Business Models as Models文献翻译

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O2O商业模式和团购网站外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字

O2O商业模式和团购网站外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字This article discusses the development of O2O (online-to-offline) business models and group purchasing。

O2O refers to the XXX。

Group purchasing。

on the other hand。

involves a group of XXX.XXX the rise of O2O business models in China。

which has been driven by the country's large n。

high。

n rate。

and increasing demand for convenience。

O2O platforms have emerged in us industries。

including food delivery。

XXX。

XXX.The article then goes on to explain how group purchasing has e a popular feature of many O2O platforms。

as it allows consumers to save money while also increasing the volume of sales for XXX。

Group purchasing also helps to build customer loyalty and generate word-of-mouth marketing.XXX O2O platforms and group purchasing face。

including XXX。

regulatory issues。

and the need to maintain high levels of customer XXX。

Why business models matter文献翻译

为什么商业模式有问题
Joan Magretta “商业模式”曾是互联网急速发展时的专业术语之一，常规的叫，正如作家Michael Lewis所说，“赞美各种不成熟的计划。

”一个公司不需要一个战略或一种特殊的技能或者甚至是任何顾客，它所需的全部只是一个建立在网络中的商业模式，而这个商业模式能够保证在不可预知的未来的一些疯狂地获利。

许多人幻想着做投资者、创业者和管理者，他们为这个白日梦买单，最后却都付之一炬、遍体鳞伤。

当不可避免的逆反应一结束，这个商业模式概念在几乎像.com附属本身一样快的时候过时了。

这是羞愧的。

尽管这是事实，大量的资金被筹集去做有投资纰漏的商业模式，错的不是商业模式的概念，而是对它的曲解和滥用。

一个好的商业模式对于每一个成功的企业来说都是至关重要的，不论它是一个菜鸟（新兴的企业）还是一个老油条（已建立的企业）。

但是在管理者能够运用这个概念之前，他们需要的是一个简单的工作定义把和这个术语有关联的模糊不清的东西做个整理。

Overview-of-business model商业模式概述毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：商业模式概述文献、资料英文题目：Overview of business model 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14英文原文Overview of business modelA business mode l describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value[1] (economic, social, or other forms of value). The process of business model construction is part of business strategy.In theory and practice the term business model is used for a broad range of informal and formal descriptions to represent core aspects of a business, including purpose, offerings, strategies, infrastructure, organizational structures, trading practices, and operational processes and policies. The literature has provided very diverse interpretations and definitions of a business model. A systematic review and analysis of manager responses to a survey defines business models as the design of organizational structures to enact a commercial opportunity[2]. Further extensions to this design logic emphasize the use of narrative or coherence in business model descriptions as mechanisms by which entrepreneurs create extraordinarily successful growth firms [3].Whenever a business is established, it either explicitly or implicitly employs a particular business model that describes the architecture of the value creation, delivery, and capture mechanisms employed by the business enterprise. The essence of a business model is that it defines the manner by which the business enterprise delivers value to customers, entices customers to pay for value, and converts those paymentsto profit: it thus reflects management’s hypothesis about what customers want, how they want it, and how an enterprise can organize to best meet those needs, get paid for doing so, and make a profit.[4]Business models are used to describe and classify businesses (especially in an entrepreneurial setting), but they are also used by managers inside companies to explore possibilities for future development. Also, well known business models operate as recipes for creative managers.[5] Business models are also referred to in some instances within the context of accounting for purposes of public reporting.Over the years, business models have become much more sophisticated. The bait and hook business model (also referred to as the "razor and blades business model" or the"tied products business model") was introduced in the early 20th century. This involves offering a basic product at a very low cost, often at a loss (the "bait"), then charging compensatory recurring amounts for refills or associated products or services (the "hook"). Examples include: razor (bait) and blades (hook); cell phones (bait) and air time (hook); computer printers (bait) and ink cartridge refills (hook); and cameras (bait) and prints (hook). An interesting variant of this model is Adobe, a software developer that gives away its document reader free of charge but charges several hundred dollars for its document writer.In the 1950s, new business models came from McDonald's Restaurants and Toyota. In the 1960s, the innovators were Wal-Mart and Hypermarkets. The 1970s saw new business models from FedEx and Toys R Us; the 1980s from Blockbuster, Home Depot, Intel, and Dell Computer; the 1990s from Southwest Airlines, Netflix, eBay, , and Starbucks.Today, the type of business models might depend on how technology is used. For example, entrepreneurs on the internet have also created entirely new models that depend entirely on existing or emergent technology. Using technology, businesses can reach a large number of customers with minimal costs.Business model frameworksThere are various ways to define and conceptualize business models. In the following some of these conceptualizations are introduced.Business model canvasBusiness Model Canvas: Nine business model building blocks, Osterwalder, Pigneur, & al. 2010[1]Osterwalder's work [1][6] propose a single reference model, called Business Model Canvas based on the similarities of a wide range of business model conceptualizations. It is nowadays one of the most used frameworks for describing the elements of business models.With this business model design template, an enterprise can easily describe their business model. Aspects of the template are Infrastructure, Offering, Customers, Finances, etc.Other approaches•Business reference modelBusiness reference model is a reference model, concentrating on the architectural aspects of the core business of an enterprise, service organization or government agency.•Component business modelTechnique developed by IBM to model and analyze an enterprise. It is a logical representation or map of business components or "building blocks" and can be depicted on a single page. It can be used to analyze the alignment of enterprise strategy with the organization's capabilities and investments, identify redundant or overlapping business capabilities, etc.Although Webvan failed in its goal of disintermediating the North American supermarket industry, several supermarket chains (like Safeway Inc.) have launched their own delivery services to target the niche market to which Webvan catered.•Industrialization of services business modelBusiness model used in strategic management and services marketing that treats service provision as an industrial process, subject to industrial optimization proceduresBusiness ModellingBusiness Modelling is an important tool to capture, design, innovate and transform the business.[7] However, in order to transform ones organization and align them to ones business model, a business model should not be seen separately, but in connection with[8]:A step-by-step roadmap that describes the synergy and context between BusinessModel and alignment of Strategy Map, Scorecards, etc. into the organization.•The main business goals of the organization, e.g. strategic business objectives, critical success factors and key performance indicators, which a holisticbusiness model approach should include.•The main business Issues/pain points and thereby organizational weakness, which a holistic business model approach should include for they represent the threat to the company’s business model.• A clear cause and effect linkages between the competencies, desired outcomes and performance measurements e.g. scorecards.•An emphasis on business model management and thereby a continuous improvement and governance approach to the business model.•The business maturity level, in order to develop the organizationrepresentation of core differentiated and core competitive competencies[linked to strategy], which is a basis for building a business model as they therepresent some of the most important sources of uniqueness. These are thethings that a company can do uniquely well, and that no-one else can copyquickly enough to affect competition.•Linkages among competences and competency development.•The possible value creation and realization of the organization.•The information flow, and thereby information need for effective and efficient decision making.Such a holistic approach would help clarify both intent and sources of synergy and disconnect between business model, strategy, scorecards, information, innovation, processes and IT systems. This includes architectural alignment as well as business transformation and value and performance views. Such dialogues allow Executives to use the business model with their business alignment.Theoretical and empirical insights to business modelsDesign Logic and Narrative CoherenceDesign logic views the business model as an outcome of creating new organizational structures or changing existing structures to pursue a new opportunity. Gerry George and Adam Bock (2011) conducted a comprehensive literature review and surveyedmanagers to understand how they perceived the components of a business model. In that analysis, these authors show that there is a design logic behind how entrepreneurs and managers perceive and explain their business model. In further extensions to the design logic, George and Bock (2012) use case studies and the IBM survey data on business models in large companies to describe how CEOs and entrepreneurs create narratives or stories in a coherent manner to move the business from one opportunity to another. They also show that when the narrative is incoherent or the components of the story are misaligned that these businesses tend to fail. They recommend ways in which the entrepreneur or CEO can create strong narratives for change.Business Model 2.0Chen (2009) pointed out that the business model in the twenty-first century has to take into account the capabilities of Web 2.0, such as collective intelligence, network effects, user generated content, and the possibility of self-improving systems. He suggested that the service industry such as the airline, traffic, transportation, hotel, restaurant, Information and Communications Technology and Online gaming industries will be able to benefit in adopting business models that take into account the characteristics of Web 2.0. He also emphasized that Business Model 2.0 has to take into account not just the technology effect of Web 2.0 but also the networking effect. He gave the example of the success story of Amazon in making huge profits each year by developing a full blown open platform that supports a large and thriving community of companies that re-use Amazon’s On Demand commerce services.[9]Complementarities of business models between partnering firmsStudying collaborative research and the accessing of external sources of technology, Hummel et al. (2010) found that in deciding on business partners, it is important to make sure that both parties’ business models are complementary[10]. For example, they found that it was important to identify the value drivers of potential partners by analyzing their business models, and that it is beneficial to find partner firms that understand key aspects of our own firm’s business model.[11]ApplicationsMalone et al.[12] at MIT found that some business models, as defined by them, indeed performed better than others in a dataset consisting of the largest U.S. firms, in the period 1998 through 2002, while they did not prove whether the existence of a business model mattered.The concept of a business model has been incorporated into certain accounting standards. For example, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) utilizes an "entity's business model for managing the financial assets" as a criterion for determining whether such assets should be measured at amortized cost or at fair value in its financial instruments accounting standard, IFRS 9.[13][14][15][16] At least two members of the U.S. based Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) have expressed the position that the business model of an entity should be used as a criterion for the classification of financial liabilities.[17] The concept of business model has also been introduced into the accounting of deferred taxes under International Financial Reporting Standards with 2010 amendments to IAS 12 addressing deferred taxes related to investment property.[18][19][20]Both IASB and FASB have proposed using the concept of business model in the context of reporting a lessor's lease income and lease expense within their joint project on accounting for leases.[21][22] The concept has also been proposed as an approach for determining the measurement and classification when accounting for insurance contracts.[23][24] As a result of the increasing prominence the concept of business model has received in the context of financial reporting, the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG), which advises the European Union on endorsement of financial reporting standards, commenced a project on the "Role of the Business Model in Financial Reporting" in 2011.[25]Examples of Business modelsIn the early history of business models it was very typical to define business model types such as bricks-and-mortar or e-broker. However, these types usually describe only one aspect of the business (most often revenue model). Therefore, more recent literature on business models concentrates on describing business model as a whole instead of one most visible aspect. Following examples provide an overview for various business model types that have been in discussion since the invent of term business model:中文译文商业模式概述商业模式业务模型描述了如何创建组织的理由，提供和捕捉价值（经济，社会，或其他形式的价值）。

商业模式创新外文文献翻译

文献信息：文献标题：Business Model Innovation: It’s Not Just about Technology Anymore（商业模式创新：超越技术问题）国外作者：Henry Chesbrough文献出处：Strategy & Leadership, 2007(6) Vol.35:12-17字数统计：英文1764单词，9111字符；中文2436汉字外文文献：Business Model Innovation: It’s Not Just about Techno logyAnymoreWhat is a business model?Every company has a business model, whether they articulate it or not. At its heart, a business model performs two important functions: value creation and value capture. First, it defines a series of activities, from procuring raw materials to satisfying the final consumer, which will yield a new product or service in such a way that there is net value created throughout the various activities. This is crucial, because if there is no net creation of value, the other companies involved in the set of activities won’t participate. Second, a business model captures value from a portion of those activities for the firm developing and operating it. This is equally critical, for a company that cannot earn a profit from some portion of its activities cannot sustain those activities over time.There can be real tensions between the aspects of a business model that create value and those that help to capture a portion of that value. A high-value proprietary technology, for example, easily earns a profit for the firm, if alternatives offer lesser value. But in many circumstances customers are reluctant to buy such products (because of price, limited availability, or delivery or service issues).Yet making thetechnology more open, which makes it more appealing to customers, makes it harder to capture value from the offering. So these offsetting factors must be balanced. How to define a business model? The term ‘‘business model’’ is often used, but not often clearly defined. Richard S. Rosenbloom, Professor Emeritus of Harvard, and I have developed a specific working definition (see Exhibit 1).A better business model often will beat a better idea or technology.One benefit of this working definition is that each of its six parameters identifies where innovation might generate new value in an industry.Value proposition. The GE Aircraft engines unit crafted an innovative value proposition when they shifted from selling airlines jet engines to selling them flight hours. This shifted the risk of downtime from the airline customer to GE, and enabled GE to establish a very profitable service operation.Target market. Ryanair, a growing European discount airline, innovated a different target market by going after leisure travelers, instead of the usual business travelers.Value chain. Wal-Mart (which targeted an innovative market by going after underserved rural communities in its early days) is celebrated for its management of its supply chain.Revenue mechanism(s). Xerox got its start in the copier business by leasing its copiers, instead of selling them. Air Products gets paid for the delivery of its industrialgases right to the manufacturing station inside the plant, instead of by the box car.Value network or ecosystem. Ryanair again innovated here, by striking novel arrangements with underutilized regional airports. Ryanair gets a percentage of concession sales at these airports, and in some circumstances even gets paid for landing passengers at the airports.Competitive strategy. One interesting aspect of business models is how difficult it is for others to imitate them. Many airlines have tried to emulate Southwest’s low cost approach. Most of their attempts have not fared well. Copying the Southwest model apparently creates too many co nflicts with the airlines’ established business model.Thus this working definition points the way to certain improvements that can be made to a business model. But more can be done to improve a specific business model if managers think of stages of business model advancement. The Business Model Framework (BMF) is a model that sequences possible business models from very basic (and not very valuable) models to far more advanced (and very valuable) models. Using the BMF, companies can assess where their current business model stands in relation to its potential and then define appropriate next steps for the further advancement of that model.The Business Model FrameworkType 1 – Company has an undifferentiated business modelThe vast majority of companies operating today do not articulate a distinct business model, and lack a process for managing it. These companies are operating with Type 1 business models. A business using the undifferentiated model competes on price and availability, and serves customers who buy on those criteria. In a word, firms utilizing Type 1 business models are selling commodities, and are doing so in ways that are no different from many, many other firms. They often are caught in the ‘‘commodity trap’’. Think of restaurants and barbe r shops as examples of this commodity model.Type 2 – Company has some differentiation in its business modelIn companies using Type 2 business models, the company has created some degree of differentiation in its products or services. This differentiation can also lead to a different business model from that of the Type 1 company, allowing the company to target a customer other than those that buy simply upon price and availability (such as a performance-oriented customer). This allows the Type 2 company to serve a different and less congested market segment from that served by its Type 1 counterpart.The Type 2 company may lack the resources and staying power to invest in the supporting innovations to sustain its differentiated position. This gives rise to the pattern of so-called ‘‘one hit wonders’’, where a company or inventor has a successful first product, but is unable to follow up this success with additional products of similar success. Many technology startup companies fall into this type.Type 3 – Company develops a segmented business modelThe company now can compete in different segments simultaneously. More of the market is thus served, and more profit is extracted from the market as well. The price sensitive segment provides the volume base for high volume, low cost production. The performance segment supplies high margins for the business. Other niches can now be addressed, creating a stronger presence in the distribution channels. The firm’s business model now is more distinctive and profitab le, which supports the firm’s ability to plan for its future via product and technology roadmaps.While its greater level of planning helps the Type 3 company avert the one-hit wonder syndrome, problems still remain. The Type 3 firm remains vulnerable to any major new technical shift beyond the scope of their current business and innovation activities, and also to major shifts in the market. Think of a mature, vertically integrated industrial company, as an example of this kind of model. Or in the IT space, think of an ERP system that is deeply connected to business processes, but has few ways to link in other software on top of its own code.Type 4 – Company has an externally aware business modelIn this business model, the company has started to open itself to external ideas and technologies in the development and execution of the business. This unlocks asignificantly greater set of resources available to such a company.The roadmaps of the Type 4 firm provide a shopping list of needs within the firm for external ideas and technologies. Relationships with outsiders help identify external projects that fulfill some of these needs. This reduces the cost of serving the business, reduces the time it takes to get new offerings to market, and shares the risks of new products and processes with external parties.Internal roadmaps are now shared with suppliers and customers on a frequent basis. This enables the firm to make much more systematic use of innovative ideas from suppliers and from customers. It also allows suppliers and customers to plan their own activities in concert with the innovative activities of the firm. Companies that make it a practice to share real-time information with their suppliers exemplify this approach.Type 5 – Company integrates its innovation process with its business model In a Type 5 model, the company’s business model now plays a key integrative role within the company. Suppliers and customers now enjoy formalized institutional access to the firm’s innovation process, and this access is now reciprocated by the suppliers and customers. Customers and suppliers now share their own roadmaps with the company, giving the company much better visibility into the customers’ future requirements.In this stage, companies begin to experiment more directly with the business model itself. Type 5 companies now take the time to understand the supply chain all the way back to the basic raw materials, as they look for major technical shifts or cost reduction opportunities. Type 5 companies also invest substantial resources to study ‘‘the customer’s customer’’ to learn about the deeper unmet needs and opportunities in the market. Some experimentation is conducted on alternative distribution channels, and indeed, upon alternative configurations of the business model. Companies that are moving from offering products to offering services, and are bringing in external technologies to support this new approach are examples of Type 5 models.Type 6 –Company’s business model is an adaptive platformThe Type 6 business model is an even more open and adaptive model than types4 or 5. This ability to adapt requires a commitment to experimentation with one or more business model variants. This experimentation can take a number of different forms. Some companies utilize corporate venture capital as a means to explore alternative business models in small startup companies. Some utilize spin-offs and joint ventures as means to commercialize technologies outside of their own current business model. Some have created internal incubators to cultivate promising ideas that are not yet ready for high volume commercialization.In Type 6 firms, key suppliers and customers become business partners, entering into relationships in which both technical and business risk may be shared. The business models of suppliers are now integrated into the planning processes of the company. The company in turn has integrated its business model into the business model of its key customers. Intel, Microsoft and Wal-Mart are examples here.One important capability that enables this integration of business models throughout a value chain is the ability of the company to establish its technologies as the basis for a platform of innovation for that value chain. In this way, the company can attract other companies to invest their resources, expanding the value of the platform without consuming extra investment by the platform maker. For example, anyone making software for PCs, accessories for iPods, or games for cell phones is indirectly contributing to the value of each of these platforms.中文译文：商业模式创新：超越技术问题商业模式的定义每个公司都有其商业模式，无论他们是否能清楚地表明。

在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料

在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。

which combines tourism and the。

has unique features that distinguish it from XXX industry。

and as society advances。

it has XXX commerce to create a new economic form - electronic commerce。

This has XXX accelerates。

online travel services and their business models have also XXX.2 The business model of online travelThe business model of online travel is based on the。

and merce。

It is a customer-centric model that provides users with a -shop for travel-related services。

including booking flights。

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Online travel agencies (OTAs) have emerged askey players in this industry。

with their business models XXX pricingXXX.3 Business model XXXIn recent years。

online travel companies have been innovating their business models to stay ahead of the n。

One ofthe key XXX of social media into their platforms。

汽车造型设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

The Car Modeling DesignFor car modelling, mention the word people often can produce immediately for lenovo in the form of various body, although it is not comprehensive, because car styling is the sum of outside and inside modelling, but had to admit that the appearance of the car is the most intuitive impression of automobile modeling for people. For the automobile modeling design, it covers knowledge engineering technology, art and so on various aspects of the application and market demand, to meet the consumers' taste and functional requirements.Literally what is undeniable is that the car modeling design is derived from the designers of creative expression, by the designer, to many human idea about the car for a reasonable attempt, constantly breakthrough self, challenge themselves. Car modelling design, whether it's like ordinary people use of household car, or royal family use limousine, or a professional driver favorite car, sports car, they all have very obvious differentiation on modelling, the people in the street to see what level of body, the brand, to the natural identity formed certain association of owners, and for different brands of automobile modeling design, which comes from different designers for car design. Car modelling design is also on the technical support of many other disciplines, here I am to have very important influence on development of automobile modeling design of some of the subject part lists are analyze.Since the emergence of the car, bionics started inadvertently used in the design of the model. For automobile modeling, the bionic design in automobile modeling with a unique code to liberate the inherent pattern design of modelling form, interpretation of power, speed, and the symbol of status, wealth, fashion, convey the entire design concept. Nowadays, bionics become guidance and aided automobile modeling design is an important subject, bionic design also gradually become an important means of design, it not only build the people and things, harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society, also prompted design found a new form.Bionic design is applied to the various design very early, so see it is not surprising that, in the car on modelling is my understanding of the bionics, it is the nature of some biological characteristics of the advantages of refining of science improving applied to other industries, it is the purpose of pursuing people to draw inspiration from the biological resources, such as car early in the development of a designer to design the "fish" car, maybe at that time did not rise up the subject of bionics, but stylist inadvertently used for fish in the water received by its own size decrease in water resistance and to speed up their swimming this, and apply onto the body modelling design, more typical case is 1952 gm buick brand "fish" type design, surface modeling is very dynamic, because the car interior ministry wide, wide field of vision, both passengers and drivers, inside the body will feel carefree, the affinity of car body itself has an irresistible, should allowstereotyped monotonous straight line in car design, is also a very important breakthrough at the time.There are a lot of examples, such as "viper" is a sports car, as America's most ferocious snake - "viper", has the characteristics of all nature disaster. "Viper" series of models, as a breakthrough point, the appearance of modelling design in particular the sharp front face and the spirit of the headlamps, give a person with terrible ferocity, good at dueling sensory stimulation, like soldiers courageous warrior, always ready to fight to the death, embodies the human eternal pursuit of the meaning of life. Viper, the second generation of 9 models, convey the intrinsic well. Automobile modeling bionic design with "from nature to the nature", as has been the pursuit of goals, the application of natural biological form surface is limited modelling space into endless spiritual awareness, create a bionic form of aesthetic value, to achieve the "personalized" demand and the state of "imitating the nature". Can reference on modelling human nature, The Times on the automobile modeling application development gradually, it seems to me is not only on the auto industry development and progress, is more of a human can live in the actual production of respecting nature, respect nature, from the development of bionics in the automobile modeling design process I can read the industry further development, it is also because modelling are close to the essence of life itself.Automobile modeling design purpose lies in the combination offunction and form aesthetic feeling, to give users in a certain emotional factors influence or impact on the market, on modelling design, different automobile modeling can bring a person different emotional experience, and to convey the designer wants to make people get on a car design.Automobile modeling design is applied art gimmick science express car function, structure and texture, and make people for its beauty. Automobile modeling design must reflect the style of the vehicle, such as streamlined can indicate the car has a higher speed, so as to shape a sporty image in the consumers' mind. Carbon fiber material can reflect the high-tech feeling and lightness of car, has a muscular body form can express powerful and protection of security. Excellent automobile modeling design can make consumers by aesthetic appreciation to deep understanding of its meaning, to produce the desire of the product. This is based on the perceptual technology this is not by many cognitive developed from cognitive psychology on the subject's important role on the automobile modeling design. It is stylist will be collected from the market information, through the analysis of consumer psychology that design more accord with human aesthetic and functional requirements of product evolutionary design, stylist is in perceptual information, consumer psychology and rational constraints (engineering) between coordination.In automobile product development model of "user as the center" in the early stage of the design need to study consumer's perceptual demand, andconsumers to seek in the perceptual demand often from the image of the car. Such as businessman to give reliable partners to form the image of good faith, the car for business occasions, modelling is generally very grave, composed, atmosphere; Racing car, for example, has very obvious streamline on modelling design, in order to display the car performance is strong, can run very fast, with enough instances of racer; Cultural entertainment venue such as car again, the modelling is compared commonly lively, fashion, have individual character, to show the meeting activities and the characteristics of representative. These are the perceptual technology on automobile modeling design is applied to car use and the appreciation of the most common level.Automobile modeling are actually very close to our daily life, on the streets everywhere the family car, taxi, bus, sometimes even see a cable car, luxury cars, sports car, saloon car. We have a lot of focus on automobile brand rather than modelling. But nature sense, any brand of car has its unique style of the modelling, we are to determine the brand car with its shape characteristics, such as seen in the street a lamborghini, its streamline appearance alone, we will be able to determine that it is lamborghini car, this is the car model represented by the car culture connotation. At the end of this course, the reason I chose to automobile modeling design analysis for class papers, but also for any automobile modeling design, as far as I'm concerned, is the designer of some design ideas of cultural interpretation,any design is necessarily comes from life, no experience and observation, can't make the products can be accepted by the public. Automobile modeling is not only the appearance, also is not only a decoration, interior space how to start from the Angle of human nature, and so on these elements are necessarily involve automobile modeling. So this is a worthy art, technology and market coordination aspects of creative achievement, no matter from what Angle to design the vehicle model, the ultimate goal is to continuously improve to meet the needs of users of the product.汽车造型设计对于汽车造型，提到这个词时人们往往能立即产生对于各种车身形态的联想，虽然它并不全面，因为汽车造型是汽车外部和车厢内部造型的总和，但不得不承认的是，汽车的外观的确是人们对于汽车造型的最直观印象。

business model

商业模式business modelThe head of Baidu Inc has pledged to shift the company's business from a search-oriented model to one based on artificial intelligence, after a recent government probe on its core search business.政府部门对百度的核心搜索业务调查结束后，百度公司高层表示要将现在的以搜索为主的商业模式转向以人工智能为主的模式。

Baidu CEO Li Yanhong said in an internal letter on Tuesday that the shift will allow the company to develop such areas as voice search, automatic translation and driverless vehicles.百度首席执行官李彦宏在一封内部信中表示，此次转型后，公司将发展语音搜索、自动翻译以及无人驾驶汽车等领域的业务。

商业模式（business model）简单说来，就是一个公司靠什么来挣钱。

百度作为国内的搜索引擎巨头（search engine giant），其商业模式自然就是以搜索为主（search-oriented model），其中，竞价排名（paid listing）为其带来了不少收入。

此次调查后，李彦宏表示：“重新审视公司产品的商业模式，是否因过度变现而影响用户体验（damage user experience），对于不尊重用户体验的行为要彻底整改。

我们要建立起用户体验审核的一票否决制度（veto system），由专门的部门负责监督，违背用户体验原则的做法，一票否决（the department will have the final say to veto any behavior that is not in line with a good user experience），任何人都不许干涉。

The entrepreneur's business model toward a unified perspective文献翻译

创业者的商业模式：为了一个统一的观点
Michael Morris & Minet Schindehutte & Jeffrey Allen
于2002.9.29收到，2003.11.6接受摘要
高度看重创业者的实践，商业模式得到研究者的关注有限。

不存在共识的商业模式的定义、性质和演化。

尽管如此，商业模式的前景仍然作为一个统一的分析单位，能够在创业学促进理论的发展。

本文综合了文献和关于一些核心的问题作出结论。

探究了企业商业模式的理论基础。

提议用一个有六个组件的框架来描绘商业模式的特征，不管任何企业类型（都适用）。

这些组件应用在三个不同的水平。

该框架被一个成功的主流公司图文并茂地应用了。

关于商业模式方式的建议可能会出现并随时间而变化。

汽车营销类外文文献翻译——汽车行业渠道的转变

汽车营销类外文文献翻译——汽车行业渠道的转变Changing Channels in the Automotive Industry: The Future of Automotive Marketing and nThe automotive industry is undergoing a n that is radically reshaping how cars are marketed。

distributed。

and sold。

The n is。

who will come out as winners and losers。

Will the vehicle manufacturers and their franchised dealer orks be able to e years of inertia and complacency to neer and execute new concepts that will strengthen and extend the value of their brands。

Or will nimbler。

more imaginative retailers or are companies get there first?As the automotive industry continues to evolve。

it's ing increasingly clear that nal marketing and n channels are no longer enough。

With the rise of digital technology and changing consumer preferences。

automakers and dealerships must adapt to new ways of reaching and engaging with customers.One potential n is to leverage the power of data and analytics to better understand consumer r and preferences。

学术英语（管理）Unit2课文翻译

《业务营销化》1 问街上一般的‎人什么是营销‎时，他们会告诉你‎那大概就是“卖东西的”。

这从根本上说‎是正确的，但营销不是简‎单的销售行为‎，而是怎样做成‎的销售。

我们都被全天‎候不间断营销‎所围绕，而我们每一个‎人都已经以我‎们自己的方式‎成了一名营销‎人。

2 专家是怎么定‎义营销的呢？根据美国市场‎营销协会，市场营销是一‎种组织职能，是为组织自身‎及利益相关者‎（stakeh‎o lders‎n. 利益相关者；股东）而创造、传播、传递客户价值‎，管理客户关系‎的一系列过程‎。

3 根据世界市场‎营销协会对营‎销的定义，“核心的经营理‎念是指导通过‎交换来识别和‎满足个人和组‎织需要的过程‎，从而为各方创‎造出众的价值‎。

”4最后，英国特许营销‎学会说，“营销是有利地‎识别，预测，和满足顾客需‎求的管理过程‎”。

5 如果我们只是‎看这三个定义‎的共性，我们可以看出‎，营销本质上（in essenc‎e）是：a)发现和给顾客‎他们所想要的‎和需要的东西‎，b)通过做这些来‎获利。

4Ps或5P‎s营销策略6 密歇根州立大‎学（Michig‎a n State Univer‎s ity）的杰罗姆·麦卡锡（Jerome‎McCart‎h y）教授在20世‎纪50年代写‎了一本书并且‎定义了4Ps‎营销策略，包括产品、渠道、价格和促销。

这本书为这个‎星球上最古老‎的专业提供了‎一个清晰的结‎构，而这个结构成‎为市场营销的‎定义。

7 为了更好地理‎解营销，你应该有你自‎己对术语的定‎义。

例如，我认为营销是‎对产品的价格‎、分配、促销以及人员‎进行控制，满足顾客以获‎得利益。

控制是个充满‎感情的词语，尤其在我们谈‎及控制人的时‎候。

无论怎样，控制是很重要‎的，因为作为一名‎营销人员，我要控制市场‎营销的每一个‎工具并且操纵‎它们来使市场‎的影响力达到‎最大化。

8 作为一名营销‎经理，我控制一个产‎品的形象、味道和触感。

商业模式概述-外文文献翻译

商业模式概述-外文文献翻译西安邮电大学毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译学院: 经济与管理学院专业: 市场营销班级: 营销0802学生姓名: 薛春林导师姓名: 欧晓华职称: 讲师起止时间:2010年 12月20日至 2011年 6月20日英文原文Overview of business modelA business model describes the rationale of how an organizationcreates, delivers, and captures value[1] economic, social, or other forms of value. The process of business model construction is part of business strategy.In theory and practice the term business model is used for a broad range of informal and formal descriptions to represent core aspects of a business, including purpose, offerings, strategies, infrastructure, organizational structures, trading practices, and operational processes and policies. The literature has provided very diverse interpretations and definitions of a business model. A systematic review and analysis of manager responses to a survey defines business models as the design of organizational structures to enact a commercial opportunity[2]. Further extensions to this design logic emphasize the use of narrative or coherence in business model descriptions as mechanisms by which entrepreneurs create extraordinarily successful growth firms [3].Whenever a business is established, it either explicitly or implicitly employs a particular business model that describes the architecture of the value creation, delivery, and capture mechanisms employed by the business enterprise. The essence of a business model is that it defines the manner by which the business enterprise delivers value to customers, entices customers to pay for value, and converts those payments to profit: it thus reflects management’s hypothesis about what customers want, how they want it, and how an enterprise can organize tobest meet those needs, get paid for doing so, and make a profit.[4] Business models are used to describe and classify businesses especially in an entrepreneurial setting, but they are also used by managers inside companies to explore possibilities for future development. Also, well known business models operate as recipes for creative managers.[5] Business models are also referred to in some instances within the context of accounting for purposes of public reporting.Over the years, business models have become much more sophisticated. The bait and hook business model also referred to as the "razor and blades business model" or the "tied products business model" was introduced in the early 20th century. This involves offering a basic product at a very low cost, often at a loss the "bait", then charging compensatory recurring amounts for refills or associated products or services the "hook". Examples include: razor bait and blades hook; cell phones bait and air time hook; computer printers bait and ink cartridge refills hook; and cameras bait and prints hook. An interesting variant of this model is Adobe, a software developer that gives away its document reader free of charge but charges several hundred dollars for its document writer.In the 1950s, new business models came from McDonald's Restaurants and Toyota. In the 1960s, the innovators were Wal-Mart and Hypermarkets. The 1970s saw new business models from FedEx and Toys R Us; the 1980s from Blockbuster, Home Depot, Intel, and Dell Computer; the 1990s fromSouthwest Airlines, Netflix, eBay, Amazon, and Starbucks.Today, the type of business models might depend on how technology is used. For example, entrepreneurs on the internet have also created entirely new models that depend entirely on existing or emergent technology. Using technology, businesses can reach a large number of customers with minimal costs.Business model frameworksThere are various ways to define and conceptualize business models. In the following some of these conceptualizations are introduced.Business model canvasBusiness Model Canvas: Nine business model building blocks, Osterwalder, Pigneur, & al. 2010[1]Osterwalder's work [1][6] propose a single reference model, called Business Model Canvas based on the similarities of a wide range of business model conceptualizations. It is nowadays one of the most used frameworks for describing the elements of business models.With this business model design template, an enterprise can easily describe their business model. Aspects of the template are Infrastructure, Offering, Customers, Finances, etc.Other approachesBusiness reference modelBusiness reference model is a reference model, concentrating on thearchitectural aspects of the core business of an enterprise, service organization or government agency.Component business modelTechnique developed by IBM to model and analyze an enterprise. It is a logical representation or map of business components or "building blocks" and can be depicted on a single page. It can be used to analyze the alignment of enterprise strategy with the organization's capabilities and investments, identify redundant or overlapping business capabilities, etc.Although Webvan failed in its goal of disintermediating the North American supermarket industry, several supermarket chains like Safeway Inc. have launched their own delivery services to target the niche market to which Webvan catered.Industrialization of services business modelBusiness model used in strategic management and services marketing that treats service provision as an industrial process, subject to industrial optimization proceduresBusiness ModellingBusiness Modelling is an important tool to capture, design, innovate and transform the business.[7] However, in order to transform ones organization and align them to ones business model, a business model should not be seen separately, but in connection with[8]:A step-by-step roadmap that describes the synergy and context between Business Model and alignment of Strategy Map, Scorecards, etc. into the organization.The main business goals of the organization, e.g. strategic business objectives, critical success factors and key performance indicators, which a holistic business model approach should include.The main business Issues/pain points and thereby organizational weakness, which a holistic business model approach should include for they represent the threat to the company’s business model.A clear cause and effect linkages between the competencies, desired outcomes and performance measurements e.g. scorecards.An emphasis on business model management and thereby a continuous improvement and governance approach to the business model.The business maturity level, in order to develop the organization representation of core differentiated and core competitive competencies [linked to strategy], which is a basis for building a business model as they the represent some of the most important sources of uniqueness. These are the things that a company can do uniquely well, and that no-one else can copy quickly enough to affect competition.Linkages among competences and competency development.The possible value creation and realization of the organization.The information flow, and thereby information need for effective andefficient decision making.Such a holistic approach would help clarify both intent and sources of synergy and disconnect between business model, strategy, scorecards, information, innovation, processes and IT systems. This includes architectural alignment as well as business transformation and value and performance views. Such dialogues allow Executives to use the business model with their business alignment.Theoretical and empirical insights to business modelsDesign Logic and Narrative CoherenceDesign logic views the business model as an outcome of creating new organizational structures or changing existing structures to pursue a new opportunity. Gerry George and Adam Bock 2011 conducted a comprehensive literature review and surveyed managers to understand how they perceived the components of a business model. In that analysis, these authors show that there is a design logic behind how entrepreneurs and managers perceive and explain their business model. In further extensions to the design logic, George and Bock 2012 use case studies and the IBM survey data on business models in large companies to describe how CEOs and entrepreneurs create narratives or stories in a coherent manner to move the business from one opportunity to another. They also show that when the narrative is incoherent or the components of the story are misaligned that these businesses tend to fail. They recommend ways in which theentrepreneur or CEO can create strong narratives for change.Business Model 2.0Chen 2009 pointed out that the business model in the twenty-first century has to take into account the capabilities of Web 2.0, such as collective intelligence, network effects, user generated content, and the possibility of self-improving systems. He suggested that the service industry such as the airline, traffic, transportation, hotel, restaurant, Information and Communications Technology and Online gaming industries will be able to benefit in adopting business models that take into account the characteristics of Web 2.0. He also emphasized that Business Model 2.0 has to take into account not just the technology effect of Web 2.0 but also the networking effect. He gave the example of the success story of Amazon in making huge profits each year by developing a full blown open platform that supports a large and thriving community of companies that re-use Amazon’s On Demand commerce services.[9]Complementarities of business models between partnering firmsStudying collaborative research and the accessing of external sources of technology, Hummel et al. 2010 found that in deciding on business partners, it is important to make sure that both parties’ business models are complementary[10]. For example, they found that it was important to identify the value drivers of potential partners by analyzing their business models, and that it is beneficial to find partner firms thatunderstand key aspects of our own firm’s business model.[11] ApplicationsMalone et al.[12] at MIT found that some business models, as defined by them, indeed performed better than others in a dataset consisting of the largest U.S. firms, in the period 1998 through 2002, while they did not prove whether the existence of a business model mattered.The concept of a business model has been incorporated into certain accounting standards. For example, the International Accounting Standards Board IASB utilizes an "entity's business model for managing the financial assets" as a criterion for determining whether such assets should be measured at amortized cost or at fair value in its financial instruments accounting standard, IFRS 9.[13][14][15][16] At least two members of the U.S. based Financial Accounting Standards Board FASB have expressed the position that the business model of an entity should be used as a criterion for the classification of financial liabilities.[17] The concept of business model has also been introduced into the accounting of deferred taxes under International Financial Reporting Standards with 2010 amendments to IAS 12 addressing deferred taxes related to investment property.[18][19][20]Both IASB and FASB have proposed using the concept of business model in the context of reporting a lessor's lease income and lease expense within their joint project on accounting for leases.[21][22] The concepthas also been proposed as an approach for determining the measurement and classification when accounting for insurance contracts.[23][24] As a result of the increasing prominence the concept of business model has received in the context of financial reporting, the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group EFRAG, which advises the European Union on endorsement of financial reporting standards, commenced a project on the "Role of the Business Model in Financial Reporting" in 2011.[25] Examples of Business modelsIn the early history of business models it was very typical to define business model types such as bricks-and-mortar or e-broker. However, these types usually describe only one aspect of the business most often revenue model. Therefore, more recent literature on business models concentrates on describing business model as a whole instead of one most visible aspect. Following examples provide an overview for various business model types that have been in discussion since the invent of term business model:中文译文商业模式概述商业模式业务模型描述了如何创建组织的理由,提供和捕捉价值(经济,社会,或其他形式的价值)。

contextualization of business models

contextualization of business models（原创实用版）目录1.什么是商业模式背景化2.商业模式背景化的重要性3.商业模式背景化的实施方法4.商业模式背景化的案例分析5.商业模式背景化的未来发展趋势正文1.什么是商业模式背景化商业模式背景化，简称 CBM（Contextualized Business Models），是一种针对特定市场、行业或社群，设计并实施特定商业模式的方法。

其核心理念在于，将商业模式与市场环境、消费者需求、行业特点等背景因素紧密结合，以实现商业模式的最大化价值。

2.商业模式背景化的重要性在当前竞争激烈的市场环境中，商业模式背景化对于企业的成功至关重要。

首先，CBM 能够帮助企业更好地理解目标市场，从而设计出更符合消费者需求的产品和服务。

其次，CBM 能够帮助企业有效利用其资源和能力，提高企业的竞争力。

最后，CBM 能够帮助企业应对市场环境的变化，实现持续的发展。

3.商业模式背景化的实施方法实施商业模式背景化，需要遵循以下几个步骤：首先，企业需要对目标市场进行深入的研究，理解市场的特点和需求。

其次，企业需要分析自身的资源和能力，确定能够提供什么价值。

然后，企业需要设计出符合市场和自身特点的商业模式。

最后，企业需要通过不断的实验和调整，优化商业模式。

4.商业模式背景化的案例分析例如，阿里巴巴的电商平台模式，就是对其商业模式进行了背景化的成功案例。

阿里巴巴通过深入理解中国市场的特点和消费者的需求，设计出了“平台 + 物流”的商业模式，成功地满足了中国市场的需求，取得了巨大的成功。

5.商业模式背景化的未来发展趋势随着科技的发展和市场环境的变化，商业模式背景化在未来将继续发挥重要作用。

企业需要不断学习和创新，以适应市场的变化，设计出更符合市场和消费者需求的商业模式。

blog中文翻译商业模式(Business Model)

blog中文翻译商业模式（Business Model）August 7th, 2006原文出处：/wiki/Business_model翻译：拙尘@ （译者：Business Model 已经成为挂在创业者和风险投资者嘴边的一个名词。

几乎每一个人都确信，有了一个好的Business Model，成功就有了一半的保证。

那么，到底什么是Business Model？它包含什么要素，又有哪些常见类型呢？这篇文章选自wikipedia。

读后应该能对解答这些问题有所帮助。

文章对于常见的商业模式类型，仅仅列出了链接。

如果大家有兴趣的话，我们会尝试在今后一个个翻译出来。

Wikipedia，在台湾音译作维基百科，是一部大众参与撰写的百科全书。

它已经有多个语言的版本。

台湾版本的网址为：/。

目前还没有简体版。

在台湾的版本里，商业模式也是一个还未翻译的条目。

Wikipedia上的条目是在不断更新中的。

翻译时，这一条目的最后更新日期为2006年7月18日。

）（放在前面的、写在翻译后的话：翻译这类文章，是我们的一个尝试。

从我个人的感觉来说，不是很好。

一是Wikipedia 上的文章都经多人之手，在一致性和连贯性上会较弱；二是有许多很拗口的术语——也许写的人要显摆一下吧；三是英文文章的一类通病——啰嗦而又缺少实质性的东西。

我本来觉得，关于商业模式的明确定义及一些类型的举例，会对我们有所帮助；不过翻译后，感觉这点儿有用的东西都被淹没在了一大堆废话里，有些得不偿失的感觉。

大家跳着看就可以了。

也许今后，文摘或综述更适合这类文章吧。

）商业模式是一个比较新的名词。

尽管它第一次出现在50年代，但直到90年代才开始被广泛使用和传播。

今天，虽然这一名词出现的频度极高，关于它的定义仍然没有一个权威的版本。

Osterwalder, Pigneur and Tucci (2005) 在翻阅了大量文献后给出的定义为：商业模式是一种包含了一系列要素及其关系的概念性工具，用以阐明某个特定实体的商业逻辑。

商业模式[BusinessModel]

商业模式（Business Model）商业模式的由来商业模式已经成为挂在创业者和风险投资者嘴边的一个名词。

几乎每一个人都确信，有了一个好的商业模式，成功就有了一半的保证。

那么，到底什么是商业模式？它包含什么要素，又有哪些常见类型呢？用最直白的话告诉大家：商业模式就是公司通过什么途径或方式来赚钱？简言之，饮料公司通过卖饮料来赚钱；快递公司通过送快递来赚钱；网络公司通过点击率来赚钱；通信公司通过收话费赚钱；超市通过平台和仓储来赚钱等等。

只要有赚钱的地儿，就有商业模式存在。

商业模式是一个比较新的名词。

尽管它第一次出现在50年代，但直到90年代才开始被广泛使用和传播。

今天，虽然这一名词出现的频度极高，关于它的定义仍然没有一个权威的版本。

目前相对比较贴切的说法是：商业模式是一种包含了一系列要素及其关系的概念性工具，用以阐明某个特定实体的商业逻辑。

它描述了公司所能为客户提供的价值以及公司的内部结构、合作伙伴网络和关系资本（Relationship Capital）等借以实现（创造、推销和交付）这一价值并产生可持续盈利收入的要素。

[编辑]商业模式的概念商业模式的定义：为实现客户价值最大化，把能使企业运行的内外各要素整合起来，形成一个完整的高效率的具有独特核心竞争力的运行系统，并通过最优实现形式满足客户需求、实现客户价值，同时使系统达成持续赢利目标的整体解决方案。

[1]人们在文献中使用商业模式这一名词的时候，往往模糊了两种不同的含义：一类作者简单地用它来指公司如何从事商业的具体方法和途径，另一类作者则更强调模型方面的意义。

这两者实质上是有所不同的：前者泛指一个公司从事商业的方式，而后者指的是这种方式的概念化。

后一观点的支持者们提出了一些由要素及其之间关系构成的参考模型（ReferenceModel），用以描述公司的商业模式。

..专业知识编辑整理..商业模式是一个非常宽泛的概念，通常所说的的跟商业模式有关的说法很多，包括运营模式、盈利模式、B2B模式、B2C模式、“鼠标加水泥”模式、广告收益模式等等，不一而足。

Whybusinessmodelsmatter文献翻译

Whybusinessmodelsmatter文献翻译
为什么商业模式有问题
Joan Magretta “商业模式”曾是互联网急速发展时的专业术语之一，常规的叫，正如作家Michael Lewis所说，“赞美各种不成熟的计划。

许多人幻想着做投资者、创业者和管理者，他们为这个白日梦买单，最后却都付之一炬、遍体鳞伤。

当不可避免的逆反应一结束，这个商业模式概念在几乎像.com附属本身一样快的时候过时了。

这是羞愧的。

尽管这是事实，大量的资金被筹集去做有投资纰漏的商业模式，错的不是商业模式的概念，而是对它的曲解和滥用。

一个好的商业模式对于每一个成功的企业来说都是至关重要的，不论它是一个菜鸟（新兴的企业）还是一个老油条（已建立的企业）。

但是在管理者能够运用这个概念之前，他们需要的是一个简单的工作定义把和这个术语有关联的模糊不清的东西做个整理。

BusinessModels,Business Strategy and Innovation文献翻译

商业模式，商业战略与革新
David J. Teece
不论何时一个企业的建立都或明或暗地采用了一种独有的商业模式，这种商业模式描述了企业所采用的价值创造、交付和获取机制的设计或结构。

一个商业模式的真髓在于明确企业给客户交付价值的方式，然后诱导客户去支付价值，继而把这些付款转换为获利。

这个反应了经营者的关于客户想要什么，怎么得到他想要的和企业如何能最大限度满足那些需求，这样做所得到的酬劳并且做到获利的假说。

本文的目的是去了解商业模式的意义并且探索它们与商业战略，创新管理和经济理论的关系。

商业模式用英语怎么说及如何造句

商业模式用英语怎么说及如何造句商业模式，是管理学的重要研究对象之一， MBA、EMBA等主流商业管理课程均对“商业模式”给予了不同程度的关注。

那么你知道商业模式用英语怎么说吗?现在跟小编一起了解商业模式的英语说法吧。

商业模式的英语说法business model商业模式的相关短语商业模式和策略 Business Models and Strategies组件化商业模式 Component Business Model免费增值商业模式 Freemium model传统商业模式 traditional business model开源式商业模式 Open-Source Business网络商业模式 internet business model商业模式的英语例句1. More recently, single - buyer B 2 B exchanges have emerged as a viable business model.最近, 单一买方的B2B交流,已成为一个可行的商业模式.2. Slack regulation encourages private companies to adopt a high - risk business model.松懈的监管激励私营企业采取高风险的商业模式.3. Sergio: This mobile commerce is radically changing the business of legacy firms.塞吉奥; 这种移动商务剧烈改变了以往老式公司的商业模式.4. The business model has taught me that the customer is always right.商业模式使我认识到,顾客总是对的.5. NGB is a fusion of television and the Internet's new business model.NGB是一种电视与互联网融合的新型商业模式.6. Business Model: Research and development, production, sales and post - sales service of fertilizer.商业模式: 从事叶面肥研发、生产、销售及售后服务.7. The company decided it had to get tough with its business model.该公司决定,必须对其商业模式做出强硬调整.8. That, in turn, highlights another business model for the 200 - odd internet - video sites.这回过头来突出了200多家网络视频站点可采用的另一种商业模式.9. That's a nice, clean business with a proven business model.这当然是一个很清晰的业务并且有完善的商业模式.10. It won't be alucrative business until the next level of video comes.没有新视频模式的出现,这种商业模式就不会吸引人.11. Apple is ruthlessly astute in protecting its business model.苹果无情并精明得保护自己的商业模式.12. Several have even found a way to make money.它们中的有些甚至已经找到了可以实现盈利的商业模式.13. ASP application serves a provider it is a burgeoning network business pattern.ASP应用服务提供商)是一个新兴的网络商业模式.14. Actually a good commercial pattern, do not assure a successful company certainly.其实一个好的商业模式, 并不一定保证一个成功的企业.15. Business model: outline how the company intends to become profitable.商业模式: 企业如何营利.。

Clarifying business models Origins present and future of the concept文献翻译

商业模式明晰化：起源，现今和未来的概念
15卷，文章
2005.5 摘要
这篇论文旨在把商业模式的概念、用法和它在信息系统领域中扮演的角色明晰化。

回顾文献，这篇论文向读者展示了在企业中对协议、用法和位置的显著的多样性。

这篇论文确定了过去常常描述一个商业模式的术语或本体，并用这个术语和以前的工作做比较。

然后概述一般用法，角色和潜在的概念。

最后，把商业模式的概念和信息系统这两者连接起来并以八个命题的形式描述并在未来工作中进行分析。

关键词
商业模式，商业模式概念。