瑞典的生态建筑和城市规划_派尔_米盖尔_塞勒斯德洛姆

一、生态建筑生态建筑和城市规划并不仅仅指建筑和城市的品质，更重要的是与建筑及城市结构对整个生态环境的影响。

对于建筑和环境之间关系的误解常常产生重要影响。

生态学者通常容易低估建筑环境具有通过精妙的技术来支持自身生态系统的能力。

建筑师和规划师一方面更习惯于以主观的定性分析代替科学分析，另一方面他们容易误解环境要求的性质和影响。

在一定程度上，生态建筑要求的品质不仅包括人的感官（如建筑师训练有素的眼睛）所能感觉到的部分，更多的是通过建筑特定物理性能（如温度和湿度）的测量来验证的抽象部分。

为了有组织地将我们的城市发展为一个美丽的生态城市，我们必须考虑建筑和城市发展之间的空间关系、生态系统整合这些变化的承载力，而且以设计的人造物本身便能够提供生态服务的方式。

这意味着建筑师除了掌握通过专业教育获得的建筑和技术细节的知识，还必须通晓建筑物理学，甚至生物物理学。

但是，这并不表示建筑师就应该忘记美学。

相反，新的对生态负责的建筑师一定在瑞典的生态建筑和城市规划ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM IN SWEDEN派尔 ・ 米盖尔 ・ 塞勒斯德洛姆 ｜ Pehr Mikael Sllstr m翻译：赵丹 ｜ Translated by Zhao Dan 校审：邱志勇 ｜ Proofed by Qiu Zhiyong摘要 由于气候以及环境的变化，全世界对生态建筑和城市化越来越重视。

瑞典20世纪60年代已经研究可持续生态发展模式及相关政策；70年代建立环境保护体系，逐渐发展可用的生态建设模式。

目前，国际上已经普遍承认这个模式的关键在于，同时考虑社会需求、 生态容量和经济落实手段，才能实现完美的生态建设。

本文从技术性的角度介绍瑞典近年新的建筑设计理念以及标准和法制， 以期为中国的环境保护规划与土地规划结合体系的操作提供参考。

关键词 生态 手段 法制 环保技术 被动房 节能Abstract Due to the climate and the environmental change, the whole world pays more attention to the ecological architecture and urbanization. Since the 1960s,Sweden has researched the sustainable ecological development model and the related policies. In the 1970s, it established the environmental protection system and gradually developed the available ecological construction model. So far, this model has already been recognized internationally because it considers the social needs, the ecological capacity and the economic implementment measuresso as to achieve the perfect ecological construction. From the technical perspective, the article introduces the recent new conceptions of the Sweden architecture design, as well as the standards and the laws, providing the reference for the operation of environmental protection planning and land planning system in China.Keywords Ecology, Measures, Laws, Environmental technology, Passive house, Energy saving. Ecological ArchitectureEcological architecture and urbanism is not only about the quality of buildings and cities as such. Even more important is the structural the relationship between the architecture of cities and the whole ecological environment.However misunderstandings of the relationship between the built environment and the ecological system are paramount. Ecologists generally tend to under-estimate the capac-ity of the built-environment to uphold its own eco-system through ingenious technolo-gies. Architects and planners, being more accustomed to visual qualitative analysis than scientific, on the other hand tend to misunderstand the nature and consequences of envi-ronmental requirements. It is partly a matter of that the qualities required by an ecological architecture are not only qualities that can be perceived by the human senses, such as the architects trained eye, but more abstract qualities that can only be verified through meas-urement of specific physical properties of the building such as insulation and humidity. To organize the development of our cities into a beautiful ecological civilisation we must consider the spatial relationship between architecture and urban development as well as the capacity of the ecological system to integrate such changes – and in what way the designed artefacts can supply ecological services in themselves.This means that architects have to familiarize themselves with building physics, and even bio-physics, along with the established education on construction and technical details. But this doesn't mean that architects should forget about aesthetics. On the contrary, the new ecologically responsible architect must design with respect for people's needs, notonly of basic functions and health, but also of environments that reflect their ide-als, are dignified, can inspire their daily life and support their social life. There is an inalienable relationship between the ethical and the aesthetic aspects of architecture. Many architects believe they can be fused into one. The point with ecology is that the ethical dimension must be expanded to the future generation's right to our common earth and its resources. Conventional architectural ethics are only concerned with the living users.Another difference is that the criteria for the ethically good is no longer only depend-ent on the concrete facts about the building, the qualities that can be assessed with the bodily functions of a trained architect. To evaluate the ethical performance we rely on abstract measurable properties of the build environment, that are difficult to verify with the plain human senses. This is a new structural condition for architectural ethics and professionalism.1. EnergyThe most popular building technological invention in Sweden in the latest years is the so called "passive house". Passive houses need no other energy for heating than that which is emitted from the sun, electrical equipment and the people living in the house. This means that the cost for insulation increases and the demands on the quality of the production rises. There must be no leakage of air. But with this building technique the cost for heating installations on the whole goes down. The only installation need-ed is a heat-exchange pump on the ventilation. This is a major advantage as cost for heating and ventilation installations in some cases amount to nearly 30% of building costs.The model housing where this technique was introduced is the Lindås residential area near Gothenburg in western Sweden. Such a family house reduces the total need for energy to maximum 45 kWh/(sqm, year) including electricity for lighting, equipment and the heat produced by the inhabitants, according to the recently adopted volun-tary national standard. This is a major reduction of energy needs from the present requirements of 120 kWh/(sqm, year), and even more compared to the standard of houses built before the oil crisis of the 1970s, which generally consumes above 240 kWh/(sqm, year).Sweden is a country in the cold northern hemisphere, which may explain why the en-ergy aspects of sustainability are emphasized. But the truth is that the cooling of of-fices and workplaces in the warmer parts of the world uses as much energy as heating today. Even in Sweden the cost for cooling is going up. The energy issues in ecologi-cal building are paramount all over the world.Sweden and China has collaborated on energy issues since many years. For instance the former professor of building construction Bo Adamson at Lund university made research in China in the early 1990s. In his report he suggested a standard for pas-sive heating in the Nanjing area based on the assumptions that variations of indoor climate between 18 and 28 degrees would be tolerable. According to his research this can be achieved by increasing the insulating capacity of the roof – keeping heat out-side during the summer and inside during the winter.The issue of energy is also about whether the kind of energy which is used is harmful to the climate and produces CO2-gas. Sweden is world leader in the development of heat-pumps to use the solar energy stored in the ground. Combined with hydro- or wind-power electricity, this technique can entirely remove the need for oil, coal and bio-gas or any other CO2 producing fuels, for heating houses. This technology is very useful in houses with an older technical standard that are too expensive to insulate and convert to passive standard.To find the right balance between investment in insulation and technical equipment 设计时尊重人的需求，不仅是功能和健康方面的需求，还包括环境方面的需求，后者反映了他们的理想是高尚的，能够激发他们的日常生活，支持他们的社会生活。