解剖第一章知识点总结

Anat100_Week 1
Section 1: the importance of anatomy
∙ 4 areas of anatomy
1)histology
2)gross anatomy
3)neuroanatomy
4)embryology
∙fun facts
1)the smallest bone and muscle are found in your middle ear
2)the average human brain weights 3 pounds, a similar weight to the liver
3)the stomach of human adult can expand up to 4 times its size, holding nearly 2L
4)from one end to the other, the human digestive tract measures over 29 feet long
5)your heart is roughly the size of your fist
6)human can live with one lung (given limitations to physical activity)
Section 2: organization of the human body and anatomical nomenclature
∙Microscopic & Macroscopic:
︒Chemical level
A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together
︒Cellular level
Cells are the smallest living structure and are formed from atoms and molecules ︒Tissue level
Tissues are similar cells that perform specialized functions
︒Organ level
Organs are two or more tissues that work together to perform complex functions ︒Organ system level
The organ system level consists of related organs that work together to coordinate
activities and achieve a common function.
︒Organismal level
All body systems function interdependently in a single living human
∙Body divisions
︒Axial:
The axial forms the main vertical axis of the body, and includes the head, neck, and
trunk. (body structures along the midline)
︒Appendicular:
The appendicular regions include the limbs or appendages that attach to the axis.
(further way from the midline of the body
∙Organ systems
1)Integumentary（皮肤）
Skin, hair, nail, sense receptors, sweat gland
2)Skeletal system（骨骼）
Bones, joints
3)Muscular system（肌肉）
Muscles
4)Nervous system（神经）
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
5)Endocrine system（内分泌）
Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals,
pancreas (islet tissue)
6)Digestive system（消化）
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, small intestine, Large intestine, rectum,
anal canal, accessory digestive organs
7)Respiratory system（呼吸）
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
8)Cardiovascular system（心血管）
Blood, heart, blood vessels
9)Lymphatic system（淋巴）
Lymph nodes, Lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
10)Urinary system（泌尿）
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
11)Reproductive system（生殖）
Gonads, genital ducts, accessory organs, genitalia
∙Body cavity
∙Anatomy position:
- standing upright
- feet parallel and on the floor
- head level and looking forward
- arms side of body
- palms facing forwards and thumbs pointing away from body
∙Directional terms
︒Superior (cranial) -- Above or over
︒Inferior (caudal) -- Below, under
︒Anterior (ventral) -- In front of, front (front of the body)
︒Posterior (dorsal) -- After, behind, following, toward the rear (back of the body) ︒Medial -- Toward the mid-line, way from the side
︒Lateral -- Toward the side, away from the mid-line
︒Proximal -- Near, closer to the origin
︒Distal -- Away from, farther from the origin
︒Superficial -- Closer to the surface of the body
︒Deep -- Farther from the surface of the body
︒Parietal -- Related to the walls of the cavity
︒Visceral -- Located on or among the viscera
∙Planes and sections of the body (location within the body)
Anatomical planes describe anatomical motion, 3 dimensional imaging, and cats called sections
︒Sagittal
- A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts
-mid-sagittal
︒Coronal (frontal)
- A vertical plane that divides the body in anterior and posterior parts
-Front and back
︒Horizontal
A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
︒Oblique
A plane that passes through the body on an angle
︒Longitudinal
Any plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane. Both sagittal and coronal
planes
︒Transverse/cross section
Top and bottom
∙Body quadrants
upper right(UR), Upper left(UL), Lower right(LR), Lower left(LL),
Section 3:
∙The 4 basic tissues are:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscular tissue
Epithelial tissue (上皮组织)
- A tissue composed of closely apposed (side by side) cells with very little or no intervening intercellular substance
-Covers the body’s external and internal organs
- 2 types
1)covering epithelium: cells that covers the external and internal surfaces
2)glandular epithelium: cells that produce and secrete product, such as
hormones
-characteristics
1)cellularity
2)polarity
3)attachment to a basement membrane
4)avascularity
5)innervation
6)high regeneration capacity
-functions
1)physical protection
2)selective permeability
3)secretion
4)sensation
-classifying epithelium
1)cell organization (num of cell payers) [
▪simple -- (1layer)
▪stratified -- (2 or more)
2)cell shape
▪squamous -- (flat/thin, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape)
▪cuboidal -- (about the same size on all sides, the nucleus is usually centrally located)
▪columnar -- (taller than they are wide, nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell)
3)naming epithelium tissue: (cell organization) (cell shape)
-simple epithelium
simple squamous: single layer of flatted cells
simple cuboidal: single layer of cube cells
simple columnar: single layer of column shaped cells
-stratified epithelium
stratified squamous: multiple layers of flat shaped cells
stratified cuboidal: multiple layers of cube shaped cells
stratified columnar: multiple layers of column-shaped cells
-other types of epithelium
transitional epithelium: consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells that allows for stretching
pseudostratified epithelium (ciliated columnar): comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of
stratified epithelium
Section 4:
∙Connective tissue
-most widespread and abundant type of tissue in the human body
-the most diverse of the 4 tissue types with a wide variety of functions.
-it ranges in consistency from the gel-like softness of areolar connective tissue to the hardness of bone.
∙Function
-Support and protection
-Provides a structural framework for the body
-Medium for exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste
-Storage
-Repair
-Defense from invasion of antigens:
▪Physical barrier
▪Phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils)
▪Antibody production (plasma cells)
▪Inflammation (mast cells)
∙Components
-Cells of connective tissue
Some are fixed and some are wandering
-Fibres of connective tissue
3 types
1)collagen fibres
2)reticular fibres
3)elastic fibres
-Ground substance
Occupies the space between the cells and fibres of connective tissues
High water content, transparent, colourless, viscous
∙Ehlers-denlos syndrome
-Function of collagen fibres in connective tissue
Provide strength and flexibility to tissue. These fibres are responsible for resisting large forces
-Without functioning collagen, we could expect laxity or “looseness” in tissue. Lax tissue could present in the following symptoms:
Loose skin with high elasticity or stretch
Fragile skin that cannot resist large forces
Flexible joints leading to joint pain, and eventually arthritis
Other symptoms involving lax tissue may arise in individuals with E D S。