Realized GAS-GARCH
权威期刊《管理科学学报》杂志
刊名：管理科学学报Journal of Management Sciences in China主办：国家自然科学基金委员会管理科学部周期：月刊出版地：天津市语种：中文;开本：大16开ISSN：1007-9807CN：12-1275/G3邮发代号：6-89复合影响因子：2.876综合影响因子：1.538历史沿革：现用刊名：管理科学学报曾用刊名：决策与决策支持系统创刊时间：1992该刊被以下数据库收录：JST 日本科学技术振兴机构数据库(日)(2013)CSSCI 中文社会科学引文索引（2014—2015）来源期刊（含扩展版）核心期刊：中文核心期刊(2011)中文核心期刊(2008)中文核心期刊(2004)期刊荣誉：Caj-cd规范获奖期刊《管理科学学报》杂志期刊简介《管理科学学报》杂志是由国家新闻出版总署正式批准，由国家自然科学基金委员会管理科学部主办、面向国内外公开发行的专业学术期刊，具有正规的双刊号，其国内统一刊号：C N12-1275/G3，国际刊号：ISSN1007-9807。
本刊自1992年创刊以来，主要刊载有关管理科学的基础理论、方法与应用等学术性研究成果，以及已取得社会或经济效益的应用性研究成果，是我国管理科学领域具有权威性的一级学术刊物。
本刊的读者对象主要为从事管理科学研究和实践的管理科学工作者、管理工程技术人员，各行业、部门及企业管理人员，管理科学与经济管理院校师生等。
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气相色谱法测定沃柑中2,4-滴的方法改进
气相色谱法测定沃柑中2,4-滴的方法改进李琬婧，覃弘毅*（南宁市食品药品检验所，广西南宁 530007）摘 要：采用改进的气相色谱法测定沃柑中的2,4-滴。
试样经过乙腈提取，经过正丁醇加浓硫酸衍生化，弗罗里夕固相萃取柱净化浓缩后测定。
结果表明，2,4-滴在0.010～0.500 mg·L-1线性关系良好，相关系数（r）为0.999，定量限（10倍S/N）为0.001 mg·kg-1，回收率为82.7%～90.7%，RSD为1.6%~4.7%。
关键词：沃柑；气相色谱法；2,4-滴；农药残留Improvement of Gas Chromatography for Determination of2,4-D in Orah MandarinLI Wanjing, QIN Hongyi*(Nanning Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanning 530007, China) Abstract: The pesticide residue of 2,4-D in Orah Mandarin was determined by improved gas chromatography. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile, derivatized with n-butanol and concentrated sulfuric acid, and cleaned up and concentrated on a Florisil cartrages solid phase extraction column for determination. The results showed that six compounds had the good linear relationship in the range of 0.010～0.500 mg·L-1. The correlation coefficients (r) was 0.999, the limit of quantitation (10 S/N) was 0.001 mg·kg-1, the recovery and relative standard deviations was 82.7%～90.7% and 1.6%～4.7%.Keywords: orah mandarin; gas chromatography; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; pesticide residue2021年柑橘产季全球柑橘产量达到1.585亿t，我国柑橘产量居世界首位，达4 460万t，占全球总产量的28%；出口量91.8万t仅排名第5，表明我国柑橘主要用于国内消费[1]。
北大考博辅导：北京大学理论经济学(国家发展)考博难度解析及经验分享
北大考博辅导：北京大学理论经济学（国家发展）考博难度解析及经验分享根据教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心最新公布的第四轮学科评估结果可知，全国共有45所开设理论经济学专业的大学参与了排名，其中排名第一的是北京大学，排名第二的是中国人民大学，排名第三的是南京大学。
作为北京大学实施国家“211工程”和“985工程”的重点学科，国家发展研究院的理论经济学（国家发展）一级学科在历次全国学科评估中均名列第一。
下面是启道考博整理的关于北京大学理论经济学（国家发展）考博相关内容。
一、专业介绍由经济学基本概念、范畴与范畴体系组成的理论体系，包括一般的理论经济学与特殊的理论经济学。
人类经济学、科学经济学是一般的理论经济学，政治经济学是特殊的理论经济学。
理论经济学为分支经济学提供理论基础。
科学的理论经济学是反映人类经济发展的一般规律的经济学理论，由经济学公理、定理与定理体系组成。
科学的理论经济学不但有经济学基础理论，而且有经济学基本原理。
政治经济学只有经济学基础理论，没有真正的经济学基本原理。
政治经济学分为宏观经济学与微观经济学；科学的理论经济学是整体经济学，是宏观经济学与微观经济学的统一。
北京大学国家发展研究院的理论经济学（国家发展）专业在博士招生方面，不区分研究方向020121 理论经济学（国家发展）研究方向：00.不区分研究方向此专业实行申请考核制。
二、考试内容北京大学理论经济学（国家发展）专业博士研究生招生为资格审查加综合考核形式，由笔试+专业面试构成。
其中，综合考核内容为:1、国发院招生工作小组将组织招生专家组对申请人的申请材料进行初审，根据招生计划按照一定的比例择优确定进入复试的候选人。
2、复试采取“面试”方式进行差额考核，对学生的学科背景、专业素质、操作技能、外语水平、思维能力、创新能力等进行考察。
3、考核时间一般安排在3月中下旬。
申请人须向复试专家小组作报告，内容包括个人科研经历和成果介绍、对拟从事研究的领域的了解和看法、本人拟进行的研究工作设想及理由等。
美国天然气关联(American Gas Association)的天然气质量管理手册说明书
AN OVERVIEW OF THE AGA GAS QUALITY MANAGEMENT MANUALTerrence A. GrimleySouthwest Research Institute ®6220 Culebra RoadSan Antonio, TX 78238-5166 USAINTRODUCTIONThis paper provides an overview of the recently released Gas Quality Management Manual [1] that was developed by the American Gas Association Transmission Measurement Committee over a period of roughly seven years. The manual pulls together a wide range of information and provides context that allows both the expert and the novice to understand the “why, how and what” needed to develop a plan for managing gas quality. BACKGROUNDIn the early 2000’s changing sources for natural gas supply that initially were anticipated to involve a substantial increase in the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and other concerns, including hydrocarbon liquid dropout, caused a renewed interest in gas quality. In 2005, the Natural Gas Council Plus (NGC+) working groups published white papers on gas interchangeability [2] and liquid drop out [3] which established interim guidelines for gas interchangeability and identified many of the topics that were subsequently expanded upon in the gas quality management manual. The gas quality management manual grew from its original form as an engineering technical note on gas quality into a comprehensive guide to the management of gas quality. Projections in the growing supply of natural gas and changes in the sources shown in Figure 1 [4] suggest the importance of managing gas quality.Figure 1. Historical and Projected Gas Sources(Trillion Cubic Feet)The sections that follow provide brief descriptions of each of the six major sections of the document (and the appendices) and extract a few key pieces of information from various sections. The Gas Quality Management Manual contains nearly 200 pages of information; however, it is not intended to replace existing standards and references, but rather provide context and perspective for those reference documents. 1. OVERVIEWSection 1 provides an introduction to the document and defines the overall scope.The manual is intended to provide sufficient background and reference information to allow the variables that define a gas quality management plan to be assessed, monitored, and managed. The essential information that should be gained from the document includes understanding:• the fundamental constituents and properties ofnatural gas, the resulting properties, and their potential effects on delivery and end use,• the basis of historical pipeline receipt and marketarea delivery data, and• the pipeline and delivery system designincluding limitations at potentially sensitive points within the pipeline system. In addition, the reader should understand what is necessary for conducting the ongoing data collection and retention necessary to define gas quality for a system, and to manage gas quality changes within that system. 2. UNDERSTANDING NATURAL GAS CONSTITUENTS AND PROPERTIESThis section provides an introduction to natural gas including the constituent hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases that make up natural gas and parameters and that need to be understood when creating a gas quality management plan.Although it’s common to refer to “pipeline quality,” the term has a very broad meaning since there is a considerable range of mixtures that are commonly accepted in pipelines. Table 1 illustrates the range of values for various gas quality indicators that are currently present in existing contracts and tariffs. In addition to indicators of the gas constituents and heating value, also20157%510152025301990199520002005201020202025203020357%1%7%9%included are specifications for water content limits, sulfur limits, and limits for other particulates and contaminants.Table 1. Tariff Gas Quality SpecificationsGas Quality Specification Range of Values Found in Tariffs Minimum Heat Content 1 Maximum Heat Content 1 900 – 1,000 BTU/scf 1,075 – 1,200 BTU/scfMinimum Wobbe Number Maximum Wobbe Number 1,279 – 1,340 1,380 – 1,400 Minimum Temperature Maximum Temperature20 to 65°F 80 to 140°FMaximum Hydrocarbon Dew PointCricondentherm HDP (CHDP) C4+Liquefiable Fraction (GPM)C5+ C5+Liquefiable Fraction (GPM) C6+ 0 – 25°F at either fixed or operating pressures15 – 20°F 0.75 – 1.50% 0.2 – 0.3 gallons/Mscf0.12 – 0.25% 0.05 gallons/Mscf Maximum Water Vapor Content 4 – 7 lbm/MMscf Maximum Total Sulfur Compounds, as Sulfur0.5 – 20 grains/100 scf Maximum Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)0.25 – 1 grain/100 scf Maximum Mercaptans (RSH) 0.20 – 2.0 grains/100 scfMaximum Solid Particles Size 3 – 15 microns Maximum Hydrogen400 – 1,000 ppmMaximum Diluent Gases Total Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2)3 – 6% 1 – 3% 1 – 4% 0.001 – 1%1Dry, Higher heating value (HHV) at 14.73 psia, 60°FThe properties and parameters shown Table 1 are among those that are described in Section 2 of the document. Explanations of the different types of heating values, use of hydrocarbon dew point curves, and computation of basic gas properties are covered along with an introduction to combustion interchangeability parameters such as the Wobbe number.For example, a hydrocarbon dew point curve (also known as a phase diagram) similar to that shown in Figure 2 is explained in the context of various pipeline operations (e.g., gas sampling, pressure regulation), as well as relative to gas quality specifications.Figure 2. Example Hydrocarbon Dew Point Curve3. UNDERSTANDING PIPELINE SYSTEM IMPACTSThe major topic areas covered in Section 3 are provided in the list that follows:• System Considerations• Contract and Tariff Considerations • Supply Source Considerations• Gas Processing Operations and Economics • Pipeline Facilities• Storage Facilities and Operations• Imported LNG and Peakshaving Operations(LNG & Propane-Air)• LDC and Direct Connect Issues with Delivery,Infrastructure and Utilization• Measurement and Gas Quality Analysis• Effect of Gas Quality Changes on CompressorFacilities and Operations • Regulation and Flow Control Examples of the general characteristics, including the compositional variation and heating value of different gas sources, are provided. Issues related to condensate formation, and specific methods for avoiding condensation are discussed. Also included is an overview of common gas processing methods and their relative efficiency as well as the economics involved in the decision of whether or not the gas should be processed. Issues related to the impact of gas quality on storage operations are summarized and details of potential problems related to the presence of liquid hydrocarbons, contaminants, and other adverse quality conditions are provided.Many of the same quality issues that affect storage operations also impact the operation of local distribution companies (LDCs) and other industrial users that directly connect to the pipeline. In addition, for the effect of high/low heating values (or Wobbe numbers) on end-use equipment needs to be considered for maintaining safe and efficient equipment operation.Pipeline compression facilities, measurement stations, and regulation and control facilities are all impacted by gas quality issues. Specific considerations and potential adverse effects on different types of equipment are summarized. For example, the combustion efficiency and emission levels for engines and turbines are affected not only by heating value, but also on the distribution of gas constituents.4. MONITORING GAS QUALITYCentral to the idea of managing gas quality is the realization that gas quality can vary significantly with the source of gas and with the processing and transportation of the gas. In order to provide accurate gas measurement and to maintain the quality of gas in the pipeline, the gas quality must be measured.Section 4 includes a discussion of data collection approaches and the potential effect of a given approach may have on the ability to manage gas quality.There is also a broad description of analytical tools and methods that can be used for measuring various gas quality parameters. This includes a summary of gas sampling systems and direct and indirect methods of determining heating value. Also included are basic descriptions and explanations of gas chromatographs, dew point measurement systems, CO 2 and H 2O monitoring systems as well as sulfur analyzers. Some analytical tools and devices are introduced at the concept level, while others, like the gas chromatograph shown in Figure 3 [1] have a significant level of detail.5. DETERMINING AND MAINTAINING HISTORICAL GAS QUALITY DATAHistorical records of gas composition and other properties as well as operational information on pressure and temperature conditions are important to managing the gas quality of a pipeline system. Section 5 provides the background information needed to understand which parameters may be desirable to gather for assessing different purposes (e.g., interchangeability, hydrate formation, liquid dropout, corrosion, etc.), and the frequency at which the information should be recorded. The document describes how an understanding of the historical range of gas quality can be used to establish the effect of changes in the gas supply and gas quality on various end-use equipment. It is recognized that without knowledge of the potential ranges of adjustment gases previously used, interchangeability of “new” gas cannot be assessed.A discussion of practical and regulatory issues related to creating archival information on gas quality is also included in this section.6. DEVELOPING A GAS QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANSection 6 provides suggestions on items that should be considered when developing a plan. The major topics included are listed below:• Establishing Gas Quality Goals • Application of Specifications• Understand the History, System Constraints andEnd Use Limitations• Establishing an Ongoing Monitoring andCorrective Action Program• Summary and Recommendations• Gas Quality Management Plan ChecklistIt is recognized that a “one size fits all” solution is typically too restrictive for establishing gas quality specifications; therefore, the plan should consider regional differences in the system, sources, and end-use needs when establishing limits, and other specifications. The plan should include an approach for monitoring gas quality, archiving gas quality information, and establishing a response plan when limits are violated. The approach for inclusion of new sources and significant expansion of existing supplies should be planned for. The checklist given in Section 6 provides a useful tool for ensuring that the gas quality management plan considers all the critical issues that have been described in the previous sections of the document. APPENDICESA total of 14 appendices are included in the document. These appendices provide supplemental information on a variety of topics ranging from basic hydrocarbon chemistry to a detailed discussion of the development of interchangeability parameters. A brief description of each of the appendices follows.Figure 3. Block Diagram Example of a Gas ChromatographA.Definitions and Industry Publications, Standards,and ReferencesThis section provides select definitions specifically as used in the context of the Gas Quality Management Manual, and references to the important industry standards related to the measurement, evaluation, and computation of gas quality as well as information on gas interchangeability and other critical gas quality references.B.Fundamentals of Hydrocarbon Chemistry —Structure and Properties of Hydrocarbon Molecules This section provides introductory information regarding the chemistry of hydrocarbons that are commonly present in natural gas mixtures.C.NGC+ Typical Gas Composition Data by Region andStateThe tables provided in this section summarize two snapshots of the ranges of gas composition on a state-by-state basis that existed around 1995 and around 2002 and a comparison of the changes that occurred over this time period.D.Chemical and Physical Properties of Natural GasConstituentsThe gross heating value tables in this section are extracted from AGA Report No. 5 and are included in the manual for convenience.E.Moisture Correction and Saturation TablesThis section provides a discussion of the effect of water in natural gas and summarizes a method to compute the correct energy content in the presence of water.F.The Gas LawsA summary of ideal gas laws is presented for reference purposes.G.Predicting Hydrocarbon Liquid DropoutThis section provides a tutorial of hydrocarbon dew point measurement, prediction, and a discussion of the importance of understanding hydrocarbon dew point relative to proper gas sampling and quality determination. H.Stoichiometric Combustion and Calculation ofVolumetric Heating ValueThis section provides an overview of the basic combustion equations related to natural gas components and the method for computing the heating value of a natural gas.I.Interchangeability Parameters and Combustion FirstPrincipalsThis section provides a tutorial on natural gas combustion with emphasis on the parameters typically used to assess the interchangeability of various natural gas mixtures. J.Development of Weaver and AGA Bulletin 36 Interchangeability Indices and LimitsA discussion of the basis for the development of the subject interchangeability indices is provided.K.Mercaptan and Sulfur Compound Measurement and Conversion TableThis section includes a table that lists the amount of sulfur contained in various compounds.L.Sample CalculationsThis section contains example calculations for ideal and real heating value, conversion of heating value to other base conditions, calculation of Wobbe number, and other calculations that are typically used in assessing gas quality.M.Biogas or BiomethaneA tutorial on the unique characteristics and sources of biogas and biomethane is provided in this section.N.LNG Storage, Liquefaction & Propane-Air Peakshaving Gas Quality ConsiderationsThis section provides an overview of quality considerations both in the use and generation of LNG. SUMMARYThe Gas Quality Management Manual brings together information from a number of relevant resources and provides a comprehensive treatment of the subject of developing a plan for managing gas quality. The document does not replace existing reference documents, but instead provides contextual information that will allow the reader to better apply existing industry references.REFERENCES1.AGA Transmission Measurement Committee, GasQuality Management Manual, American Gas Association, August, 2013, Washington, DC.2.Natural Gas Council Plus Interchangeability WorkGroup, White Paper on Natural Gas Inter-changeability and Non-Combustion End Use,February, 2005.3.Natural Gas Council Plus Liquid Hydrocarbon DropOut Task Group, White Paper on LiquidHydrocarbon Drop Out in Natural Gas Infrastructure, February, 2005.4.U.S. Energy Information Administration, AnnualEnergy Outlook 2012 Early Release Overview,January, 2012.。
理想气体 Ideal Gases(9702 A2 NOTE)
pV = constant
11/15/2017 6
Boyle’s Law
A graph of pressure against
volume is shown in the following diagram for two different temperatures T1 and To (T1 >To). The lines on it are isothermals, that is they join points of equal temperature.
11/15/2017
isothermals
To
7
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH TEMPERATURE (Pressure Law)
The water is heated and the pressure of the air in the sealed glass beaker is measured with the pressure gauge. (The volume of the air is effectively constant). Results of this experiment show that for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume: V and M constant
11/15/2017
11
Gas
When working with gases we preferred to
work with a quantity called the number of mole rather than mass of gas. Absolute temperature: T/K = 0C + 273
油藏物理学英文油藏物理学3
2、Behavior of real gases
modifier formula（experimental method）
PV znRT
In order to express a more exact relationship between the variables P, V, and T, a correction factor called the gas compressibility factor, gas deviation factor, or simply the z-factor。
As Z＝１， attractive and repulsive forces are equal As Z＞１， attractive forces is less than repulsive ones，real gas is more difficult to be compressed than ideal gas. As Z＜１， attractive forces is more than repulsive ones， real gas is easier to be compressed than ideal gas.
conception
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
PV znRT
z Vactual
V
Videal nRT / P
The gas compressibility factor z is defined as the ratio of the actual volume of n-moles of gas to the ideal volume of the same number of moles at the same T and P
延安气田集气站的无人值守改造
延安气田集气站的无人值守改造姜丽娜姜志刚2(1•北京石油化工工程有限公司西安分公司，陕西西安710000；2.长庆油田分公司质量安全环保部，陕西西安710000)摘要：目前,延安气田正逐步开展集气站无人值守改造，提高集气站管理水平,控制人工成本。
文章介绍了集气站无人值守技术，并 以ZD-5#集气站为例，分析了集气站无人值守改造内容，同时提出了新建无人值守集气站的改进及研究方向。
关键词:延妥气田；集气站;无人值守站中图分类号:TE862 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1008-4800(2021 )07-0171-02DOI: ki.ISSN 1008-4800.2021.07.081Unattended Reconstruction of Gas Gathering Station in Yan'an Gas FieldJIANG Li-na 1, JIANG Zhi-gang 2(1. Xi'an Branch of Beijing Petrochemical Engineering Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710000, China;2. Quality, Safety and Environmental Protection Department of Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi'an 710000, China)Abstract: At present, the Yan'an gas field is gradually carrying out the unattended transformation of gas gathering stations, improving the management of gas gathering stations and controlling labor costs. This article introduces the unattended technology of gas gathering station, and takes ZD-5# gas gathering station as an example to analyze the content of unmanned gas gathering station reconstruction, and proposes the improvement and research direction of newly built unattended gas gathering station.Keywords: Yan'an gas field; gas gathering station; unattended station0引言延安气田地处鄂尔多斯盆地东南部，天然气探明储量超过6 000X 108m3,累积建成产fg46xio 8m 3/a,累积产气量达110xl08m 3m o 随着气田开发技术的日趋完善,数字化水平的不断提高和低成本开发的需要，气田集气站逐步向无人值守方 向发展囱。
石化英语词汇
首页 > 收藏 > 翻译词汇 > 正文石油词汇英语翻译(S)更新日期：2005-7-21 出处： 作者：seal ability 密封能力seal assembly 密封组件seal boot 封闭套seal bore extension 密封筒加长短节seal bore 密封孔seal coat 封层seal construction rope 带芯股钢索seal curtain 油罐浮顶密封圈装置seal disc 密封盘seal element 密封元件seal extension 密封加长短节seal flange 密封法兰seal friction 密封摩擦seal hanger 密封悬架seal in 封入seal joint 密封接头Seal Law Convention 海洋法公约seal leakage 密封泄漏seal load 密封载荷seal nipple 密封接头seal off 封堵seal pad 密封板seal pipe 主气管线中的水封阀seal protector ring 密封防护垫环seal receptacle 密封座seal ring 密封环seal rock 密封岩seal section 密封段seal stack 一组密封seal steam 汽封蒸汽seal sub 密封接头seal valve 密封阀seal weld 密封焊道seal welding 密封焊接seal封sealab experiment 海洋实验室试验sealab 海洋试验室sealable tank 密封罐sealant 密封剂Seale 西鲁结构sealed against 封住sealed bearing rock bit 密封轴承牙轮钻头sealed bearings 密封轴承sealed bid 密封投标sealed chamber 密封筒sealed coring 密闭取心sealed fault 闭合断层sealed fracture 闭合裂缝sealed journal bearing 密封滑动轴承sealed package 密封包装sealed proposal 密封投标sealed relay 密封式继电器sealed reservoir 封闭储集层sealed tube 密封管sealed 封闭的sealer 密封器；密封垫；保护层；检验员sealift 海上接运sealing ability 密封能力sealing adaptor 密封接头sealing bearing 密封轴承sealing bellows 密封用波纹管sealing bore 密封筒sealing bush 密封衬套sealing characteristics 封堵性能sealing compound 密封膏sealing core drill 密闭取心sealing element 密封元件；封闭胶心sealing fault 封闭断层sealing field zone 封闭油田区sealing film 密封薄膜sealing fluid 密封液sealing gland 密封压盖sealing liquid 密封液sealing mechanism 密封机构sealing oil system 封油系统sealing pad 密封盘sealing process 封闭作用sealing property 密封性能sealing regenerative-type air preheater 密封回热式空气预热器sealing ring 密封环sealing run 封底焊道sealing signal 密封信号sealing socket 密封座sealing surface 密封面sealing wax 封蜡sealing 密封sealing-in 焊接sealing-off 脱焊sealing-on 焊上sealing-wax flow 封蜡流sealing-wax structure 封蜡构造seam welder 缝焊机seam welding 缝焊接seam 缝seaman 海员seamanship 航海术seamark 航海标志seamarsh 滨海沼泽seamen seaman的复数seamer 缝纫机；封口机；缝纫工seaming 用弯边法使两个板料连接；接缝seamless casing 无缝套管seamless steel tube 无缝钢管seamless tube 无缝管seamless 无缝的seamount chain 海山链seamount range 海底山脉seapeak 海底峰seaplane 水上飞机seaport 海港seaquake 海震sear 干枯的search after 找寻search angle 搜索角search coil 探查线圈search direction vector 搜索方向向量search for oil 勘查石油search interval 探索区间search lamp 探照灯search length 搜索长度search out 查出search procedure 搜索法search 勘查；研究searcher 搜索器searching unit 探头searching 搜索；严密的searchlight unit 消防照明车searchlight 探照灯Searle viscometer 塞尔粘度计Searlesite 水硅硼钠石seasat 海洋卫星seascan marine radar 船上无线电定位站seashore 海滨seasickness 晕船seaside 海滨season cracking 老化开裂season wind 季风season 季seasonal adjustment 季节性调整seasonal cycle 季节周期seasonal demand 季节性需求seasonal grades 季节级别seasonal growth 季节生长seasonal lake 季节湖seasonal load line 季节载重线seasonal move 季节变动seasonal ratio 季节性比率seasonal relation 季节关系seasonal stream 季节性河流seasonal variation 季节性变动seasonal wind 季节风seasonal zone 季节带seasonal 季节性；周期性seasoned timber 干木材seasoning 风干；老化seastrand 海岸seat belt 座位安全带seat earth 根土岩seat pocket 坐槽seat reamer 阀座修整铰刀seat retainer 座圈；阀座护圈seat ring 阀座圈seat rock 根土岩seat shear pin 球座剪切销seat stone 根土岩seat valve 座阀seat wrench 阀座松紧扳手seat 座Seatask unit 海洋作业设备seater 座式seating cup body 密封皮碗套seating cup 密封皮碗seating nipple 座节seating position 坐落位置seating shoe 底座seating 座seawall 防波堤seaward 向海的seawater deaeration 海水脱氧seawater encroachment 海水入侵seawater filter 海水滤器seawater flood project 海水驱方案seawater injection 注海水seawater intrusion 海水入侵seawater lift pump 海水提升泵seawater treatment plant 海水处理站seaway force 浪力seaway 海道seaweed theory 海藻成油说seaweed 海藻seaworthiness 适于航海seaworthy ship 适航性好的船舶seaworthy 能航海的sebacate 癸二酸盐sebaceous 脂肪的sebastianite 黑云钙长岩sebcha 盐沼SEbE 东南微东sebja =sebjet 盐沼sebkha =sebkra 盐沼SEbS 东南微南SEC 空间排阻色谱SEC 趋肤效应校正SEC 线圈系误差校正sec-butyl alcohol 仲丁醇sec. ar. 截面积sec. 部分；截面sec. 二次的；次的；二次绕组sec. 秒sec. 正割secant conic chart 割圆锥投影地图secant meridian 割经线secant method 割线方法secant projection 正割射影secant Young's modulus 割线弹性模量secant 正割SECDED 单错校正双错检测Secenov's coefficient 谢赛诺夫系数secernment 区分；鉴别；分开sechron 层序年龄seclusion 隔离secohm 秒欧secohmmeter 电感表secohopane 断藿烷second anode 第二阳极second arrival 续至波second cosmic velocity 第二宇宙速度second critical angle 第二临界角second crop oil 二茬油second crop 再运移；次生出露物second cycle basin 二次循环盆地second deformation 第二期变形second derivative calculation 二次微商计算second derivative 二阶导数second development 二次显影second harmonic distortion 二次谐波失真second iteration 二次迭代second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律second mate 二副second member 右端second moment norm 二阶矩范数second mortgage 第二抵押second officer 二副second order buckling 二次弯曲second order difference 二阶差分second order differential equation 二阶微分方程second order effect 二次项效应second order linear differential equation 二阶线性微分方程second order loop 二阶环路second order reaction 二级反应second order transition temperature 二级转变温度second order transition 二级转化second parameter 二次参数second phase 次相second power 二次幂second rank tensor 二级张量second spinning reel 第二导丝盘second spreading-center 次级扩张中心second time derivative 二阶时间导数second track 第二道second twist 复捻second 秒；第二；次的second-channel interference 第二波道干扰second-derivative map 二次微商图second-order cycle 二级旋回second-order Doppler shift 二次多普勒位移second-order fault zone 二级断层带second-order fold 次级褶皱second-order multiples 二阶多次波second-order ringing 二次鸣震second-order splitting 二级分裂second-order structure zone 二级构造带second-order surface multiple 地面二次波second-order thrust 二级冲断层second-phase fold 第二幕褶皱second-stage separator 二级分离器second-twist-throwing frame 复捻捻丝机secondaries 二次波secondary acetate 次级醋酯纤维secondary air 二次风secondary alcohol 仲醇secondary alkalinity 次生碱性secondary alternating magnetic field 二次交变磁场secondary amine 仲胺secondary anomaly 次生异常secondary arc 次生弧secondary backfill 二次回填secondary battery 蓄电池secondary beneficiary 第二受益人secondary breccia 次生角砾岩secondary building unit 二级构造单元secondary calibration 二级刻度secondary carbon 仲碳原子secondary cell 蓄电池secondary cementing 第二次注水泥secondary coil 副线圈secondary combustion 二次燃烧secondary conductor 二次导体secondary consolidation 二次固结secondary constraint 次要约束条件secondary control 二等控制secondary cracking 二次裂化secondary creep 第二潜伸secondary current 次生电流secondary cyclone 二级旋风分离器secondary depletion 二次采油secondary deposit 次生矿床secondary dispersion halo 次生分散晕secondary drainage curve 二次排泄曲线secondary effect 副效应secondary energy 二次能源secondary enlargement 次生扩大secondary enrichment zone 次生富集带secondary era 中生代secondary excitation 二次激发secondary exploitation 二次采油secondary explosive 传爆炸药secondary extinction 次级消光secondary fault block 次级断块secondary fault 次生断层secondary field 二次场secondary filtration 二次过滤secondary fissure 次生裂缝secondary flood 注水二次开采secondary flow 二次流secondary flowage 滑移流动secondary fluorescence 次生荧光secondary foci 次焦点secondary fold 次生褶皱secondary fossil 次生化石secondary fracture 次生裂缝secondary free-gas cap 次生游离气顶secondary gas cap 次生气顶secondary gas recovery 二次采气secondary gas-oil pool 次生油气藏secondary gelling agent 二次胶凝剂secondary geosyncline 次生地槽；后成地槽secondary group 中生界secondary industry 第二产业secondary instrument 二次仪表secondary interstice 次生孔隙secondary isochron 二次等时线secondary kick 次生井涌secondary leached porosity 次生淋滤孔隙度secondary leakage 二次泄漏secondary liability 第二责任债务secondary limestone 次生石灰岩secondary lobe 旁瓣secondary magnetic field 次生磁场secondary mantle flow model 次生地幔流模式secondary market 次级市场；二级市场secondary memory 辅助存储器secondary meridian 副子午线secondary migration 二次运移secondary mineral 次生矿物secondary miscible flood 二次混相驱油secondary modulation 二次调制secondary noise 次生噪声secondary oil generation theory 二次生油说secondary oil recovery 二次采油secondary oil removal tank 二次除油罐secondary oil response rate 二次开采见效油产量secondary oil-gas pool 次生油气藏secondary operating standard 二级操作标准secondary option 第二选件secondary order fault 次级断层secondary origin 次生成因secondary orogeny 次生造山运动secondary outgrowth cementation 再生生长胶结secondary performance 二次开采动态secondary phase factor 二次相位因子secondary phase of oil production 二次采油阶段secondary plasticizer 助增塑剂；次级增塑剂secondary pore system 次生孔隙secondary pores 次生孔隙secondary porosity index log 次生孔隙度指数测井secondary porosity index 次生孔隙度指数secondary porosity 次生孔隙度secondary precipitate 二次沉淀secondary processing 二次加工secondary product 副产品secondary production 二次开采secondary publications 二次文献secondary pulse 二次冲击secondary radiation effect 二次辐射效应secondary reaction 二次反应secondary recovery factor 二次采收率secondary recovery method 二次开采法secondary recovery mode 二次开采模式secondary recovery operation 二次采油作业secondary recovery stage 二次开采阶段secondary recovery waterflood 二次开采注水secondary recovery 二次开采secondary recycling 二次再生secondary reference fuel 副标准燃料secondary reflection 次级反射secondary refraction 续至折射secondary replacement 次生交代secondary reserves 二次可采储量secondary resinite 次生树脂体secondary risk 次级风险；派生风险secondary rock 次生岩secondary roof seal 浮顶二次密封secondary salinity 次生盐度secondary silica cementation 次生二氧化硅胶结secondary silica outgrowth 次生硅质增生secondary standard 二次标准secondary steam 二次蒸汽secondary storage 辅助存储器secondary store 辅助储备secondary stratification 次生层理secondary stratigraphic trap 次生地层圈闭secondary stress 次应力secondary structure 次生构造secondary suspended solids 次生悬浮物secondary tectonic overlap 次生构造超覆secondary tectonite 次生构造岩secondary treating 二次处理secondary tube waves 二次管波secondary unconformity trap 次生不整合圈闭secondary undulation 副振动secondary units 二级单位secondary voltage 次级电压secondary volumetric sweep efficiency 二次采油体积波及系数secondary water 次生水secondary waterflood reserves 注水二次采油储量secondary wave 次波secondary wind girder 加强圈secondary winding 次级绕组secondary 次要的Secondary 第二纪；中生代的；仲；二代secondrate optimization method 次优化方法seconds counter 秒表seconds Saybolt Furol 赛氏重油粘度秒seconds Saybolt Universal 赛氏通用粘度秒secqt 秒夸脱secrecy and confidentiality clause 保密条款secrecy 秘密；保密；隐蔽secret code 密码secret of the trade 商业秘密secretariat 秘书组secretary general 秘书长secretary 书记；秘书；干事；大臣；部长secrete 分泌；分泌物；隐藏secretion 分泌；空隙充填secretive 保密的；分泌的SECT line 趋肤效应伴热管线SECT 趋肤效应伴热sect. 部分；节；段sectile 可切的section drawing 剖面图section gauge logging 井径测井section gauge 剖面规；截面测量section house 工区房屋section line 剖面线；分区线；截线section mill cutter 套管磨铣工具section mill 截面铣鞋section milling 分段磨铣section model 剖面模型section modulus 断面模数section modulus 剖面模数section multiple 层间多次反射section of reservoir 地层的单元；油层剖面section paper 方格纸section plotter 剖面仪section purging 管段吹扫section steel 型钢section 剖面section-chord technique 截面弦法section-dependent equalization 与剖面有关的道平衡sectional area 截面积sectional bailer 多段捞砂筒sectional box dock 分节浮坞sectional convergence of reserves 油藏各部分的储量分布sectional drawing 断面图sectional elevation 立剖面图sectional material 型材sectional ring rubbers 多段橡皮环sectional turbodrill 多级涡轮钻具sectional view 剖面图sectional 分区的sectionalized derrick 折叠式井架sectionalized jacket 分段式导管架sectionalized 分段sectionally continuous 分段连续sectionally smooth 分段光滑sectioned drilling mast 分块式钻井井架sectionlization 分段sector display 扇形扫描sector fault 扇形断层sector gear 扇形齿轮sector planning 行业规划sector scanning 扇区扫描sector shaft 扇形齿轮轴sector velocity function 扇形速度函数sector 扇形sectorial pipe-coupling method 分段连接管道法sectoring 扇形扫描；扇形变异sectrometer 真空管滴定计secular compaction 缓慢压实作用secular crustal deformation 地壳缓慢变形secular drift 缓慢漂移secular equation 特征方程secular gravity variation 长期性重力变化secular movement 地壳缓慢升降运动secular rise 长期上升secular sinking 长期下沉secular subsidence 长期缓慢沉降secular trend 长期趋势secular upheaval 长期缓慢上升secular variation 长期变化secular 长期的secundine dike 胎盘岩墙secure 安全的secured loan 抵押放款securing band 安全带securities market 证券市场securities portfolio management 一揽子证券管理securities 有价证券security code 安全码security door 保险门security exchange 证券交易security factor 安全系数security level 安全水平security official 安全员security price 证券价格security rating 证券分级security system 安全防范系统security 安全sed 沉积物SED 光谱能量分布sedan 轿车sedarenite 沉积砂屑岩Sedco Ico. 赛德科公司sedentary deposit 原地沉积sedentary product 风化产物sedentary 残积的sediment bar 边缘沙洲sediment box 沉淀箱sediment by extraction 抽提法沉淀试验sediment column 沉积柱sediment compaction 沉积物压实作用sediment gravity flow 沉积物重力流sediment incrustation 积垢sediment pile 沉积物堆积sediment sampler 底泥采样器sediment supply 沉积物补给sediment trap 沉积区；沉积物收集器sediment 沉淀；沉积物；油脚；残渣sediment-induced deformation 沉积物诱发变形sediment-ingesting animals 食沉积物的动物sediment-laden pipeline 充满沉积物的管道sediment-size frequency distribution 沉积物粒度频率分布sedimental 沉积物的sedimentary basin 沉积盆地sedimentary blanket 沉积盖层sedimentary breccia 沉积角砾岩sedimentary column 沉积柱sedimentary compaction 沉积压实作用sedimentary compensation 沉积补偿sedimentary complex 沉积杂岩sedimentary context 沉积环境sedimentary cover 沉积盖层sedimentary cycle 沉积旋回sedimentary deposit 成层沉积sedimentary derivation 沉积来源sedimentary differentiation 沉积分异作用sedimentary dynamics 沉积动力学sedimentary ecology 沉积生态学sedimentary environment 沉积环境sedimentary facies 沉积相sedimentary fault 生长断层sedimentary formation 沉积地层sedimentary gap 沉积缺失sedimentary history 沉积史sedimentary imput 沉积输入sedimentary interstices 沉积岩孔隙；沉积生成孔隙sedimentary lag 沉积滞后sedimentary loading 沉积载荷sedimentary mantle 沉积覆盖层sedimentary mineralogy 沉积矿物学sedimentary origin 沉积成因sedimentary outer arc 沉积外弧sedimentary overlap 沉积超覆sedimentary peat 沉积泥炭sedimentary petrography 沉积岩类学sedimentary pile 沉积堆sedimentary porosity 沉积孔隙度sedimentary province 沉积区sedimentary rhythm 沉积韵律sedimentary rock 沉积岩sedimentary section 沉积剖面sedimentary sequence 沉积层序sedimentary series 沉积层系sedimentary structure 沉积构造sedimentary succession 沉积层序sedimentary supply 沉积物补给sedimentary tectonics 沉积大地构造sedimentary trap 沉积圈闭sedimentary veneer 沉积盖层sedimentary vulcanism 沉积火山作用sedimentary wedge 沉积楔sedimentary 沉淀的sedimentation basin 沉积盆地；沉淀池sedimentation coefficient 沉积系数sedimentation constant 沉积常数sedimentation curve 沉积曲线sedimentation diameter 沉积直径sedimentation disturbance 沉积干扰sedimentation gradient 沉积梯度sedimentation model 沉积模式sedimentation potential 沉积电位sedimentation rate test 沉积速率试验sedimentation tank 沉降罐sedimentation type 沉积类型sedimentation unit 沉积单位sedimentation velocity 沉积速度sedimentation volume 沉积体积sedimentation 沉积sedimentation-equivalent particle 沉积等效颗粒sedimentation-size analysis 沉积量值分析sedimentationist 沉积岩学者sedimentator 沉淀器sedimento-eustasy 沉积海面变动sedimentoeustatism 沉积海面变动sedimentogeneous rock 沉积岩sedimentogenic 沉积成因的sedimentography 沉积岩相学sedimentological 沉积学的sedimentologist 沉积学者sedimentology 沉积学sedimentometer 沉淀计sedimentophile 亲沉积的sedimentous 沉积的see-through section 透明管段seed bag 亚麻子袋油管封隔器；特制封隔器seed 种子seeder 播种者seedholder 籽晶夹持器seeding polymerization 接种聚合seeding 播种；引晶技术；强化seeing 视觉seek delay 查找延迟seek time 查找时间seek 寻找seeker 探索者Seelandian 西兰阶seep oil 渗至地面的油seep water =seepage waterseep 渗出seepage discharge 渗透流量seepage flow 渗流量seepage force 渗透力seepage line 渗流线seepage loss 渗透损失seepage oil 油苗seepage pressure 渗透压力seepage refluction 渗透回流seepage reflux 渗透回流seepage up-dip 沿倾斜向上的渗出。
气化装置主要工艺流程
气化装置主要工艺流程英文回答：A gasification plant is a facility that converts solid or liquid carbon-based materials into a gaseous fuel known as synthesis gas or syngas. This process involves several main steps, including feedstock preparation, gasification, gas cleaning, and gas utilization.Firstly, the feedstock preparation stage involves preparing the carbon-based material, such as coal, biomass, or petroleum coke, for gasification. This may include grinding, drying, and sorting the feedstock to ensure its suitability for the gasification process.Next, the gasification stage takes place, where the prepared feedstock is converted into syngas. Gasificationis typically carried out in a high-temperature and oxygen-starved environment, such as a gasifier. The feedstock reacts with a controlled amount of oxygen or steam toproduce syngas, which mainly consists of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). This process is known as partial oxidation or steam reforming.After gasification, the syngas undergoes gas cleaning to remove impurities and contaminants. This is done through various processes, such as cooling, scrubbing, and filtering. The goal is to ensure that the syngas meets the required quality standards for further utilization.Finally, the cleaned syngas can be utilized in various ways. It can be used as a fuel for power generation, either by directly burning it in a gas turbine or by converting it into other forms of energy, such as electricity or heat. Syngas can also be further processed to produce chemicals, such as ammonia or methanol, through additional catalytic reactions.中文回答：气化装置是将固体或液体碳基材料转化为合成气或合成气体的一种设施。
MTI 产品说明书：单站氢气报警器
MTI INDUSTRIESPROPANE GAS ALARMMODEL 30-442 AND 30-441USER’S MANUALIMPORTANT PLEASE READ CAREFULLY This manual contains important information. Purchasers who install this UNIT for use by others must leave this manual with the owner. Do not throw out.Manual #304298-3 SINGLE STATION PROPANE ALARM SUITABLE FOR USE IN RECREATIONAL VEHICLES FILE NO. 151449IMPORTANT: Always follow the operation and safety instructions of the gas appliance manufacturer. ! WARNING CONNECT ONLY TO WIRING THAT CANNOT BETURNED OFF BY A WALL SWITCH ORGROUND FAULT PROTECTOR.IMPORTANT: Failure to follow the installationinstructions may void the warranty.SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE MTI INDUSTRIES ™ GAS ALARMSThis MTI Industries ™propane gas alarm is listed by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. for use in recreational vehicles. Other explosive gases detected but not tested by Underwriters Laboratories include Acetone, Alcohol, Butane, Gasoline all of which you may have in your Trailer, Truck Camper, Van Camper or Motorhome.When dangerous levels of propane gas (< 25% LEL) are detected the alarm signal will activate. A reset/mute circuit can be activated to temporally silence the alarm while you ventilate .RECOMMENDED WIRE GAUGE....................14 GA.POWER SUPPLY..............................................12 vDCWIRE COLOR CODE: RED SUPPLY (+)BLACK GROUND (-) FUSED CIRCUIT MAXIMUM.........................15 AMP!WARNINGLIMITATIONS OF PROPANE GAS ALARMSTHIS UNIT will not work without power . Examples causing no power are: Cut lead wires, faulty circuit connection, a blown or missing fuse, improper supply (+) or ground (-) connections.This alarm will only indicate the presence of propane gas at the sensor. Explosive gas may be present in other areas.This alarm may not be heard. The alarm loudness meets or exceeds regulatory standards. However, if this alarm is in remote locations or behind closeddoors the alarm may not be heard. Persons who arehard of hearing may not hear the alarm.This alarm is not smoke or fire alarm. It is notsuitable as a smoke or fire alarm.This alarm is not suitable for installation in hazardous areas as defined in the National Electrical Code.HOW TO TAKE CARE OF YOUR ALARMTo keep your alarm in good working order, you must; • Test the alarm weekly . (See “TESTPROCEDURE”)• Observe the color of the indicator light on the front of the unit regularly. (See “Operating Instructions”)• Vacuum the dust off the alarm cover weekly , (more frequently in dusty locations), using the soft brush attachment of your vacuum.• Clean the alarm cover weekly . Hand wash using a damp cloth, or paper towel. Dry with a soft cloth .• DO NOT SPRAY CLEANING AGENTS OR WAXES directly onto the front panel. This action may damage the sensor, cause an alarm or cause an alarm malfunction.WHERE TO INSTALL GAS ALARMS This alarm is UL ® listed for installation inrecreational vehicles. Install this alarm nearsources of a potential gas leak. Some potential sources are a furnace, water heater, stove or oven. If potential sources of a gas leak are in separated areas, MTI recommends installing an alarm in each area. See Figure 1 and 2.CAUTION: Propane is heavier than air. For propane gas detection, install this alarm from 4 to 20 inches off the floor.! WARNINGWHERE NOT TO INSTALL THIS GAS ALARM. See Figure 3.• BEHIND FURNITURE, DRAPES, INCLOSETS OR AREAS THAT WILL BLOCK AIR FLOW TO THE ALARM.• WITHIN 12 INCHES OF EXTERIORDOORS, WINDOWS, HEATING OR RETURNS VENTS, OR OTHER DRAFTY AREAS.• IN OR ON OUTSIDE WALLS, OR WITHIN 12 INCHES OF CORNERS.• TO A WALL SWITCH CONTROLLEDPOWER LINE, GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT OR CIRCUIT BREAKER.NOTE: Older homes and RVs may have little or no insulation and therefore are more drafty. Carefully consider mounting locations.INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONSPower Supply 12 vDC. Connect the alarm to a properly fused circuit. All connections must be in accordance with the National Electrical Code.CAUTION : ONLY USE UL ® APPROVED CONNECTORS DISCONNECT POWER UNTIL THE INSTALLATION IS COMPLETE REFER TO “WHERE TO AND NOT TO INSTALL GAS ALARM”.30-441: Drill a ¼” hole. Connect the RED(+) power lead to the fused circuit. Connect the Black lead toGround(-). Fasten the unit to the wall using the two screw holes on the case.30-442: This model requires a 1” clearance to recess the case. Cut a 5 3/8” W x 2” H hole, connect the RED (+) power lead to the fused circuit. Connect the BLACK lead to Ground (-). Fasten the unit to the wall using the two screw holes located on the ends of the case. Reconnect the power supply.Do not install within 12" of a window that can openDo not install within12" of a door Do not install within 12" of ventsDo Not install behinddrapes or furnitureAlarm LocationAlarm Location For Minimum ProtectionFor Minimum ProtectionDO NOT INSTALLFigure 3OPERATION !WARNING: This alarm cannot detect propane gas or sound the alarm for two minutes after it has been turned on.POWER ON: When powered the LED color will be Green (Operational).TESTING!WARNING: DO NOT USE A CIGARETTE LIGHTER. THE BUTANE GAS MAY DAMAGE THE SENSOR.!WARNING: TEST THE OPERATIONOF THIS ALARM AFTER THE RECREATIONAL VEHICLE HAS BEEN IN STORAGE, BEFORE EACH TRIP AND AT LEAST ONCE PER WEEK DURING USE. 1. Simply press the Test/Mute switch at any time the alarm is powered. The LED should turn RED and the alarm should sound. Release the switch. IMPORTANT - If this alarm does not test properly return it immediately for repair or replacement.ALARM SIGNALThe Green LED will turn Red and the audible signal will activate whenever the level of propane gas exceeds the alarm threshold. The unit will continue to alarm until the gas clears or the Mute switch is pressed. See (Procedures Take During An Alarm and Alarm Signal Mute sections)ALARM SIGNAL MUTEPress the TEST-MUTE button when the detector is in alarm. 1. The audible alarm signal will stop, 2. the RED Alarm LED will remain on until the gas has dropped below the alarm point at which time the LED will turn Green, 3. If dangerous gas levels remain after the end of the Mute cycle (about 90 seconds) the alarm will re-activate.MALFUNCTION ALARMA fault in the sensors operation will activatemalfunction alarm. The LED will turn Yellow andthe sounder activate.IMPORTANT: IN THE EVENT OF AMALFUNCTION ALARM REMOVE THEALARM IMMEDIATELY AND RETURN ITFOR REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT.LOW POWER OPERATIONThis alarm will operate normally down to 8 vdc.Do not operate this alarm below 8 vdc.PROCEDURES TO TAKE DURING AN ALARM1. TURN OFF ALL GAS APPLIANCES,(STOVE, HEATERS, FURNACE),EXTINGUISH ALL FLAMES ANDSMOKING MATERIAL. EVACUATETHE UNIT, LEAVE DOORS ANDWINDOWS OPEN.2. TURN OFF THE PROPANE TANKVALVE.3. DETERMINE AND REPAIR THESOURCE OF THE LEAK. SEEKPROFESSIONAL HELP IF NECESSARY.CAUTION - DO NOT RE-ENTER UNTILTHE PROBLEM IS CORRECTED.LED AND SOUNDER SIGNALSColor Alarm Operation SounderSolid Green Normal OffSolid Red Alarm ContinuousSolid Yellow Malfunction ContinuousTROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDEPROBLEM CAUSE AND SOLUTIONLED OFF 1. FAULTY WIRE CONNECTION2. REVERSE POLARITY3. BAD OR MISSING FUSE4. DEAD BATTERYNO SOUND IN TEST 1. RETURN IMMEDIATELYNO RED LED IN TEST 1. RETURN IMMEDIATELYALARMS AFTER 1. CONTAMINATED SENSORWARM UP WITH OUT PRESS TEST MUTE SWITCHGAS PRESENT AND WAIT 90 SECONDSAUDIBLE ALARM 1. RETURN IMMEDIATELYWITH YELLOW LEDNO RESETSPECIFICATIONSPOWER SUPPLY 12 vDCOPERATIONAL VOLTAGE 8-16 vDCNOMINAL CURRENT DRAW 75 mA @ 12 vDCOPERATIONAL TEMPERATURE-31O F to 150o F-35o C to 66o CRELATIVE HUMIDITY 15% to 93%AUDIBLE OUTPUT 85 db @ 10 feetVISUAL OPERATIONAL SIGNAL G REENVISUAL ALARM SIGNAL R EDVISUAL MALFUNCTION SIGNAL Y ELLOWALARM TRIGGER < 25% of the LEL of PropaneCASE DIMENSIONS:30-442: 6 3/8” W x 2 7/8” H x 1” D30-441: 6” W x 1 7/8” H x 1 /1/4” DCASE MATERIAL Geon 3700FLAME RATING 94 5VWARRANTY 1 Year LimitedTESTING LABORATORY UnderwritersLaboratoriesSTANDARD UL 1484, Rev.2 Gas Alarms ForResidential and RV UseLIMITED WARRANTYLIMITED PRODUCTS WARRANTYMTI INDUSTRIES, INC. Warrants to theoriginal purchaser that this alarm will be freefrom defects of material or workmanship for aperiod of one (1) year. If defective in originalmaterials or workmanship and returned, deliverycosts prepaid, MTI INDUSTRIES, INC., willrepair or replace this product free of charge.LIMITS OF WARRANTYRepair or replacement is your exclusive remedyunder this limited warranty or any other warranty(including any implied warranty ofmerchantability for a particular purpose). Anyand all implied warranties or merchantability orfitness for a particular purpose is limited to thewarranty period from the original date ofpurchase. MTI INDUSTRIES, INC., its dealersand distributors shall in no case be responsible orin any way liable for any incidental orconsequential damages for any reason. Somestates do not allow the limitation or exclusion ofincidental or consequential damages, or allowlimitations on how long an implied warranty lasts,so the above limitations may not apply to you.This warranty gives you specific rights, and youmay also have other rights that may vary fromstate to state.WARRANTY RETURN POLICYThis alarm requires an authorization number (RA)for repair or replacement. Call MTI for a RAnumber. Pack the alarm carefully in a paddedcontainer. Include the RA number, an explanationof the problem, the original dated sales receipt,and your return address. Send, shipping prepaid,to: MTI Industries, Inc. 31632 N. Ellis Dr. #301Volo, IL 60073.Customer Service Number: 800-383-0269E-Mail **********************© 2001 MTI INDUSTRIES, INC.。
液态气体气化装置 英语
液态气体气化装置英语English:A liquefied gas vaporizer is a device used to convert liquid or cryogenic gases into their gaseous state for use in various industrial and commercial applications. This process involves the application of heat to the liquefied gas, causing it to evaporate and form a vapor. The vaporizer typically consists of a heat exchanger, a pressure regulator, and a control system to ensure safe and efficient operation. The heat exchanger is responsible for transferring heat from a heat source, such as steam or hot water, to the liquefied gas to facilitate vaporization. The pressure regulator ensures that the vaporized gas is delivered to the end-user at the correct pressure, while the control system monitors and adjusts the operating parameters of the vaporizer. Liquefied gas vaporizers are commonly used in industries such as petrochemical, pharmaceutical, food processing, and metal fabrication, where a reliable and continuous supply of gaseous fuel is essential for production processes.Translated content:液化气体气化装置是一种用于将液体或低温气体转化为其气态用于各种工业和商业应用的设备。
延迟焦化分馏塔喷淋脱过热与循环比的拟合计算
第49卷第9期 当 代 化 工 Vol.49，No.9 2020年9月 Contemporary Chemical Industry September，2020收稿日期： 2019-11-18作者简介： 周超强（1983-），男，辽宁省大连市人，工程师，硕士研究生，2009年毕业于哈尔滨工程大学应用化学专业，研究方向：石油化工工艺设计。
E -mail：**************************.cn。
延迟焦化分馏塔喷淋脱过热与循环比的拟合计算周超强，王俊，王吉峰（中国石油集团 东北炼化工程有限公司，大连 116085）摘 要：通过PROⅡ软件模拟计算，对某炼厂延迟焦化装置进行了核算改造，将装置循环比从原0.6降低至0.2，大大提高了装置的总液收率和经济效益。
在分馏塔脱过热段采用蜡油喷淋替代原焦化原料上进料与焦化油气换热的脱过热方式，大大提高了气液传质效率及对焦化油气中焦粉的洗涤效果，提高了焦化蜡油的指标，减少了原人字板的结焦及焦化液体产品中焦粉的夹带量。
着重介绍了降低循环比后主分馏塔的工艺调整计算及脱过热段蜡油喷淋量与循环比的拟合计算过程，并简述了脱过热段的改造工程方案。
关 键 词：延迟焦化；喷淋；循环比；脱过热中图分类号：TE 624 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1671-0460（2020）09-2088-05Fitting Calculation of the Recycle Ratio and the Spraying Intensityof De-superheating Gas Oil in DCU Fractionating ColumnZHOU Chao-qiang , WANG Jun , WANG Ji-feng(CNPC Northeast Refining & Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd., Dalian 116085, China)Abstract : Based on the simulation by PRO Ⅱ, the recycle ratio of DCU in a North China refinery was reduced from 0.6 to 0.2,which rapidly increased the liquid product yield and the overall economic benefits of the unit. In the de-superheating section of the main fractionator, the trays were replaced by sprinklers and the wax oil was sprayed as the quench oil instead of the heavy residue oil, which greatly improved the gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency and the washing effect of coke powder in the reaction gas, reduced the coke powder in the liquid products and the risk of coking in this section. In this paper, the process adjustment calculation of the main fractionator and how to match the sprayed gas oil and the recycle ratio were introduced emphatically. The engineering modification of the main fractionator was also mentioned briefly.Key words : Delayed coking unit; Spray; Recycle ratio; De-superheating延迟焦化因原料适应性强、技术成熟、投资和操作费用低等特点，是渣油加工的主要手段之一[1]。
高压法甲醇合成反应器工作流程
高压法甲醇合成反应器工作流程英文回答：The working process of a high-pressure methanol synthesis reactor involves several steps. Firstly, the reactants, which are typically carbon monoxide and hydrogen, are mixed and fed into the reactor. The reactants areusually obtained from a steam reforming process of natural gas or coal gasification.Inside the reactor, the reactants are subjected to high pressure, typically ranging from 50 to 100 bar, and high temperature, usually around 250 to 300 degrees Celsius. These conditions are necessary to facilitate the methanol synthesis reaction.The methanol synthesis reaction, also known as the Sabatier reaction, is a catalytic process that involves the conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into methanol. The reaction is typically carried out using a copper-basedcatalyst. The catalyst helps to speed up the reaction and improve the selectivity towards methanol production.During the reaction, the reactants adsorb onto the catalyst surface and undergo a series of chemical reactions to form methanol. The methanol product is then desorbed from the catalyst surface and collected as a liquid. The unreacted gases, including carbon monoxide and hydrogen, are recycled back into the reactor for further conversion.The reaction rate and selectivity of the methanol synthesis reaction can be influenced by various factors, such as the catalyst composition, temperature, pressure, and reactant concentrations. For example, higher temperatures and pressures generally favor higher methanol production rates, but they may also lead to increased byproduct formation. Therefore, optimizing these operating conditions is crucial to achieve high methanol yields and minimize unwanted byproducts.In addition to the reaction conditions, the design of the reactor itself also plays a significant role in theoverall process efficiency. The reactor should be designedto ensure proper heat transfer and mixing of the reactants, as well as efficient separation of the methanol productfrom the unreacted gases.Overall, the working process of a high-pressure methanol synthesis reactor involves the mixing of reactants, the catalytic conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogeninto methanol, and the collection of the methanol product. Optimizing the reaction conditions and reactor design are essential for efficient methanol production.中文回答：高压法甲醇合成反应器的工作流程包括几个步骤。
2023年英语学习专题之煤气化有关词汇
2023年英语学习专题之煤气化有关词汇煤气化是一种将煤炭转化为气体燃料的过程，随着能源需求不断增长和环保意识的提高，煤气化技术得到了广泛关注和应用。
煤气化涉及到许多专业术语和词汇，我们在英语学习中需要注意掌握这些相关的单词和表达。
1. Coal gasificationCoal gasification 是煤气化的专业术语，指将煤炭转化为气体燃料的过程。
在学习时需要注意其发音，正确的发音是/kɔːlˌɡæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/。
2. SyngasSyngas是煤气化过程中生成的混合气体燃料，由一氧化碳、氢气等组成。
在英语学习中，我们需要学习相关的表达和词汇，如syngas production、syngas utilization等。
3. GasifierGasifier是煤气化的关键设备，可以将煤炭转化为syngas。
有不同种类的gasifier，如fixed bed gasifier和fluidized bed gasifier等。
在学习中需要学习相关的单词和表达，如gasifier design、gasifier operation等。
4. Carbon capture and storageCarbon capture and storage (CCS) 是一种减少二氧化碳排放的技术，通过将二氧化碳气体捕获并存储在地下储层中来达到减排的目的。
在煤气化领域中，CCS技术可以将煤气化过程中产生的二氧化碳捕获并利用。
需要学习相关单词和表达，如CCS technology、CCS capacity等。
5. Coal liquefactionCoal liquefaction是将煤炭转化为液态燃料油的过程，常见的技术有Direct Coal Liquefaction和Indirect Coal Liquefaction等。
需要注意相关术语和词汇的学习，如coal liquefaction plant、coal liquefaction reactor等。
冷却器专业区域工业冷冻液控制阀值安全操作手册说明书
SAFETY PROCEDURESFOR REFRIGERATING SPECIALTIES REFRIGERATION CONTROL VALVESINTRODUCTIONThis bulletin is a summary of safety procedures for the proper selection, instal-lation, use and maintenance of Refrigerating Specialties Division industrial refrigerant control valves. Additional free copies are available and should be distributed to all concerned personnel. This bulletin is intended to help you protect your personnel, product and plant. Because of space limitations, this bulletin must be supplemented by accepted and known industry safety prac-tices and local code requirements.Refrigerating Specialties Division control valves are designed and built to the highest standards of the refrigeration industry. However, for proper perfor-mance the valves must be correctly chosen, properly installed and periodically serviced. Because safe operation is of primary concern, this bulletin empha-sizes suggestions for the safe installation and maintenance of Refrigerating Specialties Valves. Read this information carefully before installing a valve or working on one already installed; also, use it to review all previous installations. All personnel working on valves must be qualified to work on refrigeration systems. Any person intending to service a valve should completely read this bulletin and the product bulletin describing the particular valve and its opera-tion before any work begins. If there are any questions, contact Refrigerating Specialties before proceeding with the work.RECEIVING AND UNPACKINGAll control valves are packed for maximum protection. Unpack carefully. Flange bolts are packed in cotton bags and coils are packed loose. Check the carton to make sure all flanges and other items are unpacked and in agreement with the packing slip. Save the enclosed instructions for the installer and eventual user. Do not remove the protective covering from the inlet and outlet of the control valve until the valve is ready to be installed.Caution: Do not, at any time, make any alteration or modifications to any Refrigerating Specialties Division valves or regulators without the express and written approval of this company. Threaded parts should not be subjected to excessive torque by use of an oversized wrench, wrench extension or by impacting the wrench handle. Where specified in the individual bulletin, ob-serve the torque requirements for bolts, screws and other threaded parts. Contact the factory for torque values not furnished in current literature.For extensive repairs on valves or regulators, especially those more than three years old, the valves or regulators should be returned to the factory for thor-ough inspection and rebuilding. Spare parts should be checked for corrosion before installation. In addition, part numbers should be checked against the latest assembly bulletin to be sure current parts are being used.If a valve or regulator has failed under circumstances which caused, or could have caused, injury to personnel or damage to property, a replacement valve should not be installed until the reason for the previous failure is determined and corrected. Adequate protection should be taken to prevent both liquid shock and suction shock both upstream and downstream of the valve or regulator.LIQUID EXPANSIONIn liquid lines, or lines that might contain substantial amounts of liquid refri-gerant, certain precautions must be taken to avoid damage due to liquid expansion when a section of line is isolated by positive shut off valves. This condition may occur whenever the ambient temperature could be higher than the liquid temperature. This could even occur in a refrigerant or oil line other than a “liquid” line.Temperature increase in a section with trapped liquid can cause extremely high pressures due to the expanding liquid and possibly rupture a gasket, pipe, or valve. When low temperature liquid lines are used, as in a liquid overfeed (recirculation) system, and the lines or control valves may be ex-posed to warm ambient conditions, particular care must be taken; liquid expan-sion can occur very rapidly.CHECK VALVESCheck valves must never be installed at the inlet of either a solenoid valve, or a regulator with an electric solenoid pilot shut-off feature. Also, the check valve should not be installed at the inlet of an outlet pressure regulator in a system where liquid may be trapped between the two valves. If a check valve is needed, install it on the outlet side of such valves. Most solenoid valves and regulators will permit reverse flow if the outlet pressure is greater than inlet pressure. If at any time, such reverse pressure conditions are possible and reverse flow is unacceptable a check valve should be installed at the control valve outlet.REFRIGERATING SPECIALTIES DIVISIONSAFETY BULLETIN RSBCV HAND VALVESAll hand valves that could trap liquid when closed must be marked with a warning against accidental closing. The liquid refrigerant must be removed before the hand valves are closed on both sides of a control valve or any other component. Also, liquid must be removed before a hand valve is closed at the inlet of a solenoid valve or a regulator with positive electric shut-off, or some outlet pressure regulators, or at the outlet of a check valve, unless these valves are manually open.Caution: To protect personnel, product and plant, remove all liquid from the section to be isolated before hand valves are closed. Make sure the control valves are open when removing the liquid. See Service and Maintenance Instructions before attempting to take any valve apart.RELIEF DEVICESRelief devices or relief methods should be used in all parts of a refrigeration system where liquid can be trapped and liquid expansion could take place. Under no circumstances should R/S Pressure Regulators be used as a relief to the atmosphere, R/S Type H Safety Relief valves should be used instead. SELECTION AND APPLICATIONA control valve must be selected only by a person having adequate knowl-edge of the system and of the valve to be chosen. Any Refrigerating Special-ties Division control valve must be used only as specifically stated in Refriger-ating Specialties Division Catalogs or Bulletins for normal refrigeration applica-tions unless otherwise approved in writing by Refrigerating Specialties Divi-sion.The valves are designed to operate with ammonia and/or halocarbon refriger-ants. Valves using flanges with copper connections must not be used with ammonia refrigerant. Unless authorized by the factory, Refrigerating Special-ties valves should not be used for refrigerants or fluids not mentioned on the nameplate or in the pertinent bulletin.INSTALLATIONInstallation must be done according to all applicable Safety Codes and Stan-dards, and by personnel qualified to install refrigeration systems. Refrigerating Specialties Division control valves must be installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, this bulletin, and the generally known safety prac-tices.MOUNTINGASTM A307 Grade A square headed bolts should be used to mount flanged body valves. They assure the maximum bolt surface and flange engagement. For all lug mounted valves, flange bolts should be inserted in a direction pointing toward the valve body. The bolt should pass first through the mount-ing flange before engaging the valve flange. Allow proper space for installing the valve. Do not use the valve to “stretch” or “align” the pipe. Using flange bolts to close a large gap can distort the valve or at least stress it unduly, and possibly cause it to malfunction, or the bolts may be damaged or stripped. (See table below for proper torque requirements). For proper sealing the gaskets should be lightly oiled and all bolts must be tightened evenly. Make sure the flange tongues are properly aligned with the grooves in the valve body. Where necessary, support the valve by brackets or hangers to avoid overstressing the pipe or valve.When mounting weld-end valves: welding procedures for all steel pipe and fitting need to conform to all requirements of the ASME IX and other Pressure Pipe welding standards. In all cases where valves are installed without disas-sembly, they should be manually opened.*All A2 direct operated regulators, and AFR-3 and FFR flow regulators use 7/16" diameter bolts.Parker Hannifin Corporation •Refrigerating Specialties Division2445 South 25th Avenue • Broadview, IL 60155-3891Phone: (708) 681-6300 or 800-506-4261 • Fax: (708) 681-6306 or 800-424-7109 •e-mail:*******************LOCATIONValves must not be installed in locations where they can be damaged by material handling or other equipment. Trapped ice build-up must be avoided at or between valves and other equipment. Provide reasonable access to all control valves for maintenance purposes.INSULATIONWhen it is necessary to insulate the control valves, the insulation must be applied to allow access for proper operation and maintenance of the valves. The manual opening and adjusting stems should be easily accessible at all times. In the case of solenoid valves the insulation must not extend to the coil housing or coil burnout may occur. Insulation should be constructed so that sections can be easily removed and replaced to allow the valve to be disas-sembled. Insulation applied to strainers should provide ready access for clean-ing the strainer basket.Since most maintenance problems caused by dirt occur at the start-up of a system, it is advisable to delay insulating the control valves and strainers until the system has operated for several days. During that time the strainers should be checked for dirt and cleaned as necesary. Cotton bags are available for 25mm-100mm (1" - 4") Type RSF Strainers to improve their ability to remove small particles of dirt during start-up.PUMP OUT MEANSIndividual valves or control stations should be provided with means for pump-ing out or safely purging the refrigerant.PRESSURE TESTINGEvery segment of a refrigeration system, including control valves, should be field pressure tested before system is insulated and put in use. Make sure that correct high and low side test pressures are used. Use proper refrigerant or gas for pressure testing; that is do not use halocarbons or C02 to test an ammonia system, nor use ammonia to test halocarbon system. Never use the compres-sor in a system to build up pressure for testing.In pressure testing Range V, VA, A, B or D pressure regulators, test pressure in excess of 21. kg/cm2 (300 psig) may cause setting shift and diaphragm may deform enough to require replacement after the test. If the above conditions exist, contact the factory for proper solution.ELECTRICALOnly properly qualified electricians should handle the electrical portions of control valves and their circuitry. All power supplies and wiring must be ad-equate to provide the proper voltage and current to the solenoid coils. The power supply must be capable of providing the proper in-rush current. Never energize the solenoid with the coil housing or plunger assembly removed. SERVICE AND MAINTENANCEAll systems require maintenance and service. The personnel doing the work must be qualified and completely familiar with the system they are to work on or all other precautions will be meaningless.PUMP OUTFor the protection of personnel, product, and plant, all refrigerant possible must be removed from a valve or any other component of the system, before any refrigerant retaining part is loosened. Before opening a valve, make sure all refrigerant liquid has been removed. In particular, beware of strainers and other sections of piping which may trap liquid refrigerant which will require a considerable length of time to remove. Pump out as much refrigerant as possible before discharging remaining refrigerant in a properly protected man-ner. During pump out make sure control valves are opened manually to avoid trapping refrigerant.All type RSF and RSW Strainers are provided with 3/8" FPT connection to assist in pump out.At times it may be necessary to discharge some small amount of refrigerant from the isolated section. When this becomes necessary, certain precautions must be observed. Make sure control of discharge rate can be easily main-tained and that a quick shut-off is available.Refrigerant should be discharged into and disposed of in a proper container accepted by applicable safety codes and standards. Discharge of refrigerant to atmosphere should be avoided. Never discharge any refrigerant into an area without sufficient ventilation, or into an area where open flame or electri-cal spark is present. Any oil in the refrigerant may cause a mist that could cause a fire or explosion.Halocarbon refrigerant should not be discharged into areas where open flame is present, since toxic gases may form. Ammonia should not be discharged into occupied areas, or areas containing product affected by ammonia. In the case of ammonia, discharge any vapor left into a container of cold water, making sure that the discharge hose remains submerged at all times. (Be sure that no pressure reversals can occur that may pull water into the system.) Water may have to be refreshed to absorb all the ammonia; about one gallon of fresh water is needed for one pound of ammonia.To prevent pulling excessive air and moisture into a system, avoid opening the system when it is under vacuum.Caution: Do not attempt to work on any part of a refrigeration system without having help nearby and observing. Use safety glasses or a safety face shield for added safety to protect the eyes. Protective equipment should be readily available and all personnel involved should be thoroughly trained in its use. Personnel should be especially protected against falling because they may be startled by escaping refrigerant. Always make sure that there is a way out and that everyone can leave the area fast. When seal caps cover manual opening or adjusting stems, the caps must be removed with caution because liquid refrigerant could accumulate under such a cap. Avoid contact with any liquid refrigerant.ELECTRICALBefore working on any valve or other item having electrical components refer to the “ELECTRICAL” paragraph of the “INSTALLATION” section. Be sure the circuits are completely de-energized; just throwing a switch may not be suffi-cient. Failure to do this may result in personal injury or damage to solenoid coils or other components. Take care to see that the circuits cannot be energized accidentally. Never energize the solenoid with the coil housing or plunger assembly removed.DISASSEMBLYBe sure that any person working on a valve is familiar with its construction and operation by referring to the proper bulletin. Make sure the pressure in the system to be opened is reduced to, and remains, at atmospheric pressure before valve pressure containment seals are released. A pressure gauge should be connected to the part of the system to be evacuated. Before removing the bonnet of pressure regulators, back out adjusting stem to pre-vent damage to the diaphragm.RE-ASSEMBLYBe sure all parts are clean and free of moisture before reassembly. Damaged parts and gaskets should be replaced. It is advisable to purge the section of air before opening it to the rest of the system. When opening hand valves, ensure that inital refrigerant flow will be in the normal direction of valve flow; this will avoid backflow and possible damage to the strainer if one is used.DIRT, CONTAMINATION AND CORROSIONProtect the valves from foreign material during storage and installation. The protective plugs on the valve openings should remain in place until the valves are ready to be installed. Once a section of a system is installed, and before it is put into operation, it is advisable to charge it with appropriate refrigerant or suitable inert gas to avoid corrosion. Avoid exposure of R/S valves to haloge-nated solvents or similar reactive fluids. External corrosion over a long period of time must be controlled by painting and replacement of corroded parts. STRAINER MAINTENANCEStrainer inspection is of utmost importance, especially the first few hours, days or weeks after the start-up. Foreign material should be removed and the screens should be washed with proper solvent. Strainer inspection and clean-ing should be continued until dirt accumulation ceases. Later, any time a valve pressure containment seal is released for service or maintenance, its compan-ion strainer should also be inspected and cleaned. Filter bags are available for 25mm-100mm (1” - 4") Type RSF Strainers to improve their ability to remove small particles of dirt during start-up. If a strainer filter bag is used in the strainer basket, the cloth bag must be checked every few days depending upon the amount of system dirt collected. When the cloth bag no longer collects dirt, it must be discarded.GENERAL SPECIFICATIONSRefrigerating Specialties refrigerant containing valves and strainers are de-signed for a Maximum Rated Pressure of 21 bar (300 psig) except where shown otherwise on the nameplate. They are suitable for use under most temperature conditions encountered in refrigeration systems. Maximum and minimum fluid temperatures for each valve are published in R/S Condensed Catalog CC-11b. If either fluid or ambient temperature is below a valves rated minimum, consult the factory. In addition, should fluid temperature exceed the rated maximum or should ambient temperatures exceed 125°F, consult the factory.Refrigerating Specialties Division 050006。
IDEAL AND REAL GAS LAWS
IDEAL AND REAL GAS LAWSGases, unlike solids and liquids have indefinite shape and indefinite volume. As a result, they are subject to pressure changes, volume changes and temperature changes. Real gas behavior is actually complex. For now, let's look at ideal Gases, since their behavior is simpler. By understanding ideal gas behavior, real gas behavior becomes more tangible.How do we describe an ideal gas? An ideal gas has the following properties:1. An ideal gas is considered to be a "point mass". A point mass is a particle so small, its mass is very nearly zero. This means an ideal gas particle has virtually no volume.2. Collisions between ideal Gases are "elastic". This means that no attractive or repulsive forces are involved during collisions. Also, the kinetic energy of the gas molecules remains constant since theses interparticle forces are lacking.Volume and temperature are by now familiar concepts. Pressure, however, may need some explanation. Pressure is defined as a force per area. When gas molecules collide with the sides of a container, they are exerting a force over that area of the container. This gives rise to the pressure inside the container.Problems Dealing With The Ideal Gas LawFor a gas, pressure, volume, temperature and the moles of gas are all related by the following equation:The units of pressure, volume and temperature are dictated by the ideal gas law constant, R. The most common used value for R when dealing with gases is 0.0821 L. atm/mol. K. This unit requires that volume to be expressed in liters, pressure to be expressed in atmospheres, and temperature to be expressed in Kelvin. One thing to keep in mind is that temperature will always be expressed in the Kelvin scale when dealing with any of the gas laws.Let's start looking at some of the types of questions you may encounter using the ideal gas law. In some problems, you will know four out of the five possible variables, and be asked to solve for the fifth variable. It is important to note that the pressure, volume, moles or temperature of the gas is not changed. When these variables are changed, a different type of problem is apparent, and we will shortly look at these types of problems.Suppose you have 1.00 mol of a gas at 0o C, occupying a container which is 500 mL in size. What is the pressure of this gas in atmospheres?To solve this problem, consider that moles, temperature, volume and the ideal gas law constant, R, are known. Pressure is the only unknown variable. Recall that R will dictate the units. The temperature is given in Celsius. This must be converted to the Kelvin scale. To convert Celsius to Kelvin, add 273 to the Celsius temperature:K = o C + 273 = 0o C + 273 = 273 KAlso, the volume must be in liters, not milliliters. Convert as follows:Now we are ready to insert the known values into the ideal gas law:Solve for pressure by dividing both sides of the equation by the volume, 0.500 L:Notice how the units cancel to give atmospheres.Next, let's find the volume of 2.50 mol of gas which is at 730 mm Hg of pressure, and at a temperature of 127 o C.As before, we need to convert temperature from Celsius to Kelvins:K = 127 o C + 273 = 400 KAdditionally, we need to convert the pressure units of mm Hg to atmospheres. In one atmosphere of pressure, there are 760 mm Hg:Remember, the reason for these conversions was to make the units consistent with the units of the ideal gas law constant, R.Substitute the known values for pressure, moles, R, and temperature into the ideal gas law:Divide both sides of the equation by the pressure, 0.961 atm, to solve for volume:Again, notice how the units cancel to give volume units of liters.Next, let's solve for the Celsius temperature of 0.600 mol of a gas at a pressure of 40000 torr, and a volume of 160 mL.Unit conversions of pressure and volume must be done, first. We see here another pressure unit, torr. There are 760 torr in one atmosphere, and as one can see, the torr pressure unit is the same as the units of mm Hg.Once again, since the pressure and volume units are now consistent with the units of R, the values may be substituted into the ideal gas law:Divide both sides of the equation by the moles, 6.00 mol, and the ideal gas law constant, R, 0.0821 L. atm/mol . K, to solve for temperature:Notice how the units cancel to give temperature in K.Convert the Kelvin temperature into Celsius:o C = K - 273 = 171 - 273 = -102 o CNow let's find how many moles of gas are present when the gas is occupying a volume of 5.00 L at a pressure of 10.0 atmospheres and a temperature of 310 K. Substitute the pressure, volume, temperature and the gas constant, R, into the ideal gas law equation:Divide both sides of the equation by the gas law constant, R, and the temperature to solve for n:Other P,V,T, n Relationships (Empirical Gas Laws)The ideal gas law may also be used to investigate the behavior of a gas when pressure, volume, the moles of gas and/or temperature are changed. These additional laws are often named after the scientist(s) who investigated these properties.The relationship between pressure and volume while holding moles and temperature constant is called Boyle's Law. Let's derive this law. Assign subscripts to pressure and volume to indicate two different pressures and volumes:P1V1 = nRTP2V2 = nRTSince both pressures and volumes are equal to nRT, they are equal to each other:P1V1 = P2V2 = nRT (Boyle's Law)Let's look at a problem dealing with Boyle's Law. Suppose you had gas in a 15.0 L container at 5.00 atmospheres pressure, and the volume is decreased to 0.500 L. What is the new pressure in the container?To recognize that this is a Boyle's Law problem, make yourself a table of the known quantities and the unknown quantity.Substitute the know variables into the equation for Boyle's Law. Make sure that the volume units are consistent. In this case, the volume units are both expressed in liters.(5.00 atm)(15.0 L) = P2(0.500 L)Solve for the new pressure, P2, by dividing both sides of the equation by the new volume, 0.500 L:Note that pressure and volume are inversely proportional, so as volume decreases, the pressure increases.The relationship between volume and temperature while holding moles and pressure constant is called Charles' Law. Let's derive this law from the ideal gas law. Assign subscripts to volume and temperature, and hold moles and pressure constant:PV1 = nRT1PV2 = nRT2Collect terms. Bring the constants to one side of the equation and the variables to the other side of the equation. Divide both sides of each equation by pressure, P, and by the temperature term, T1 in the first equation and T2 in the second equation. This is Charles' Law:Let's look at a problem dealing with Charles' Law. Suppose you had 25.0 L of gas at 0 o C, and you raised the temperature to 100 o C. What is the new volume of the gas?The first task is to immediately change the temperature values from Celsius to Kelvin. Remember, when dealing with any gas law, temperature values must be expressed in the absolute temperature scale (Kelvin scale). Why? Look at Charles' Law. If temperature were to remain in the Celsius scale, one would have to divide by 0 o C in the above problem. Division by 0 is undefined. Likewise, if one of the temperatures were negative, a negative volume would result, which is "impossible." By using the absolute temperature scale, negative temperature values do not exist, hence, negative or undefined volumes are not possible results.T1 = 0 o C + 273 = 273 KT2 = 100 o C + 273 = 373 KOnce again, to recognize that this is a Charles' Law problem, make a table of the known quantities and the unknown quantity:Substitute the known temperatures and volume into the expression for Charles' Law:Solve for V2 by multiplying both sides of the equation by T2, 373 K:Note how volume and temperature are directly proportional. As the temperature increases, volume increases.Now let's look at the case where pressure and temperature are varied and the moles and volume are held constant. This empirical gas law is called the Guy-Lussac Law. As before, give the terms which are varied, pressure and temperature, subscripts:P1V = nRT1P2V = nRT2Collect terms. Divide each equation by their respective temperature term and each equation by the volume, V:Let's use this law in a gas law problem. Suppose you have a gas at 30.0 atm pressure and 100 o C and the temperature is changed to 400 o C. What is the new pressure of the gas?Again, the first step is to convert the temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin:T1 = 100 o C + 273 = 373 KT2 = 400 o C + 273 = 673 KSet up a table of knowns and unknown:Substitute the known quantities into the Guy-Lussac equation:Solve the above expression for the pressure, P2, by multiplying both sides of the equation by the temperature, 673 K:Notice that pressure and temperature are directly proportional. As the temperature increased, the pressure also increased.The next empirical gas law we'll look at is called Avogadro's Law. This law deals with the relationship between the volume and moles of a gas at constant pressure and temperature. Let's derive this law from the ideal gas law. Give the moles and volume subscripts, since their conditions will change:PV1 = n1RTPV2 = n2RTCollect terms. Divide each equation by pressure, P, and divide each equation by their respective mole term:Let's use Avogadro's Law in a problem. Suppose you were given that 8.00 moles of a gas occupies a volume of 4.00L at a constant pressure and temperature. What volume of gas would 16.0 moles of this gas occupy at the same temperature and pressure?Set up your table of knowns and unknown:Substitute the known quantities into the equation for Avogadro's Law:Solve the above equation for the volume, V2, by multiplying both sides of the equation by 16.0 mol:Notice how volume and moles are directly proportional. As the number of moles of gas increased, so did the volume of the gas.The Combined Gas LawWhat happens if none of the variables for a gas are constant (pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of the gas were changed)? The result would be the Combined Gas Law. Let's derive this law. Give pressure, volume, moles and temperature subscripts, since they are all changing:P1 V1 = n1RT1P2V2 = n2RT2Collect terms. Divide each equation by their respective mole and temperature term:This equation is very useful since it contains any empirical gas law relationship you may need to come up with. If moles and temperature are held constant, then the above equation simplifies down to Boyle's Law. If pressure and moles are held constant, then the equation simplifies down to Charles' Law, etc. If only moles are held constant, then substitute the known pressure, volume and temperatures into the above equation and solve for the unknown quantity. For instance, suppose you had a gas at 15.0 atm pressure, at a volume of 25.0 L and a temperature of 300 K. What would the volume of the gas be at standard temperature and pressure? Standard pressure is 1.00 atm and standard temperature is 0 o C (or 273 K).Set up a table of knowns and unknown, as before:Substitute these variables into the combined gas law. Since the moles are unchanged, the mole terms have dropped out of the equation:Solve the volume, V2. Multiply both sides of the equation by 273 K and divide both sides of the equation by 1.00 atm:Other Equations Derived from the Ideal Gas LawFrom the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, one can derive other useful expressions--ones that relate the molar mass and density of Gases to pressures and temperatures. This is often done just by substituting a different known expression for one of the variables in the ideal gas law. For instance, you know that the moles of a gas, n, can also be expressed as the mass of the gas in grams over the molar mass of that gas:Substitute this into the ideal gas law, and one obtains the equation:Multiplying both sides by the molar mass, MM, obtains:(MM)PV = gRTThis equation is useful for determining the molar mass of a gas from experimental data, where the mass, pressure, volume and temperature of the gas is measured.Now, let's divide both sides of the above expression by the volume, V:Since we know that g/V is density, D, let's substitute density in for g/V in the above equation:(MM)P = DRTThis equation is useful for relating the pressure, density and temperature of a gas, in the same way as the other empirical gas laws we have encountered.Real GasesSo far we have only considered the behavior of "ideal" Gases. How does a real gas differ from an ideal gas? Recall that an ideal gas is considered to be a point mass -- a particle so small that the volume of that particle is negligible. A real gas particle does have real volume. For an ideal gas, the collisions between gas particles was said to be "elastic" -- no attractive or repulsive forces exist, and thus, no energy is exchanged during collisions. For a real gas, collisions are non-elastic. There are a number of real gas laws. We will look at only one here, the van der Waal's equation:Notice how "corrections" are being made to the pressure term and the volume term. Since collisions of real Gases are non-elastic, the term n2a/V2 is correcting for the interactions of these particles. The value of a is a constant, and must be experimentally determined for each gas. Since real gas particles have real volume, the nb term is correcting for the excluded volume. The value of b is a constant, and must be determined experimentally for each gas. The van der Waals constants, a and b for many gases have been tabulated in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Needless to say, they would be given to you if you are required to solve a problem using this equation. At this level, only pressure or temperature can be solved for easily. Solving for the volume is nontrivial and involves solving a cubic polynomial equation. Let's show how the van der Waals equation is rearranged to solve for pressure. Begin by dividing both sides of the equation by the volume term, V - nb:Next, subtract the interparticle interaction term, n2a/V2 from both sides of the equation:Using the real gas law, let's find the pressure of 2.00 moles of carbon dioxide gas at 298 K in a5.00 L container. The van der Waals constants for carbon dioxide are: a = 3.592 L2. atm/mol2 andb = 0.04267 L/mol.Substituting all of the variables into the appropriate terms of the equation, one obtains the pressure of :Compare this to the pressure calculated using the ideal gas law:© Copyrght, 2001, L. Ladon. Permission is granted to use and duplicate these materials for non-profit educational use, under the following conditions: No changes or modifications will be made without written permission from the author. Copyright registration marks and author acknowledgement must be retained intact.。
美国迈阿迪（Made in America）高压燃油吸引器说明书
NOTE: Perform installation when gas gauge reads below 1/4 tank. A lighter gas tank will be easier to manage. Also, have a partner handy to assist with the removal and installation of the tank.WARNING: When working near gasoline, always be cautious not to have any heat or ame generating device as this could result in combustion and cause injury or death. Always keep a re extinguisher handy when working with combustible uids.1. Disconnect battery terminals before beginning installation of this product. Disconnect negative terminal rst making sure not to contact the positive terminal with the tool being used.2. Remove the gas cap from the vehicle to relieve the pressure inside the tank. Cut zip ties holding axle vent tubes to the ller hose. To gain access to these tubes, remove the plastic cover from underneath the rear quarter panel.Remove the fuel ller assembly by rst removing the 4 screws holding the ller neck in position. Next, remove the 4 screws holding the plastic bezel.Save these screws, they will be used to reinstall ller neck. NOTE: Instead of removing the complete ller assembly, ller and over ow hoses can be removed directly from the tank by loosening the clamps securing them.3. Some TJ models will have a grounding strap attached to the driver’s side shock mount. Use a at head screwdriver to remove it. Disconnect the electrical connector on top of the gas tank by sliding the red clip to the side and unlocking the connector. Also disconnect the evaporation hose and high pressure line from the metal tubing at the left front corner of the tank. NOTE:Have a bucket and some shop rags handy. Fuel may spill out when disconnecting fuel lines.4. Position oor jack centered beneath the gas tank to hold it in place.Remove the 7 nuts holding the gas tank and the OE skid pan to the vehicle. Save these nuts as they will be used to reinstall the gas tank. Do not remove the nuts securing the gas tank to the OE skid pan straps untill the gas tank is on the ground.Contents: 1. TJ Gas Tank Skid Plate (1)97-06 TJ GAS TANK SKID PLATE5. Late model jeeps will have the fuel rail connected to the top of the tank. Using the oor jack, lower the gas tank approx 3 inches. Unhook the fuel rail from the top of the tank and disconnect the vent hose from the rollover valve at the back right corner of the tank.6. Once all lines and wires are disconnected from the gas tank, proceed to lower and completely remove the tank from the vehicle. Be sure to guide the ller assembly making sure it doesn't snag on anything. Place the gas tank on the ground. Fit RR skid plate to vehicle without gas tank in place to make sure slots align with the vehicles mounting fasteners.7. Remove the nuts holding the straps to the OE skid pan. Reinstall these straps in the RR skid plate using the square cutouts in the front of the pan.Remove gas tank from OE skid pan and place into the RR skid plate . Locate the proper slots in the rear of the RR skid plate for each straps threaded stud.Tighten the nuts onto the studs to secure the gas tank to the RR skid plate. Be careful not to over tighten these bolts.8. Position oor jack under vehicle with gas tank assembly centered on top. Slowly raise into position being sure to guide ller assembly to its appropriate location. The gas tank assembly may need to be tilted back to avoid the rear track bar when lifting. Stop about 3 inches away from the skid plates mounting position and reconnect the fuel rail to the top of the tank. It may be easier to reconnect the vent tube to the rollover valve and the electrical connector at this time also.97-06 TJ GAS TANK SKID PLATE9. Resume lifting the gas tank assembly slowly into position. Line up factory mounting studs with the slots in the skid plate. Tighten the 7 nuts onto the factory studs evenly to 17 ft-lbs to secure gas tank assembly into position. Reconnect the high pressure fuel line, evaporation hose, and electrical connector (if not already connected in step 8).97-06 TJ GAS TANK SKID PLATE10. Locate 2 axle vent hoses and zip tie hoses to fuel ller neck. Also,reconnect the grounding strap to the driver side shock mount ifapplicable. Hold ller neck in position and reinstall 8 screws to securethe ller assembly to the vehicle. Reconnect the fuel ller and over owhoses to the tank if they were detached prior to lowering the tank.11. Reconnect vehicle wires to the battery terminals. Attach negative terminal wires last. Once all wires are connected and installation is complete, start engine. You may need to pump the gas pedal a few times to get fuel through the lines and to the engine. Once started, check all fuel lines for leaks.Rugged Ridge Limited WarrantyApplies to Rugged Ridge Products by OMIX-ADA Inc.Please find warranty card supplied with product for more information. Warranty cardshould be filled out and returned to address listed below.OMIX-ADA Inc.460 Horizon Dr. Suite 400Suwanee, Georgia 30024Page 2 of 3。
RV Safe 碳氧氮氬煤氣和氣酸煤氣警報器說明書说明书
Page 3Page 4Page 2CO & Propane Gas Alarm for RVsRVCOLP-2 and RVCOLP-3Propane Gas Alarm for RVsRVLP-2 and RVLP-3Owner’s ManualGeneral WarningsPlease Read this Entire Manual BeforeUsing the RV Safe AlarmCarbon monoxide (CO) gases and propane, or liquefied petroleum (LP) can be dangerous. Propane is commonly used in recreational vehicles, and early detection of propane leaks can help prevent dangerous conditions. Carbon monoxide can also accumulate with improper ventilation or with malfunctioning appliances.RV Safe will only detect CO and propane gas present at the sensor. Gases may be present in other areas.This product is intended for use in recreational vehicles (RVs) only. It is not designed to measure compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) commercial or industrial standards.Warnings About Carbon Monoxide GasThis carbon monoxide alarm is designed to detect carbon monoxide and propane gas from ANY source of combustion. It is NOT designed to detect smoke or any other gases.Understanding the Dangers of CO Gas PoisoningThe following are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning and need to be discussed with all occupants of the vehicle:1) Mild Exposure: Slight headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue (“flu-like” symptoms).2) Medium Exposure: Severe throbbing headache, drowsiness, confusion, fast heart rate.3) Extreme Exposure: Unconsciousness, convulsions, cardiorespiratory failure, brain damage, and death.Many cases of reported CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING indicate that while victims are aware they are not well, they become so disoriented they are unable to save themselves by either exiting the building or calling forassistance. Young children and household pets are typically the first affected. If you experience ANY symptoms of CO poisoning, consult your physician.Potential Problem Sources of CO GasThe sources of carbon monoxide gas can be very difficult to locate due to the odorless, colorless nature of the gas, especially after the RV has been aired-out prior to the investigator’s arrival. Look closely at the following:1) Car idling nearby.2) Motorhome or generator exhaust entering RV .3) Excessive spillage or reverse venting of fuel-burning appliances.• Outdoor ambient conditions such as wind direction and/or velocity,including high gusts of wind; heavy air in the vent pipes (cold/humid air with extended periods between cycles).• Negative pressure differential resulting from the use of exhaust fans. • Simultaneous operation of several fuel burning appliances competingfor limited internal air.• Vent pipe connection vibrating loose from clothes dryer, furnace, orwater heater.• Obstructions or unconventional vent pipe designs which amplify theabove situations.4) Extended operation of unvented fuel-burning devices (range, oven, fireplace, etc.).5) Temperature inversions which can trap exhaust gases near the ground. 6) Poorly designed or maintained vents.Understanding the Dangers of Propane GasLiquefied petroleum (LP) gas is commonly called propane and is used as fuel for heating and cooking appliances, especially for RVs.Propane gas is explosive at the lower-explosive-limit (LEL), which is 21,000 parts per million (ppm). RV Safe will alarm at 10% LEL, or 2,100 ppm.Propane gas is denser than air, and will usually accumulate close to the floor. Therefore, RV Safe should be placed near the floor in order to quickly detect propane gas leaks.Supply Voltage Thresholds 8 to 15 VDC (13.5V nominal)Supply Current (Max) 70 mA at 13.5V / 95mA at 8V Supply Current (Typical) 17 mA at 13.5VOperating Temperature -40°F to 150°F (-40°C to 66°C) Humidity15% to 90%CO Detection Thresholds 70 ppm for 60 to 120 minutes (RVCOLP models only) 150 ppm for 10 to 30 minutes400 ppm for 4 to 15 minutes LP Detection Threshold 4200 ppm (<20% LEL)Audible Indicator 85 dB at 10 feet (Minimum)Alarm Lifetime 5 years (powered operation)Standards Conforms to RV Standards for:(All models)UL1484(RVCOLP models only) UL2034 and complies withCSA 6.19.01Warranty 1 Year Weight 1.3 ozDimensions 4.21”x 2.61”x 0.57”(10.7 cm x 6.6 cm x 1.4 cm)Note: Supply current will remain higher for 30 seconds after power-up.Alarm will not detect CO or Propane for the first 30 seconds.SpecificationsIf alarm horn sounds with a 4-chirp pattern (Model RVCOLP-2 and RVCOLP-3 only):1) Press the Silence/Test button.2) Call your Local Emergency Services number or 911. ______________________________________________Fill in your local Fire Department number here.3) Immediately move to fresh air – outdoors or by an open door/window. Do a head count to check that all persons are accounted for. Do notreenter the premises or move away from the open door/window until the emergency services responders arrive, the premises have been aired out, and your alarm returns to its normal state.4) After following steps 1 – 3, if your alarm reactivates within a 24 hour period, repeat steps 1 – 3 and call a qualified appliance technician at( ) ________________ to investigate for sources of CO and LP from fuel burning equipment and appliances, and inspect for proper operation of this equipment. If problems are identified during this inspection, have equipment serviced immediately. Note any combustion equipment not inspected by the technician and consult the manufacturers’ instructions, or contact the manufacturers directly for more information about CO and LP safety and this equipment. Make sure that motor vehicles are not and have not been operating in an enclosed area near the RV .Note: This alarm was shipped with two (2) self-adhesive warning labels. Add the telephone numbers of your emergency service provider and that of a qualifiedtechnician in spaces provided. Place one label next to the alarm, and the other label near a source of fresh air where your family plans to gather if the alarm indicates the presence of carbon monoxide or propane gas.If alarm horn sounds with constant beeps:1) Evacuate everyone from the RV .2) Shut off propane gas supply at propane tanks or supply.3) Do not touch any electrical switch in or near the RV .4) Do not start vehicle’s engine or generator.5) Contact a qualified RV or gas technician for repairs.6) If you cannot reach a gas supplier or qualified Service Technician, contact the local fire department.7) Do not turn on gas supply until the leak has been repaired.WARNINGActivation of your CO alarm indicates the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) which can KILL YOU. WARNINGActivation of this device indicates the presence of propane gas, which can cause an explosionand/or fire. This normally indicates a leak in the propane gas pipes or a propane gas appliance. WARNINGTest alarm operation after vehicle has been in storage, before each trip, and at least once per week during use.WARNINGThis alarm has not been designed to detect smoke, fire, or gases other than carbon monoxide and propane.Alarm Features and FunctionsRV Safe includes an 85dB audible horn, two LEDs, and a Silence/Test button. The chart below summarizes the alarm outputs in each state. Normal Operation StateThe green power LED is ON when the alarm is functioning normally and no CO or propane gas is present. Press the Silence/T est button to perform a self test and enter the T est State.Note: Supply current will remain higher for 30 seconds after power-up. Alarm will not detect CO or Propane for the first 30 seconds and will draw extra current.Power Off StateIf no LEDs are on, then the alarm is powered off. Apply power to the alarm to resume normal operation.Self Test StateIf the Silence/Test button is pressed while in normal operation, the alarm will perform a self test of the CO sensor, propane sensor and battery voltage. It is recommended to perform a self test weekly, after power up from storage, and before each trip. If the self test passes, the alarm will perform 2 cycles of the CO horn pattern (4 rapid chirps followed by a 4 second pause), followed by 2 cycles of the propane horn pattern(constantly beeping). Refer to the Troubleshooting Guide for possible Self Test failures on page 7.CO Alarm State (RVCOLP models only)If CO gas reaches unsafe levels, the alarm will enter CO alarm state.The horn will sound with 4 rapid chirps followed by a 4 second pause and the red LED will flash rapidly. Open windows and doors and turn offappliances. Move to fresh air and call 911. The alarm may be silenced for 5 minutes by pressing the Silence/Test button. Contact a qualified RV technician to diagnose possible causes of CO.Propane Alarm StateIf propane gas exceeds 10% of the lower-explosive-limit for more than 30 seconds, the alarm will enter propane alarm state. The horn will sound with constant beeps and the red LED will be on. Immediately turn off all propane appliances and gas valve at the propane tanks. Open doors and windows to properly ventilate the RV . Check for any gas leaks and contact a qualified RV technician to diagnose possible propane leaks. The alarm may be silenced for 5 minutes by pressing the Silence/Test button.Alarm Silenced StateA CO alarm or propane alarm can be silenced for up to 5 minutes bypressing the Silence/Test button. The red LED will flash each second while the alarm is silenced. The original alarm state will resume after 5 minutes if the CO or propane levels still exceed safe levels.Low Battery StateIf the supply voltage drops below 8VDC, the alarm will enter Low Battery State. The horn will chirp every minute and both LEDs will flash every minute. Alarm performance cannot be guaranteed as the supply voltage drops below the low battery threshold. Charge or replace the RV battery immediately. DO NOT DISCONNECT THE ALARM.End-of-Life or other Failure StateIf the CO or propane alarm fails a self test, or if the End-of-Life is reached (after 5 years of operation), the alarm will enter the Failure State. The horn will chirp every minute and both LEDs will do a double flash every minute. Replace the alarm immediately.Alarm States CAUTIONDo not cover or obstruct RV Safe with anything that could prevent gas from entering the alarm.Page 5Page 7Page 8Limited WarrantyFor a period of 12 months from the date of purchase, RV Safe LLCLimited Warranty on your RV Safe alarm. Please retain it, along with proofof purchase showing the date of purchase and the identity of thepurchaser, in a safe place.REV 12.05.1990-4074-00CO sensors may not always activate and provide early enough warning. ACO sensor will only activate when it is maintained in working order andsufficient amounts of CO gas reaches the unit.If the RV will be used in areas where external CO sources such as portablegenerators or idling vehicles might be present, it is recommend that theRV's owner install additional CO alarms in the RV.Individuals with medical problems may consider using warning deviceswhich provide audible and visual signals for carbon monoxideconcentrations under 30 ppm.This device is designed to protect individuals from the acute effects ofcarbon monoxide exposure. It will not fully safeguard individuals withspecific medical conditions. If in doubt, consult a medical practitioner.WARNING - The installation of CO alarms should not be used as asubstitute for proper installation, use, and maintenance offuel-burning appliances, including appropriate ventilation andexhaust systems.CO ALARMS CANNOT GUARANTEE THAT YOU WILL NEVER SUFFER ANYILLNESS OR INJURY FROM EXPOSURE TO CARBON MONOXIDE GAS.WARNINGDo not install in a power line controlledby a wall switch or GFI circuit.Wire NutRear ViewRear ViewConnecting PowerDisconnect power until installation is completed to avoid shorting. RVSafe should be powered from the RV’s 12VDC system connected to aproperly fused circuit. Connect the red and black wires to the RV batteryusing an appropriate fuse (recommend using a 1A Min., 15A Max. fuse).3-wire models of RV Safe should connect the second red wire to anauxiliary 12VDC battery (such as the engine battery).Location — DO INSTALL• In the kitchen area near potential gas leaks such as a stove, oven,refrigerator, or furnace.• Within 4”-18” (10cm-46cm) of the floor. Propane is heavier than air andwill settle near the floor. CO gas is approximately the same density as air,and will mix evenly.•Where alarm vents are unobstructed to airflow; away from furniture,curtains, and out of closets.Location — DO NOT INSTALL• Within 12” (30cm) of opening windows, exterior doors, fans,vents, or areas with a draft.• On an exterior wall.• Within 24” (61cm) of any cooking appliance.• Behind furniture, drapes, in closets or areas that will block gas flow to alarm.• On a wall switch controlled by a power line, ground fault circuit or to acircuit breaker.MountingRV Safe should be mounted on a wall or panel of the RV.1. Ensure there is clearance for the wires and mounting screws behind thewall or panel.2. Drill a 5/8“ (16mm) hole for the wires and wire nuts to exit the alarmthrough the wall. Note that this hole is NOT the center of the alarm.3. Disconnect power from the 12VDC system being connected.4. Connect the wires of the alarm to the corresponding wires of the12VDC system using wire nuts. The black wire of the alarm should beconnected to ground, and the red wire connected to 12VDC power.3-wire models should connect the second red wire to 12VDC power of anauxiliary battery (such as the engine battery).6. Screw alarm to wall.Installing Your RV Safe Alarm• Water or splashesConditions That Could Adversely Affect Your Alarm。
炼油词汇——精选推荐
炼油生产常用英语词汇设备篇1、塔器：（塔顶）吊杆：davit破沫网demister放空口vent安全阀relief valve (safety valve, protection valve, escape valve) （保温）支持圈support ring温度计接口thermometer connection防涡流板vortex (breaker)裙座skirt出入孔access hole人孔manhole平台platform降液管downcomer填料packing填料塔packed column填料支持板packing support plate填料压板hold-down plate塔盘tray入口降液管inlet downcomer中间降液管center downcomer侧面降液管side downcomer i入口堰inlet weir受液盘recessed seal pan齿缝slot浮阀float valve溢流堰overflow weir筛板塔盘sieve tray梁beam舌片tab盖板cover plate垫板backing strip防冲板target泪孔weep hole重沸器re-boiler热载体heat carrier挡板baffle全抽出total draw-off升气管chimney (gas riser)抽出口draw nozzle部分抽出partial draw-off隔板partition通道manway液体分布器liquid distributor2、梯子平台：框架structure楼梯stair直梯ladder（直梯的）护罩cage（直梯的）脚蹬rung护栏hand rail（护栏的）扶手top rail（护栏的）横档med rail（护栏的）立柱post平台platform斜撑brace angle踢脚板toe plate篦子板grating花纹钢板checkered plate平台标高platform elevation器壁vessel wall梯子间stair landing地脚螺栓anchor bolt螺母nut双头螺柱stud铆钉rivet单头螺栓machine bolt3储罐：内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank浮船pontoon盘梯stairway球罐spherical tank避雷针lightning rod呼吸阀conservation vent阻火器flame arrester浮子float量油口gage hatch罐标尺tank gauge脱水口drain4换热器内浮头换热器internal-floating-head exchangerU型管换热器U-tube heat exchanger固定管板换热器Fixed-tube-sheet heat exchanger 吊耳Lifting lug分程隔板Pass partition固定管板Stationary tube sheet壳体管口Shell nozzle管子Tube壳Shell浮头大盖Floating head cover鞍座Support saddle折流板Baffle壳程Shell side管程Tube side管束Bundle胀接管Expanded tube joint管板Tube sheet定距管Spacer拉杆Tie rod顶丝Jackscrew壳体法兰Shell flange检查孔Weep hole加强板Reinforcement pad板式换热器plate-type exchanger凝汽器steam condenser水箱waterbox5空冷器管箱header管束tube bundle管子堵头tube plug三角皮带传动V-bell drive支架Support column风筒Plenum翅片fin翅片管束Finned tube bundle风机Fan鼓风式Forced draft引风式Induced draft风机护罩fan blade guard联合增湿空冷Combined-air humidified air cooler 除雾器Mist eliminator热流入口Hot fluid in冷流出口Cold fluid out6、加热炉，锅炉工业炉furnace（管式）加热炉(pipe) heater检修门access door整体钢结构entire steel structure 看火门observation door常明灯safety pilot炉底floor火咀burner辐射段radiant section辐射管radiant tube对流段convection section烟囱stack烟囱档板damper看火孔peep hole防爆门explosion door气体喷嘴gas tip一次风门primary air register油嘴oil nozzle雾化器atomizer遮蔽管shield (shock) tube回弯头return bend蒸汽发生器steam generator汽包steam drum空气预热器air preheater蒸汽过热器steam superheater烟道flue duct出口总管outlet header集合管manifold, header鼓风机forced draft fan ,air blower 引风机inducted draft fan进料预热器feed preheater饱和蒸汽saturated steam吹灰器soot blower衬里liner蛇型管coil7 其他工艺设备管道混合器line mixer静态混合器static mixer旋风分离器cyclone锥体cone筒体cylinder料腿dipleg翼阀flap valve细粉fine particle流化床fluidization bed密相dense-phase稀相dilute-phase椭圆封头elliptical dished head保温insulation8泵类：手摇泵hand pump计量泵metering pump离心泵centrifugal pump螺杆泵screw pump管道泵inline pump潜水泵submersible pump活塞piston膜片diaphragm柱塞plunger叶轮impeller定子stator转子rotor过滤器strainer入口管线suction pipe轴承bearing轴shaft泵壳casing机械密封mechanical seal轴承箱bearing housing连轴节coupling齿轮gear9 机组顺时针clockwise (CW)逆时针counter clockwise(CCW)推力轴承trust bearing风机的）叶轮wheel凝汽式汽轮机condensing turbine 背压式汽轮机back pressure turbine 汽缸casing调速器speed governor套筒sleeve盘车齿轮shaft turning gear错油阀pilot valve主汽阀main stop valve调压阀pressure regulator凝汽器condenser汽轮机的）叶轮disc动叶片moving blades蒸汽疏水器steam trap凝结水泵condensate extraction pump主油泵main oil pump辅助油泵auxiliary oil pump视窗sight glass10阀门闸阀gate valve截止阀globe valve球阀ball valve角阀angel valve蝶阀butterfly valve弹簧式安全阀spring safety valve重锤式安全阀dead weight safety valve 单向阀check valve针型阀needle valve三通阀three way valve事故快关阀quick close emergency valve 手轮hand wheel阀架yoke阀杆stem格兰gland盘根stem packing阀盖bonnet闸阀的阀板gate阀体body11 管道附件滤网screen阻火器flame trap管道式过滤器line strainer临时过滤器temporary strainer消音器silencer12 管道配件法兰flange对焊法兰welding neck flange盲法兰blind flange平面密封法兰flat face flange凸台平面密封法兰raised faced flange 凹凸面法兰male and female flange内径bore石棉板垫片asbestos sheet gasket橡胶石棉垫片rubber coated asbestos gasket 平面金属垫片flat metallic gasket包金属垫片metal-jacket gasket缠绕垫片spiral wound gasket波齿垫片corrugated gasket八角垫片octagonal ring椭圆垫片oval ring三通tee四通cross弯头elbow大小头reducer方头丝堵square head plug管帽cap活接头union虾米腰弯头mitre elbow螺纹短节nipple管箍coupling膨胀节expansion joint金属丝网wire mesh玻璃布glass fabric伴热线tracers管线吊架pipe hanger管线支架pipe support13测量仪表液位计level gage玻璃管液位计tubular gage glass玻璃板液面计transparent level gage沉筒液面计displacement type level gage压力表pressure gauge压力表垫片sealing washer流量计flowmeter涡轮流量计turbine meter孔板orifice plate文丘里管V enturi tube质量流量计Mass flow meter热电偶Thermocouple双金属温度计Bimetallic thermometer电阻式温度计Resistance thermometer热敏电阻thermistor变送器transmitter控制阀control valve气关air to close气开air to open阀门定位器positioner of control valve销子pin继电器relay熔断器（保险）fuse14工具扳手wrench双头梅花扳手double-end hexagon ring wrench 活扳手adjustable wrench (monkey wrench)管钳pipe wrench ( pipe pliers )尖嘴钳needle nose pliers老虎钳combination pliers方头铁锨square nose shovel圆头铁锨round nose shovel卷尺tape rule游标卡尺vernier caliper塞尺feeler gage水平尺steel spirit level。
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０ 引 言
从 Ａ ｎ ｄ ｅ ｒ ｓ ｅ ｎ等 …开 创性 的工 作开 始 ， 越 来 越 多 的文献 已经 证 实 ， 使 用 高 频 数 据 可 以获 得 波 动 率 更 精 确 的度 量 ， 并 引发 了相 关 领 域 的 大 量 研 究 Ｊ ． 由于 Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ模 型 在 传 统 波 动 率 建 模 中
尾 分布扩展 模 型相 比 ， 这种 设定 对 于回报 率 中的极 端值 更加 稳健 ． 在基 于沪深 ３ ０ ０指数 高频数 据 的 实证 结 果 中 ， 使用Ｇ Ａ Ｓ冲击响应 函数 的模 型 对“ 在 险价 值 ” Ｖ ａ Ｒ的预 测能 力显 著的超 过 了
传 统 的厚尾 Ｒ ｅ ａ ｌ ｉ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ模 型 ．
的 出色表 现 ， 如何将已实现测度与 Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ 模 型
并 不能拟 合数据 中 的偏峰厚 尾现象 ， 并 提 出用
Ｓ ｋ ｅ ｗ ｅ ｄ — ｔ 分 布改进 模 型对厚 尾 分布 拟 合能 力 的方
法． 文献［ ９ ］ 同时 将 冲 击 响应 函 数 的幂 指 数 放 松 为待估 参数 ， 结 果显 示幂 指数 大部 分都 小 于 ２ ， 即 原 始 的二 次型设 定存 在设 定 问题 ．
问题 ， 研 究 者 提 出 了将 已 实 现 测 度 纳 人 Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ 框架 的 Ｒ ｅ ｌｉ ａ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ模 型 Ｊ ． 实 证研 究 表 明， 相 比传统 的 Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ模 型而 言 ， 应 用 已实 现 测 度的 Ｒ ｅ ａ ｌ ｉ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ 模 型 对 波 动 率 建 模 预 测 能 力有 显著 的提 升 ． 原始 的 Ｒ ｅ ａ ｌ ｉ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ模 型误
以上 现象 显示 ， Ｒ ｅ ａ ｌ ｉ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ模 型设 定 冲
进行 结 合 成 为研 究 中 的 热 点话 题 ② ． 对 于 两 者 的 结合 ， 最 直接 的做 法 是 将 已实 现 测度 以外 生 变 量
的形 式 引入 Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ模型 ， 即Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ． Ｘ模 型． 这
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然会 导致 某些 分 布下 ， 模 型 的 冲击 响应 强度 过 度 或者不 足 ． 实 际上 ， 现有 的 Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ模 型最 早都 是
基金项 目：国家 自然科学基金青年科 学基金 资助 项 目（ ７ １ ２ ０ １ ０ ０ １ ； ７ １ ３ ０ １ ０ ２ ７ ） ； 教育 部人 文社会科 学青 年基金 资助项 目（ １ ２ Ｙ Ｊ Ｃ ７ ９ ０ ０ ７ ３ ； １ ３ Ｙ Ｊ Ｃ ７ ９ ０ １ ４ ６ ） ； 对外经济贸易大学 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金 资助项 目（ １ ４ Ｙ Ｑ Ｏ ５ ） ； 对外经济 贸易 大学学科 建设专项
① 收 稿 日期 ： ２ ０ １ ２—０ ９—２ ０ ；修订 日期 ： ２ ０ １ ３— ０ ７—０ １ ．
小 的冲击其 罕见 程度 不 同 ， 分 布 的尾 部越 厚 ， 对 于 同样 大 小 的 冲击 而 言 ， 其 罕见 程 度 越 低 ③因此 尾
部厚 的模 型其 冲击 响应 强度应 该 比尾部 薄 的模 型
击 响应 函数对 于 收益 率 冲击 的响 应 强度 过 大 ， 类
似 的现象 在 日数 据 Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ 模 型 中也 常 见 ＿ 】 ． 其 背后 的机 理在 于 ， 不 同尾 部 厚 度 的分 布 下 同样 大
种方 式虽 然简 单 ， 但 缺 乏 针 对 已 实现 测 度 的建 模 部分 ， 因此模 型无 法进行 多 步预测 ． 为 了解 决这 个
经费资助项 目（ ＸＫ ２ ０ １ ４ １ １ ６ ） ． 通信作者 ：黄 卓 （ １ ９ ７ ８ 一） ， 男 ，湖北武汉人 ， 助理教授 ．Ｅ ｍ ａ ｉ ｌ ： ｚ ｈ ｕ ｏ ｈ ｕ ａ ｎ ｇ ＠ｎ ｓ ｄ ． ｐ ｋ ｕ ． ｅ ｄ ｕ ． ｃ ｎ ② 国内已有文献 【 ５—６ ］ 比较了已实现波动率和 Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ模 型波动率之间的异同， 但是将两者相结合 的文章并不多见． ③ 罕见 程度可以用零 均值检验 的Ｐ值衡量 ， Ｐ值越小 ， 说 明冲击大于给定值 的概率越小 ， 即该 强度的 冲击越 罕见． 对于 同一个 实现值 而 言， 分布尾 部越 薄 ， 对应 的 Ｐ值越小 ， 即越罕见．
关 键词 ： Ｒ ｅ ａ ｌ ｉ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ；冲击 响应 函数 ； 厚 尾 分布 ； Ｖ ａ Ｒ
中图分 类号 ： Ｆ ８ 文章 编号 ： １ ０ ０ ７—９ ８ ０ ７ （ ２ ０ １ ５ ） ０ ５— ０ ０ ７ ９— ０ ８ 差 设定 基 于正态 分 布 ， 后 继 研究 指 出这 种 设 定
王 天 一 ，黄 卓
（ １ ．对 外 经济 贸易 大学金 融学 院 ， 北京 １ ０ ０ ０ ２ ９ ； ２ ． 北 京 大学 国家发 展研 究 院 ，北京 １ ０ ０ ８ ７ １ ） 摘 要 ：论 文提 出了新 的 波动 率模 型 Ｒ ｅ ａ ｌ ｉ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ｇ Ａ Ｓ Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ， 并 推 导 了该 模 型 的 Ｑ ＭＬ Ｅ 参数 估
计． 该模 型 结合 了 Ｇ ｅ ｎ ｅ ｒ ａ ｌ ｉ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ａ ｕ ｔ ｏ ｒ ｅ ｇ ｒ ｅ ｓ ｓ ｉ ｖ ｅ Ｓ ｃ ｏ ｒ ｅ （ Ｇ Ａ Ｓ ） 模 型 的基 本 思路 ， 把Ｒ ｅ ｌ ａ ｉ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ
模 型扩展 到 包含厚 尾 分布 的情 形 ， 并采 用 了与厚尾 分布 参数 相依 的 冲击 响应 函数． 与 简单 的厚
第 １ ８卷第 ５期 ２ ０ １ ５年 ５月
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Ｒ ｅ ａ ｌ ｉ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ｇ Ａ Ｓ — Ｇ Ａ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ及 其 在 Ｖ ａ Ｒ预 测 中的应 用①