【托福写作备考】TPO23综合写作文本及解析
TPO23 听力 TEXT 5 翻译
TPO23 L ISTENING T EXT 5教授：我们已经讨论过海洋生物在水里如何寻找方向，它们如何航行，并且这带来了一个有趣的谜题，一个我保证你们都会感兴趣的谜题。
大家都喜欢海豚吧？那么，海豚实际上发出两种声音。
第一种通过喷水孔发出声音的发声法想必大家都已熟知。
而我们今天主要关注的是它们用于回声定位的短促的咔嚓声，由此它们可以探测周遭环境。
实践证明，这些声音是由海豚的装满空气的鼻液囊中发出的。
那个谜题是：那个咔嚓声是如何在水中传播的？这并不像想象中那样简单。
你看，介质的密度越大，声音传播速度也越快。
因此，声音在水中传播的速度比在空气中更快。
那么，声波又如何呢？好，现在有一束光波在一种介质中愉快地穿行，突然，它撞到了另一种不同的介质，接下来会发生什么呢？对，一部分能量将被反射回来，另一部分则将在第二种介质中传播。
接着呢？在接下来呢？如果这两种介质有着非常不同的密度，比如空气和水，那么大多数的能量都将被反射回来，只有很小的一部分会继续前行，即在新的介质中传播。
我的意思是，就想想当你潜在水里时，外面那些声响实际上传入你的耳朵里有多么小。
那么，海豚的咔嚓声是如何通过它的充满空气的鼻液囊传播进入海水的呢？因为我们已经知道鼻腔中的空气和海水的密度的不同，我们可以想象这些声音在海豚的脑中来回循环，这将不会让海豚好受。
如果它想要航行，它将需要传播那些声音，并且被一些前方的物体反弹。
已被证实，在海豚前额中鼻液囊的正前方，有一种叫做额隆的结构。
目前，额隆被看作是一种由脂肪组织构成的大的囊状袋。
并且，这个脂肪组织有一些相当有趣的声学的性能。
大多数在动物体内的脂肪都是用来储存能量的，但是在海豚体内并且仅仅在额隆以及下颌周围发现的这种脂肪，是非常不一样的，富含非常多的油脂。
并且，也展现出了十分不同的用途。
现在，克服空气和水的密度差异的方法是？如果你用和声波一样的速率前进，准确地与在某种水中的速度吻合。
这就是海洋生物学家发现的额隆。
TPO23第三篇翻译
参考译文：澳大利亚土著的岩石艺术自从欧洲人第一次探索澳大利亚，人们就一直试图了解那些远古的岩画和洞穴，它们由土著居民也就是这片大陆的原始居民创造。
在十九世纪早期，遇到的岩石艺术品还比较少，大多是猜测性的解释，，但是到了十九世纪晚期，人们意识到这些岩石艺术的范围和多样性一直在增加。
在随后二十世纪的几十年里，更多的努力放到了理解和记录澳大利亚岩画的丰富性上。
系统地研究这门艺术是澳大利亚一门相当新的学科。
在过去四十年里新的发现不断添加到这门知识体系中。
最重要的数据集中在三个主要问题上。
首先，澳大利亚岩石艺术处于哪个时代？第二，它的组织风格是什么样的以及有没有可能从风格中辨别出一个发展序列和模式？第三，有没有可能在利用所有可能的考古技术和对现有土著居民中博学者的了解，准确地了解这些岩石艺术所要表达的主题？关于澳大利亚岩石艺术的时代一直在修正，早期的年代测定被提议为新发现的结果。
现在，可靠的科学证据证明澳大利亚最早的岩石艺术创作大约在3 万到5 万年前。
这本身是一个几乎不可思议的跨代，也使得澳大利亚的岩石艺术成为世界上传承最久的艺术。
尽管澳大利亚岩石艺术的非凡古迹现在已经被确立，它们的年代顺序和图案的意义却有着广泛的争论1970 年代中期以来，澳大利亚岩画艺术组织已经形成一个相当稳定的图像。
为了给这幅画创造一种结构感，研究者们依赖仍然根基于本土视觉文化形式的不同——这种不同是几何元素和修饰元素的不同。
最早在澳大利亚岩石艺术地区的发现的简单的几何重复图案——圆，同心圆，以及线条——组成了肖像学（人物图案）。
一些简单图案在这些最古老的遗址上出现的频率使得岩石艺术研究人员采用了一种描述性的术语——Panaramitee 风格——取名自澳大利亚南部沙漠Panaramitee North 广袤的岩石丘，这些岩石丘表面都刻有这些图案。
这些图案的特点让人们得出一个结论:即它们是来自于一个久远的时代——地质变化明显发生在这些图案的设计之后，当那些土著中的信息提供者第一次被问到这个问题时，好像并不知道它们的来源。
托福TPO23独立写作题目文本+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO23独立写作题目文本独立写作题目文本++满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO23独立写作题目原文：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In Intoday’s world, it is more important to work quickly and risk making mistakes than to work slowly and make sure that everything is correct.Use specific reasons and examples to support your e specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福TPO23独立写作满分范文：Modern technological development has made our lives faster than ever before. Modern technological development has made our lives faster than ever before. Under this circumstance, people nowadays tend to live with a faster pace, and peopleare now concern more about efficiency. As a result, doing things slowly and making almost everything correctly seems to be sort of out of date. In a modern society, people should, I believe, work at a higher speed and risk taking mistakes.As I've mentioned in the first paragraph, the development of modern technology As I've mentioned in the first paragraph, the development of modern technology has made our life faster than ever before. With the assistance of modern techniques,we consequently should work faster than ever before. For instance, in the old days people made their own clothes by hand. But now, machines in the factories have made sewing and weaving at a great speed and of great quality. We do not have to waste any time doing cumbersome works because of modern technology. Therefore, why shouldwe insist to work at a slow pace instead of enjoying the convenience that is broughtby technology?Another important aspect is, now we are living in a society which develops Another important aspect is, now we are living in a society which develops rapidly. To meet the rapid change and improvement, all of us need to improve our ownefficiency. As we can see, almost every factory wants to increase its productivity and almost all the employer wants employees to generate greater value within the timelimitation. Nobody wants to be a loser in the society, so the only way to keep pace with the whole society is to accelerate, which is, working faster.By then, some people may counters that people may face greater risks of making By then, some people may counters that people may face greater risks of making mistakes. Admittedly, it is highly possible for us to make mistakes when working at a high speed. But in fact, we human beings always make mistakes, so even if we work as slowly and carefully as possible, we still risk making errors. However, by takingthe advantage of modern technology and high self-efficiency, we can do our work moreprecisely than ever before.All in all, in today ’s world, people should work at a higher speed. It is so All in all, in today ’s world, people should work at a higher speed. It is soimportant that everyone in a modern society should be like that. It is a general tendency of our world.满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!!以上是给大家整理的托福TPO23独立写作题目文本独立写作题目文本++满分范文，希望对你有所帮助。
TPO综合写作-阅读听力文本(1-23)
TPO（1-23）综合写作阅读听力原文TPO1ReadingIn the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate. Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.ListeningProfessorOffering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-dayemployees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.TPO2ReadingIn many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issue s. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.ListeningProfessorNow I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" . . . they didn't contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was "highlycreative." And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.TPO3ReadingRembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency. Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error.Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood.For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the 1930s.ListeningProfessor:Everything you just read about "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is true, and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt. Here is why.First, the fur collar. X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn't part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady. Second, the supposed error with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur color was removed, the original could be seen, in the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth. The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman's face. That's why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original painting, light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt.Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grandand more valuable. So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood, as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt, his "Self-portrait with a Hat".TPO4ReadingEndotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.Polar dinosaursOne reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.Leg position and movementThere is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms. Haversian canalsThere is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals. ListeningProfessor:Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the polar regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the polar regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in polar regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.Well, what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles. That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structuresupports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, that's true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.TPO5ReadingAs early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.ListeningProfessor:Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First, sure, from the outside, the great houses look like later and Native American apartment but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there. I'll explain. If hundreds of people were living in the great houses, then there would have to be manyfireplaces, where each family did its daily cooking, but there are very few fireplaces. In one of the largest great houses, there were fireplaces for only around ten families. Yet there were enough rooms in the great house for more than a hundred families, so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second, the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize ; unsupported by evidence. It may sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage, but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers. If the great houses were used for storage, why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor? Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third, the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either. You know that mound at Pueblo Alto? It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots, stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies. For example, there are large quantities of building materials, sands, stones, even construction tools. This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material, stuff that was thrown away or not used up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too, leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremoniesTPO6ReadingCommunal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.Second, even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct, the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia. Once changes have been made to the original text, an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with. None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not. A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as, say, a single long-running television program. The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online "democratic" communal encyclopedias do not.ListeningProfessor:The communal online encyclopedia wil! probably never be perfect, but that's a small price to pay for what it does offer. The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.First, errors. It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors. Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate, if you are looking for a realty comprehensive reference work without any mistakes, you are not going to find it, on or off line. The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia But with the printed and bound encyclopedia, the errors remain for decades. Second, hacking. Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their articles from malicious hackers. One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format, which is a format that no one can make changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable. Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.Third, what's worth knowing about? The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they have limited space, so they have to decide what's important and what's not. And in practice, the judgments of the group of academics that make these decfsions don't reflect the great range of interests that people really have. But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias. The academic articles are stiii represented in online encyclopedias, but there can be a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users' interests. The diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantagesTPO7ReadingIn an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices, an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling materials. Companies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their products as ecocertified. Around the world, many wood companies have adopted new, ecologically friendly practices in order to receive ecocertification. However, it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will do the same, for several reasons.First, American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the ecocertification label. Because so many mediocre products are labeled 'new" or improved,'' American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general. Second, ecocertified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn ecocertification, a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency. This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain ecocertificationThird, although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for Americancompanies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world, this argument is not convincing. Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad. But that is not the case,American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States, catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.ListeningWell, despite what many people say, there is a good reason to think that many American wood companies will eventually seek ecocertification for the wood products.First off, companies in the United States don't treat all advertising the same.They distinguish between advertising claims that companies make about their own products and claims made by independent certification agencies. Americans have a lot of confidence in independent agencies. Thus ecologically-minded Americans are likely to react very favorably to wood products ecologically certified by independent organization with a intenational reputation for trustworthiness.Second point ,of course it is true that American consumers care a lot about price ,who doesn't?But studies of how consumers make decisions show that price alone deterimines consumers' decisions only when the price of one competing products is much higher or lower than the other.When the difference between two products is small ,say , less than 5 percent,as is the case with certified wood, American often do choose on factories other than price.And Americans are becoming increasingly convinced of the value of preserving and protecting the environment.And third, US Wood companies should definitely pay attention what is going on in the wood business internationally. Not because of foreign consumers but because of foreign competitors. As I just told you, there is a good chance that many American consumers will be interested in ecocertified products, and guess why? If American companies are slow capturing those consumers, you can be sure that foreign companies will soon start crowding into the American markets, offering ecocerfied wood that domestic companies don't.TPO8ReadingToward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was. For example, in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland, he was very wealthy, and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties and gambling. However, evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant. Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich, he would not have needed to borrow money.Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in thememoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire. No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed. However, critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.Critics have also questioned the memoir's account of the Chevalier's escape from a notorious prison in Venice, Italy. He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof. Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading, it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.ListeningProfessor:No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail, but still, the Chevalier's memoir is pretty accurate overall, and is, by and large, a reliable historical source Let's look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.First, the loan from the merchant. Well, that doesn't mean that the Chevalier was poor. Let me explain. We know that in Switzerland, the Chevalier spent huge amounts of money on parties and gambling, and he had wealth. But it was a kind of property you have to seil first to get money. So it usually took a few days to convert his assets into actual money. So when he ran out of cash, he had to borrow some while he was waiting for his money to arrive, but that's not being poor. Second, the conversations with Voltaire. The Chevalier states in his memoir that each night immediately after conversing with Voltaire, he wrote down everything he could remember about that particular night's conversation. Evidently the Chevalier kept his notes of these conversations for many years and referred to them when writing the memoir. Witnesses who lived with the Chevalier in his later life confirmed that he regularly consulted notes and journals when composing the memoir.Third, the Chevalier's escape from a prison in Venice. Other prisoners in that prison had even more powerful friends than he did, and none of them were ever able to bribe their way to freedom, So bribery hardly seems likely in his case. The best evidence, though, comes from some old Venetian government documents. They indicate that soon after the Chevalier escaped from the prison, the ceiling of his old prison room had to be repaired. Why would they need to repair a ceiling unless he had escaped exactly as he said he did.TPO9ReadingCar manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile's main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum,。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文23--2 Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO23(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture托福阅读原文【1】Agriculture and fishing formed the primary sector of the economy in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century. Dutch agriculture was modernized and commercialized new crops and agricultural techniques raised levels of production so that they were in line with market demands, and cheap grain was imported annually from the Baltic region in large quantities. According to estimates, about 120,000 tons of imported grain fed about 600,000 people: that is about a third of the Dutch population. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.【2】Apart from this, being able to give up labor-intensive grain production freed both the land and the workforce for more productive agricultural divisions. The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops: flax, madder, and rape were grown, as were tobacco, hops, and turnips. These products were bought mostly by urban businesses. Therewas also a demand among urban consumers for dairy products such as butter and cheese, which, in the sixteenth century, had become more expensive than grain. The high prices encouraged the peasants to improve their animal husbandry techniques; for example, they began feeding their animals indoors in order to raise the milk yield of their cows. 【3】In addition to dairy farming and cultivating industrial crops, a third sector of the Dutch economy reflected the way in which agriculture was being modernized-horticulture. In the sixteenth century, fruit and vegetables were to be found only in gardens belonging to wealthy people. This changed in the early part of the seventeenth century when horticulture became accepted as an agricultural sector. Whole villages began to cultivate fruit and vegetables. The produce was then transported by water to markets in the cities, where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy.【4】As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased, agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes. In order to increase production on existing land, the peasants made more use of crop rotation and, in particular, began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather than leaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock. For the first time industrial waste, such as ash from the soap-boilers, was collected in thecities and sold in the country as artificial fertilizer. The increased yield and price of land justified reclaiming and draining even more land.【5】The Dutch battle against the sea is legendary. Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608. The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim a good 7,100 hectares of land. Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612, with the investors receiving annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 percent. Land reclamation continued, and between 1590 and 1665, almost 100,000 hectares were reclaimed from the wetland areas of Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland. However, land reclamation decreased significantly after the middle of the seventeenth century because the price of agricultural products began to fall, making land reclamation far less profitable in the second part of the century.【6】Dutch agriculture was finally affected by the general agricultural crisis in Europe during the last two decades of the seventeenth century. However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture. In Europe as a whole, the exceptional reduction in thepopulation and the related fall in demand for grain since the beginning of the seventeenth century had caused the price of agricultural products to fall. Dutch peasants were able to remain unaffected by this crisis for a long time because they had specialized in dairy farming industrial crops, and horticulture. However, toward the end of the seventeenth century, they too were overtaken by the general agricultural crisis.托福阅读试题1.By indicating that production was in line with market demands (paragraph 1) the author means that Dutch farmers were able toA.exceed other European countries in agricultural production.B.produce crops mat were similar to those popular in other European countries.C.supply sufficient quantities of the agricultural products that the Dutch population wanted to buy.D.satisfy the demand for high quality agricultural products from the Baltic region.2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 1)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.B.Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.C.Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.D.The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.3.The phrase “Apart from” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.Besides.B.Despite.C.As a result of.D.Instead of.4.According to paragraph 2, the increases demands on Dutch agriculture made by urban consumers had which of the following results?A.Seasonal shortages of the products consumers most wanted.B.Increased production of high-quality grain products.C.Raised prices charged by peasants to urban consumers.D.Different ways of caring for dairy-producing animals.5.The word “consumption” in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.sale.B.storage.C.exportation.D.utilization.6.According to paragraph 3, the modernization of agriculture in the Netherlands was evident in all of the following ways EXCEPT:A.The production of fruits and vegetables became a commercial venture.B.The wealthy stopped growing fruits and vegetables in their gardens and grew flowers instead.C.Horticultural produce was transported to city markets by water.D.Many more people were able to afford to eat fresh fruits and vegetables.7.Select the TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 4, indicate two methods people used to increase the productivity of their land. To receive credit you must select TWO answersA.They planted different crops in different sections of the farm each year.B.They used improved irrigation methods to increase the yield of crops.C.They increased the use of fertilizers to supply more nutrients to plants.D.They used new horticultural practices to produce different varieties of plants in the same section of the farm.8.The word “they” in the passage (paragraph 5) refers toA.merchants.B.hectares.C.windmills.D.drainage pumps.9.According to paragraph 5, which of the following was an important reason why land-reclamation projects in the first half of the seventeenth century proceeded rapidly?A.Windmills became powerful enough to run drainage pumps efficiently.B.Merchants invested large amounts of money in reclamation.C.High interest rates discouraged people from buying land already available.D.Reclaimed land was much more suitable for agriculture than the existing land.10.The word “legendary” in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.continuous.B.well documented.C.famous.D.expensive.11.The word “astonishing” in the passage (paragraph6) is closest in meaning toA.incredibleB.unfortunateC.predictedD.evident12.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage (in paragraph 6)?A.A presentation of a theory and the evidence in favor of it.B.A general statement followed by examples and relevant details.C.A analysis of a problem and its solution.D.A series of statements leading to a conclusion.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. Some villages specialized in growing cabbages and carrots; others grew onions, mustard, and coriander; and still others produced fruit and cultivated trees in nurseries.Paragraph 3: In addition to dairy farming and cultivating industrial crops, a third sector of the Dutch economy reflected the way in which agriculture was being modernized-horticulture. ■【A】In the sixteenth century, fruit and vegetables were to be found only in gardens belonging to wealthy people. ■【B】This changed in the early part of the seventeenth century when horticulture became accepted as an agricultural sector. ■【C】Whole villages began to cultivate fruit and vegetables. ■【D】Theproduce was then transported by water to markets in the cities, where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy.14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provides below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Agriculture formed one of the primary sectors of the economy in seventeenth-century Netherlands.A.The Baltic region produced large quantities of grain for export to other regions, including the Netherlands.B.The richest people grew enough fruits and vegetables to supply the entire country with fresh produce.C.An agricultural crisis that began in Europe did not affect Dutch land-reclamation projects.D.Specialization in dairy farming, industrial crops, and horticulture allowed the Dutch to be more productive than some other regions in Europe.nd reclamation and improvement allowed the Dutch to meet demands for their agricultural products.F.Because the Dutch had specialized their agricultural output they wereless susceptible to the crisis that Europe experienced from the beginning of the century.托福阅读答案1.以market demands做关键词定位至第二句，说农业现代化，commercialized 的作物和先进的agricultural technique使得产量升高，从而可以满足市场的需要，因此这些人满足市场需要的原因是作物的产量高，所以正确答案是C。
【托福英语】TPO23
TPO-23Section 11. What is the cause of the student’s problem?A. She missed the deadline for submitting her announcement to the university website.B. She did not include enough information in her announcement.C. The editors of the university web site did not post her announcement.D. The university web site will not be available to students for several days.2. What did the student’s group to promise the author in order to get him to visit the university?A. That he would have a large audience for his readingB. That his books would be advertised on the university web siteC. That the French Department would pay his travel expensesD. That he would also be able to speak at another nearby university3. What does the man imply about the editors of the university’s web site?A. They are sometimes careless in their handling of studentsB. They sometimes revise students’ announcements before posting themC. They routinely try to predict student interest in upcoming events.D. They usually attend the event advertised on the web site4. What does the man suggest the student do?A. Postpone the event until next weekB. Advertise the event on a more specialized web siteC. Explain her situation to the editors of the university web siteD. Create a poster to advertise the event5. Why does the student say this:A. To suggest that the man contact the French DepartmentB. To express her frustration with the French Department’s requirements for fundingC. To assure the man that the event has the support of the French DepartmentD. To explain why she is asking the man for additional fundingLecture 16. What is the lecture mainly about?A. The methods archaeologists used to reconstruct the Antikythera MechanismB. The influence the Antikythera Mechanism has had on the study of physicsC. A research project in the combined fields of archaeology, physics, and mathematicsD. An archaeological discovery that challenged an accepted historical view7. According to the professor, how did the Antikythera Mechanism work?A. Dials on the device could be turned to calculated a ship’s location at seaB. The device was used to operated the images located on the caseC. Light from the Sun illuminated particular indicators on the case throughout the day8. What is the professor’s attitude about the proposition that the Antikythera Mechanism is over twothousand years old?A. She is confident that the dating is accurateB. She is sure the dating will be revised in the futureC. She is surprised that the dating remains inconclusiveD. She believes that additional testing will be needed to confirm the dating9. According to the professor, why is it unusual to discover a bronze artifact from ancient Greece?A. Bronze objects were often recycledB. Bronze corrodes underwater very quicklyC. Ancient Greeks had limited access to bronzeD. Artists of ancient Greece preferred to work with other materials10. How were archaeologists able to determine how the Antikythera Mechanism operated?A. By comparing it to similar devices used 1,000 years laterB. By using gamma rays to see inside of the mechanismC. By referring to ancient Greek writings about the mechanismD. By consulting with colleagues in the field of physics11. What does the professor imply about the ancient Greeks when she says this:A. They were the first to observe the irregularity in the Moon’s orbitB. They might not have been the inventors of the Antikythera MechanismC. They were more scientifically advanced than is commonly thoughtD. They appeared to have made some errors in their calculationsLecture 212. What is the lecture mainly about?A. Ways of identifying different types of cloudsB. Recent research findings about the causes of global warmingC. The impact of clouds on global temperaturesD. The impact of human activity on cloud formation13. According to the professor, what is Earth’s radiation budget?A. The average temperature difference between land masses and bodies of waterB. The balance between incoming solar energy and reflected solar energyC. The percentage of incoming solar energy that gets trapped in cloudsD. The portion of marine species that has been affected by global warming14. Why does the professor discuss albedo?A. To point out that different surfaces have different reflective propertiesB. To suggest that the reflective surfaces on Earth should be increasedC. To demonstrate how a cloud’s thickness is measuredD. To explain why clear air reflects a large amount of solar energy back to space15. What can be inferred from the lecture about the effects of different types of clouds on Earth’s climate?A. Low, thick clouds increase ocean temperatures much more than high, thin clouds doB. The cooling effect of low, thick clouds is stronger overall than the heating effect of high, thin cloudsC. The effect of low, thick clouds is understood better than the effect of high, thin cloudsD. The effect of low, thick clouds is much more variable than the effect of high, thin clouds16. What does the professor say about microscopic plants in the ocean near Antarctica?A. They have been raising the ocean’s albedoB. Their population is increasing due to global warmingC. They grow more rapidly when cloud cover is thinD. They produce a chemical that leads to cloud formation17. Why does the professor say this:?A. To reintroduce a topic from a previous lectureB. To correct a common misunderstandingC. To encourage students to express their own opinionsD. To revise his previous response to a student’s questionSection 2Conversation 11. Why does the man go to see the professor?A. To discuss a grade he received on a paperB. To get advice about which course he should take next termC. To ask a question about a reading assignmentD. To request permission to take an advanced course2. Why did the professor assign Araby instead of another short story from Dubliner?A. It is not related to the other stories in the collectionB. It is the shortest story in the collectionC. It is told from the narrators point of viewD. It is organized in a predictable way3. What is the professor’s attitude when she discusses the master writer seminar?A. She is surprised that more students do not enroll in itB. She is excited because she learns a great deal from her studentsC. She is pleased because it gives students a strong foundation in literary theory and criticismD. She is disappointed that she does not get to teach it as often as she would like4. What does the man imply when he mentions the paper he has written?A. He feels ready to study literature that is more challengingB. He understands what he must do to improve his gradesC. He already appreciates the uniqueness of James Joyce’s novelsD. He is trying to match his literary styles to James Joyce’s5. What does the professor say about the course on nineteenth-century novels?A. It is one of the courses that she will be teaching next termB. It is offered at a time of day that will work with the man’s scheduleC. It is a natural progression from the course the man is taking nowD. It will compare nineteenth-century novels with a James Joyce novelLecture 36. What is the lecture mainly about?A. Parts of the dolphin’s anatomy that allow it to navigateB. Two different types of communication used by dolphinsC. The way that dolphins store air while swimming underwaterD. The meanings of different signals used by dolphins7. Why does the professor discuss the speed at which sound travels?A. To describe why sounds made under water can travel long distancesB. To show why a person cannot hear a dolphin well when it is under waterC. To compare the speed of two different sounds made by dolphinsD. To explain how sound waves behave when crossing from one medium into another8. What is the dolphin’s melon?A. An oval-shaped bone that lets the dolphin hear soundsB. An organ made of fat tissue that helps a dolphin send sound wavesC. An air filled cavity that lets the dolphin breathe underwaterD. An organ filled with water that helps the dolphin measure depth9. What is the dolphin’s jaw able to do?A. Send rapid clicking sounds into waterB. Increase the speed of soundsC. Receive sound waves that have reflected off objectsD. Force water through the nasal sacs and out the blowhole10. How does the professor organize the information in the lecture?A. By describing a phenomenon and the physics structures that make it possibleB. By describing several of the dolphin’s senses and their relative usefulnessC. By contrasting how the dolphin makes two different types of soundsD. By describing an old theory and then a new theory11. Why does the professor say this:A. To find out whether students are familiar with the lecture topicB. To mention a related topic that will not be discussed in detailC. To mention a common misconception about dolphin vocalizationsD. To point out a primary function of dolphin blowholesLecture 412. What is the main purpose of the lecture?A. To discuss some films the class will be viewingB. To help prepare students for a class assignmentC. To compare two types of filmmaking techniquesD. To talk about the history of screen dance13. What does the professor say that facial expressions are relatively unimportant in live performances?A. To point out that dancing and acting have many differencesB. To emphasize that screen dancers should not be concerned about their facial expressionsC. To give an example of a weakness of modern choreographyD. To suggest a reason why dancers might want to participate in a screen dance14. How does the professor try to make students feel more confident about their assignment? Click on 2answersA. He tells them they will be able to practice editing filmsB. He tells them that technical assistance is available if they need itC. He tells them they will not be graded on the technical aspects of their filmD. He tells them that editing techniques are easy to learn15. Why does the professor talk about a dancer entering and exiting a frame?A. To explain one way of creating a sense of flow in a screen danceB. To point out that some screen dances are filmed on a stageC. To help explain why screen dance is becoming more popularD. To remind students to follow safety guidelines when filming a screen dance16. According to the professor, what does screen dance offer to viewers that live dance does not?A. A chance to see different types of dances being performed at the same timeB. An opportunity to share the enthusiasm dancers have for their artC. A way to see how dance has changed over timeD. A more convenient way to watch dance17. What is the professor’s opinion about the future impact of screen dance?A. It will inspire some stage choreographers to change their methodsB. It will eventually replace live danceC. It will probably build new audiences for live danceD. It will probably discourage some people from entering the dance profession。
TPO23阅读解析-Passage2
Q1答案：C解析：以market demands做关键词定位至第二句，提到农业现代化，commercialized的作物和先进的agricultural technique使得产量升高，从而可以满足市场的需要，因此这些人满足市场需要的原因是作物的产量高，所以正确答案是C。
A和B都完全没提到，D错误，因为原文说的是从Baltic进口，不是满足Baltic的需要。
Q2答案：B解析：这个句子的大致结构是import使得价格下降，因此刺激需求，所以正确答案是B。
选项A的进口其他食物和C的primary goal原文都未提及，D的结构完全和原句不符合，错误。
Q3答案：A解析：apart from“除……之外还有”，所以正确答案是besides。
原文提到这个，不进行需要大量劳动力的grain production，也使得劳力和土地都被解放出来进行更productive的产业。
整句话在说不生产grain的一个优点，上一个题的长句子已经说了一个优点，因此这是在说另外一个优点，应该是“除了……还有……”，所以A是正确答案。
B“尽管”C“因此”D“而不是”都完全不合文意。
Q4答案：D解析：以urban consumers做关键词定位至倒数第二句，提到城市消费者需要奶制品，而奶制品比谷物价格贵得多，但这句只说了现象，没说结果，往下看。
提到高价使农民改善了牲畜饲养技术，所以正确答案是D。
A的shortage原文未提及，B的grain是原文说放弃的，C的high price不是农民收的。
Q5答案：D解析：consumption“消费，使用，吃掉”。
所以正确答案是D的utilization，原词来自consume。
原文提到蔬果通过水路运到城市里的市场中，蔬菜与水果的使用/消费不仅限于富人，富人运水果，存水果和卖水果都不合文意，前文提到以前只有富人能吃得起蔬果，所以正确答案是D。
Q6答案：B解析：此题可以采用排除法，A选项没有很好的关键词，暂时可以不管；B的flower 未提及，原文提到的不只是富人种蔬果，不是富人改种花，所以B与原文相反，选；C的city markets by water做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选；同时这句话也可以判断出D选项正确，不选；倒数第二句提到整个村子都种蔬果，也就是A说的commercial venture，A正确，不选。
新托福TPO23阅读原文及译文(三)
新托福TPO23阅读原文(三)：Rock Art of the Australia Aborigines TPO23-3：Rock Art of the Australia AboriginesEver since European first explored Australia, people have been trying to understand the ancient rock drawings and cavings created by the Aborigines, the original inhabitants of the continent. Early in the nineteenth century, encounters with Aboriginal rock art tended to be infrequent and open to speculative interpretation, but since the late nineteenth century, awareness of the extent and variety of Australian rock art has been growing. In the latter decades of the twentieth century there were intensified efforts to understand and record the abundance of Australian rock art.The systematic study of this art is a relatively new discipline in Australia. Over the past four decades new discoveries have steadily added to the body of knowledge. The most significant data have come from a concentration on three major questions. First, what is the age of Australian rock art? Second, what is its stylistic organization and is it possible to discern a sequence or a pattern of development between styles? Third, is it possible to interpret accurately the subject matter of ancient rock art, bring to bear all available archaeological techniques and the knowledge of present-day Aboriginal informants?The age of Australia’s rock art is constantly being revised, and earlier datings have been proposed as the result of new discoveries. Currently, reliable scientific evidence dates the earliest creation of art on rock surfaces in Australia to somewhere between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago. This in itself is an almost incomprehensible span of generations, and one that makes Australia’s rock art the oldest continuous art tradition in the world.Although the remarkable antiquity of Australia’s rock art is now established, the sequences and meanings of its images have been widely debated. Since the mid-1970s, a reasonably stable picture has formed of the organization of Australian rock art. In order to create a sense of structure to this picture, researchers have relied on a distinction that still underlies the forms of much indigenous visual culture—a distinction between geometric and figurative elements. Simple geometric repeatedpatterns—circles, concentric circles, and lines—constitute the iconography (characteristic images) of the earliest rock-art sites found across Australia. The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface. Certain features of these engravings lead to the conclusion that they are of great age—geological changes had clearly happened after the designs had been made and local Aboriginal informants, when first questioned about them, seemed to know nothing of their origins. Furthermore, the designs were covered with “desert varnish,”a glaze that develops on rock surfaces over thousands of years of exposure to the elements. The simple motifs found at Panaramitee are common to many rock-art sites across Australia. Indeed, sites with engravings of geometric shapes are also to be found on the island of Tasmania, which was separated from the mainland of the continent some 10,000 years ago.In the 1970s when the study of Australian archaeology was in an exciting phase of development, with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear. Lesley Maynard, the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,”suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art, in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals), followed by a range of complex figurative styles that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition, tended to much greater regional diversity. While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites, which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years a number of writers have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequence—a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic—obscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia, in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important. In this context the simplicity of a geometric motif may be more apparent than real. Motifs of seeming simplicity can encode complex meanings in Aboriginal Australia. And has not twentieth-centuryart shown that naturalism does not necessarily follow abstraction in some kind of predetermine sequence?TPO23-3译文：澳大利亚土著的岩石艺术自从欧洲人第一次探索澳大利亚，人们就一直试图了解那些远古的岩画和洞穴，它们由土著居民也就是这片大陆的原始居民创造。
托福TPO23
TPO23-1-1 原文：Urban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving. The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.The surface-atmosphere relationships inside metropolitan areas produce a number of climatic peculiarities. For one thing, the presence or absence of moisture is affected by the specialqualities of the urban surface. With much of the built-up landscape impenetrable by water, even gentle rain runs off almost immediately from rooftops, streets, and parking lots. Thus, city surfaces, as well as the air above them, tend to be drier between episodes of rain; with little water available for the cooling process of evaporation, relative humidities are usually lower. Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds, making them far less efficient at dispersing pollutants. On the other hand, air turbulence increases because of the effect of skyscrapers on airflow. Rainfall is also increased in cities. The cause appears to be in part greater turbulence in the urban atmosphere as hot air rises from the built-up surface.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paragraph 1: The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.1. The word “enormous” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ growing○ frightening○ very large○ strictly controlledParagraph 2: In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.2. The word “surpass” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ remain below○ be higher than○ add to○ come close to3. According to paragraph 2, how soon heat from a warmed house reaches the outside air greatly affected by○ how well the house is heated○ how we ll the house is insulated○ how many adults live in the house○ how much sunshine the house receivesParagraph 3: The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.4. According to paragraph 3, each of the following contributes to making urban areas warmer than the surrounding countryside EXCEPT○ the fuel burned by motor vehicles○ the capacity to store heat of the materials used in building a city○ the easy flow of heat into the ground in city areas covered by vegetation○ the repeated reflection of sol ar radiation back and forth among buildings5. According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?○ The countryside in the Sun is the only important source of heat.○ Construction materia ls in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the countryside.○ In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.○ Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.6. How is paragraph 3 organized?○ It describes two factors that contribute to the increased heat of cities and then provides two causes for the second factor.○ It describes two causes discovered in an early analysis of the increased heat of cities.○ It des cribes two factors that contribute to the increased heat of cities and two other factors that work against it.○ It describes two well-established causes of the increased heat of cities and other two whose roles are less well understood.Paragraph 4: Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. Theprecise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving. The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.7.The word “configuration” in the pas sage is closest in meaning to○ location○ history○ temperature○ shape8. According to paragraph 4, what can explain the substantial differences in temperature between one area and other within a well-developed heat island?○ The overall size of the heat island that includes the two reasons○ The intensify of the heat island that includes the two areas○ Differences between the two areas in the general level of activity, including traffic○ Dif ferences between the two areas in the insulation materials used in construction9. Paragraph 4 supports the idea that a city’s heat-island intensity would increase if○ the city went into an economic decline and lost population○ the city’s economy shifted from heavy industry to health care and education○ there was an upward trend in the average age of the city’s residents○ repair work on the streets slowed traffic throughout the cityParagraph 5: The surface-atmosphere relationships inside metropolitan areas produce a number of climatic peculiarities. For one thing, the presence or absence of moisture is affected by the special qualities of the urban surface. With much of the built-up landscape impenetrable by water, even gentle rain runs off almost immediately from rooftops, streets, and parking lots. Thus, city surfaces, as well as the air above them, tend to be drier between episodes of rain; with little water available for the cooling process of evaporation, relative humidities are usually lower. Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds, making them far less efficient at dispersing pollutants. On the other hand, air turbulence increases because of the effect of skyscrapers on airflow. Rainfall is also increased in cities. The cause appears to be in part greater turbulence in the urban atmosphere as hot air rises from the built-up surface.10. According to paragraph 5, surfaces in the city are generally drier than surfaces in thecountryside between periods of rainfall because○ in the city gentle rain is much more common than heavy rain○ high temperatures in the city speed up the process of evaporation○ in the city there are longer periods of dry weather between episodes of rain○ rainwater in the city cannot soak into most surfaces and quickly runs off11. The word “modified” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ changed○ blocked○ increased○ weakened12. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments?○ The high speed of the winds travelling above cities○ The greater rainfal l totals recorded in cities○ Attempts to reduce urban air pollution○ The effects of tall buildings on airflowParagraph 4: Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. ■The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. ■For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direc tion it blows. ■When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. ■Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving.The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the air directly above them. Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Cities create climatic conditions of their own through their physical structure and urban activities.●The built-up lands cape of…●The materials from which…●Cities tend to be warmer…Answer Choices○ The amount of heat produced in a city will be reduced when cities use the heat from cars to warm homes.○ The built-up landscape of the city readily becomes a heat island, with greater water runoff and special climatic conditions such as low relative humidity and increased air turbulence.○ The materials from which cities are built and the effects of pollution domes help make urban areas warmer than rural areas.○ Cities tend t o be warmer than their surrounding areas, in part because they produce heat by burning fuel for heating, powering vehicles, and industrial production.○ In most cities, the heating that results from solar radiation is intensified by carbon dioxide,a gas t hat is present at very high concentrations in cities’ atmospheres.○ During periods without rainfall, the air in cities heats up and causes winds to slow down, with the result that pollutants are not dispersed.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------参考答案：○3○ 2○ 2○ 3○ 4○ 1○ 4○ 3○ 4○ 4○ 1○ 4○ 3The built-up landscape of…The materials from which…Cities tend to be warmer…---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 答案解析：第一题，C，词汇题。
tpo23大作文范文
The question of whether working quickly and making some mistakes are more essential than working gradually and ensuring not to make mistakes sparks on a fierce debate. Some people tend to work quickly to ensure they can survive in modern society while others are used to working slowly to ensure they have a stable job. As far as i am concerned, to work quickly and to risk posing mistakes are more significant on account of the rapid development of society and the great competitiveness.On one hand, the great competitiveness of the modern society compels us to work dramatically and adventures to make mistakes. Nowadays, there are the minority of elites to search for sundry jobs in various slope, especially in China, some of whom possibly come from college on one hand, maybe others have brilliant work experience on the other hand. Therefore a few people have to possess a competitive edge that forces them to experience a rapid work and try to finish many cases to obtain the boss’ appreciation, in particular when finding jobs without further background. If people cannot own this kind of characteristic, they have the possibility of being replaced quickly by others who have this ability.On the other hand, to develop rapidly in society forces us to work quick and risk... Society is making great progress in diverse aspects, and various companies all desire to get a good prestige and earn much money, so they will devote themselves to coming true idea. If people always work slightly and have not any efficiency, the people are easy to be replaced by better things, taking robots as an example, there are companies in great numbers to produce work-quicking robots to finish something that people can not do and robots have more efficient than people , whatever every aspect without using brain. So people should work quickly to avoid not to be replaced.Admittedly, working slowly also has some advantages, one of which can get trust from their boss for people who work slowly and make sure that everything is correct. Owing to the fact that they always can finish a good case by themselves without boss’s review, boss don’t worry about these matters nessily when giving their cases to employees who can use their accuracy to beat othersAll in all, although working gradually and ensuring the accuracy have some benefits in dee, the advantage of working quickly out weigh those of experiencing a light work. Consequently, working quickly and rick is better working slowing.。
托福TPO23阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO23阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO23阅读Passage2原文文本： Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture Agriculture and fishing formed the primary sector of the economy in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century.Dutch agriculture was modernized and commercialized new crops and agricultural techniques raised levels of production so that they were in line with market demands,and cheap grain was imported annually from the Baltic region in large quantities.According to estimates,about 120,000 tons of imported grain fed about 600,000 people:that is about a third of the Dutch population.Importing the grain,which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves,kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods. Apart from this,being able to give up labor-intensive grain production freed both the land and the workforce for more productive agricultural divisions.The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops:flax,madder,and rape were grown,as were tobacco,hops,and turnips.These products were bought mostly by urban businesses.There was also a demand among urban consumers for dairy products such as butter and cheese,which,in the sixteenth century,had become more expensive than grain.The high prices encouraged the peasants to improve their animal husbandry techniques;for example,they began feeding their animals indoors in order to raise the milk yield of their cows. In addition to dairy farming and cultivating industrial crops,a third sector of the Dutch economy reflected the way in which agriculture was being modernized-horticulture.In the sixteenth century,fruit and vegetables were to be found only in gardens belonging to wealthy people.This changed in the early part of the seventeenth century when horticulture became accepted as an agricultural sector.Whole villages began to cultivate fruit and vegetables.The produce was then transported by water to markets in the cities,where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy. As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased,agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes.In order to increase production on existing land,the peasants made more use of crop rotation and,in particular,began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly,rather than leaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock.For the first time industrial waste,such as ash from the soap-boilers,was collected in the cities andsold in the country as artificial fertilizer.The increased yield and price of land justified reclaiming and draining even more land. The Dutch battle against the sea is legendary.Noorderkwartier in Holland,with its numerous lakes and stretches of water,was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608.The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim a good 7,100 hectares of land.Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612,with the investors receiving annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 nd reclamation continued,and between 1590 and 1665,almost 100,000 hectares were reclaimed from the wetland areas of Holland,Zeeland,and Friesland.However,land reclamation decreased significantly after the middle of the seventeenth century because the price of agricultural products began to fall,making land reclamation far less profitable in the second part of the century. Dutch agriculture was finally affected by the general agricultural crisis in Europe during the last two decades of the seventeenth century.However,what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production,but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture.In Europe as a whole,the exceptional reduction in the population and the related fall in demand for grain since the beginning of the seventeenth century had caused the price of agricultural products to fall.Dutch peasants were able to remain unaffected by this crisis for a long time because they had specialized in dairy farming industrial crops,and horticulture.However,toward the end of the seventeenth century,they too were overtaken by the general agricultural crisis. Paragraph 1:Agriculture and fishing formed the primary sector of the economy in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century.Dutch agriculture was modernized and commercialized new crops and agricultural techniques raised levels of production so that they were in line with market demands,and cheap grain was imported annually from the Baltic region in large quantities.According to estimates,about 120,000 tons of imported grain fed about 600,000 people:that is about a third of the Dutch population.Importing the grain,which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves,kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods. ▉托福TPO23阅读Passage2题目： 1.By indicating that production was in line with market demands the author means that Dutch farmers were able to ○exceed other European countries in agricultural production。
托福TPO23综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO23综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO23综合写作阅读原文文本： Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common in northwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a century now, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses explain this decline. One hypothesis is that the yellow cedar decline may be caused by insect parasites, specifically the cedar bark beetle. This beetle is known to attack cedar trees; the beetle larvae eat the wood. There have been recorded instances of sustained beetle attacks overwhelming and killing yellow cedars, so this insectis a good candidate for the cause of the tree’s decline. A second hypothesis attributes the decline to brown bears. Bears sometimes claw at the cedars in order to eat the tree bark, which has a high sugar content. In fact, the cedar bark can contain as much sugar as the wild berries that are a staple of the bears’ diet. Although the bears’ clawing is unlikely to destroy trees by itself, their aggressive feeding habits may critically weaken enough trees to be responsible for the decline. The third hypothesis states that gradual changes of climate may be to blame. Over the last hundred years, the patterns of seasonal as well as day-to-day temperatures have changed in northwestern North America. These changes have affected the root systems of the yellow cedar trees: the fine surface roots now start growing in the late winter rather than in the early spring. The change in the timing of root growth may have significant consequences. Growing roots are sensitive and are therefore likely to suffer damage from partial freezing on cold winter nights. This frozen root damage may be capable of undermining the health of the whole tree, eventually killing it. 托福TPO23综合写作听力原文文本： Unfortunately, we still don't know what's killing the yellow cedar, none of the explanations discussed in the reading is adequate.First, the cedar bark beetle. Well, the problem with this explanation is that healthy yellow cedars are generally much more resistant to insect infestation than other tree species. For example, the bark and leaves of yellow cedar are saturated with powerful chemicals that are poisonous to insects. So, healthy cedars are unlikely to suffer from insect damage. So, how can we explain those dead cedars that were infested with beetles? In those cases, the beetles attack trees that were already damaged or sick, and would've probably died anyway. So, the beetles are not the fundamental cause responsible for the decline of yellow cedars.Second, although bears damage some trees, there're not the cause of the overall population decline. Yellow cedar population's been declining all across the northwestern coast of North America both on the mainland and on islands just off the coast. There were no bears on the island, yet the islands cedars care still in decline. Since the decline occurs with and without bears, the bears cannot be responsible.And finally, the theory about roots suffering from frost damage, well,the reading passage forgot to take one factor into account. Many more trees are dying at lower elevations where it is warm than at higher elevations where it is cold. If freezing damage were responsible for the decline, we could expect to see more trees dying in the cold weather of higher elevations. Instead, more trees are dying in the relative warmth of the lower elevations. So, although the climate change may have made the cedar roots more sensitive than it used to be, this isn't what's killing them. 托福TPO23综合写作满分范文： In the lecture, the professor points out that the hypothesis made by the reading passage is not adequate to explain why the population of Yellow Cedar is on the decline. He points out several weaknesses of the statements made by the reading passage. On one hand, the professor claims that insect parasite may not be the fundamental cause of the decline. In fact, he argues that healthy yellow cedar can secrete chemicals which can kill the cedar bark beetles so that they are unlikely to suffer from insect parasite. The trees that suffers insect parasite have already been sick or on the edge of death. On the other hand, the professor asserts that brown bears cannot cause overall decline in yellow cedar population. There is decline both on the mainland of North America and islands along the coast. However, there is no brown bear on the islands at all. What’s more, the professor doubts the hypothesis that the change of climate is to blame for the declination. He admits that the climate has changed rapidly recently. And, if the climate change is the real cause, the number of trees died on the higher elevation should be larger than that on a lower elevation. The fact is, however, on the opposite. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO23综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO23阅读解析-Passage1
Q1答案：C解析：enormous“巨大的”，所以正确答案是C的very large。
单词所在句的前句说城市的物质和能量的输入和输出的废水、空气污染物、物质和能量是相当的，接着这句话提到这一过程涉及的物质的量是怎么样的，对于一个城市来说，输入和输出的物质的量当然都很大，所以答案是C，A“增长”B“令人恐惧的”D “被严格控制的”都不合文意。
Q2答案：B解析：surpass“超过”，所以正确答案是be higher than。
从单词本身看，sur表示“加强”，pass表示“过”，所以合在一起表示“超过”之意。
原句说冬天城市里产生的热量可以等于或者怎么样太阳提供的热量，跟等于并列的要么是多于要么是少于，所以正确答案是B。
Q3答案：B解析：以warmed house和outside air做关键词定位至第二句，提到当房间隔热差的时候，热量散失最快，所以散失的快慢应该取决于房屋的隔热状况，所以正确答案是B，其他答案都未提及。
Q4答案：C解析：此题可以采用排除法。
A的motor vehicles做关键词定位至第一句的cars，说fuel燃烧不是唯一来源，所以A正确，不选；B的capacity做关键词定位到第三句，也正确，不选；C的vegetation做关键词定位至第五句，说的是countryside，没说城市，所以C错误，选；D的reflection做关键词定位至两个ways的第一个，也是正确的，不选。
Q5答案：D解析：以lower heat capacity做关键词定位至第五句，提到农村的heat capacity 低于城市是因为植被覆盖使得heat不那么容易进入或者流出地表，所以正确答案是D。
A的only source，B的construction materials都没未提及，C与原文相反，原文说不那么容易。
Q6答案：A解析：提问整段的，可以先看看开头1-2句。
首句提到机动车不是唯一因素，第二句说还有两个其他的因素，然后后文详细叙述了这两个因素都是什么，所以正确答案是A。
4月23日托福写作答案解析
4月23日托福写作答案解析4月23日托福综合写作Topic 议题：feeders are bad for birdsReadingListeningSub-point 1分论点1Birds gather easily, thus spreading diseases.The diseases that spread in Hinch are always group-by-group. It has nothing to do with humans.Sub-point2分论点2Birds are exposed to predators.If humans feed birds, extra nutrition will make them stronger and healthier,enhancing the speed of reproduction. The number of new-born birds will be larger than the number of dead birds.Sub-point3分论点3It 眀椀氀氀influence birds’migration pattern.It will not disturb the pattern of natural migration, because birds will depend on shortened sunlight to decide the migration time.Sample answer:The writer and the speaker have a debate on feeding bird during the winter. The writer believes it has negative influences on birds, which is opposed by the following lecture.First, the writer claims that birds gather easily, thus spreading diseases. While the speaker views this issue from an opposite angle, according to him/her, the diseases that spread in Hinch are always group-by-group. It has nothing to do with humans.Secondly, the passage states that bad weather results in shortage of food supply. However, the speaker casts doubt on this opinion by saying that if humans feed birds, extra nutrition will make them stronger and healthier, enhancing the speed of reproduction. The number of new-born birds will be larger than the number of dead birds.Last, the writer argues that it will influence birds’migration pattern. By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, this claim does not hold water. It will not disturb the pattern of natural migration, because birds will depend on shortened sunlight to decide the migration time.4月23日托福独立写作：作文题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing sports teaches people more important lessons about life.题型类别:同不同意类题材类别：事实类相关旧题：2010.12.19ML/2015.6.14ML写作思路：这道题是比较典型的事实类题目。
托福TPO23阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO23阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO23阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO23阅读Passage1原文文本：Urban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism.A daily input of water,food,and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage,solid waste,air pollutants,energy,and materials that have been transformed in some way.The quantities involved are enormous.Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city,particularly in the production of heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun.All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air,a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated.But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter,and if a house were perfectly insulated,one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it.Therefore,even without any industrial production of heat,an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.The burning of fuel,such as by cars,is not the only source of this increased heat.Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities.The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city,which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt.During the day,heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night.But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat fromeasily flowing into and out of the ground.The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways:(1)by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and(2)by the dust dome,the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce.Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does;the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.Cities,then,are warmer than the surrounding rural areas,and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island.Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds,but they can form almost any time.The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors.For example,the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows.When a heat island is well developed,variations can be extreme;in winter,busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets.Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving.The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urbanand rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region.In general,the larger the city,the greater its heat-island intensity.The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout,population density,and productive activities of a metropolis.The surface-atmosphere relationships inside metropolitan areas produce a number of climatic peculiarities.For one thing,the presence or absence of moisture is affected by thespecial qualities of the urban surface.With much of the built-up landscape impenetrable by water,even gentle rain runs off almost immediately fromrooftops,streets,and parking lots.Thus,city surfaces,as well as the air above them,tend to be drier between episodes of rain;with little water available for the cooling process of evaporation,relative humidities are usually lower.Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them.This friction tends to slow the speed of winds,making them far less efficient at dispersing pollutants.On the other hand,air turbulence increases because of the effect of skyscrapers on airflow.Rainfall is also increased in cities.The cause appears to be in part greater turbulence in the urban atmosphere as hot air rises from the built-up surface.Paragraph 1:The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism.A daily input of water,food,and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage,solid waste,air pollutants,energy,and materials that have been transformed in some way.The quantities involved are enormous.Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city,particularly in the production of heat.▉托福TPO23阅读Passage1题目：1.The word“enormous”in the passage is closest in meaning to○growing○frightening○very large○strictly controlledParagraph 2:In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun.All the heatthat warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air,a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated.But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter,and if a house were perfectly insulated,one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it.Therefore,even without any industrial production of heat,an。
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【托福写作备考】TPO23综合写作文本及解析TPO 23综合写作的阅读材料：Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common innorthwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a centurynow, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses to explainthis decline.译文：黄杉是北美西北部常见的树木。
但是从1880年开始的一个多世纪以来，黄杉的数量在逐渐减少。
目前，科学家提出了几个假说来解释黄杉数量的下降。
One hypothesis is that the yellow cedar decline may be caused by insectparasites, specifically the cedar bark beetle. This beetle is known to attackcedar trees; the beetle larvae eat the wood. There have been recorded instancesof sustained beetle attacks overwhelming and killing yellow cedars, so thisinsect is a good candidate for the cause of the tree’s decline.译文：其中一个假说认为黄杉数量下降是由以衫皮甲虫为代表的寄生害虫导致。
这种甲虫据了解是以杉树皮为食，而其幼虫则以木质部分为食。
史上不乏对于甲虫侵蚀和导致黄杉大量死亡的记录。
因为，这种甲虫很可能是黄杉数量减少的原因。
A second hypothesis attributes the decline to brown bears. Bears sometimesclaw at the cedars in order to eat the tree bark, which has a high sugarcontent. In fact, the cedar bark can contain as much sugar as the wild berriesthat are a staple of the bears’ diet. Although the bears’ clawing is unlikely todestroy trees by itself, their aggressive feeding habits may critically weakenenough trees to be responsible for the decline.译文：第二种假说认为是棕熊导致了黄杉数量的减少。
熊有时会扒下黄杉的树皮用以食用，因为黄杉树皮还有很高的糖分。
事实上，黄杉树皮的含糖量同棕熊主要使用的野生浆果相差无几。
虽然棕熊扒树皮的行为不会直接导致黄杉的死亡，但是它们这种破坏性的觅食行为却因为降低了树木的生命力，而间接导致黄杉数量的减少。
The third hypothesis states that gradual changes of climate may be to blame.Over the last hundred years, the patterns of seasonal as well as day-to-daytemperatures have changed in northwestern North America. These changes haveaffected the root systems of the yellow cedar trees: the fine surface roots nowstart growing in the late winter rather than in the early spring. The change inthe timing of root growth may have significant consequences. Growing roots aresensitive and are therefore likely to suffer damage from partial freezing oncold winter nights. This frozen root damage may be capable of undermining thehealth of the whole tree, eventually killing it.译文：第三个假说是气候的缓慢变化导致了黄杉数量的减少。
在过去的一百年里，在北美西北部，无论是季节性的气候更替还是每天的气温调节都发生了变化。
这些变化对黄杉根系产生了影响。
以前，黄杉的表面细根是初春开始生长的;而现在却在晚冬就开始生长。
根系生长时间的变化可能会造成非常严重的后果。
新生的根系都非常敏感，因而非常容易因为冬季夜晚部分结冰的温度受到损害。
这种根系冻伤现象可能会导致整个树木健康状况下降，并逐渐导致死亡。
在读完阅读部分需要提取的观点是：- Main point: 有三个假说解释黄杉数量减少- Sub point 1: 杉皮甲虫的侵蚀- Sub point 2: 棕熊的破坏- Sub point 3: 气候变化对根系的影响以下是综合写作的听力材料：Unfortunately，we still do not know what is killing the yellow cedar. None ofthe explanations discussed in the reading is adequate.译文：很遗憾，我们还是不知道是什么导致了黄杉的死亡。
阅读部分没有一个假说可以解释其数量减少。
First, the cedar bark beetle. Well, the problem with this explanation isthese healthy yellow cedars are generally much more resistant to insectinfection than other tree species. For example, the bark and leaves of theyellow cedars are concentrated with powerful chemicals that are poisonous toinsects. So, healthy cedars are unlikely to suffer from the insect damage. So,how can we explain those dead cedars that were infected with beetles? In thosecases, the beetles attacked trees that were already damaged or sick and whatprobably dead any way. So, the beetles are not the fundamental cause responsiblefor the decline of the yellow cedars.译文：首先是杉皮甲虫假说。
这个解释的问题在于黄杉相对于其他树种来说其实有更强的抵御害虫侵袭的能力。
比如，黄杉的树皮和叶子上聚集着一些对于昆虫来说有毒的的强力化学物质。
所以，健康的黄杉是不会受到害虫损害的。
那么，我们该如何解释那些因为甲虫侵袭而死亡的黄杉呢?这种情况是因为甲虫侵袭的是已经受损或者患病的黄杉，这些黄杉没有甲虫也会死去。
所以，甲虫的入侵不是黄杉数量下降的重要因素。
Second, although bears damage some trees, they are not the cause of the overall population decline. Yellow cedars population has been declining all acrossthe northwestern coast of North America, both on the mainland and on the islandsjust off the coast. There are no bears on the islands, yet the islands cedarsare still in decline. Since the decline occurs with and without bears, the bearscan not be responsible.译文：第二，虽然熊破坏一些树木，但是他们却不是整个黄杉种群数量下降的原因。
在北美西北部整个海岸线上的黄杉数量都在下降，不管是在大陆还是在离岸的岛屿上。
而在那些岛屿上是没有熊的，而黄杉的数量却依然减少。
因为无论有无熊黄杉数量都在减少，所以熊不回事数量减少的原因。
And finally, the theory about root suffering from frozen damage. Well, thereading passage forgot to take one fact into account. Many more trees are dyingin the lower elevations where it is warmer than in the higher elevations whereit is cold. If freezing damage were responsible for the decline, we would expectto see more trees die in the cold weather of the high elevations. Instead, moretrees die in the relative warm of the low elevations. So, although the climatechange may have made the cedar roots more sensitive then they used to be, thisis not what killed them.译文：最后是根系因低温损害假说。