能源与动力专业英语
能源动力类专业英语
China’s Energy Production & Consumption(Year 2013)
Production ( billion tons standard coal )
Total Energy
3.4
Consumption ( billion tons standard coal )
Total Energy
China Shenhua Group Guang Dong Yuedian Group China National Nuclear Corporation State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation China Guang Dong Nuclear Power Group China Three Gorges Project
In2013，Non fossil fuel power generation accounts for 31.2% of total power generation. The total installed power capacity was 1,250,000 MWe.
Major players in China's Electric Power Industry
Power Producers Five Majors (Top 5): China Datang Corporation China Guodian Corporation ("Guodian") China Huadian Group China Huaneng Group China Power Investment Corporation ("CPI")
Diesel (million tolion tons) 19.29
新能源专业英语(Word最新版)
新能源专业英语通过整理的新能源专业英语相关文档，渴望对大家有所扶植，感谢观看！新能源专业英语1.Put the following phrase into English. Unit 1 1.温室效应the greenhouse effect 2.可再生能源renewable energy 3.太阳能电池solar cell 4.风力发电系统wind turbine system 5.核能nuclear energy 6.海洋能ocean energy Unit 2 1.辐射度irradiance 2.负载load 3.耐候性weather fastness 4.光电效应photoelectric effect 5.光生伏打效应photovoltaic effect Unit 3 1.风电场wind farm 2.装机容量installed capacity 3.涡轮机turbine 4.水泵water pumping 5.风光互补wind and photovoltaic hybrid power 6.混合动力装置hybrid power system 7.电网utility grid 8.电池battery Unit 4 1.热交换器heat exchanger 2.核反应堆nuclear reactor 3.浓缩铀enriched uranium 4.低温冷却水subcooled water 5.千瓦kilowatt 6.沸水反应堆boiling water reactor 7.商用发电站commercial power plant 8.快速中子反应堆 a fast neutron reactor Unit 5 1.生物质biomass 2.植物vegetation 3.肥料manure 4.残留物residue 5.光合作用photosynthesis 6.碳水化合物carbohydrate 7.化石燃料fossil fuels 8.固定碳carbon fixed Unit 6 1.万有引力gravitational pull 2.潮汐tide 3.大陆架continental shelf 4.海岸线coastline 5.农历lunar6.港湾harbor7.月亮角度正交moon quadrature8.局部共振local resonance Unit 7 1.火山爆发volcanic eruption 2.放射性衰变radioactive decay 3.间歇岩geyser 4.注射injection 5.水库reservoir 6.裂纹crack Unit 8 1.利用harness 2.盐度salinity 3.潮汐tide 4.动能kinetic energy 5.水力发电hydro-electric power 6.引力gravitational pull 2.Translate the following sentences. Unit 1 1. Energy is an important material and energy foundation of human survival and development , its plays a vital role in the development of human civilization . New energy usually refers to the new energy technologies based on new development and utilization of energy , including solar , biomass , wind , geothermal , ocean energy and hydrogen etc. 能源是人类生存和发展的重要材料和能量基础，它在人类文明的发展中扮演着至关重要的角色。
能动专业英语part 3 Hydropower
Part Three Hydropower Unit One Hydropower DevelopmentAround the WorldThe contribution of hydro power to modern society is significant and continues to grow, supporting economic and social development worldwide. Nevertheless, there is an enormous diversity of conditions of hydropower use and visions for the future. North America and Europe use over 80% of their hydropower potential, but on the other extreme, Africa uses 3%, with these differences reflecting respective economic development. Hydro contributes 17% of the total world electricity production with hydroplants in some 150 countries, and 24 of these countries depend on it for 90% of their electricity supply. The major hydrocountries are shown in Figure 3.1.Hydroelectricity recently began to be in the spotlight because of two completely opposite views. On one hand, supporters quote its clean energy production characteristics, which are an attractive attribute in an emission constrained world. On the other hand, the international antidam lobby demands that major hydro developments be stopped altogether.Figure 3. 1 Major hydro producers in 20041.Phases of Hydro DevelopmentDevelopment of hydrogeneration worldwide has progressed through three main phases since the late 19th century. These phases correlate directly with the type of projects selected for development and the resources available for implementation, such as rivers, mountains, and precipitation.Phase I can be thought of as the birth of modern power systems and comprises the time from the first development of the electric generation industry through to the late 1930s. This period was characterized by project development by largely private sector utilities and industrial companies to meet immediate demands. Financing was limited and projects were developed as needed, often for specific industrial ventures in the developing world. The configuration and capacity of the projects115considered were driven by economic and technical factors, usually leading to modest-scale projects that could be financed from the resources of the relatively small utilities in existence at that time.Phase II was ushered in by the recession of the 1930s and the rapid economic growth and industrialization following World War II. The recession first led some governments to intervene to develop some large hydroprojects, like the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Bonneville Power Administration in the United States, or create state agencies to drive investment in power supply, as in Canada and several other countries around the world. Further on, industrialization expanded energy use significantly as development spread internationally. The growth rate promoted by economic planners exceeded the capability of the nascent private utilities to finance the required generation expansion. Accordingly, many governments took further direct roles in the power sector through the formation and/or expansion of publicly owned utilities. In the developing world, the major financing needs in this period were supported by the multilateral financing agencies. During the 1960s and 1970s, utilities embarked on programs of building large projects supported by government financing resources in an effort to keep pace with an increasing demand to foster development in emerging economies. Projects were designed to meet several needs, including water supply, flood control, and irrigation as well as power generation, and were intended to be national development ―engines,‖ in addition to the simple purpose of generation.In the present Phase III that has evolved during the last 15 years, the world has in many ways returned to the development model used during the emerging years of the power industry. This can be characterized by market-driven investments, as the economies move away from the centralized, nationalized structures that were artifacts of the ―mega‖ project phase in the 1960s and 1970s. One of the most important elements driving this transition is the realization, mainly in the developing world, that foreign direct investment can be an important source of financing the large capital requirements of power-sector expansion. Multilateral financing has ensured that many nations have matured politically and commercially so that large-scale foreign investment is viable. This phase has several variants, and the extent to which each country has moved down the road of market-driven investment governs investment strategy adopted by private power developers. Today, energy sales from independent power projects use various vehicles ranging from direct power purchase agreements with a utility at the outset of privatization to a sophisticated power pool or merchant market in the more developed markets.2.Hydro ChallengesA significant change has occurred in the professional orientation and background of hydropower development proponents, particularly during the last decade. It is well known that hydroengineering has reached a level of sophistication and maturity such that, given previous experience in the development of hydro, most technical difficulties of hydro implementation are well understood and can be solved (at a price). The main difficulties pertain to accurately forecasting and quantifying the risks and associated costs of each individual project. Numerous factors control whether, and to what extent, private funding is available for the support of hydropower project development throughout the world. One of the difficulties with attracting private investment and finance to hydropower projects is the need for a higher return on equity than was traditionally sought by utilities and the multilateral agencies.Much of the criticism of hydropower centers on the environmental effects of large reservoirs, 116and in particular the problems of resettlement. The general guideline has been that the smaller the reservoir, the more likely the project is to be environmentally friendly. Developers and financial institutions recognize the importance of this aspect of project development, and environmental and resettlement issues are always in the list of factors when projects are subject to preliminary assessment of viability.3.Hydropower ProgressThe hydropower progress in several regions of the world is different: South America, where hydro development is very active; the United States and Canada, where the greatest portion of the hydro potential has already been explored; China, a fast-growing market with significant hydro resources; and Africa, with still a large potential unexplored. Some articles will cover the state of development of hydroelectricity in its region. Potential for growth, specific projects, environmental constrains, and economics are a few of the issues that will be covered with articles encompassing diverse flavors around the globe.The primary challenge faced by South American countries is to ensure sufficient capacity and investment in electricity infrastructure to serve reliably their growing economies, currently faced with shortages and high prices. Within those conditions, the development of vast unexploited hydroelectric resources, particularly in Brazil, is at the center of attention, where its renewable character is being confronted with its environmental impact.Canada and the United States are world leaders in hydropower. Among the first countries to develop hydropower facilities in the 1880s, they are today in the top-four producing countries. Hydropower is the largest renewable-energy resource in the United States, accounting for more than three-quarters of all existing renewable-energy capacity in the country. Opportunities for growth in every part of the U.S. hydropower sector, even with existing conventional hydropower dams, where new technologies that improve efficiency could, in the next 20 years, add up to approximately 2,300 MW—the equivalent of two large-sized coal or nuclear power plants.Regarding Canada, from the late 1880s onward, hydropower has been developed to the extent that, like the national railway, it helped to define Canada, opening up remote regions, attracting industries, and stimulating economic growth. Canada generates now close to two-thirds of its electricity with water. The role that hydropower can play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions is emphasized, by powering cars, trains, and subways and by replacing the burning of coal and natural gas for electricity generation.In China the energy shortages that have occurred in the recent past, affecting the country‘s economic development and its social life. This reflects on the need to install more than 100 GW annually in 2006 and 2007, mostly from coal-fired thermal power plants that are the main sources of pollution in the country. This has made it evident that the future lies in the exploitation of more hydro power, more nuclear power, and other clean and sustainable energy resources, with a potential hydropower capacity of 676 GW. Flood control and environmental and agricultural benefits are to be balanced with the need to displace significant numbers of people.Finally, the continent in the dark as Africa has been described because of its lack of enough electricity. Africa‘s exploitable hydroelectric potential is estimated at approximately 1.4 million GWh/year, which is sufficient to supply electricity for the entire continent; but only 3% of this hydroelectric potential is available. Therefore, hydropower development is a major goal in Africa. Matters of concern in the exploitation of its hydropower potential are the poor integration of117technical data with demographic, socioeconomic and environmental data, corruption, and conflict. Nevertheless, there is a declared will to work toward addressing and overcoming these obstacles in an energy-thirsty continent.Reading material Hydropower in ChinaChina is one of the largest countries in the world with an area of about 9.6 million km2 and a population of about 1.3 billion in 2007. Its electricity generation and consumption have increased significantly in the past half century. In 1949, the total generation installed capacity was 1,850 MW (including 163 MW of hydropower). By the end of 2007, the total installed capacity had reached 713.29 GW, and the total annual generation production had reached 3,255.9TWh. Both of these numbers rank second in the world. The percentages of hydro, thermal, and nuclear in total generation capacity and total annual generation production are shown in Figure 3.2(a) and Figure 3.2(b), respectively. However, the electricity supply in China mainly relied on coal-fired thermal power plants by now.The issues of power industry development in China concern three aspects as follows:First, the rapid economic growth requires adequate electricity supply. It is a challenge for the power industry to catch up to the quickly increasing electricity demand. From 2004 to 2007, the installed capacity has increased from 440 GW to 713 GW. However, the electricity supply still cannot satisfy the requirement of fast economic growth. Energy shortages have occurred from time to time. Especially in 2003–2005, China had experienced the most serious energy shortages of which 24 provinces had electricity rations. The total electricity shortage was about 30–40 GW. The electricity shortage has affected the economic development and social life. This situation was alleviated in 2006 and 2007 after installing more than 100 GW each year.Figure 3. 2 (a) Percentage of hydro, thermal, and nuclear installed capacity in 2007(b) Percentage of hydro, thermal, and nuclear generation production in 2007Second, electricity generation is dominated (83% in 2007) by coal-fired thermal power plants, which cause environmental problems. The emission of CO2, SO2, NO x, and pollutants from coal fired thermal power plants is one of the main sources of pollution in the country. On the other hand, the coal price volatilities may affect electricity generation.Third, a large part of the thermal capacities are small thermal units, whose efficiencies are lower compared to large-scale power plants. Most of the small coal-fired units are old units without emission control technologies. For 1KWh of energy produced, small, old coal-fired power plants would consume more coal and produce more pollution. All of these issues call for the118exploitation of more hydropower, more nuclear power, and other clean and sustainable energy resources.1.Hydropower ResourcesChina has abundant water resources for hydropower. The potential hydropower capacity is 676GW, and the potential annual generation of hydropower is 5,920TWh. Among these, the exploitable capacity of hydropower is 378GW, and the exploitable annual generation of hydropower is 1,920TWh. The potential capacity and exploitable capacity of hydropower in China are shown in Figure 3.3. Three provinces/autonomous regions—Sichuan, Xizang (Tibet) and Yunnan—have the most abundant hydro power resources, which are 22%, 20%, and 19% of the total exploitable hydropower capacity.The water resources are concentrated in three drainage basins: the Changjiang River (or Yangtze River) basin, the Yellow River basin, and the Yaluzangbu River (upper reach of Brahmaputra River, India) basin. The exploitable hydropower capacities of the three drainage basins are, respectively, 47%, 13%, and 7% of the total exploitable hydropower capacity. The other large river basins include the Lancangjiang River (upper reach of Menam Khong River, Laos) and the Nujiang River (upper reach of Thanlwin River, Myanmar).2.Hydropower ProjectsThe first hydropower plant in China, the Shilongba hydropower station, was built in April 1912 in Kunming, Yunnan. The capacity was only 480 KW. After that, hydropower developed significantly and reached 145.26GW in 2007. The installed capacities of hydro, thermal, and the total installed capacity from 1949–2007 are shown in Figure 3.4.Notes:The circled areas indicate the exploitable hydropower in each province.The red pie sectors indicate the portion of exploited hydropower to exploitable hydropower of the province.It can be seen from Figure 3.4 that the growth of hydropower capacity became faster after the 1990s. Before the 1980s, most of the hydro stations were small and medium-sized stations (100 kW to 50 MW) concentrated in the eastern part of China. It was very common to build the small119run-of-the-river systems for agriculture and electric power supply. The large-capacity hydropower projects started in 1990s, including the famous Three Gorges Hydroelectric Project, which is the world‘s largest hydropower project.In fact, the planning, survey, and feasibility analysis of the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Project started way back in the 1950s. The preliminary proposal was submitted to the State Council for approval. After eight years of discussions and fierce debates in the State Council and People‘s Congress, this project was finally approved in 1992. The construction work started in December 1994. The total installed generation capacity of the Three Gorges hydro station is 22,400 MW, including 14 × 700 MW in the Left-Bank Station, 12 × 700 MW in the Right Bank Station and 6 × 700 MW in the underground Station.Now, the 14 generators in the Left Bank Station have already started generating electric power as well as some of the generators in the Right Bank Station. The whole project will be completed in 2009. The height of the dam is 181 m, and the capacity of the reservoir will be 16.5 million m3. Some other large hydropower projects under constructions are listed in Table 3.1. Sitesof large hydro projects in operation and under construction are shown in Figure 3.5.Figure 3.4 Installed capacities of hydro and thermal and the total installed capacity in China (1949–2007)Table 3.1 Large hydro projects under constructionProject Name River ProvinceCapacity(MW)ConstructionStartedRiverClosureUnit inOperationinOperationXiluodu Yangtze Yunnan-Sichuan 12,600 2003 2008 2014 2018 Xingjiaba Yangtze Sichuan 6,000 2005 2008 2012 2015 Jinping 1stCascadeYalongjiang Sichuan 3,600 2005 2006 2012 2014 Jinping2ndCascadeYalongjiang Sichuan 4,400 2007 —2013 2015 Pubugou Daduhe Sichuan 3,300 2004 2005 2009 2011 Goupitan Wujiang Guizhou 3,000 2003 2004 2009 2011 Longtan Xijiang Guangxi 5,400 2001 2003 2007 2009 Xiaowan Lancangjiang Yunnan 4,200 2002 2004 2009 2011 Nuojiadu Lancangjiang Yunnan 5,850 2005 2008 2014 2017 Lawaxi Yellow river Qinghai 4,200 2003 2004 2010 2013 Total 52,550120Figure 3. 5 Sites of large hydro projects in operation and under construction in China3.Benefits and Challenges of Hydro Projects1)Flood ControlBesides electric power generation, the major benefit of these hydropower projects in China is flood control. The Yellow River is probably the most flooding river in the world. There have been thousands of flooding disasters in its history. However, after constructing 13 cascading hydro stations along the river in about half a century, there has been no flood in Yellow River since 2000. The Three Gorges Dam also helped to alleviate flooding in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. However, to mitigate the damage of the most serious flood (which occurs once per 100 years), China still has a lot of work that needs to be done.2)Environmental BenefitsChina ranks second for CO2 emission (after the United States) and SO2 emission in the world. Just imagine if, without the Three Gorges hydro station, China would instead build thermal power plants of 22,400 MW to support the economy growth. This would produce more pollution and cause more acid rains not only in China but also may pollute the air and water in neighboring countries.3)Agriculture Benefits from Small HydropowerUntil 2005, China had built 33,000 MW of small hydro stations in rural areas, which brought electricity to 500 million people who had no electricity in their homes before. The small hydro projects also bring benefits for agriculture irrigation.4)Sediment ProblemThe upper Yellow River flows through several desert areas. The sediments are transported to the lower Yellow River basin and deposited on the riverbed, whose altitude becomes higher year by year. The sediments have to be removed; otherwise the hydro stations in the middle reach will be buried in sand after some years. The Yellow River Water Resources Committee (YRWRC) has conducted tests to scour the sand into the sea by using the water from three to four dams in121cascade. Three tests have removed 258 million tons of sand from the riverbed. However, the tests were costly because water is scarce in the Yellow River.5)Displacement of SettlersDisplacement of settlers is a difficult problem for almost all large hydro projects. The reservoir behind each dam inundates a large area of land. Tens of thousands of inhabitants have to be displaced to other places. Since 1949, about 320 medium- and large-sized hydro stations have been built in China. According to the statistics available, about 5.7 million people have been displaced from their original homes. The government has issued a series of policies for the arrangement of displaced settlers, including compensation for their displacement; providing them with housing, transportation, education, etc.; and helping them to find new jobs or cultivate new lands. The compensation funds were included in the hydro project investment. Local governments and project leaders are responsible for settlers‘ arr angements. According to the policy, the living standard of settlers should be improved after displacement.6)Experience GainedFrom the previous large hydropower projects, China has learned the experiences of planning, design, construction, and operation of large hydro projects, including manufacturing large water turbines. The last eight turbo generators (700MW each) in the Right Bank Station are being manufactured by two domestic manufacturers.4.Future DevelopmentAccording to the latest policies on clean energy, the cleaner energy resources such as hydro, nuclear, and renewable energy will have higher priority in the future generation planning than the conventional coal-fired power plants. For hydropower, there is a target plan for the year 2020. According to the Almanac of China‘s Water Power, the total installed hydro capacity will reach 328 GW, of which 253 GW will be large and medium hydro stations and 70 GW will be small hydropower stations. The proportion of hydro capacity to the total installed capacity will be 28.5%. The percentage of exploited hydropower generation will be 60%. In 2020, the total installed capacity of pumped storage power stations will be 50.1 GW, which is 4.4% of the total generation capacity.After 2020, since most of the economically exploitable hydro resources in eastern China and central China will have been developed or under construction, it will be natural for China to develop the abundant water power along the Yaluzangbu River, in which only the ―Great Turn‖ can generate 48 GW of power. The water drop of the Great Turn is about 2,000 m, which is situated in an area that is hard to reach (southeastern part of the Xizang autonomous region). The area is very thinly populated, with neither nearby railways nor roads. To develop such a project needs a big investment and also needs to overcome many technical difficulties. It is very close to India (about 300 km) and Myanmar (about 400 km). Developing such a project could be beneficial to all three countries. Besides the Yaluzangbu River, the upper reaches of Jinshajiang, Lancangjiang, and Nujiang also contain abundant hydro resources. The total exploitable installed generation capacity in Xizang is 110 GW and annual generation production is 57.6TWh. The lower reaches of Lancangjiang and Nujiang flow into Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Joint utilization of the hydro energy would be beneficial to all countries.5.Outlook122China is experiencing very fast economic growth. In 2007, the total gross domestic product (GDP) had reached 24.66 trillion RMB (about $3.38 trillion in 2007), and the annual growth rate was 11.4%. It is currently the fourth-largest economical community in the world. However, when divided by the population (approximately 1.3 billion in 2007), the GDP per capita becomes $2,502, which ranks about the 120th in the world (estimated).China‘s annual electricity consumption in 2007 reached 3,245.8TWh, second in the world; however, when divided by the population, it is only 2,404 KWh per capita. The number is still lower than the world average of 2,500 KWh in 2000, comparable with the United States in the 1950s or the United Kingdom in the early 1960s. To support the rapid growth of her economy, China needs more energy.The long-term development of electric energy is limited by the energy resources. China is rich in hydro resources and coal resources but poor in oil and natural gas resources. Though the exploitable hydro resource is 378 GW, most of the hydro resources will be exploited by 2030. As for coal, the surveyed deposit is 1,000 billion tons, which should be enough for 200 years. The composition of various energy resources projected for 2020 is given in Table 3.2.Table 3.2 Composition of various generation capacities and production in 2020Coal-Fired Hydro PunpedStorageNuclearNaturalGasNew EnergyResourcesTotalCapacity (GW)% 600 200 25 40 70 15 950 63 21.1 2.6 4.2 7.3 1.5 100Production(TWh)% 3,000 700 —260 300 40 4,300 70 16 — 6 7 1 100High technology will be utilized whenever possible to increase the efficiency and to reduce the pollution of coal-fired thermal plants; e.g., super-critical and ultra super-critical steam turbines (efficiency 45% or better), integrated gasified combined cycle (IGCC) units (efficiency 50% or better), fluegas desulfur equipment, air-cooled units for water saving, etc.Energy conservation will be emphasized. China needs more energy, but the efficiency of utilization of energy in her industries is lower than the world advanced level. The GDP per kWh consumption of energy for China is about three times that of the United States and four times that of Japan. To produce every one ton of steel, 784 kg of standard coal are consumed. This is 21.4% higher than the world level. One ton of cement consumes 181 tons of standard coal, 45.3% higher than the world level. One ton of ethylene consumes 1,110 tons of stand coal, 55.6% higher than world level. If the GDP per energy consumption can be improved to the world level, lots of energy can be saved. To fulfill the target of energy development in China and meet the demand in 2020 and later, China has to depend on the utilization of high technology and energy conservation.123Unit Two Hydropower Project (1)Hydropower is the oldest and probably the most underrated renewable energy resource in the world. The earliest known reference is found in a Greek poem of 85 BC. At the end of 2002, total global hydropower installed capacity was 728.49GW. It provided 19% of total global output. Yet when renewable energy is discussed, hydropower barely earns a mention.1.The hydropower resourceTable 3.3 presents figures for global hydropower potential, broken down by region. The gross theoretical capability figures, shown in column one, represent the amount of electricity that could be generated if the total amount of rain that falls over a region could be used to generate power at sea level (thus utilizing the maximum head of water and extracting the most energy). This figure is of little practical use but the second column in Table 3.3 is more useful. This how much of the theoretical capability could be exploited using technology available today.As the table shows, hydropower potential is to be round in all parts of the world. While every region has a significant resource, the largest capability exists in Asia where there is 4875TWh of technically exploitable capability. At the other end of the scale, the Middle East has 218TWh.Not all the technically exploitable capability in any region can be cost effectively utilized. That which can is termed the economically exploitable capability. Of the total technically exploitable capability shown in table 3.3, 14,379TWh, just over 8000TWh is considered to be economically exploitable. This is three times the 2650TWh of electricity generated by the hydropower plants operation around the world by the 1999. Thus two-thirds of the global resource remains unexploited.The actual level of exploitation varies widely from region to region. The World Energy Council estimated in the 1990s that 65% of the economically feasible hydropower potential has been developed in Europe and 55% in North America. In Asia, by contrast the level of exploitation was 18% while in Africa it was only 6%.So, as already noted, the developed world has taken advantage of much of its hydropower resource while the resource in the developing world remains largely unexploited. Africa, in particular, has some major hydropower sites that could, sensitively developed; provide significantly greater prosperity to regions of that continent.By the 1999 the gross global installed hydropower capacity is just under 700GW, with another 100GW under construction. Current global hydropower capacity is broken down by region in Table 3.3(the fourth column). In gross terms, Europe has the biggest installed capacity, followed by Asia and North America. The Middle East, probably the world‘s most arid region, has the smallest capacity. The numbers in Table 3.3 confirms that Africa has exploited relatively less of its capability than any other region.If all the remaining economically exploitable capacity in the world was utilized with the same efficiency as that of current capacity, an additional 1400GW could be constructed. This would roughly triple the existing hydropower capacity. Exploitation would involve an additional 14,000 power plants with an average size of 100MW, at a cost of $1500 billion.124。
有关能源与动力工程专业的英语作文
有关能源与动力工程专业的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Energy and Power Engineering MajorIntroduction:Energy and Power Engineering is a crucial field that plays a significant role in meeting the growing global energy demand. The technology and processes used in this field are essential for ensuring a sustainable and efficient energy supply. Energy and Power Engineering majors focus on studying and developing technologies to generate, store, and distribute energy from various sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear, renewables, and alternative sources.Career Opportunities:Energy and Power Engineering majors have a wide range of career opportunities in different sectors such as power generation, energy consulting, renewable energy, oil and gas, utilities, and manufacturing. Graduates can work as power plant engineers, energy analysts, renewable energy specialists, electrical engineers, energy consultants, and project managers.With the increasing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources, there is a high demand for professionals in the energy and power sector.Skills and Knowledge:Energy and Power Engineering majors develop a strong foundation in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering principles. They learn about energy conversion, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, electrical systems, and renewable energy technologies. Students also gain hands-on experience through laboratory experiments, internships, and research projects to apply their knowledge in real-world scenarios. Communication skills, problem-solving abilities, teamwork, and leadership skills are essential for success in this field.Challenges and Opportunities:The energy and power industry is facing challenges related to climate change, energy security, environmental impact, and technological advancements. Energy and Power Engineering majors are at the forefront of addressing these challenges through innovative solutions and sustainable practices. Renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal are gaining momentum as alternatives to traditional fossil fuels. Energy storage systems, smart grids, and energyefficiency measures are also becoming critical components of the energy infrastructure.Future Trends:As the world transitions towards a low-carbon economy, the demand for clean and sustainable energy solutions will continue to grow. Energy and Power Engineering majors will play a crucial role in developing and implementing technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve energy efficiency, and promote renewable energy sources. The integration of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, and automation in the energy sector will create new opportunities for innovation and optimization.Conclusion:Energy and Power Engineering is a dynamic and evolving field that offers exciting opportunities for students to make a positive impact on the energy transition. With the right skills, knowledge, and passion for sustainability, graduates can contribute to creating a cleaner and more resilient energy future. If you are interested in pursuing a career in energy and power engineering, consider studying this major and be part of the solution to the energy challenges of the 21st century.篇2Energy and Power Engineering is a field that plays a crucial role in our modern society. With the increasing demand for energy, it is more important than ever to explore new sources of energy and develop more efficient ways of harnessing it. In this essay, we will discuss the importance of Energy and Power Engineering, as well as the challenges and opportunities in this field.Energy and Power Engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles of physics, mathematics, and engineering to design, develop, and optimize energy systems. This field covers a wide range of topics, including renewable energy sources, power generation, energy storage, and energy efficiency. Energy and Power Engineers are responsible for designing and implementing technologies that meet the growing energy needs of society while minimizing environmental impacts and ensuring sustainability.One of the key challenges facing Energy and Power Engineers is the transition to a more sustainable energy system. The reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation has led to environmental pollution, climate change, and energy security issues. As a result, there is a growing need to develop renewableenergy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. Energy and Power Engineers play a critical role in designing and implementing these technologies, as well as developing energy storage systems to ensure a reliable and stable energy supply.Another challenge in the field of Energy and Power Engineering is the optimization of energy systems for improved efficiency and performance. Energy losses occur at every stage of the energy conversion process, from generation to transmission and distribution. Energy and Power Engineers work to optimize energy systems by reducing energy losses, improving energy conversion efficiency, and deploying smart grid technologies to enhance energy management and control. By increasing the efficiency of energy systems, Energy and Power Engineers can help reduce energy costs, minimize environmental impacts, and enhance the resilience of the energy infrastructure.Despite the challenges, there are also many opportunities in the field of Energy and Power Engineering. The rapid advancements in renewable energy technologies, energy storage systems, and smart grid technologies present exciting opportunities for innovation and growth. Energy and Power Engineers have the opportunity to develop new technologies, improve existing systems, and contribute to the transition to amore sustainable energy future. With the increasing demand for clean and reliable energy, there is a growing need for skilled professionals in this field who can design and implement innovative solutions to address these challenges.In conclusion, Energy and Power Engineering is a field that plays a vital role in our society and offers exciting opportunities for innovation and growth. By developing renewable energy sources, optimizing energy systems, and improving energy efficiency, Energy and Power Engineers can help meet the growing energy needs of society while minimizing environmental impacts and ensuring sustainability. As the demand for clean and reliable energy continues to increase, the field of Energy and Power Engineering will play a key role in shaping the future of energy systems and advancing towards a more sustainable energy future.篇3Energy and power engineering is a field of engineering that focuses on the production, conversion, distribution, and utilization of energy in various forms. It plays a crucial role in addressing the global challenges of energy security, climate change, and sustainable development. As a student studying energy and power engineering, I am passionate about findinginnovative solutions to these challenges and making a positive impact on the world.One of the key areas of focus in energy and power engineering is the development of renewable energy sources. With the growing demand for energy and the depletion of traditional fossil fuel reserves, it is essential to explore alternative sources of energy that are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power offer a promising solution to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.In addition to renewable energy sources, energy and power engineering also encompasses the study of energy efficiency and conservation. Improving the efficiency of energy conversion processes and reducing energy wastage are critical components of sustainable energy systems. By developing more efficient technologies for power generation, transmission, and consumption, we can minimize energy losses and maximize the utilization of available resources.Another important aspect of energy and power engineering is the integration of energy systems. As our energy infrastructure becomes increasingly interconnected, it is necessary to designand optimize integrated energy systems that can efficiently manage the generation, storage, and distribution of energy. This includes smart grids, energy storage technologies, and decentralized energy solutions that can enhance the reliability and resilience of our energy systems.Moreover, energy and power engineering also plays a vital role in addressing the environmental impacts of energy production and consumption. By studying the environmental effects of different energy technologies and implementing measures to mitigate pollution and reduce emissions, we can make significant progress towards a more sustainable energy future. This includes the development of carbon capture and storage technologies, emission control systems, and sustainable practices for energy production.As a student studying energy and power engineering, I am excited about the opportunities to contribute to the advancement of clean energy technologies and sustainable energy systems. Through my coursework and research projects, I am gaining a deep understanding of the principles and practices of energy engineering and developing the skills to analyze complex energy systems and optimize their performance. I am also actively involved in extracurricular activities and internshipsthat allow me to apply my knowledge and skills in real-world settings and collaborate with industry professionals and researchers.In conclusion, energy and power engineering is a dynamic and multidisciplinary field that offers diverse opportunities for students to make a positive impact on society and the environment. By studying energy engineering, we can develop the expertise and insights needed to address the global challenges of energy security, climate change, and sustainable development. I am excited about the future possibilities in energy and power engineering and look forward to contributing to the development of innovative solutions that can shape a more sustainable energy future.。
新能源方面的英语
新能源方面的英语以下是一些新能源行业的英语单词汇总：1.renewable energy：可再生能源2.solar energy：太阳能3.wind energy：风能4.hydroelectricity：水力发电5.biomass energy：生物质能源6.geothermal energy：地热能7.ocean energy：海洋能8.nuclear energy：核能9.green energy：绿色能源10.clean energy：清洁能源11.energy storage：能源储存12.smart grid：智能电网13.grid-connected power station：并网电站14.off-grid power station：离网电站15.independent power system：独立电力系统16.photovoltaic (PV) cell：光伏电池17.wind turbine：风力涡轮机18.tidal turbine：潮汐涡轮机19.wave energy converter：波浪能转换器20.fuel cell：燃料电池21.hydrogen fuel cell：氢燃料电池22.direct current (DC) motor：直流电机23.alternating current (AC) motor：交流电机24.supercapacitor：超级电容器25.lithium-ion battery：锂离子电池26.lead-acid battery：铅酸电池27.nanomaterials：纳米材料28.smart meter：智能电表29.efficiency：效率30.conversion efficiency：转换效率。
能源与动力工程专业英语词汇
专业名称•动力工程及工程热物理：Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理：Thermal Physics of Engineering •动力工程：Power Engineering;Dynamic Engineering•热能工程：Thermal Engineering(Thermal Energy Engineering)•制冷与低温工程：Refrigeration and Cryogenic[ˌkraɪəˈdʒɛnɪk]Engineering•流体机械及工程：Fluid Mechanics and Engineering•热能动力工程：Thermal Energy and Dynamic Engineering•能源与动力工程学院：School of Energy and Power Engineering热力学thermodynamics1.adiabatic process[ˌædiəˈbætɪk]绝热过程2.aerodynamics[ˌeroʊdaɪˈnæmɪks]空气动力学,空气动力学专家，n,adj空气动力学的3.buoyancy[ˈbɔɪənsi,ˈbujən-]浮升力pressibility压缩性5.gasdynamics气体动力学6.hydraulics[haɪˈdrɔlɪks]水力学7.hydrodynamics流体水力学8.hydrostatics[ˌhaɪdrə'stætɪks]流体静力学9.open system开口系统10.reversible process[rɪˈvɚsəbəl]可逆过程11.thermodynamics equilibrium[ˌikwəˈlɪbriəm]热力平衡12.viscous[ˈvɪskəs]粘性的13.inviscid[ɪn'vɪsɪd]无粘性的14.thermodynamics、thermodynamic property热力学、热力性质15.entropy[ˈɛntrəpi]熵16．enthalpy[en'θælpɪ]焓17．internal energy内能18．potential energy势能19．kinetic energy动能20．work功21．mechanical/shaft work机械功/轴功22．flow work流动功23．specific volume比容24.cycle循环25.Saturated temperature/pressure/liquid/ vapor[ˈsætʃəreɪtɪd]饱和温度/压力/液体/蒸汽26.subcooled liquid过冷液体27.quality（蒸汽）干度28.dry saturated vapor干饱和蒸汽29.superheated vapor过热蒸汽30.the first/second law of thermodynamics热力学第一/二定律31.the law of the conservation of energy能量守恒定律32.reversible/irreversible process可逆/不可逆过程33.pressure drop压降34.heat exchanger热交换器35.entropy production熵产[ˈɛntrəpi]36.coefficient of performance性能系数37.refrigerating capacity/effect制冷量38.Carnot cycle卡诺循环/nit/39.refrigerating efficiency制冷效率40.equation of state状态方程41.ideal gas constant理想气体常数42.isotherm等温线43.triple point三相点44.hydrocarbons碳氢化合物/烃45.cryogenic低温学[ˌkraɪəˈdʒenɪk]46.least-square fitting最小二乘法47.specific heat/specific heat capacity比热/比热容48.azeotropic mixture共沸混合物[əˌzi:ə'trɒpɪk]49.zeotropic mixture非共沸混合物50.dew point(temperature)露点（温度）[dju: pɔint][du pɔɪnt]51.isentropic compression/process等熵压缩/过程[aɪsen'trɒpɪk]52.condenser冷凝器53.evaporator蒸发器54.expansion valve膨胀阀55.throttling valve节流阀pressor压缩机pressor displacement压缩机排气量58.volumetric efficiency容积效率59.single-stage/two-stage/double-stage/compound compression单/双级压缩60.intercool/intercooler中间冷却（器）61.intermediate pressure中间压力62.pressure ratio压力比63.insulating material保温材料流体力学1.流体力学fluid mechanics2.动力粘度absolute/dynamic viscosity3.速度梯度velocity gradient英[ˈgreɪdiənt]美[ˈɡrediənt]4.运动粘度kinematic viscosity英[ˌkɪnɪ'mætɪk]美[ˌkɪnə'mætɪk]英[vɪ'skɒsətɪ]美[vɪˈskɑsɪti] 5.伯努力方程Bernoulli Equation英[bə:ˈnu:li iˈkweiʃən]6.体积流量volumetric flow rate7.质量流量mass flow rate8.层流laminar flow9.紊流turbulence/turbulent flow10.雷诺数Reynolds number11.摩擦力friction/frictional force12.摩擦系数coefficient of friction13.微分方程differential equation14.阻力drag force或resistance15.阻力系数drag coefficient传热学1.热传递heat transfer2.热传导thermal conduction3.热对流thermal convection4.热辐射thermal radiation5.层流底层laminar sublayer6.过渡层buffer layer,缓冲区或人，buffer dinner 自助餐buffet英[ˈbʌfit]7.强迫对流forced convection8.自然/自由对流natural/free convection9.稳态导热steady-state conduction10.导热系数thermal conductivity11.热阻thermal resistance12.（总）传热系数(overall)heat transfer coefficient13.表面积surface area14.串联series系列15.并联parallel英[ˈpærəlel]并行，Parallel computing并行计算16.接触热阻contact thermal resistance17.（对数）平均温差(logarithmic)mean temperature difference[ˌlɒɡə'rɪðmɪk]18.顺流parallel flow19.逆流counter flow20.相变phase change21.冷库cold storage热库thermal reservoir/heat bath22.边界条件boundary condition23.黑体辐射blackbody radiation24.辐射力emissive power25.维恩位移定律Wien’s displacement Law26.半球发射率hemispherical emittance[ˌhemɪˈsferɪkl]27.吸收率absorptance英[əb'sɔ:ptəns]28.透射率transmittance英[træns'mɪtns]n.播送;发射;传动;透明度;29.反射率reflectance30.漫射辐射diffuse radiation31.(充分发展的)层流/紊流fully developed laminar/turbulent flow湿空气1.湿空气学psychrometrics2.干空气dry air3.湿空气moistair4.大气压barometricpressure5.热力学温标thermodynamic temperature scale6.含湿量humidity ratio7.比焓specific enthalpy英[en'θælpɪ]8.比熵specific entropy英[ˈentrəpi]9.绝对湿度absolute humidity10.饱和含湿量saturation humidity ratio英[ˌsætʃəˈreɪʃn]英[ˈreɪʃiəʊ]11.相对湿度relative humidity12.热力学湿球温度thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature13.分压力partial pressure14.总压total pressure15.通用气体常数universal gas constant16.湿球/干球温度dry-bulb/wet-bulb temperature17.焓湿图psychrometric chart制冷空调1.集中/分散供冷central/decentralized cooling英[ˌdi:'sentrəlaɪzd]2.锅炉boiler3.往复/螺杆/离心/涡旋式压缩机/冷水机组reciprocating/helical rotary(或screw)/centrifugal/scroll compressor/water chiller unit4.吸收式制冷/冷水机组absorption refrigeration/water chiller unit5.热回收heat reclaim/recovery6.冷却塔cooling tower7.空气/水冷却冷凝器air-cooled/water-cooled condenser8.蒸发式冷凝器evaporative condenser9.净正吸入压力/压头netpositive suction pressure/head10.供/回干管main supply/return line11.二/三通阀two/three-way valve12.平衡阀balancing valve13.一次/二次冷冻水系统primary/secondary chilled water system14.备用泵spare pump15.疏水器、存水弯、水封trap16.水/冰蓄冷water/ice thermal storage17.空气/水/地源热泵air/water/ground source heat pump18.定/变风量constant/variable air volume19.经济器economizer20.静/动压static/dynamic pressure21.毛细管capillary tube英[kəˈpɪləri]22.全封闭压缩机hermetically sealed/hermetic compressor英[hɜ:ˈmetɪk]23.半封闭式压缩机semi-hermetic/semi-hermetically sealed compressor24.直接膨胀direct expansion26.离心/轴流式风机centrifugal/axial fan英[ˈæksiəl]27.立管riser英['raɪzə]28.内/外平衡式热力膨胀阀internally/externally equalized thermostatic expansion valve29.吸/排气管suction/discharge line30.电磁阀solenoid valve美['solə,nɔɪd]31.恒压阀constant pressure valve32.迎风面积/速度face area/velocity33.（一拖多）分体式空调器(multi-)split air conditioner34.水环热泵water loop heat pump35.能效比energy efficiency ratio36.变容压缩/压缩机positive displacement compression/compressor37.速度/动压式压缩/压缩机velocity/dynamic compression/compressor38.流量系数flow coefficient39.水锤water hammer40.闸阀gate valve41.球阀ball valve42.蝶阀butterfly valve43.平衡阀balancing valve44.安全阀safety/relief valve n.救济；减轻，解除；安慰；浮雕45.止回阀check/backflow prevention valve boiler锅炉1.air heater空气预热器2.auxiliary辅助的，辅机[ɔ:gˈzɪliəri]3.bare tube光管4.blast[英][blɑ:st]鼓风5.blowdown排污6.capacity[英][kəˈpæsəti]出力7.cogenerator热电联产机组pressor压缩机bustion燃烧10.condenser凝汽器11.counterflow逆流12.critical pressure临界压力13.diesel oil柴油gasoline,gaslene, gas,petro(英),汽油14.drainage疏水、排水设备,排水系统15.drum汽包16.economizer[英][i:'kɒnəmaɪzə]省煤器17.excess air[英][ɪkˈses]过量空气18.extended surface扩展受热面19.fin鳍片、肋片、散热片、翅片20.flue gas烟气21.fluid(-)bed流化床(fluidizedbed)[英]['flu:ɪdaɪzd22.furnace炉膛23.fouling污垢，击球出界（羽毛球）[英]['faʊlɪŋ]24.generator发电机25.header联箱、集箱,集管26.hopper[英][ˈhɒpə(r)]斗、料斗l磨煤机(pulverizer)[英]['pʌlvəraɪzə]28.motor汽车、马达、电动机29.platen屏、管屏[美]['plætən]30.Prandtl numbers普朗特数31.pressure loss压力损失32.regenerator回热器，蓄热器，再生器[英][rɪ'dʒenəˌreɪtə]33.Reynolds numbers雷诺数34.slag结渣美[slæɡ]35.sootblower吹灰器美[su:tb'ləʊər]36.steam line blowing蒸汽管路吹洗37.superheater过热器38.turbine汽轮机39.suction真空，负压steam turbine蒸汽轮机40.gas turbine燃气轮机41.back pressure背压42.blower送风机、吹灰器43.boundary layer边界层44.chimney英[ˈtʃɪmni]烟囱、烟道、烟筒45.cooling tower冷却水塔46.coupling连接，连接法兰,耦合47.critical speed临界转速48.cylinder圆筒、汽缸49.head汽包封头、扬程、水头50.impeller叶轮、推进器、压缩器rge turbine-generator unit大型汽轮发电机组52.non-destructive testing(NDT)无损检验53.digital-controlled machine数控机床54.fixed blade固定叶片，导向叶片55.operational speed运行转速56.outing casing外缸57.inner casing内缸58.rigid coupling刚性连轴器solid coupling59.rotor转子60.stress concentration应力集中61.two-shift operation两班制运行62.wake尾流Thermal Power Plant:热电厂1.automatic control system:自动控制系统2.boiler feed pump:锅炉给水泵feed pump:给水泵3.chamber:燃烧室/ei/4.circulating water:循环水5.check valve:止回阀，逆止阀6.non-return valve:逆止阀，止回阀7.controlling valve:控制阀，调节阀8.cooling water（CW）:冷却水9.cycle efficiency:循环效率10.data processing system:数据处理系统11.de-aerator[英]['eɪəreɪtə]除氧器12.de-aerator tank:除氧水箱13.desuperheater:减温器14.desuperheater spraywater:喷水减温15.drain pump:疏水泵16.full-load:满负荷erning system:调速系统（governing:调节，调整）18.heat-transfer coefficient:换热系数19.isolating valve:隔离阀20.load rejection:甩（抛）负荷21.main steam:主汽22.motorized isolating valve:电动隔离阀23.lubricating oil:润滑油24.nuclear plant:核电厂25.orifice:[orifis]孔，口，孔板26.pipework:管路27.power station:电厂28.pressure reducing valve:减压装置29.reliability:安全性，可靠性30.relief valve:安全阀31.running speed:运行转速32.sealing:密封，封闭，焊封33.self-sealing:自密封的34.stainless steel:不锈钢35.stop valve:断流阀，截止阀36.strainer:滤盆，滤器，滤网，拉紧装置37.supercritical plant:超临界机组38.synchronizer:英]['sɪŋkrənaɪzə]同步器，同步机，同步装置39.throttle:节流阀[美]/ˈθrɑ:tl/喉咙，气管，vt.&vi.扼杀，压制;勒死，使窒息;使节流40.turbine-generator unit:汽轮发电机组41.ultra-supercritical:超超临界英][ˈʌltrə] [美]['ʌltrə]42.vacuum:真空43.vent:通道，通风口44.actuator:/aiktjueite/执行机构45.brake:闸，制动器46.damper:[美]['dæmpər]挡板，调节风门47.distributed control system(DCS)分散控制系统48.disturbance:干扰，扰动49.feedback control:反馈控制50.forced draught（FD）fan:送风机[英][fɔ:st drɑ:ft/51.furnace purge:炉膛吹扫ernor valve:调节阀53.induced draught（ID）fan:引风机54.make-up pump:补水泵55.overheating:过热，超温56.preamp:前置放大器/ˈpriæmp/57.primary air fan:一次风机58.sensor:传感器59.shutdown:停机，停炉，停运，关机，关闭；倒闭，停工，停业，停播。
能源与动力工程专业英语词汇
专业名称•动力工程及工程热物理:Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理:Thermal Physics of Engineering •动力工程:Power Engineering;Dynamic Engineering•热能工程:Thermal Engineering(Thermal Energy Engineering•制冷与低温工程:Refrigeration and Cryogenic[ˌkraɪəˈdʒɛnɪk]Engineering •流体机械及工程:Fluid Mechanics and Engineering•热能动力工程:Thermal Energy and Dynamic Engineering•能源与动力工程学院:School of Energy and Power Engineering热力学thermodynamics1.adiabatic process[ˌædiəˈbætɪk]绝热过程2.aerodynamics[ˌeroʊdaɪˈnæmɪks]空气动力学,空气动力学专家,n,adj空气动力学的3.buoyancy[ˈbɔɪənsi,ˈbujən-]浮升力pressibility压缩性5.gasdynamics气体动力学6.hydraulics[haɪˈdrɔlɪks]水力学7.hydrodynamics流体水力学8.hydrostatics[ˌhaɪdrə'stætɪks]流体静力学9.open system开口系统10.reversible process[rɪˈvɚsəbəl]可逆过程11.thermodynamics equilibrium[ˌikwəˈlɪbriəm]热力平衡12.viscous[ˈvɪskəs]粘性的13.inviscid[ɪn'vɪsɪd]无粘性的14.thermodynamics、thermodynamic property热力学、热力性质15.entropy[ˈɛntrəpi]熵16.enthalpy[en'θælpɪ]焓17.internal energy内能18.potential energy势能19.kinetic energy动能20.work功21.mechanical/shaft work机械功/轴功22.flow work流动功23.specific volume比容24.cycle循环25.Saturated temperature/pressure/liquid/ vapor[ˈsætʃəreɪtɪd]饱和温度/压力/液体/蒸汽26.subcooled liquid过冷液体27.quality(蒸汽干度28.dry saturated vapor干饱和蒸汽29.superheated vapor过热蒸汽30.the first/second law of thermodynamics热力学第一/二定律31.the law of the conservation of energy能量守恒定律32.reversible/irreversible process可逆/不可逆过程33.pressure drop压降34.heat exchanger热交换器35.entropy production熵产[ˈɛntrəpi]36.coefficient of performance性能系数37.refrigerating capacity/effect制冷量38.Carnot cycle卡诺循环/nit/39.refrigerating efficiency制冷效率40.equation of state状态方程41.ideal gas constant理想气体常数42.isotherm等温线43.triple point三相点44.hydrocarbons碳氢化合物/烃45.cryogenic低温学[ˌkraɪəˈdʒenɪk]46.least-square fitting最小二乘法47.specific heat/specific heat capacity比热/比热容48.azeotropic mixture共沸混合物[əˌzi:ə'trɒpɪk]49.zeotropic mixture非共沸混合物50.dew point(temperature露点(温度[dju: pɔint][du pɔɪnt]51.isentropic compression/process等熵压缩/过程[aɪsen'trɒpɪk]52.condenser冷凝器53.evaporator蒸发器54.expansion valve膨胀阀55.throttling valve节流阀pressor压缩机pressor displacement压缩机排气量58.volumetric efficiency容积效率59.single-stage/two-stage/double-stage/compound compression单/双级压缩60.intercool/intercooler中间冷却(器61.intermediate pressure中间压力62.pressure ratio压力比63.insulating material保温材料流体力学1.流体力学fluid mechanics2. 动力粘度 absolute/dynamicviscosity3. 速度梯度 velocity gradient英[ˈgreɪdiənt]美[ˈɡrediənt]4. 运动粘度 kinematic viscosity英[ˌkɪnɪ'mætɪk]美[ˌkɪnə'mætɪk]英 [vɪ'skɒsətɪ]美 [vɪˈskɑsɪti] 5. 伯努力方程Bernoulli Equation英 [bə:ˈnu:liiˈkweiʃən]6. 体积流量 volumetric flow rate7. 质量流量 mass flow rate8. 层流 laminar flow9. 紊流 turbulence/turbulentflow10. 雷诺数 Reynolds number11. 摩擦力 friction/frictionalforce12. 摩擦系数 coefficient of friction13. 微分方程 differential equation14. 阻力 drag force 或 resistance15. 阻力系数 drag coefficient传热学1. 热传递 heat transfer2. 热传导 thermal conduction3. 热对流 thermal convection4. 热辐射 thermal radiation5. 层流底层 laminar sublayer6. 过渡层 buffer layer, 缓冲区或人, buffer dinner 自助餐 buffet 英[ˈbʌfit]7. 强迫对流 forced convection8. 自然 /自由对流 natural/freeconvection9. 稳态导热 steady-state conduction10. 导热系数 thermal conductivity11. 热阻 thermal resistance12. (总传热系数 (overallheat transfer coefficient13. 表面积 surface area14. 串联 series 系列15. 并联 parallel 英[ˈpærəlel]并行, Parallel computing 并行计算16. 接触热阻 contact thermal resistance17. (对数平均温差(logarithmicmean temperature difference [ˌlɒɡə'rɪðmɪk]18. 顺流 parallel flow19. 逆流 counter flow20. 相变 phase change21. 冷库 cold storage 热库 thermal reservoir/heat bath22. 边界条件 boundary condition23. 黑体辐射 blackbody radiation24. 辐射力 emissive power25. 维恩位移定律Wien’s displacement Law 26. 半球发射率 hemispherical emittance [ˌhemɪˈsferɪkl]27. 吸收率 absorptance 英 [əb'sɔ:ptəns] 28. 透射率 transmittance英 [træns'mɪtns]n. 播送 ; 发射 ; 传动 ; 透明度 ; 29. 反射率 reflectance30. 漫射辐射 diffuse radiation31.(充分发展的层流 /紊流 fully developed laminar/turbulentflow湿空气1. 湿空气学 psychrometrics2. 干空气 dry air3. 湿空气 moistair4. 大气压 barometricpressure5. 热力学温标 thermodynamic temperature scale6. 含湿量 humidity ratio7. 比焓 specific enthalpy 英[en'θælpɪ]8. 比熵 specific entropy 英[ˈentrəpi]9. 绝对湿度 absolute humidity10. 饱和含湿量 saturation humidity ratio 英[ˌsætʃəˈreɪʃn]英[ˈreɪʃiəʊ]11. 相对湿度 relative humidity12. 热力学湿球温度 thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature13. 分压力 partial pressure14. 总压 total pressure15. 通用气体常数 universal gas constant 16. 湿球 /干球温度 dry-bulb/wet-bulbtemperature 17. 焓湿图 psychrometric chart制冷空调1. 集中 /分散供冷 central/decentralizedcooling 英[ˌdi:'sentrəlaɪzd]2. 锅炉 boiler3. 往复 /螺杆 /离心 /涡旋式压缩机 /冷水机组 reciprocating/helicalrotary(或screw/centrifugal/scrollcompressor/waterchiller unit4. 吸收式制冷 /冷水机组 absorption refrigeration/waterchiller unit5. 热回收 heat reclaim/recovery6. 冷却塔 cooling tower7. 空气 /水冷却冷凝器 air-cooled/water-cooled condenser8. 蒸发式冷凝器 evaporative condenser9. 净正吸入压力 /压头 netpositive suction pressure/head10. 供 /回干管 main supply/returnline11. 二 /三通阀 two/three-wayvalve12. 平衡阀 balancing valve13.一次/二次冷冻水系统primary/secondary chilled water system14.备用泵spare pump15.疏水器、存水弯、水封trap16.水/冰蓄冷water/ice thermal storage17.空气/水/地源热泵air/water/ground source heat pump18.定/变风量constant/variable air volume19.经济器economizer20.静/动压static/dynamic pressure21.毛细管capillary tube英[kəˈpɪləri]22.全封闭压缩机hermetically sealed/hermetic compressor英[hɜ:ˈmetɪk]23.半封闭式压缩机semi-hermetic/semi-hermetically sealed compressor24.直接膨胀direct expansion26.离心/轴流式风机centrifugal/axial fan英[ˈæksiəl]27.立管riser英['raɪzə]28.内/外平衡式热力膨胀阀internally/externally equalized thermostatic expansion valve29.吸/排气管suction/discharge line30.电磁阀solenoid valve美['solə,nɔɪd]31.恒压阀constant pressure valve32.迎风面积/速度face area/velocity33.(一拖多分体式空调器(multi-split air conditioner34.水环热泵water loop heat pump35.能效比energy efficiency ratio36.变容压缩/压缩机positive displacement compression/compressor37.速度/动压式压缩/压缩机velocity/dynamic compression/compressor38.流量系数flow coefficient39.水锤water hammer40.闸阀gate valve41.球阀ball valve42.蝶阀butterfly valve43.平衡阀balancing valve44.安全阀safety/relief valve n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕45.止回阀check/backflow prevention valve boiler锅炉1.air heater空气预热器2.auxiliary辅助的,辅机[ɔ:gˈzɪliəri]3.bare tube光管4.blast[英][blɑ:st]鼓风5.blowdown排污6.capacity[英][kəˈpæsəti]出力7.cogenerator热电联产机组pressor压缩机bustion燃烧10.condenser凝汽器11.counterflow逆流12.critical pressure临界压力13.diesel oil柴油gasoline,gaslene, gas,petro(英,汽油14.drainage疏水、排水设备,排水系统15.drum汽包16.economizer[英][i:'kɒnəmaɪzə]省煤器17.excess air[英][ɪkˈses]过量空气18.extended surface扩展受热面19.fin鳍片、肋片、散热片、翅片20.flue gas烟气21.fluid(-bed流化床(fluidizedbed[英]['flu:ɪdaɪzd22.furnace炉膛23.fouling污垢,击球出界(羽毛球 [英]['faʊlɪŋ]24.generator发电机25.header联箱、集箱,集管26.hopper[英][ˈhɒpə(r]斗、料斗l磨煤机(pulverizer[英]['pʌlvəraɪzə]28.motor汽车、马达、电动机29.platen屏、管屏[美]['plætən]30.Prandtl numbers普朗特数31.pressure loss压力损失32.regenerator回热器,蓄热器,再生器[英][rɪ'dʒenəˌreɪtə]33.Reynolds numbers雷诺数34.slag结渣美[slæɡ]35.sootblower吹灰器美[su:tb'ləʊər]36.steam line blowing蒸汽管路吹洗37.superheater过热器38.turbine汽轮机39.suction真空,负压steam turbine蒸汽轮机40.gas turbine燃气轮机41.back pressure背压42.blower送风机、吹灰器43.boundary layer边界层44.chimney英[ˈtʃɪmni]烟囱、烟道、烟筒45.cooling tower冷却水塔46.coupling连接,连接法兰,耦合47.critical speed临界转速48.cylinder圆筒、汽缸49.head汽包封头、扬程、水头50.impeller叶轮、推进器、压缩器rge turbine-generator unit大型汽轮发电机组52.non-destructive testing(NDT无损检验53.digital-controlled machine数控机床54.fixed blade固定叶片,导向叶片55.operational speed运行转速56.outing casing外缸57.inner casing内缸58.rigid coupling刚性连轴器solid coupling59.rotor转子60.stress concentration应力集中61.two-shift operation两班制运行62.wake尾流Thermal Power Plant:热电厂1.automatic control system:自动控制系统2.boiler feed pump:锅炉给水泵feed pump:给水泵3.chamber:燃烧室/ei/4.circulating water:循环水5.check valve:止回阀,逆止阀6.non-return valve:逆止阀,止回阀7.controlling valve:控制阀,调节阀8.cooling water(CW:冷却水9.cycle efficiency:循环效率10.data processing system:数据处理系统11.de-aerator[英]['eɪəreɪtə]除氧器12.de-aerator tank:除氧水箱13.desuperheater:减温器14.desuperheater spraywater:喷水减温15.drain pump:疏水泵16.full-load:满负荷erning system:调速系统(governing:调节,调整18.heat-transfer coefficient:换热系数19.isolating valve:隔离阀20.load rejection:甩(抛负荷21.main steam:主汽22.motorized isolating valve:电动隔离阀23.lubricating oil:润滑油24.nuclear plant:核电厂25.orifice:[orifis]孔,口,孔板26.pipework:管路27.power station:电厂28.pressure reducing valve:减压装置29.reliability:安全性,可靠性30.relief valve:安全阀31.running speed:运行转速32.sealing:密封,封闭,焊封33.self-sealing:自密封的34.stainless steel:不锈钢35.stop valve:断流阀,截止阀36.strainer:滤盆,滤器,滤网,拉紧装置37.supercritical plant:超临界机组38.synchronizer:英]['sɪŋkrənaɪzə]同步器,同步机,同步装置39.throttle:节流阀[美]/ˈθrɑ:tl/喉咙,气管,vt.&vi.扼杀,压制;勒死,使窒息;使节流40.turbine-generator unit:汽轮发电机组41.ultra-supercritical:超超临界英][ˈʌltrə] [美]['ʌltrə]42.vacuum:真空43.vent:通道,通风口44.actuator:/aiktjueite/执行机构45.brake:闸,制动器46.damper:[美]['dæmpər]挡板,调节风门47.distributed control system(DCS分散控制系统48.disturbance:干扰,扰动49.feedback control:反馈控制50.forced draught(FDfan:送风机[英][fɔ:st drɑ:ft/51.furnace purge:炉膛吹扫ernor valve:调节阀53.induced draught(IDfan:引风机54.make-up pump:补水泵55.overheating:过热,超温56.preamp:前置放大器/ˈpriæmp/57.primary air fan:一次风机58.sensor:传感器59.shutdown:停机,停炉,停运,关机,关闭;倒闭,停工,停业,停播。
能源与动力工程专业英语知识讲解
能源与动力工程专业英语For practical reasons,most impulse turbines mount their buckets on the rims of disks (wheels),and nozzles feed steam from one side (Fig.6.9),Pressurized steam from the nozzle box flows through parallel converging nozzles formed by vane or foils.Steam leaves as a broad high-speed jet to flow through the slower moving-bucket passages,which turn the steam flow to an axial direction as they absorb its kinetic energy.The steam leaves with lower internal energy and speed.由于实用性的原因，大部分冲击式汽轮机把他们的叶片安装在轮缘，并且喷嘴从一边提供蒸汽。
高压蒸汽从喷嘴室流过由叶片或翼形成的平行的渐缩喷嘴。
蒸汽离开的时候是一个宽阔的高速气流，它流过较慢的动叶片通道，把蒸汽换向流到一个轴线方向，在那里吸收他们的动能。
蒸汽带着较低的内能和速度离开。
Steam pressure and speed vary through the true impulse stage.When the impulse stage are pressure-compouned,which are called Rateau stages,pressure drop occurs in steps and exhausted steam from one-stage folws through following similar impulse stages,where it expands to a lower pressure.If the impulse stages are velocity-compounded,which are called Curtiss stages,steam velocity is absorbed in a series of constant-pressure steps.流过一个完全的冲击级时，蒸汽压力和速度是不同的。
能源与动力工程专业英语答案
能源与动力工程专业英语答案1、6．—How can we get to the school?—________ bus. [单选题] *A．ToB．OnC．By(正确答案)D．At2、( ) It tells what is going on ___the county and all____the world. [单选题] *A. across; over(正确答案)B. all; acrossC. in; inD.to; for3、I’d like to know the _______ of the club. [单选题] *A. schedule(正确答案)B. schoolC. menuD. subject4、We had a(an)_____with him about this problem last night. [单选题] *A.explanationB.impressionC.exhibitionD.discussion(正确答案)5、2．I think Game of Thrones is ________ TV series of the year. [单选题] *A．excitingB．more excitingC．most excitingD．the most exciting (正确答案)6、Alice is fond of playing ____ piano while Henry is interested in listening to ___ music. [单选题] *A. the, /(正确答案)B. the, theC. the, aD. /, the7、We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let's have _____ one this month. [单选题] *A.otherB.the otherC.moreD.another(正确答案)8、John Smith is _______ of the three young men. [单选题] *A. strongB. strongerC. the strongerD. the strongest(正确答案)9、19．Students will have computers on their desks ________ . [单选题] * A．in the future(正确答案)B．on the futureC．at the momentD．in the past10、Tom is very _______. He never cleans his room. [单选题] *A. lazy(正确答案)B. activeC. shyD. healthy11、Will you please say it again? I _______ you. [单选题] *A. didn’t hear(正确答案)B. don’t heardC. didn’t heardD. don’t hear12、I've never been to Africa, but that is the place（）. [单选题] *A. where I most want to visitB. in which I most want to visitC. I most want to visit(正确答案)D. that I want to visit it most13、If you had told me earlier, I _____ to meet you at the hotel. [单选题] *A. had comeB. will have comeC. would comeD. would have come(正确答案)14、I hadn't realized she was my former teacher _____ she spoke [单选题] *A. asB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. while15、My father always gets up early. He’s never late _______ work. [单选题] *A. toB. for(正确答案)C. onD. at16、47．Yao Ming is tall. That's one of his ________. [单选题] *A．advantageB．advantages(正确答案)C．disadvantageD．disadvantages17、33．Body language is even___________ and ___________ than any other language. [单选题] *A．stronger, loudB．strong, louderC．strong, loudD．stronger, louder (正确答案)18、2．The villagers want to have a bridge. Can this dream ________? [单选题] * A．come outB．get awayC．come true(正确答案)D．get out19、There are trees on both sides of the broad street. [单选题] *A. 干净的B. 狭窄的C. 宽阔的(正确答案)D. 宁静的20、（）of the twins was arrested because I saw them both at a party last night. [单选题] *A. NoneB. BothC. Neither(正确答案)D. All21、Her （）for writing was that she wished women to get the right to higher education. [单选题] *A. motivation(正确答案)B. motivateC. effectD. concentration22、He always found it hard to satisfy himself. [单选题] *A. 控制B. 满足(正确答案)C. 了解D. 批评23、29．There is a book in your left hand. What’s in your ___________ hand? [单选题] * A．the othersB．other (正确答案)C．anotherD．others24、Our campus is _____ big that we need a bike to make it. [单选题] *A. veryB. so(正确答案)C. suchD. much25、If people _____ overanxious about remembering something, they will forget it. [单选题] *A. will beB. would beC. wereD. are(正确答案)26、When you have trouble, you can _______ the police. They will help you. [单选题] *A. turn offB. turn to(正确答案)C. turn onD. turn over27、I gave John a present but he gave me nothing_____. [单选题] *A.in advanceC.in return(正确答案)D.in turn28、—Would you like some milk?—Yes, just _____, please. [单选题] *A. a little(正确答案)B. littleC. a fewD. few29、Neither she nor her friends ______ been to Haikou. [单选题] *A. have(正确答案)B. hasC. hadD. having30、We got up early this morning and took a long walk after breakfast. We walked _____ the business section of the city. [单选题] *A. amongB. betweenC. through(正确答案)。
能动专业英语Part 1 Energy
Part One Energy Introduction Unit One Energy in China1. Present situationChina is the world's most populous country and has a rapidly growing economy. The country has registered average growth of 10 percent since 2000. Alongside strong economic growth, China has experienced enormous growth in its energy markets over the last two decades. According to official statistic, in 2008, the total primary energy production got to 2.6 billion tons of standard coal, covering about 14% of the global volume and ranking the 2nd in the world, which includes2.793 billion tons of raw coal, 190 million tons of crude oil, 76.8 billion cubic meters of natural gas.Coal is the most important fuel for China‘s energy security, economic prosperity, and future development. It occupies about 69 % of total primary energy consumption in China. China is both the largest consumer and producer of coal in the world. China holds an estimated 126.2 billion short tons of recoverable coal reserves, the third-largest in the world behind the United States and Russia. Coal consumption has been on the rise in China over the last few years. Since 2001, China‘s coal consumption has increased at an annualized rate of about 11.8 % per year, reaching a high point of 19 % growth in 2003. China used 2.793 billion tons of raw coal in 2008, representing a increase of 3.0% over the last year. And strong growth in coal demand is expected to continue. Some officials in the industry project coal demand to surpass 3 billion tones by 2010. The biggest driv ers of such demand are China‘s double -digit growth in electricity production and industrial output (both heavily reliant on coal). Electricity and industry are the major coal consuming sectors, making up 50 % and 43 % respectively of coal demand in 2006. Figure 1.1 shows the annual energy demand growth by fuel in China.Oil is the second-largest source, accounting for 21 % of the country‘stotal energy consumption. Chinaconsumed an estimated 7.5 millionbarrels per day (bbl/d) of oil in 2007,making it the second-largest oilconsumer in the world behind theUnited States. During that same year,China produced an estimated 3.9 millionbbl/d of total oil liquids, of which 96 %was crude oil. China has emerged frombeing a net oil exporter in the early 1990s to become the world‘s third -largest net importer of oil in 2006. China had net oil imports of 3.7million bbl/d in 2007, making it the third-largest net oil importer in the world behind the United States and Japan. EIA （Energy Information Administration ）forecasts that China‘s oil consumption will continue to grow during 2008andFigure 1.1 China annual energy demand growth by fuel2009, with oil demand reaching 8.4million bbl/d in 2009. This anticipated growth of over 800,000bbl/d represents 32 percent of projected world oil demand growth for the period. By contrast, China‘s oil production is forecast to remain relatively flat at 4million bbl/d in 2009. According to OGJ (Oil & Gas Journal), China had 16 billion barrels of proven oil reserves as of January 2008, down from 18.3 billion barrels in 2006.Natural gas usage in China has also increased rapidly in recent years, and China has looked to increase natural gas imports via pipeline and as liquefied natural gas (LNG). According to OGJ, China had 80 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2008, up from 53.3 Tcf in 2006. While proven reserves have increased, China‘s production and consumption of natural gas has also increased. In 2007, China produced 2,446 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of natural gas while the country consumed 2,490 Bcf, and for the first time in almost 2 decades, the country became a net natural gas importer. LNG imports for 2007 were nearly 140 Bcf. While natural gas production is increasing, some independent analysts expect that demand growth will outpace increases in domestic production. The Chinese government is targeting natural gas consumption of 3,500 Bcf by 2010, more than double 2005 levels. To meet this anticipated shortfall, China is expected to continue importing natural gas in the future. China imported its first shipment of LNG in summer 2006, and the country is also considering a number of potential import pipelines from neighboring countries2. Energy policy and new energyAccording to the situation of energy resources and its development trend, the tenth and eleventh five-year Plans have made or operated a series of energy policies, the target is reducing annual energy intensity and ensuring the state‘s energy security. The detail policies can be outlined as follows:1）Enhancing the work intensity of energy saving and improving efficiency of energy using Through the 2006 eleventh five-year guidelines, the central government targeted a decrease in energy intensity by 20 % by 2010 from the 2005 level, reflecting an annual energy intensity reduction of about 4% In 2004, the central government published the China medium-term and long-term energy conservation plan to emphasize the principles and objectives of energy conservation, to provide targets for energy consumption reduction and efficiency improvement of major products and energy consuming equipment, and to underline key energy conservation and projects with implementation measures. In addition, a number of significant supporting or implementing policies have followed the guidelines issuance, such as the 2006 Top-1000 enterprise program or the 2008 revisions of energy conservation law.Generally, such energy intensity reductions can be achieved in two ways: (1) By adjusting the economic structure so as to encourage high value-added industrial as well as services and commercial sector development; (2) By improving efficiency through technology in energy transformation and end-user sectors or by implementing other energy-efficiency improving management and design. This section focuses on the policies, targets, and programs implemented to achieve efficiency improvement in those sectors with high potential, including energy-intensive industries, residential and commercial sectors, and power generation.2）Regulating the energy production market, to improve the efficiency of energy production China‘s coal industry has traditionally been spread out among large state-owned coal mines, local state-owned coal mines, and thousands of town and village coal mines. In February 2006, theNDRC revealed a plan to restructure China‘s coal sector and reduce the fragmentation in the industry, with the goal of establishing five to six giant conglomerates in China‘s main coal-producing provinces and closing down all small coa l mines by 2015. Under the NDRC‘s directives, the Chinese government would look to aggregate the coal industry into large state-owned holding companies and seek to raise capital through international stock offerings, much like the creation of CNPC (China National Petroleum Corporation) and Sinopec. The model for this vision is the state-owned Shenhua Group, which is China‘s largest coal company by production and the parent company of Hong Kong-listed Shenhua Energy Corporation.A number of factors are driving this trend. China has tens of thousands of small local coal mines where inefficient management, insufficient investment, outdated equipment, and poor safety records prevent the full utilization of coal resources. The goal of consolidating the industry is to raise total coal output, attract greater investment and new coal technologies, and improve the safety and environmental record of coal mines. According to one industry report, at the end of 2005 China had 28,000 coal mines, of which 2,000 were state-owned. Independent analysts estimate that over the past several years China has closed down between 20,000 and 50,000 small coal mines.3）Establishing great strategic oil and natural gas reserves to insure the country’s energy security.In China‘s 10th five-year Plan (2000-2005), launched in 2001, Chinese officials decided to establish a government-administered strategic oil reserve program to help shield China from potential oil supply disruptions. This system will be built in three stages. In 2004, China started construction at four sites that would comprise the first phase of the country‘s nascent strategic oil reserve program. Phase 1 will have total storage capacity of 102 million barrels at four sites, and is expected to be completed by year-end 2008. Phase 1 storage capacity will amount to approximately 30 days of net oil imports based on current estimates of Chinese oil demand. Phase 1 sites include: Zhenhai in Zhejiang Province (planned capacity 32 million barrels); Aoshan, also in Zhejiang Province (25 million barrels); Huangdao in Shandong Province (25 million barrels); and Dalian in Liaoning Province (20 million barrels). Thereafter, Phase 2 is expected to increase capacity to about 300 million barrels by 2010. Ultimately, Phase 3 is expected to bring total strategic oil reserve capacity in China to about 500 million barrels, although there is no timetable set for this plan. The government officials have kept anticipated fill rates for the country‘s strategic oil reserve system under wraps. Many industry analysts estimate that China will build strategic oil stockpiles at a rate of 100,000bbl/d or more for years to come.4）Strengthening international connections to enhance the country’s energy security International connections with such exporters as Russia, Europe, the Middle East countries, Africa countries and other APEC economies are encouraged.Table 1.1 shows the regi onal concentration of China‘s crude oil imports from 1998 to 2002.It can be seen that the Herfindahl score is decreasing gradually. This means that the regional concentration of China‘s crude oil imports has undergoing a downward trend over the last several years. And t his implies that China‘s oil security has been improved to some degree. The main reason for this change is that China has strengthened its international connections with many energy exporters especially Africa and Russia over those years, this policy makes sure that there will still be steady energy sources when appearances of potential oil supply disruptions.Table 1.1 The Regional Concentration of China’s Crude Oil Imports, 1998-20025）Exploring and utilizing new energy resourcesAccording to prediction, the traditional energy resource like coal, gas and oil will be used out within several decades. In addition, the uses of those traditional energy resources have brought great environment problems. So, it is urgently necessary for China government to expend great effort to improve the country‘s energy consumption structure by exploring new energy resources such as geothermal power, solar energy, bio-energy and wind power to reduce the use of traditional energy resource.The use of new energy resources especial the wind power has got tremendous development those years. However, the present capacity exploits only a marginal portion of the potential available. So the exploring of new energy is still an important direction of China development.Reading material ⅠEnergy-related Environmental ProblemsChina‘s rapid economic growth over the last two decades has also brought it to be a country with rapid development of electric power industry, as well as several energy-related environmental problems. The economic activities of production and consumption require the use of energy, and the use of energy affects the environment in the forms of water pollution, air pollution and emission of CO2 that causes global warming. Environmental pollution from fossil fuel combustion is damaging human health, air and water quality, agriculture, and ultimately the economy. China is one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions in the world.1. Air PollutionThe air and water in China, especially in the urban areas, are among the most polluted in the world.According to a report of the WHO (World Health Organization) in 1998, of the ten most polluted cities in the world, seven can be found in China. Sulfur dioxide and soot caused by coal combustion are two major air pollutants, resulting in the formation of acid rain, which now falls on about 30% of China's total land area. Industrial boilers and furnaces consume almost half of China's coal and are the largest sources of urban air pollution. The burning of coal for cooking and heating in many cities accounts for the rest.Another major source of air pollution is the use of oil and gasoline in the transportation sector, especially the emission from automobiles and jet engines. As the country becomes industrialized, pollution from both industrial and consumer sources will increase because of higher levels of output and consumption, the latter including the increase in the use of automobiles and in air travel, unless pollution per unit of output or consumption can be reduced.2. Water PollutionMercury released into the air by coal-fired power plants is captured by raindrops, andtransferred to the soil, surface water and groundwater. Surface water affects the fish consumed. Groundwater is polluted by runoff from factories, smelters and mining operations, and then used by farmers downstream to irrigate their crops. Deforestation has caused the flow of bud along the rivers and affects water supply and quality. People‘s Daily, June 12, 2007 report ed that Lake Taihu was covered with foul-smelling algae and freshwater was shut off for more than 2 million people in Wuxi due to the blue-algae infestation of the lake. Supply of waters from rivers including the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are running short because of diversion to agriculture production and electricity generation along the sources.3. CO2 EmissionCO2emissions result in climate changes which are affecting the world‘s physical and biological systems. As of 2001 China accounted for 13 percent, Western European 16 percent and the US 24 percent of the world‘s energy related carbon emission. By 2007 China has taken over the US for the first time as the world‘s top producer of greenhouse gases.Beyond doubt, energy saving and emission reduction in China affects the world to a large extent. China is willing to work closely with other member countries in global environmental protection. China endeavors to respond to the challenges including air pollution, energy security, greenhouse gas emission as well as other environmental problems, China is also working actively to meet the ever-growing need for energy resources.In order to promote the energy saving and emission reduction, the Chinese government sped up the implementation of the policy to ―Replace the small units with bigger ones‖ in2007. It called on the power enterprises to shut down the small units before constructing new energy projects. As a result, the small units have been gradually replaced by bigger ones with larger capacity, higher parameters and lower emission. According to the data from National Development and Reform Commission, by end of 2008, China had closed 3269 small thermal power units with a capacity of 16690 MW.To reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted from the burning of coal in the factories, the Chinese government has imposed heavy penalties to such emissions and encouraged the building of equipment to capture sulfur dioxide. However the use of such equipment is costly even after it is built and many factories do not use it except when they are being inspected. More recently the government is trying to introduce the use of monitoring device to measure the amount of sulfur dioxide emission coming out of each plant, but such a monitoring system has not yet been put into practice effectively.China is also using economic incentives to solve the problem of externalities resulting from the use of energy. To reduce the use of coal and encourage a switch to cleaner burning fuels, the government has introduced a tax on high-sulfur coals. A system of emissions trading for sulfur dioxide, similar to that used in the United States, is being tested in some cities with pilot projects, and may eventually be applied nationwide. The Chinese government will advance reforms in the pricing of natural gas, water and other resources, raise the tax levied on pollutant discharge, establish a "polluter pays" system and severely punish those who violate the environmental protection laws. To insure that fees charged on pollutants are higher than abatement costs and to strengthen existing laws, the government is considering the imposition of large fines on pollutant emissions. The rationale for charging higher fees than the abatement cost may be the expected imperfect enforcement. Potential polluters will equate expected fine (equal to the fee chargedtimes the probability of getting caught) to the benefit of abatement. Future Chinese environmental initiatives also may include formulating a tax structure beneficial to environmental protection, and granting preferential loans and subsidies to enterprises that construct and operate pollution treatment facilities. The government will also provide incentives to companies that use more energy efficient production facilities and techniques.Besides economic incentives, efforts are made to introduce technologies that will treat wastewater, prevent air pollution and improve environmental monitoring systems.Reading material ⅡWorld Energy Outlook1. ConsumptionAccording to the IEO2008 projections, world energy consumption is projected to expand by 50 percent from 2005 to 2030 (see Table 1.2).Table 1.2 World marketed energy consumption by country grouping, 2005-2030(Quadrillion Btu)Although high prices for oil and natural gas, which are expected to continue throughout the period, are likely to slow the growth of energy demand in the long term, world energy consumption is projected to continue increasing strongly as a result of robust economic growth and expanding populations in the world‘s developing countries. OECD member countries are, for the most part, more advanced energy consumers. Energy demand in the OECD economies is expected to grow slowly over the projection period, at an average annual rate of 0.7 percent, whereas energy consumption in the emerging economies of non-OECD countries is expected to expand by an average of 2.5 percent per year.The use of all energy sources increases over the time frame of the IEO2008 reference case (shown in Figure 1.2). Given expectations that world oil prices will remain relatively high throughout the projection, liquid f uels are the world‘s slowest growing source of energy; World use of liquids grows from 83.6 million barrels oil equivalent per day in 2005 to 95.6 million barrels per day in 2015 and 112.5 million barrels per day in 2030, increasing at an average annual rate of 1.2 percent.fuel for electricity generationworldwide, because it is moreefficient and less carbon intensivethan other fossil fuels. Total naturalgas consumption increases by 1.7percent per year on average, from104 trillion cubic feet to 158 trillioncubic feet, while its share of worldelectricity generation increases from20 percent in 2005 to 25 percent in2030.Figure1.2 World marketed energy use by fuel type,1990-2030 Coal‘s costs are comparativelylow relative to the costs of liquids and natural gas, and abundant resources in large energy-consuming countries (including China, India, and the United States) make coal an economical fuel choice. Coal‘s share of world energy use has increased sharply over th e past few years, and without significant changes in existing laws and policies, particularly those related to greenhouse gas emissions, robust growth is likely to continue. Coal accounted for 24 percent of total world energy use in 2002 and 27 percent in 2005, largely as a result of rapid increases in coal use in China. Coal consumption is projected to increase by 2.0 percent per year from 2005 to 2030 (by 35 quadrillion Btu from 2005 to 2015 and by another 44 quadrillion Btu from 2015 to 2030) and to account for 29 percent of total world energy consumption in 2030.Higher fossil fuel prices, particularly for natural gas in the electric power sector, along with government policies and programs supporting renewable energy, allow renewable fuels to compete economically. With consumption projected to increase by an average of 2.1 percent per year from 2005 to 2030, renewable fuels are the fasting growing source of energy.Net electricity generation worldwide is projected to total 33.3 trillion kWhs in 2030, nearly double the 2005 total of 17.3 trillion kWhs. The strongest growth in electricity generation is projected for the non-OECD countries. Non-OECD electricity generation increases by 4.0 percent per year, as rising standards of living increase demand for home appliances and the expansion of commercial services, including hospitals, office buildings, and shopping malls. In the OECD nations, where infrastructures are well established and population growth is relatively slow, much slower growth in generation is expected, averaging 1.3 percent per year from 2005 to 2030.2. ProductionWorld liquids production increases by 28 million barrels per day from 2005 to 2030 to meet projected growth in demand. Increases in production are expected for both OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) and non-OPEC producers. About 47 percent of the total world increase in liquids supplies is expected to come from OPEC member countries. Thus, in 2030, OPEC production is projected to total 49 million barrels per day and non-OPEC production 63 million barrels per day.The non-OECD nations are projected to account for 90 percent of the world‘s total increase innatural gas production from 2005 to 2030. Non-OECD natural gas production grows by an average 2.5 percent per year in the reference case, from 63 trillion cubic feet in 2005 to 116 trillioncubic feet in 2030. Over the same period, production in the OECD countries grows by only 0.3 percent per year, from 39 trillion cubic feet to 42 trillion cubic feet.From 2005 to 2030, coal production in China, the United States, and India is projected to increase by 52.4 quadrillion Btu, 6.0 quadrillion Btu, and 4.3 quadrillion Btu, respectively, which assumes that most of the demand for coal in the three countries will continue to be met by domestic production. Coal production in Australia is also projected to rise substantially (by 5.0 quadrillion Btu) over the projection period, primarily to supply an expanding market for world coal trade. The projected increases in coal production for these four countries dominate the overall trends for the OECD and non-OECD, accounting for 99 percent of the increase in net production for all the OECD countries and 82 percent of the increase for the non-OECD countries. Rising international trade also is expected to support production increases in Russia, other non-OECD Asia, Africa, and Central and South America (excluding Brazil).3. ReservesAs of January 1, 2008, proved world oil reserves, as reported by the Oil & Gas Journal (see Figure 1.3), were estimated at 1,332 billion barrels-14 billion barrels (about 1 percent) higher than the estimate for 2007. According to the Oil & GasJournal, 56 percent of t he world‘s proved oilreserves are located in the Middle East. Amongthe top 20 reserve holders in 2008, 11 are OPECmember countries that, together, account for 69percent of the world‘s total reserves .Historically, world natural gas reserves havegenerally trended upward. As of January 1, 2008,proved world natural gas reserves, as reported byOil & Gas Journal, were estimated at 6,186trillion cubic feet- virtually unchanged from the estimate for 2007 of 6,168 trillion cubic feet. Reserves have remained relatively flat since 2004,despite growing demand for natural gas, implying that, thus far, producers have been able to continue replenishing reserves successfully with new resources over time.Total recoverable reserves of coal around the world are estimated at 930 billion tons-reflecting a current reserves-to-production ratio of 143. Historically, estimates of world recoverable coal reserves, although relatively stable, have declined gradually from 1,174 billion tons in 1990 to 1,083 billion tons in 2000 and 930 billion tons in 2006. The most recent assessment of world coal reserves includes a substantial downward adjustment for India, from 102 billion tons in 2003 to 62 billion tons in 2006. Estimated reserves for OECD Europe of 32 billion tons in the most recent assessment are also substantially lower than the 2003 assessment of 43 billion tons. Much of the downward adjustment for OECD Europe is a result of lower estimates for Poland, Turkey, and the Czech Republic. Poland‘s reassessment of estimated r ecoverable coal reserves from 15 billion tons in 2003 to 8 billion tons in 2006 reflects the use of more restrictive criteria for geologic reliability. Special NotesEnergy intensity: Energy intensity is a measure of the energy efficiency of a nation's economy. It Figure 1.3 World proved oil reservesby geographic region (January 1, 2008)is calculated as units of energy per unit of GDP(gross domestic product). High energy intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting energy into GDP. Low energy intensity indicates a lower price or cost of converting energy into GDP.The Herfindahl score: "HHI" means the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, a commonly accepted measure of market concentration. It is calculated by squaring the market share of each firm competing in the market and then summing the resulting numbers.Unit Two Electricity in China1. Present SituationChina has got rapid growth in its economic over the last two decades. In 2008, the real GDP was estimated to have grown at 9.0 %, while the country has registered average growth of 10 % since 2000. In order to cope with the increasing demands of industry, agriculture and other sectors, the nation‘s total annual electricity generation has been going up rapidly.In 2008, China ‘s power generation amounted to 3.4334×103TW·h (Table 1.3), representing a rise of 5.18% over 2007. The total thermal, hydro and nuclear power generation accounted for2.7793×103TW·h, 0.5633×103TW·h and 0.0684×103TW·h in the year, representing 80.95%, 16.41% and 1.99% respectively. The predicted power consumption will account to3.6000×103TW·h in 2010. In the aspect of capital construction, new capacity of 113,600MWe was installed in 2006, which make China‘s total installed capacity reaching 622,000MWe. And by the end of 2008, total installed power capacity was 792,530MWe, additional increase of capacity was 79,240MWe. Rapid growth in electricity demand has spurred significant amounts of investment in new power stations. Although much of the new investment has been earmarked to alleviate electricity supply shortages, some independent analysts forecast the possibility of oversupply as an assortment of new projects are scheduled to come online between 2007 and 2009. To ward off a possible supply glut, Chinese government officials have made an effort to approve new projects at a steady and measured rate. By the end of 2010, predicted total installed power capacity in China will be over 840,000MWe. In 2020 it will be 1,340,000 to make China the largest power producer in the world. Along with the rapid growth of installed generating capacity, the construction of high voltage transmission lines and expansion of power networks have been speeding up in recent years. By the end of 2008, the total length of 220 kV and above level lines amounted to 36.48×103 km, of which 750 kV , 500 kV, 330 kV and 220 kV lines accounted for 141 km, 73 394 km 13 975 km and 193 975 km respectively. In 2008 (by Oct.), 24 121 km 220 kV and above level lines was constructed and put into operation. China‘s first 1 000 kV ultra high voltage transmission line will be finished and put into operation in Dec. 2008.In 2008, the national net coal consumption rate of coal fired power plants witnessed a new record 349 g/kW·h, reduced by 43 g/kW·h, as compared with 392 g/kW·h in 2000 (see Figure1.4).As a result of the progressive development of the electric power industry, electricity has become more and more significant for the progress of the national economy and the improvement of the living standards. The total electricity consumption of 2008 amounted to 3426.8 TW·h with an increase 5.23% over 2007. The electricity consumption has stepped up in various sectors as Table 1.3 China’s annual power generation。
新能源专业英语自我介绍
新能源专业英语自我介绍Hey, everyone! My name is [Your Name] and I'm super passionate about renewable energy. It's a fascinating field, full of potential and opportunity.I'm currently pursuing my studies in the field of new energy technology. You know, with all the talk aboutclimate change and sustainability, I realized I wanted tobe a part of the solution. So, I dove into the world ofsolar panels, wind turbines, and all the tech that helps us move towards a greener future.One thing I love about this field is the innovation. Every day, there's a new breakthrough, a new way to harness the power of nature and use it to power our lives. It's exciting to be a part of that, to be learning and growing alongside these advancements.Plus, it's a really international field. You meetpeople from all over the world who are working towards thesame goal: a cleaner, more sustainable planet. That'sreally inspiring, and it makes me feel like what I'm doing is important.So yeah, that's me in a nutshell. A renewable energy enthusiast, always learning, always looking for new ways to make a difference. I'm looking forward to the future andall the amazing things it has to offer in this incredible field.。
能源与动力工程英语自我介绍
能源与动力工程英语自我介绍Good morning. I am very glad to be here for this interview.First let me introduce myself. My name is LiShuai, and my Engli sh name is Jacky Lee. I've finished my undergraduate education in Xidian University, Majoring in Electronic Science and Technology in t he college of Technical Physics.I am open-minded, willing and have broad interests like basketb all, reading and especially in engineering such as software program ming, website design, hardware design. For example, during the pas t four years, I have accomplished two websites: one is the website of our school, and the other is the website of the doctor forum of china 2007. Furthermore, I am interested in C plus plus programmin g language and have written some application programs. In July in the last year,I finished my graduate project with flying colors,which was a software application about Image Process . In addition, I have also finished some projects about embedded system by using MC U when I was a junior.Although I have broad interests in many aspects and grasp the essential knowledge of the major, but I think at present, I can do many things in a superficial level, but not be competent to do thin gs professionally owing to lack of ample knowledge and ability. So I think further study is still urgent for me to realize self-value.The major that I hope pursue for my further education is IC de sign. Because I find integrated circuits are playing a more and more important role in our modern society. And nowadays in China, with the recognition by the government, our domestic integrated circuit s industry is growing rapidly and that may provide a lot of chances to us. I plan to concentrate on study and research in this field in my grad uate time. And I hope I can form a systematic view of mic ro electronics and IC design technology and make a solid foundatio n for future profession after three years study here.OK, that’s all. Thank you very much.。
能源与动力工程专业英语词汇资料
专业名称•动力工程及工程热物理：Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理：Thermal Physics of Engineering •动力工程：Power Engineering;Dynamic Engineering•热能工程：Thermal Engineering(Thermal Energy Engineering)•制冷与低温工程：Refrigeration and Cryogenic[ˌkraɪəˈdʒɛnɪk]Engineering•流体机械及工程：Fluid Mechanics and Engineering•热能动力工程：Thermal Energy and Dynamic Engineering•能源与动力工程学院：School of Energy and Power Engineering热力学thermodynamics1.adiabatic process[ˌædiəˈbætɪk]绝热过程2.aerodynamics[ˌeroʊdaɪˈnæmɪks]空气动力学,空气动力学专家，n,adj空气动力学的3.buoyancy[ˈbɔɪənsi,ˈbujən-]浮升力pressibility压缩性5.gasdynamics气体动力学6.hydraulics[haɪˈdrɔlɪks]水力学7.hydrodynamics流体水力学8.hydrostatics[ˌhaɪdrə'stætɪks]流体静力学9.open system开口系统10.reversible process[rɪˈvɚsəbəl]可逆过程11.thermodynamics equilibrium[ˌikwəˈlɪbriəm]热力平衡12.viscous[ˈvɪskəs]粘性的13.inviscid[ɪn'vɪsɪd]无粘性的14.thermodynamics、thermodynamic property热力学、热力性质15.entropy[ˈɛntrəpi]熵16．enthalpy[en'θælpɪ]焓17．internal energy内能18．potential energy势能19．kinetic energy动能20．work功21．mechanical/shaft work机械功/轴功22．flow work流动功23．specific volume比容24.cycle循环25.Saturated temperature/pressure/liquid/ vapor[ˈsætʃəreɪtɪd]饱和温度/压力/液体/蒸汽26.subcooled liquid过冷液体27.quality（蒸汽）干度28.dry saturated vapor干饱和蒸汽29.superheated vapor过热蒸汽30.the first/second law of thermodynamics热力学第一/二定律31.the law of the conservation of energy能量守恒定律32.reversible/irreversible process可逆/不可逆过程33.pressure drop压降34.heat exchanger热交换器35.entropy production熵产[ˈɛntrəpi]36.coefficient of performance性能系数37.refrigerating capacity/effect制冷量38.Carnot cycle卡诺循环/nit/39.refrigerating efficiency制冷效率40.equation of state状态方程41.ideal gas constant理想气体常数42.isotherm等温线43.triple point三相点44.hydrocarbons碳氢化合物/烃45.cryogenic低温学[ˌkraɪəˈdʒenɪk]46.least-square fitting最小二乘法47.specific heat/specific heat capacity比热/比热容48.azeotropic mixture共沸混合物[əˌzi:ə'trɒpɪk]49.zeotropic mixture非共沸混合物50.dew point(temperature)露点（温度）[dju: pɔint][du pɔɪnt]51.isentropic compression/process等熵压缩/过程[aɪsen'trɒpɪk]52.condenser冷凝器53.evaporator蒸发器54.expansion valve膨胀阀55.throttling valve节流阀pressor压缩机pressor displacement压缩机排气量58.volumetric efficiency容积效率59.single-stage/two-stage/double-stage/compound compression单/双级压缩60.intercool/intercooler中间冷却（器）61.intermediate pressure中间压力62.pressure ratio压力比63.insulating material保温材料流体力学1.流体力学fluid mechanics2.动力粘度absolute/dynamic viscosity3.速度梯度velocity gradient英[ˈgreɪdiənt]美[ˈɡrediənt]4.运动粘度kinematic viscosity英[ˌkɪnɪ'mætɪk]美[ˌkɪnə'mætɪk]英[vɪ'skɒsətɪ]美[vɪˈskɑsɪti] 5.伯努力方程Bernoulli Equation英[bə:ˈnu:li iˈkweiʃən]6.体积流量volumetric flow rate7.质量流量mass flow rate8.层流laminar flow9.紊流turbulence/turbulent flow10.雷诺数Reynolds number11.摩擦力friction/frictional force12.摩擦系数coefficient of friction13.微分方程differential equation14.阻力drag force或resistance15.阻力系数drag coefficient传热学1.热传递heat transfer2.热传导thermal conduction3.热对流thermal convection4.热辐射thermal radiation5.层流底层laminar sublayer6.过渡层buffer layer,缓冲区或人，buffer dinner 自助餐buffet英[ˈbʌfit]7.强迫对流forced convection8.自然/自由对流natural/free convection9.稳态导热steady-state conduction10.导热系数thermal conductivity11.热阻thermal resistance12.（总）传热系数(overall)heat transfer coefficient13.表面积surface area14.串联series系列15.并联parallel英[ˈpærəlel]并行，Parallel computing并行计算16.接触热阻contact thermal resistance17.（对数）平均温差(logarithmic)mean temperature difference[ˌlɒɡə'rɪðmɪk]18.顺流parallel flow19.逆流counter flow20.相变phase change21.冷库cold storage热库thermal reservoir/heat bath22.边界条件boundary condition23.黑体辐射blackbody radiation24.辐射力emissive power25.维恩位移定律Wien’s displacement Law26.半球发射率hemispherical emittance[ˌhemɪˈsferɪkl]27.吸收率absorptance英[əb'sɔ:ptəns]28.透射率transmittance英[træns'mɪtns]n.播送;发射;传动;透明度;29.反射率reflectance30.漫射辐射diffuse radiation31.(充分发展的)层流/紊流fully developed laminar/turbulent flow湿空气1.湿空气学psychrometrics2.干空气dry air3.湿空气moistair4.大气压barometricpressure5.热力学温标thermodynamic temperature scale6.含湿量humidity ratio7.比焓specific enthalpy英[en'θælpɪ]8.比熵specific entropy英[ˈentrəpi]9.绝对湿度absolute humidity10.饱和含湿量saturation humidity ratio英[ˌsætʃəˈreɪʃn]英[ˈreɪʃiəʊ]11.相对湿度relative humidity12.热力学湿球温度thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature13.分压力partial pressure14.总压total pressure15.通用气体常数universal gas constant16.湿球/干球温度dry-bulb/wet-bulb temperature17.焓湿图psychrometric chart制冷空调1.集中/分散供冷central/decentralized cooling英[ˌdi:'sentrəlaɪzd]2.锅炉boiler3.往复/螺杆/离心/涡旋式压缩机/冷水机组reciprocating/helical rotary(或screw)/centrifugal/scroll compressor/water chiller unit4.吸收式制冷/冷水机组absorption refrigeration/water chiller unit5.热回收heat reclaim/recovery6.冷却塔cooling tower7.空气/水冷却冷凝器air-cooled/water-cooled condenser8.蒸发式冷凝器evaporative condenser9.净正吸入压力/压头netpositive suction pressure/head10.供/回干管main supply/return line11.二/三通阀two/three-way valve12.平衡阀balancing valve13.一次/二次冷冻水系统primary/secondary chilled water system14.备用泵spare pump15.疏水器、存水弯、水封trap16.水/冰蓄冷water/ice thermal storage17.空气/水/地源热泵air/water/ground source heat pump18.定/变风量constant/variable air volume19.经济器economizer20.静/动压static/dynamic pressure21.毛细管capillary tube英[kəˈpɪləri]22.全封闭压缩机hermetically sealed/hermetic compressor英[hɜ:ˈmetɪk]23.半封闭式压缩机semi-hermetic/semi-hermetically sealed compressor24.直接膨胀direct expansion26.离心/轴流式风机centrifugal/axial fan英[ˈæksiəl]27.立管riser英['raɪzə]28.内/外平衡式热力膨胀阀internally/externally equalized thermostatic expansion valve29.吸/排气管suction/discharge line30.电磁阀solenoid valve美['solə,nɔɪd]31.恒压阀constant pressure valve32.迎风面积/速度face area/velocity33.（一拖多）分体式空调器(multi-)split air conditioner34.水环热泵water loop heat pump35.能效比energy efficiency ratio36.变容压缩/压缩机positive displacement compression/compressor37.速度/动压式压缩/压缩机velocity/dynamic compression/compressor38.流量系数flow coefficient39.水锤water hammer40.闸阀gate valve41.球阀ball valve42.蝶阀butterfly valve43.平衡阀balancing valve44.安全阀safety/relief valve n.救济；减轻，解除；安慰；浮雕45.止回阀check/backflow prevention valve boiler锅炉1.air heater空气预热器2.auxiliary辅助的，辅机[ɔ:gˈzɪliəri]3.bare tube光管4.blast[英][blɑ:st]鼓风5.blowdown排污6.capacity[英][kəˈpæsəti]出力7.cogenerator热电联产机组pressor压缩机bustion燃烧10.condenser凝汽器11.counterflow逆流12.critical pressure临界压力13.diesel oil柴油gasoline,gaslene, gas,petro(英),汽油14.drainage疏水、排水设备,排水系统15.drum汽包16.economizer[英][i:'kɒnəmaɪzə]省煤器17.excess air[英][ɪkˈses]过量空气18.extended surface扩展受热面19.fin鳍片、肋片、散热片、翅片20.flue gas烟气21.fluid(-)bed流化床(fluidizedbed)[英]['flu:ɪdaɪzd22.furnace炉膛23.fouling污垢，击球出界（羽毛球）[英]['faʊlɪŋ]24.generator发电机25.header联箱、集箱,集管26.hopper[英][ˈhɒpə(r)]斗、料斗l磨煤机(pulverizer)[英]['pʌlvəraɪzə]28.motor汽车、马达、电动机29.platen屏、管屏[美]['plætən]30.Prandtl numbers普朗特数31.pressure loss压力损失32.regenerator回热器，蓄热器，再生器[英][rɪ'dʒenəˌreɪtə]33.Reynolds numbers雷诺数34.slag结渣美[slæɡ]35.sootblower吹灰器美[su:tb'ləʊər]36.steam line blowing蒸汽管路吹洗37.superheater过热器38.turbine汽轮机39.suction真空，负压steam turbine蒸汽轮机40.gas turbine燃气轮机41.back pressure背压42.blower送风机、吹灰器43.boundary layer边界层44.chimney英[ˈtʃɪmni]烟囱、烟道、烟筒45.cooling tower冷却水塔46.coupling连接，连接法兰,耦合47.critical speed临界转速48.cylinder圆筒、汽缸49.head汽包封头、扬程、水头50.impeller叶轮、推进器、压缩器rge turbine-generator unit大型汽轮发电机组52.non-destructive testing(NDT)无损检验53.digital-controlled machine数控机床54.fixed blade固定叶片，导向叶片55.operational speed运行转速56.outing casing外缸57.inner casing内缸58.rigid coupling刚性连轴器solid coupling59.rotor转子60.stress concentration应力集中61.two-shift operation两班制运行62.wake尾流Thermal Power Plant:热电厂1.automatic control system:自动控制系统2.boiler feed pump:锅炉给水泵feed pump:给水泵3.chamber:燃烧室/ei/4.circulating water:循环水5.check valve:止回阀，逆止阀6.non-return valve:逆止阀，止回阀7.controlling valve:控制阀，调节阀8.cooling water（CW）:冷却水9.cycle efficiency:循环效率10.data processing system:数据处理系统11.de-aerator[英]['eɪəreɪtə]除氧器12.de-aerator tank:除氧水箱13.desuperheater:减温器14.desuperheater spraywater:喷水减温15.drain pump:疏水泵16.full-load:满负荷erning system:调速系统（governing:调节，调整）18.heat-transfer coefficient:换热系数19.isolating valve:隔离阀20.load rejection:甩（抛）负荷21.main steam:主汽22.motorized isolating valve:电动隔离阀23.lubricating oil:润滑油24.nuclear plant:核电厂25.orifice:[orifis]孔，口，孔板26.pipework:管路27.power station:电厂28.pressure reducing valve:减压装置29.reliability:安全性，可靠性30.relief valve:安全阀31.running speed:运行转速32.sealing:密封，封闭，焊封33.self-sealing:自密封的34.stainless steel:不锈钢35.stop valve:断流阀，截止阀36.strainer:滤盆，滤器，滤网，拉紧装置37.supercritical plant:超临界机组38.synchronizer:英]['sɪŋkrənaɪzə]同步器，同步机，同步装置39.throttle:节流阀[美]/ˈθrɑ:tl/喉咙，气管，vt.&vi.扼杀，压制;勒死，使窒息;使节流40.turbine-generator unit:汽轮发电机组41.ultra-supercritical:超超临界英][ˈʌltrə] [美]['ʌltrə]42.vacuum:真空43.vent:通道，通风口44.actuator:/aiktjueite/执行机构45.brake:闸，制动器46.damper:[美]['dæmpər]挡板，调节风门47.distributed control system(DCS)分散控制系统48.disturbance:干扰，扰动49.feedback control:反馈控制50.forced draught（FD）fan:送风机[英][fɔ:st drɑ:ft/51.furnace purge:炉膛吹扫ernor valve:调节阀53.induced draught（ID）fan:引风机54.make-up pump:补水泵55.overheating:过热，超温56.preamp:前置放大器/ˈpriæmp/57.primary air fan:一次风机58.sensor:传感器59.shutdown:停机，停炉，停运，关机，关闭；倒闭，停工，停业，停播。
能源与动力工程专业英语
For practical reasons,most impulse turbines mount their buckets on the rims of disks (wheels),and nozzles feed steam from one side steam from the nozzle box flows through parallel converging nozzles formed by vane or leaves as a broad high-speed jet to flow through the slower moving-bucket passages,which turn the steam flow to an axial direction as they absorb its kinetic steam leaves with lower internal energy and speed.由于实用性的原因，大部分冲击式汽轮机把他们的叶片安装在轮缘，并且喷嘴从一边提供蒸汽。
高压蒸汽从喷嘴室流过由叶片或翼形成的平行的渐缩喷嘴。
蒸汽离开的时候是一个宽阔的高速气流，它流过较慢的动叶片通道，把蒸汽换向流到一个轴线方向，在那里吸收他们的动能。
蒸汽带着较低的内能和速度离开。
Steam pressure and speed vary through the true impulse the impulse stage are pressure-compouned,which are called Rateau stages,pressure drop occurs in steps and exhausted steam from one-stage folws through following similar impulse stages,where it expands to a lower the impulse stages are velocity-compounded,which are called Curtiss stages,steam velocity is absorbed in a series of constant-pressure steps.流过一个完全的冲击级时，蒸汽压力和速度是不同的。
动力与能源英语
动力与能源英语Power and Energy EnglishPower and energy are two closely related concepts that play a crucial role in our daily lives. Power refers to the rate at which energy is transferred or converted, while energy is the ability to do work. Both power and energy are measured in units such as joules, kilowatt-hours, and watts.In modern society, energy is essential for many aspects of our daily lives. It is used to power our homes, cars, and electronic devices, and to produce the goods and services we rely on. However, the way we produce and consume energy has a significant impact on the environment, making it essential to find more sustainable and efficient ways of doing so.Renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and hydroelectric power are becoming increasingly popular as a more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. These sources of energy are not only cleaner but also more abundant and accessible in many parts of the world. However, there are still significant challenges to overcome in terms of infrastructure and technology to fully harness the potential of these renewable sources.In addition to finding new sources of energy, it isessential to use it more efficiently. This can be achieved through better insulation, energy-efficient appliances, and transportation alternatives like electric cars. By reducing our overall energy consumption, we can help to reduce our environmental impact and ensure a more sustainable future.In conclusion, power and energy are essential components of modern society, and it is crucial to find sustainable and efficient ways to produce and consume them. By investing in renewable energy sources and using energy more efficiently, we can help to reduce our environmental impact and create a cleaner, healthier planet for future generations.。
能源与动力工程专业介绍PPT课件
学生应具备宽泛的自然科学知识、人文和社会科学 知识，在热学、力学、电磁学、机械、自动控制、 系统工程方面具备扎实的理论基础、专业知识和实 践能力。
学生毕业后能胜任动力机械、火力发电厂、制冷与 空调工程、新能源技术及相关行业的研究、教学、 开发、制造、安装、检修、调试、管理和运营工作。 并能从事其它能源动力领域的专门技术工作。
江苏田湾核电站
冷却剂 反 应 堆
循环泵
核能与核电
蒸汽
热 交 换 器
汽轮机
给水泵
发电机
凝 汽 器
核电站系统示意图
核能与核电
核能与核电 核反应堆
洁净煤技术
洁净煤技术
洁净煤技术
循环流化床锅炉
洁净煤技术
整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)
新能源开发利用
新能源开发利用
大规模太阳能热气流综合发电
波浪能发电
转换机械或系统
水车、风车。水轮机—— 发电机，波力发电、风力 发电、潮汐发电、海流发电
热水器，采暖、制冷、光化 学反应，太阳灶 太阳热发动机 太阳热发电 热力发电，热电子发电 光电池、光化学电池 光化学反应（水分解）光合成
能源
核能
能源形态转换过程
核分裂 热能 机械能 电能 核分裂 热能 核分裂 热能 电能 核分裂 电磁能 电能 核聚变 热能 机械能 电能
毕业生可在大型企业、相关公司以及相关的研究所、 设计院、高等院校和管理部门从事热能工程方面的 研究与设计、产品开发、制造、试验、管理、教学 等工作；
工作岗位多，就业范围广，就业情况乐观；
好的工作单位就业竞争压力大；
1）火力发电厂热能动力——属于电力行业，电厂及电力设 计院。
2）核能动力——属于核动力行业、电力行业，核电站及设 计院
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1.1 工程热力学基础热力学是一门研究能量储存、转换及传递的科学。
能量以内能（与温度有关）、动能（由物体运动引起）、势能（由高度引起）和化学能（与化学组成相关）的形式储存。
不同形式的能量可以相互转化，而且能量在边界上可以以热和功的形式进行传递。
在热力学中，我们将推导有关能量转化和传递与物性参数，如温度、压强及密度等关系间的方程。
因此，在热力学中，物质及其性质变得非常重要。
许多热力学方程都是建立在实验观察的基础之上，而且这些实验观察的结果已被整理成数学表达式或定律的形式。
其中，热力学第一定律和第二定律应用最为广泛。
1.1.1热力系统和控制体? 热力系统是一包围在某一封闭边界内的具有固定质量物质的系统。
系统边界通常是比较明显的（如气缸内气体的固定边界）。
然而，系统边界也可以是假想的（如一定质量的流体流经泵时不断变形的边界）。
? 系统之外的所有物质和空间统称外界或环境。
热力学主要研究系统与外界或系统与系统之间的相互作用。
系统通过在边界上进行能量传递，从而与外界进行相互作用，但在边界上没有质量交换。
当系统与外界间没有能量交换时，这样的系统称为孤立系统。
? 在许多情况下，当我们只关心空间中有物质流进或流出的某个特定体积时，分析可以得到简化。
这样的特定体积称为控制体。
例如泵、透平、充气或放气的气球都是控制体的例子。
包含控制体的表面称为控制表面。
? 因此，对于具体的问题，我们必须确定是选取系统作为研究对象有利还是选取控制体作为研究对象有利。
如果边界上有质量交换，则选取控制体有利；反之，则应选取系统作为研究对象。
1.1.2平衡、过程和循环? 对于某一参考系统，假设系统内各点温度完全相同。
当物质内部各点的特性参数均相同且不随时间变化时，则称系统处于热力学平衡状态。
当系统边界某部分的温度突然上升时，则系统内的温度将自发地重新分布，直至处处相同。
? 当系统从一个平衡状态转变为另一个平衡状态时，系统所经历的一系列由中间状态组成的变化历程称为过程。
若从一个状态到达另一个状态的过程中，始终无限小地偏离平衡态，则称该过程为准静态过程，可以把其中任一个中间状态看作为平衡状态。
准静态过程可近似视为许多过程的叠加结果，而不会显著减小其精确性，例如气体在内燃机内的压缩和膨胀过程。
如果系统经历一系列不平衡状态（如燃烧），从一个平衡状态转变为另一个平衡状态，则其过程为非平衡过程。
? 当系统从一给定的初始状态出发，经历一系列中间过程又回到其初始状态，则称系统经历了一个循环。
循环结束时，系统中的各参数又与初始参数相同。
在任一特性参数名称前加上前缀iso-，表示该参数在整个过程保持不变。
等温（isothermal）过程中温度保持不变；等压（isobaric）过程中压强恒定；等容（isometric）过程中体积保持不变。
1.1.3 纯物质的气-液相平衡? 如图1-1(a)所示，由活塞和气缸组成的装置中装有1kg水。
假定活塞和其上的重物使气缸内压强维持在0.1Mpa，初始温度20℃。
当有热量开始传递给水时，缸内水温迅速上升，而比容略有增加，气缸内压强保持恒定不变。
当水温达到99.6℃时，如若再增加传热量，水将发生相变，如图1-1(b)所示。
也就是说，一部分水开始气化变为蒸汽，在此相变过程中，温度和压强始终保持不变，但比容却有大幅度的增加。
当最后一滴液体被气化时，进一步的加热将使蒸汽温度和比容均有所增加，如同1-1(c)所示。
? 在给定压强下发生气化的温度称为饱和温度，压强称为给定温度下的饱和压强。
因此，99.6℃水的饱和压强是0.1MPa，0.1MPa水的饱和温度为99.6℃。
? 如果某一工质为液态并处于其饱和温度和饱和压强下，则称该液体为饱和液体。
如果液体温度低于当前压强下的饱和温度，则称该液体为过冷液体（表明液体的当前温度低于给定压强下的饱和温度）或压缩液体（表明液体的当前压强大于给定温度下的饱和压强）。
? 在给定压强下发生气化的温度称为饱和温度，压强称为给定温度下的饱和压强。
因此，99.6℃水的饱和压强是0.1MPa，0.1MPa水的饱和温度为99.6℃。
? 如果某一工质为液态并处于其饱和温度和饱和压强下，则称该液体为饱和液体。
如果液体温度低于当前压强下的饱和温度，则称该液体为过冷液体（表明液体的当前温度低于给定压强下的饱和温度）或压缩液体（表明液体的当前压强大于给定温度下的饱和压强）。
? 若某一工质在饱和温度下以液、气共存的形式存在，则称蒸汽质量与总质量之比为干度。
因此，如图1-1(b)所示，若蒸汽质量为0.2kg，液体质量为0.8kg，则其干度为0.2或20%。
干度只有在饱和状态下才有意义。
? 若某一工质处于饱和温度下并以蒸汽形态存在，则称该蒸汽为饱和蒸汽（有时称为干饱和蒸汽，意在强调其干度为100%）。
当蒸汽温度高于其饱和温度时，则称之为过热蒸汽。
过热蒸汽的压强和温度是彼此独立的，因为温度上升时，压强可能保持不变。
在图1-2所示的温度-比容图上作等压线，表示水由初压0.1MPa、初温20℃被加热的过程。
点A代表初始状态，点B为饱和液态（99.6℃），线AB表示液体由初始温度被加热至饱和温度所经历的过程。
点C表示饱和蒸汽状态，线BC表示等温过程，即液体气化转变为蒸汽的过程。
线CD表示在等压条件下蒸汽被加热至过热的过程，在此过程中，温度和比容均增大。
类似地，线IJKL表示压强为10MPa下的等压线，相应的饱和温度为311.1℃。
但是，在压强为22.09MPa条件下（线MNO），不存在等温蒸发过程。
相反，点N是个转折点，在该点上，切线斜率为零，通常把N点称为临界点。
在临界点处，饱和液体和饱和气体的状态都是相同的。
临界点下的温度、压强和比容分别称为临界温度、临界压强和临界比容。
一些工质的临界点数据如表1-1所示。
1.1.4 热力学第一定律? 通常把热力学第一定律称为能量守恒定律。
在基础物理课程中，能量守恒定律侧重动能、势能的变化以及和功之间的相互关系。
更为常见的能量守恒形式还包括传热效应和内能的变化。
当然，也包括其它形式的能，如静电能、磁场能、应变能和表面能。
? 历史上，用热力学第一定律来描述循环过程：净传热量等于循环过程中对系统所做的净功。
1.1.5 热力学第二定律? 热力学第二定律有多种表述形式。
在此列举两种：克劳修斯表述和凯尔文-普朗克表述。
? 克劳修斯表述：制造一台唯一功能是把热量从低温物体传给高温物体的循环设备是不可能的。
以冰箱（或热泵）为例，不可能制造一台不用输入功就能把热量从低温物体传给高温物体的冰箱，如图1-3(a)所示。
? 凯尔文-普朗克表述：制造一台从单一热源吸热和做功的循环设备是不可能的。
? 换句话说，制造这样一台从某一热源吸热并对外做功，而没有与低温热源进行换热的热机是不可能的。
因此，该表述说明了不存在工作效率为100%的热机，如图1-3(b)所示。
1.1.6 卡诺循环? 卡诺机是低温热源和高温热源间运行效率最高的热机。
卡诺机是一个理想热机，利用多个可逆过程组成一循环过程，该循环称为卡诺循环。
卡诺机非常有用，因为它的运行效率为任何实际热机最大可能的效率。
因此，如果一台实际热机的效率要远低于同样条件下的卡诺机效率，则有可能对该热机进行一些改进以提高其效率。
理想的卡诺循环包括四个可逆过程，如图1-4所示：1→2等温膨胀；2→3绝热可逆膨胀；3→4等温压缩；4→1可逆绝热压缩。
卡诺循环的效率为: 注意，提高TH（提高吸热温度）或降低TL（降低放热温度）均可使循环效率提高。
1.1.7 朗肯循环? 我们所关心的第一类动力循环为电力生产工业所采用的，也就是说，动力循环按这样的方式运行：工质发生相变，由液态变为气态。
最简单的蒸汽-动力循环是朗肯循环，如图1-5(a)所示。
朗肯循环的一个主要特征是泵耗费很少的功就能把高压水送入锅炉。
其可能的缺点为工质在汽机内膨胀做功后，通常进入湿蒸汽区，形成可能损害汽轮机叶片的液滴。
? 朗肯循环是一个理想循环，其忽略了四个过程中的摩擦损失。
这些损失通常很小，在初始分析时可完全忽略。
朗肯循环由四个理想过程组成，其T-s图如图1-5(b)所示：1→2为泵内等熵压缩过程；2→3为炉内定压吸热过程；3→4为汽轮机内等熵膨胀做功过程；4→1为凝汽器内定压放热过程。
? 泵用于提高饱和液体的压强。
事实上，状态1和状态2几乎完全一样，因为由2点开始的较高压强下的吸热过程线非常接近饱和曲线，图中仅为了解释说明的需要分别标出。
锅炉（也称蒸汽发生器）和凝汽器均为换热器，它们既不需要功也不产生功。
如果忽略动能和势能的变化，输出的净功等于T-s图曲线下面的面积，即图1-5(b)中1-2-3-4-1所包围的面积，由用热力学第一定律可证明。
循环过程中工质的吸热量对应面积a-2-3-b-a。
因此，朗肯循环的热效率可表示为即，热效率h等于输出能量除以输入能量（所购能量）。
显然，通过增大分子或减小分母均可以提高热效率。
这可以通过增大泵出口压强p2，提高锅炉出口温度T3，或降低汽机出口压强p4来实现。
1.1.8 再热循环? 对于一个处于高锅炉压强和低凝汽器压强条件下的朗肯循环，显然，很难阻止液滴在汽轮机低压部分的形成。
由于大多数金属不能承受600℃以上的高温，因此，通常采用再热循环来防止液滴的形成。
? 再热过程如下：经过汽轮机的部分蒸汽在某中间压强下被再热，从而提高蒸汽温度，直至达到状态5，如图1-6所示。
然后这部分蒸汽进入汽轮机低压缸，而后进入凝汽器（状态6）。
? 再热循环方式可以控制或者完全消除汽轮机中的湿蒸汽问题，因此，通常汽轮机分成高压缸和低压缸两部分。
虽然再热循环不会显著影响循环热效率，但带来了显著的额外的输出功，如图1-6中的面积4-5-6-4￠-4所示。
当然，再热循环需要一笔可观的投资来购置额外的设备，这些设备的使用效果必须通过与多增加的输出功进行经济性分析来判定。
如果不采用再热循环来避免液滴的形成，则凝汽器出口压强必须相当地高，因而导致循环热效率较低。
在这种意义上，与无再热循环且高凝汽器出口压强的循环相比，再热可以显著提高循环效率。
1.2 流体力学基础? 流体运动表现出多种不同的运动形式。
有些可以简单描述，而其它的则需要完全理解其内在的物理规律。
在工程应用中，尽量简单地描述流体运动是非常重要的。
简化程度通常取决于对精确度的要求，通常可以接受±10%左右的误差，而有些工程应用则要求较高的精度。
描述运动的一般性方程通常很难求解，因此，工程师有责任了解可以进行哪些简化的假设。
当然，这需要丰富的经验，更重要的是要深刻理解流动所涉及的物理内涵。
一些常见的用来简化流动状态的假设是与流体性质有关系的。
例如，黏性在某些条件下对流体有显著的影响；而在其它条件下，忽略黏性效应的影响可以大大地简化方程，但并不会显著改变计算结果。