also.还有几个近似并
parents are both famous writers.
2.并列连词和标点符号： ① 由两个以上项目构成的并列结构通常只在最后一个项
目之前用并列连词，其他项目之间仅用逗号连接。
At diploma mills throughout the states you can buy a
bachelor's degree for about $1500, a master's degree for
a teacher and a student
③ 分句与分句的并列； The children can go with us or they can stay at home.
④ 由两个或两个以上并列分句构成的句子叫做并
列句(Compound Sentence).
Mary is a nurse,her brother is a doctor,and her
weeding and thinning and hoeing and watering.
③
除了逗号，分号（；）和冒号（：）也能起并列连词的作用。一 般说来，用分号连接两个并列分句，通常表示一种对比关系。
He was caught: behind him was a locked door; in front of him
① or ,either...or不仅表示选择，还可以表示否定 的条件。
Either you or I must do it.
Make up your mind,or(=if not)you'll miss the chance.
② not only...but (also),neither...nor,either...or均 可分别位于两个分句句首构成并列句，而 both...and却不可以这样用。 Neither has he called on her ,nor will he do so. 但不可以说：Both Jane wanted to go to the