旅游管理专业论文外文文献翻译
旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic RelationshipNowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment.The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects:1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment;2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment;3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce.The negative impact of tourism on the environmentNegative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.1,Tourism causes the environmental pollution.When tourism products are manufactured during the production, it`s adverse to environmental impacts. At first, the development of tourism resources, improper planning of tourist construction, such as opening the way in mountains and destroying the wild plants freely; it will break the completeness of the coordination of ecological environment. The second is in the process of construction of tourist accommodation, the supply of water, electricity and other energy is in disorder. Waste water, waste gas and rubbish are not be cleaned timely, so these will be forming the ecological environment pollution.2,Tourism products affected adversely in consumption process.The most obvious phenomenon is that tourism products in consumption process impacts on the ecological environment pollution and destruction of ecosystems. Tourism products have direct contamination and indirect contamination for the environment of the tourist area.Direct contamination means the tourist’s pollution is generated by tourism activities, such as the sewage left by tourists, feces, garbage, waste bottles, waste paper, cans and other pollution on the ecological environment.Indirect contamination means the pollution of the atmosphere. Tourism can`t be separated from traffic. Transporting tourists from the residence to the scenic is necessary, and a variety of vehicles pour in, the air is full of automobile exhaust. The automobile exhaust is not only polluting the air, but also extremely is harmful to the human body. In addition, the acid rain has already leaded lots of trees to die in some areas. The decline in the quality of the environment embarrassed our environment.3,Historical and cultural heritage have been to damage to varying degrees.Driven by the economic interests, some notable tourist resorts are overload of tourists or made unauthorized construction, it will make a number of precious historical and cultural heritages, such as the unique monuments, natural environment and human landscape suffered destruction. Carving, graffiti, touching artifacts freely and discarding the litter arbitrarily will directly or indirectly lead to the destruction of the heritage. The example is too numerous, like on the walls of the palace in the Forbidden City, some flagstone walkways, the walls of theancient Great Wall and the tower also have tourists uncivilized blot.4,Traditional culture is simple.Rough business culture makes the connotation disappear and the degradation of the art form. In order to obtain economic benefits and cater to the need of tourists adventures, lots of tourist areas have to be given up traditional social, spiritual significance and artistic meaning. Changing the traditional forms of art and design freely lead the traditional culture to rough and simple commercialization. Traditional folk celebrations will not be held at specific time and specific place with specific manner, and it just be held by tourism demand anytime at anywhere, just like these celebrations` existence is based on the tourists demand rather than local social life. Local hand-making products with characteristics of local culture are turning to meet the need of public markets. Mass production and gradually moving towards the shoddy make the loss of traditional art and value.5,Directly or indirectly lead the moral standards in the tourist resort to decline.Tourists around the world have different moral values and way of life. Negative tourists` decadent consciousness and lifestyle can easily make some tourist area residents to lose the virtue of simplicity. It induces desire for venality and worship of money, which ruins the local social climate and affects the stability of the social order. Tourism makes environmental pollution and destruction, which almost is occurred in the process of tourism development, construction and tour operation. Tourism, as a source of pollution and industrial pollution, has "three wastes" in facilities` emissions, which is waste gas, waste water, and waste ballast. The inappropriate layout also causes environmental pollution.6,The pollution on the environment has two aspects of tourism: tourism supply-side and tourism consumers.The environmental pollution of tourism consumers is occurred in the flow of tourists, such as the large population bring crowded and confusion, destructive behavior on the environment, trampling by a large number of the population makes the soil changing, temporary stay of too many people bring exceeded production and living materials consumption and energy use, the atmospheric pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution. Analysis form the tourist point to view environmental pollution, it can be seen that tourism, as a source of pollution, has its own particularity unlike other pollution sources.People who come to enjoy the scenic beauty often litter the places with polythene and left over food without thinking about its adverse impact on the environment. The Dal Lake which was once pristine has lost its nature due to tourist pressure and is now covered with animal carcasses, sewage and weeds. The lake has shrunk as it was unable to handle the pollution caused by constant tourist influx.Tourism industry often involves construction of hotel and lodges. These lodges are created near or on the banks of a lake or a river. The sewage water flows into lake water or sea, polluting its marine ecosystem. Hotel owners who have vested commercial interests does not even take into account the unfavourable consequences on environment. Construction of jetties alters the wave pattern of the lake depositing silt in it. Introduction of mechanized boards to cash in on tourists damages the flora and fauna of ecosystem as the both leave tresses of oil, petrol and diesel in the water. (Roy, 2010)“EDUCA TION - tourists provide an endless supply of people from around the world that can be targeted and educated on everything from forest stewardship to local history and plans for the future.FUNDRAISING - a tourist provides an easy target for fundraising. Tourists pay fees for everything from camping sites and park entry fees, to licenses for fishing and hunting. The more tourists in a controlled area, means the more money that can be collected for things like education, policing and maintenance of national wilderness areas.ACTION - tourists visiting an area do so for many reasons. Maybe they are looking for someplace quiet where they can commune with nature or perhaps they want to see a piece of history. Whatever the reason, when that tourist returns home, s/he will remember the experience and may feel compelled to do something positive for the environment to help save that area.” (Stushnoff, 2009)For example: Physical Environment impact on tourism.Tourism has effects beyond the fuel burnt simply getting on holiday in the first place and many of them are much more immediately visible than the more sinister and intangible threat of emissions. In many places, the physical environment can be heavily affected by the passage of tourists, especially for popular destinations, where the sheer weight of numbers of people visiting can simply prove too much. Often as a tourist venue becomes better known, a round of building work follows the accompanying expansion of the original settlement, usually to the detriment of the local environment – which can often have been the reason for its popularity in the first place. More hotels and more restaurants inevitably mean more strain on the local infrastructure, but they also mean more light pollution too. This is not simply about no longer being able to see the stars so easily. In some parts of the world – the Greek Islands being a well-known case – restaurants along the beaches are very popular tourist draws, but their light-spillage confuses hatching sea-turtles. The young hatchlings are programmed to head for the brightest thing they can see head for the brightest thing they can see –– in nature, the water’s edge –in nature, the water’s edge – and safety. When they and safety. When they follow their age-old instinct today, they are as likely to be heading in exactly the opposite direction direction –– and Tavernas offer no refuge from cats or predatory gulls. (Evans, 2012)The positive impact of tourism on the environment:In order to survive and develop, people always need to exploit natural resources. Lots of development activities on the environment is damaging the environment`s health, but orderly tourism activities can be part of the sustainable use of natural resources, and reduce the ecological damage of resource development. The healthy development of the tourism industry to promote environmental protection mainly has following aspects.“The International Ecotourism Society has defined Ecotourism as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. The Australian Commission on National Ecotourism Strategy defines ecotourism as”nature as”nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment -based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”.In modern times, eco tourism has been expected to help in achieving the following also: involve travel to natural destinations, minimize impact on natural resources, build up environmental awareness, provide impetus and financial support for conservation, financially benefit and empower local people and inculcate respect for local culture.” (Parameswaran, 2012)1,The healthy development of the tourism industry can promote the launching of the environmental protection.Optimizing the industrial structure and protecting of the ecological environment.Rational plan for the healthy development of the tourism industry can replace resource consumption and heavy pollution of traditional industries to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution emissions. Some agricultural regions return farmland to forests, wood to grass and field to lake. On the one hand, local farmers receive more income; on the other hand, these measures can protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance.2, Improve the Environmental Quality.Obviously, one of the foundations for the development of the tourism industry is to have a beautiful and high-quality environment, no tourist wants to go to a place with very bad ecological environment. Tourists want the pure air and water quality, beautiful environment and ecology, green forest and earth. All of these will supervise the tourism management regulate the tourism development mode and improve the quality of green tourism products and development projects of the environment, such as planting more trees in the tourist area, closing forest and raising flowers. All these measures means the rise of the of tourism ecological environment quality.3,Improve the infrastructure and service facilitiesTourism development can improve the local infrastructure, such as airports, railwaystations, bus stations, roads, communications, water systems and sewage treatment systems. It also can contribute to the building of local entertainment, scenic attractions, accommodation and catering services, so as to improve the standards of the local economy and the living environment for local people.4,Protect the environment, natural landscapes and historical monuments.Good environment, natural resources and precious cultural relics are important factors to attract tourists. In order to attract more tourists and increase their level of satisfaction, many scenic areas, wildlife areas, and historical and cultural monuments are developing, we also concern about the issue of environment protection. Lucrative tourism can raise funds through appropriate tourism development; and these funds can be put into the construction of tourism environment, so as to make the Scenic environment and wildlife areas receive better protection, the maintenance and restoration of historical and cultural monuments.5,Beautify the living habitat environment.The development of tourism promotes to green the land and environmental cleanup, and to get the efficacy of beautification of the living environment. During the tourism development process, promoting afforestation, developing the horticultural projects or the design and construction of ecological building and expanding green area, air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution and other environmental problems can be controlled forcibly, like the Nanjing Confucius Temple, the majority cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, reflects the history and culture of China. For many years, the water quality in Qinhuai River is poor and serious pollution, almost everyone know the dilapidated houses by the river`s two sides. In recent years, this region emphasis on the natural environment restoration and improvement of the river ecosystem in the tourism development process, Nanjing citizens take some action, such as river regulation and waste collection, through the implementation of renovation projects, seek the greening of the Qinhuai River, purify and beautify the riverbanks to re-experience the the Qinhuai clean water and better living environment.6,Strengthen people's awareness of environmental protection.Tourism environmental protection, as a systems engineering, requires government tourism management department, department of tourism operators, residents and tourists to participate. Good tourism promotion of government travel management department can improve the tour operator, environmental protection consciousness of destination residents and tourists.A good environment is an important requirement for tourism development. Tourism development can bring good economic benefits, and help local people out of poverty andbackwardness. After appreciating the good environmental benefits to produce their life, people's environmental awareness will be enhanced unprecedented.For tourists, the travel is a short-term way of life. It`s a kind of longing of escaping their day-to-day working and living environment to the unfamiliar environment. Good tourism activities are impressed, and the beautiful environment let them to beautify our environment and feel the close relationship between the environments and improving the quality of life, finally we should to promote environmental awareness and focus on environmental protection. In fact, in recent years, understanding the nature, observing the nature and the opportunity to experience the nature is popular. These activities will let them realize that the natural environment is the source of beauty and the basic conditions of human beings to create a better life; they can feel aesthetic pleasure during the natural process. The tourists will feel grateful of plants and trees of nature and bound their travel behavior, and to raise awareness of environmental protection.Environmental management departments and the tour operator sector also constantly aware of the importance of the environment during the process of planning and development of tourism projects. It is the basis for the survival of the tourism industry and an important factor for sustainable development of tourism. Government should take all the measures to protect the natural environment, advance environmental protection planning in tourism planning, and take measures in accordance with the importance of the different levels of management with graded protection. The positive interaction between tourism development and environmental protection concept is gradually able to establish and implement.Tourism to Local DevelopmentTourism could have a tremendous beneficial impact on local economies, but many hotels source their food and cleaning products from abroad rather than purchasing them from local producers. An Oxfam study found that hotels in St. Lucia imported more than 70 percent of their produce every year. Local farmers cannot compete internationally and have suffered from a decline in the banana trade, but Oxfam and other organizations are encouraging hotels to source food from local farmers, and by doing so keeping the tourist income within the community and supporting farmer's efforts to diversify their crops. For some hotels and restaurants, shopping locally adds a more authentic flavor to the products that they offer tourism and is a selling point in itself. For example, the Ocean Terrace Inn in St. Kitts prides itself on serving food made using locally sourced ingredients.Tourism to the environmentTourism can be harmful to the environment in a variety of ways. Cruise ships sailing through the Caribbean dump waste into the sea; one 2002 study found that a ship carrying2,000 passengers and 1,000 crew generated the same amount of waste as a small city. This waste, including oil residues, harms marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Groups such as the Caribbean Tourism Organization are promoting more sustainable tourism projects that attempt to reduce the impact of tourism on the local environment, while the United Nations' Caribbean Environment Program supports this effort with the Cartagena Convention. The Convention aims to protect the Caribbean's delicate marine environment by establishing a series of protocols on combating oil spills, creating protected areas and dealing with pollution from the land. (Media, 2002)The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.1,Cleaning the contaminated tourism ecological environment.It is necessary to clean the contaminated tourism ecological environment; regardless of t he reason for the pollution is tourism and non-tourism. There must be effective control measur es for the development of tourism in the tourist area in order to fundamentally clean up the are a. For instance, relocating the polluting factories in the tourist area and prohibiting the develo pment of industrial pollution.2,Reconstruction of the ecological environment has been destroyed.In the existing tourist areas and developing tourist area, if a part of tourism ecological en vironment has been damaged, it is affecting the entire aesthetic characteristics of the ecologic al environment. It should be doing construction in the region corresponding ecological enviro nmental. For example, if the tourist area water is contaminated, it should be cleaned up; if the area is lack of green plants, it should be planted. During the reconstruction of the ecological e nvironment, the environmental characteristics of the area should be noticed. It is important to maintain stable ecosystem. So the green plants should be selected to the benefit of the tourist area.3,Application of the tourism ecological environment capacity theory.The destruction and pollution of tourism activities should be avoided. In tourism plannin g and management, tourism overload is the fundamental reason to the tourism pollution of eco logical environment. Tourism activities undermine the development of the tourism industry. S o the tourist ecological capacity should be appropriately controlled during the tourism develop ment and management.4,To take the necessary measures to slow the ecological environment destruction.The sudden natural destruction of tourism ecological environment can be forecasted, but cannot be avoided. But the destruction of nature can be mitigated by certain measures, such as offsite migration of rare and endangered flora and fauna protection, artificial reforestation an d so on.So if one wants to enjoy nature one must preserve it, otherwise all the exotic destinations will become extinct and the world will not be a beautiful place to live in. Eco friendly tourism should be promoted all over the world and if marvels of nature should be preserved, tourism should take into account the principle and process of sustainable consumption.旅游和环境:一个共生关系如今如今,,随着人民生活水平的提高随着人民生活水平的提高,,追求更高的精神生活追求更高的精神生活,,旅游业发展迅速旅游业发展迅速,,在国民经济比例不断上升。
毕业论文外文翻译--旅游与服务市场：奇幻,感觉,有趣论文文献翻译-中英文对照翻译
中文3780字标题：Tourism and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun原文：Experiential marketing has become a cornerstone of many recent advances in areas such as retailing, branding and events marketing, but with attempting to sell an experience of a place through relating it to the lifestyle constructs of consumers. For many years we have discussed the characteristics of tourism and hospitality products, which suggest that marketing within the sectors is different to many other industries, as purchase decisions are made on the basis of projected and perceived images, rather than prior experience. However, despite the amount of literature being written on these perceived differences, most marketing in the sector relies heavily on traditional marketing concepts, and it is often difficult to discriminate tourism and hospitality approaches to marketing from those advocated for other consumer products.Tourism and hospitality has become a major economic activity as expectations with regard to the use of our leisure time have evolved, attributing greater meaning to our free time.The evolution of tourist behaviour encourages both change and the emergence of new meaning (Bouchet et al., 2004). This results in marketing having potentially a greater prominence in tourism and hospitality, than in other industries. Potential that is not always fully achieved (Morgan and Pritchard, 2002). The key reason for this failing is that in the main marketing for tourism and hospitality has been focussed not on the consumer, but on the destination or outlet, with marketing strategies being related to the products offered (Williams, 2000, 2002). As marketing within this sector has evolved however, the offer has become increasingly less important due to the enormous heterogeneity of consumer motivation and behaviour. The result is that firms and destinations within this sector need to redefine their strategies to reflect these changes.Studying the behaviour of consumers has become increasingly complex, and it is fair to argue that tourism and hospitality by its very nature, should be in the vanguard of research into contemporary consumers (Williams, 2002). Tourism and hospitality offers a multitude of venues in which people can consume. Bars, restaurants, hotels, theme parks, casinos and cruise ships all operate as “Cathedrals of consumption”(Ritzer, 1999) offering increasingly complex consumption opportunities to increasinglycomplex consumers. Tourism and hospitality has developed into one of the most important global economic activities, due in part to a combination of a transformation of offers and increasingly postmodern demand. These changes mean that tourism and hospitality consumption has evolved to become more qualitative, more demanding, and more varied (Bouchet et al., 2004).Anecdotal evidence delivered through media coverage, would suggest that contemporary consumers are self-indulgent, pleasure seeking individuals, easily dominated by marketers and advertisers, who act like sheep in the ways they mimic referent others. However, the reality is obviously much more complex than such a scenario suggests. Contemporary consumers are as likely to be driven by thrift as to they are to be hedonistic, they use consumption to make statements about themselves, they use consumption to create their identities and they develop a sense of belonging through consumption. For many people it is through consumption that relationships are formed, for example, colleagues enjoying a drink after work or childrenhosting their birthday parties at McDonalds, enabling them to define their circle of friends .Consumption also plays a part in finding fulfilment, developing creativity and expressing their individual abilities. Clearly such a complex phenomena cannot be easily understood.Recent arguments have been sounded that aspects of contemporary tourism and hospitality consumption have reflected the phenomena of postmodernism. Whilst many believe postmodernism to be a meaningless intellectual fad, inaccessible to many involved in marketing within our sector, others agree that there are worthwhile insights to be gained from the debate on the post-modern condition and its consequences for tourism and hospitality consumption and marketing. I do not intend to discuss at length the use of post-modern discourse in tourism and hospitality marketing as I have exercised it in previous work (Williams, 2000, 2002). The term postmodernism refers to a break in thinking away from the modern, functional andrational, and during the last couple of decades it has spread across all domains of knowledge, including marketing. The key concepts of post-modern marketing are fragmentation, indeterminacy and distrust of universal discourse, but by eschewing modernism it introduces a radicallynew and different cultural movement which coalesces in a reconceptualisation of how we experience and explain our world. In terms of experiential marketing two aspects of the post-modern discourse are most relevant, hypereality and image.Hypereality is one of the most discussed conditions of postmodernism, and refers to the argument that reality has collapsed and has become image, illusion, simulation and simulacra (copies for which no original exists). Hyperreality refers to a blurring of distinction between the real and the unreal in which the prefix “hyper” signifies more real than real. When the real is no longer a given but is reproduced by a simulated environment, it does not become unreal, but realer than real, to the extent it becomes what Baudrillard (1993, p.23)refers to as “a hallucinatory resemblance of itself”. In postmodernism, with the advent of hyperreality, simulations come to constitute reality itself. This scenario is exemplified throughout the tourism and hospitality industry. Baudrillard himself used the example of Disneyland, arguing it is more real than the USA itself. A point reinforced by Venturi (1995, p.67) who suggested “Disneyland is nearer to what people want than what architects have ever given them. Disneyland is thesymbolic American utopia”. In postmodern society people have become fascinated by signs and as a result, they exist in a state where signs and images have become more important than what they stand for. The result is that today’s consumers consume imagery and do not focus on what the images represent or mean. As Miller and Real (1998, p. 30) argue “we live in a world where the image or signifier of an event has replaced direct experience and knowledge of its referent or signified”.While it is accepted that there are problems with investigating tourism and hospitality marketing through a postmodern orientation, it clearly encompasses a broad range of consumer experiences. In addition it has the potential to reframe our thinking about marketing practice in an increasingly fragmented global marketplace.A better understanding of the underlying macro forces and micro behaviour, associated with postmodernism, can be leveraged by marketers to obtain competitive advantages in the increasingly dynamic, unpredictable, unstable and competitive tourism and hospitality environment.Traditional marketing provided a valuable set of strategies, implementation tools and methodologies thattourism and hospitality firms could use in an earlier age. As Schmitt (1999, p. 55) argued “traditional marketing was developed in response to the industrial age, not the information, branding and communications revolution we are facing today”. In a new age, with new consumers we need to shift away from a features-and-benefits approach, as advocated by traditional approaches to consumer experiences. We need to consider new concepts and approaches which capitalize on the opportunities offered by these new consumers. One such approach is experiential marketing; an approach which in contrast to the rational features-and-benefits view of consumers, takes a more postmodern orientation and views them as emotional beings, concerned with achieving pleasurable experiences.Experiential marketing is a growing trend worldwide, with enthusiasts reported in all sectors of the global economy, from consumer products such as Ford Motor Company (Kerwin, 2004) to health care providers such as the North Hawaii Community Hospital (Hill, 2003). As Schmitt (1999, p. 53) states “experiential marketing is everywhere”. The question is what has caused this evolution in the world of marketing, and what are the implications for consumers of tourism and hospitality?Experiential marketing was first introduced by Pine and Gilmore (1998) as part of their work on the experience economy, and further refined in many subsequent articles and books by the same authors. Pine and Gilmore (1999, p. 2) explained their view of experiential marketing in the following manner “when a person buys a service, he purchases a set of intangible activities carried out on his behalf. But when he buys an experience, he pays to spend time enjoying a series of memorable events that a company stages to engage him in a personal way”. Experiential marketing is about taking the essence of a product and amplifying it into a set of tangible, physical, interactive experiences which reinforce the offer. Rather than seeing the offer in atraditional manner, through advertising media such as commercials, print or electronic messaging, consumers “feel”it by being part of it. As Gautier (2004, p. 8) argues “experiential marketing is a totally new way of thinking about marketing, if you think it’s about simply tweaking around the edges, think again”. Experiential marketing is not about one-off events, sponsorship, sampling or general field marketing. Experiential marketing describes marketing initiatives that give consumers in-depth, tangible experiences in order to provide them with sufficient information to makea purchase decision. It is widely argued that as the science of marketing evolves, experiential marketing will become the dominant marketing tool of the future (McNickel, 2004).Experiential marketing has evolved as a response to a perceived transition from a service economy to one personified by the experiences we participate in. In such a perception experiences are as economically different from services as services are from goods. Pine and Gilmore (2004) explain that experiences have emerged as the next step, in what they refer to as the progression of economic value. If we accept such a position; that modern economies are seen as making a transition from the marketing of services to the marketing of experiences, all tourism and hospitality offers are acts of “theatre” that stage these experiences. The experience economy has been summarised by Petkus (2002) as follows:. contemporary economies have evolved from the delivery of commodities to the delivery of goods, from goods to services and are presently evolving from services to experiences;.as services became increasingly commodified, customer perceptions of competitive advantage diminish, as does satisfaction;.the delivery of experiential market offerings involves engaging customers in a memorable way; and all actions of the organisation contribute to the performance of the experiential market offering.The huge growth in the field of experiential marketing appears to be the result of the effect of the numerous success stories cited in the media. As Kerwin (2004, p. 94) states “the beauty of a well desig ned experience is that while it doesn’t reach nearly asmany people as a TV spot, it can attract the very customers who are most likely to buy”. The evidence seems to support this contention, for example, research undertaken by SRI, an international market research organisation, found that experiential marketing drove faster results than traditional methods, with consumers suggesting it led to quick positive purchase decisions. Amongst certain groups, younger consumers and females, the results were even more encouraging (Allen, 2005). The same research also demonstrated that experiential marketing made consumers more receptive to other forms of associated advertising, an important factor in an era of integrated marketing communication. Similar results were found by IMI International. Their research suggested that more than 55 per cent of consumers felt that the biggest single influenceon propensity to consume was the ability to sample or interact with a product before purchase. In the UK, research undertaken by ID Live Brand Experience stated that as many as 85 per cent of consumers valued the opportunity to experience; touch, smell, taste or hear, products. Of those surveyed, 58 per cent confirmed that experiential marketing had encouraged them to make a purchase they were not previously planning to make. The importance of this development is not lost on marketing executives with more than 70 per cent of them recently stating that experiential marketing is the current “big theme”(Gautier, 2004). Pine and Gilmore (1999) the originators of much of the current thinking behind experiential marketing cite US Bureau of Labour statistics showing that consumer price indices, employment growth and growth in GDP have all increased at a faster rate for experiential offerings, than for commodities, goods or services. To summarise, the reason behind the continuing growth in demand for experiential marketing, is that it appears to work for both firms and customers. As Witthaus (2004, p. 10) states:.it achieves measurable results by offering innovative ways of communicating with customers in their own environment,leading to a better ROI. And it offers a memorable, engaging and exhilarating way of reaching customersExperiential marketing demonstrates that the media landscape has unalterably changed in recent years. In 1985, a commercial on peak-time television would have been expected to reach over 40 per cent of the population. A similar commercialtoday would be unlikely to reach more than 15 per cent of the population, and this figure is likely to continue falling (Gautier, 2004). Despite increased spend on traditional media many of the worlds top products and brands have suffered falling market share. There is a widespread belief that old models of advertising spend are no longer as effective as they were and alternatives have to be sought.出处：Alistair Williams, (2006) "Tourism and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun", International [J]Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 18 Iss: 6, pp.482 - 495标题：旅游与服务市场：奇幻，感觉，有趣译文：体验营销已经成为许多最新进展领域的基石，例如零售业、品牌和事件营销，但随之而来的是企图一提样营销为目的建立消费者的生命周期。
旅游专业外文翻译2篇
Ⅲ.外文翻译外文翻译之一Destination brand positions of a competitive set ofnear-home destinations作者：Steven Pike国籍：Australia出处：Tourism Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 January 2009原文正文：Abstract:Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only occur slowly over a long period of time. The tabulation of 74 destination branding case studies, research papers, conceptual papers and web content analysesprovides students and researchers with a useful resource on the current state of the field.Keywords: Destination branding; Consumer-based brand equity; Short breaks; Destination image; Destination positioning1. IntroductionEver since the brand literature commenced in the 1940s (see for example Guest, 1942), there has been consistent recognition that branding offers organisations a means for differentiation in markets crowded with similar offerings ([Aaker, 1991], [Gardner and Levy, 1955], [Keller, 2003] and [Kotler et al., 2007]). For destinations, effective differentiation is critical given the increasingly competitive nature of tourism markets, where many places offering similar features are becoming substitutable (Pike, 2005). For example, around 70% of international travellers visit only 10 countries, leaving the remainder of national tourism offices (NTOs) competing for 30% of total international arrivals (Morgan, Pritchard, & Pride, 2002). The pursuit of differentiation is explicit in brand definitions, which have most commonly been variations of that proposed by Aaker (1991, p. 7):A brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or package design) intended to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods from those of competitors.However, in the foreword to the first issue of Place Branding and Public Policy, editor Simon Anholt (2004, p. 4) suggested “almost nobody agrees on what, ex actly, branding means” in describing place branding practice as akin to the Wild West. There has been a lack of consistency in defining what constitutes destination branding, both within industry and within academia (see [Blainet al., 2005], [Park and Petrick, 2006] and [Tasci and Kozak, 2006]). The mostcomprehensive definition to date has been that proposed by Blain et al. (2005, p. 337), which followed Berthon, Hulbert, and Pitt's (1999) model of the functions of a brand from both the buyer and seller perspectives:Destination branding is the set of marketing activities that (1) support the creation of a name, symbol, logo, word mark or other graphic that readily identifies and differentiates a destination; that (2) consistently convey the expectation of a memorable travel experience that is uniquely associated with the destination; that (3) serve to consolidate and reinforce the emotional connection between the visitor and the destination; and that (4) reduce consumer search costs and perceived risk. Collectively, these activities serve to create a destination image that positively influences consumer destination choice.Branding is therefore considered mutually beneficial from both the supply and demand perspectives. Enhancing the ability of the brand to differentiate effectively can generate advantages for products and services, such as increased purchase intent (Cobb-Walgren, Beal, & Donthu, 1995), lower costs (Keller, 1993), increased sales, price premiums, and customer loyalty ([Aaker, 1991] and [Aaker, 1996]). Advantages for destination marketing organisations (DMO) include increased potential to differentiate against places offering similar benefits, increased destination loyalty and increased yield for stakeholders such as local tourism businesses and travel intermediaries. Benefits for the traveller include ease of decision making through reduced search costs, reduced risk, and possibly enhanced brag value.The focus of most research reported to date has been concerned with the development of destination brand identities and the implementation of campaigns (see for example, [Crockett and Wood, 1999], [Hall, 1999], [May, 2001] and [Morgan et al., 2002]). One area requiring increased attention is that of tracking the performance of destination brand positions over time. That is,the extent to which destination brands' positioning and repositioning campaigns have been effective in enhancing brand equity consistent with that intended in the brand identity. This is an important gap in the tourism literature, given: i) increasing competition (see Morgan, Pritchard, & Piggot, 2002), ii) the increasing level of investment by destination marketing organisations (DMO) in branding since the 1990s, iii) the complex political nature of DMO brand decision making and increasing accountability to stakeholders (see Pike, 2005), and iv) the long-term nature of repositioning a destination's image in the marketplace (see Gartner & Hunt, 1987). In terms of metrics for DMOs in general, a number of researchers in various parts of the world have pointed to a lack of market research monitoring effectiveness of destination marketing objectives, such as in Australia (see [Carson et al., 2003] and [Prosser et al., 2000]), North America ([Masberg, 1999] and [Sheehan and Ritchie, 1997]), and Europe (Dolnicar & Schoesser, 2003).The aim of this study was to track the brand positions held by a competitive set of near-home destinations between 2003 and 2007. For this purpose the efficacy of a hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) was trialled. CBBE was first promoted by (Aaker, 1991) and (Aaker, 1996) and more recently by (Keller, 1993) and (Keller, 2003) to supplement traditional balance sheet brand equity measures. The rationale underpinning CBBE as a brand performance metric is that consumer perceptions of the brand underpin any financial estimate of future earnings estimated in the financial measure of brand equity. Since a financial balance sheet brand equity measure will be of little practical value to destination marketers, the concept of CBBE is worthy of consideration by DMOs. However, the potential of CBBE for destinations has only recently attracted the attention of academic researchers (see [Boo et al., in press] and [Konecknik and Gartner, 2007]).具有竞争力的靠近家乡的旅游目的地的目标品牌定位作者：史蒂文・派克国籍：澳大利亚出处：旅游管理，新闻，更正的证明，可在线2009年1月24日中文译文：摘要：虽然品牌学在20世纪40年代就已经兴起，第一个与目的地品牌相关的出版物却直到半个世纪后才出现。
旅行社管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Overview is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of coding. is part of the .NET Framework, and when coding applications you have access to classes in the .NET Framework. You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic, C#, JScript .NET, and J#. These languages enable you to develop applications that benefit from the common language runtime, type safety, inheritance, and so on. includes:• A page and controls framework•The compiler•Security infrastructure•State-management facilities•Application configuration•Health monitoring and performance features•Debugging support•An XML Web services framework•Extensible hosting environment and application life cycle management•An extensible designer environmentThe page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render Web pages. Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device, and renders markup (such as HTML) to the requesting browser. As a rule, you can use the same page for multiple browsers, because renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request. However, you can design your Web page to target a specific browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, and take advantage of the features of that browser. supports mobile controls for Web-enabled devices such as cellular phones, handheld computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Web pages are completely object-oriented. Within Web pages you can work with HTML elements using properties, methods, and events. The page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. The framework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.The page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use, reusable controls. Controls are written once, can be used in many pages, and are integrated into the Web page that they are placed in during rendering.The page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins. You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page level or at a control level.In addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages) in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master pageto produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.All code is compiled, which enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. Once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles code to native code, providing improved performance. includes a compiler that will compile all your application components including pages and controls into an assembly that the hosting environment can then use to service user requests.In addition to the security features of .NET, provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing other security-related tasks. You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using forms authentication and membership. Additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and information of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using roles. You can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application. always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using Windows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists (ACLs), database permissions, and so on. For more information on the identity of , provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to store information between page requests, such as customer information or the contents of a shopping cart. You can save and manage application-specific, session-specific,page-specific, user-specific, and developer-defined information. This information can be independent of any controls on the page. offers distributed state facilities, which enable you to manage state information across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers. applications use a configuration system that enables you to define configuration settings for your Web server, for a Web site, or for individual applications. You can make configuration settings at the time your applications are deployed and can add or revise configuration settings at any time with minimal impact on operational Web applications and servers. configuration settings are stored in XML-based files. Because these XML files are ASCII text files, it is simple to make configuration changes to your Web applications. You can extend the configuration scheme to suit your requirements. includes features that enable you to monitor health and performance of your application. health monitoring enables reporting of key events that provide information about the health of an application and about error conditions. These events show a combination of diagnostics and monitoring characteristics and offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of what is logged and how it is logged. supports two groups of performance counters accessible to your applications: •The system performance counter group•The application performance counter group takes advantage of the run-time debugging infrastructure to provide cross-language and cross-computer debugging support. You can debug both managed and unmanaged objects, as well as all languages supported by the common language runtime and script languages.In addition, the page framework provides a trace mode that enables you to insert instrumentation messages into your Web pages. supports XML Web services. An XML Web service is a component containing business functionality that enables applications to exchange information across firewalls using standards like HTTP and XML messaging. XML Web services are not tied to a particular component technology or object-calling convention. As a result, programs written in any language, using any component model, and running on any operating system can access XML Web services. includes an extensible hosting environment that controls the life cycle of an application from when a user first accesses a resource (such as a page) in the application to the point at which the application is shut down. While relies on a Web server (IIS) as an application host, provides much of the hosting functionality itself. The architecture of enables you to respond to application events and create custom HTTP handlers and HTTP modules. includes enhanced support for creating designers for Web server controls for use with a visual design tool such as Visual Studio. Designers enable you to build a design-time user interface for a control, so that developers can configure your control's properties and content in the visual design tool.Introduction to the C# Language and the .NET Framework C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use C# to create traditional Windows client applications, XML Web services, distributed components,client-server applications, database applications, and much, much more. Microsoft Visual C# 2005 provides an advanced code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to facilitate rapid application development based on version 2.0 of the C# language and the .NET Framework.NoteThe Visual C# documentation assumes that you have an understanding of basic programming concepts. If you are a complete beginner, you might want to explore Visual C# Express Edition, which is available on the Web. You can also take advantage of any of several excellent books and Web resources on C# to learnpractical programming skills.C# syntax is highly expressive, yet with less than 90 keywords, it is also simple and easy to learn. The curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with C, C++ or Java. Developers who know any of these languages are typically able to begin working productively in C# within a very short time. C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C++ while providing powerful features such as nullable value types, enumerations, delegates, anonymous methods and direct memory access, which are not found in Java. C# also supports generic methods and types, which provide increased type safety and performance, and iterators, which enable implementers of collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to use by client code.As an object-oriented language, C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. All variables and methods, including the Main method, the application's entry point, are encapsulated within class definitions. A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. Methodsthat override virtual methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way to avoid accidental redefinition. In C#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it is astack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not support inheritance.In addition to these basic object-oriented principles, C# facilitates the development of software components through several innovative language constructs, including: •Encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safe event notifications.•Properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables. •Attributes, which provide declarative metadata about types at run time.•Inline XML documentation comments.If you need to interact with other Windows software such as COM objects or native Win32 DLLs, you can do this in C# through a process called "Interop." Interop enables C# programs to do just about anything that a native C++ application can do. C# even supports pointers and the concept of "unsafe" code for those cases in which direct memory access is absolutely critical.The C# build process is simple compared to C and C++ and more flexible than in Java. There are no separate header files, and no requirement that methods and types be declared in a particular order. A C# source file may define any number of classes, structs, interfaces, and events.C# programs run on the .NET Framework, an integral component of Windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (CLR) and a unified set of class libraries. The CLR is Microsoft's commercial implementation of the common language infrastructure (CLI), an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly.Source code written in C# is compiled into an intermediate language (IL) that conforms to the CLI specification. The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of .exe or .dll. An assembly contains a manifest that provides information on the assembly's types, version, culture, and security requirements.When the C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR performs just in time (JIT) compilation to convert the IL code into native machine instructions. The CLR also provides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and resource management. Code that is executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as "managed code," in contrast to "unmanaged code" which is compiled into native machine language that targets a specific system. The following diagram illustrates the compile-time and run time relationships of C# source code files, the base class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR.Language interoperability is a key feature of the .NET Framework. Because the IL code produced by the C# compiler conforms to the Common Type Specification (CTS), IL code generated from C# can interact with code that was generated from the .NET versions of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J#, or any of more than 20 otherCTS-compliant languages. A single assembly may contain multiple modules written in different .NET languages, and the types can reference each other just as if they were written in the same language.In addition to the run time services, the .NET Framework also includes an extensive library of over 4000 classes organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful functionality for everything from file input and output to string manipulation to XML parsing, to Windows Forms controls. The typical C# application uses the .NET Framework class library extensively to handle common "plumbing" chores. 概述 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。
温泉旅游的开发与管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字
外文出处：Eagles, SF McCool , The Exploitation and the Management of Hot Spring Tourist in Japan [J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2014, 15(3): 243-257.（本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。
）原文The Exploitation and the Management of Hot Spring Tourist in JapanEagles, SF McCoolAbstractTourist activity promotes the development of economy, which is an industrialized, diversified and global trend. Busy working people look forward to the casual life brought by traveling, thus the hot spring tourism has become one of the important ways for people to spend their holidays. The main reason for the popularity of hot spring tourism is its scarcity and uniqueness. So, the study and protection of hot spring tourism are undoubtedly of scientific importance.On the basis of literature review, this paper is intended to discuss the concept and cause of hot springs, the resource and classification of hot springs, the content and the scientific principle of it. With the application of location theory & experiencing marketing theory, this paper analyzed and summarized the unique culture, destination, marketing and the concept of environment protection of the hot spring tourism.When analyzing of the 221 hot springs in Japan as samples, This paper have summarized the geographic distribution and culture features of them. With the research of the 2013 Top 10 hot springs in Japan ，I have learned the unique culture features of Japan hot spring tourism: religion, catering and scenery culture. I have chosen the seven important hot springs in Japan and then studied their layout and planning, and summarize the four layout patterns of hot spring destinations in Japan. Though there are various ways of promoting and marketing of hot springs, this paper classify them into seven patterns. We should deeply think about the great attention paid to the tourism by the Japan government. In the year 1948, the Japan’s government issued the Hot Spring Act to revitalize the economy of Japan bydeveloping the hot spring tourism.Key words: Japan; Hot spring tourism; Culture; The destination; Distribution1 Japanese hot spring resources development and utilization of the era changeBefore the Meiji restoration, the ancient Japanese hot spring used for the purpose of rehabilitation, and accumulated a wealth of experience. Nine and 12 century peace noble diary really mentioned in the jade leaf, spa is one period of treatment, 7 days three course 21 days as the minimum standard. In the folk, wash the hot spring in the different season also have different call. Such as bath is called "cold soup", where the spring into the bath is called "spring soup to cure" etc. The ancient form of some famous hot spring is famous for its special curative effect more. In the 19th century, after the Meiji restoration, Japan actively absorb the advanced western science and technology, great changes have taken place in the whole social economy, cities are also growing rapidly. The urban middle class demand for hot spring, contributed to the development and utilization of hot spring resources. At the same time the introduction of western modern science and technology to promote the scientific research of hot springs, hot springs, the maintenance function and utilizing came to be known. When the foreigners of the future building villas in the hot springs, hot spring development and utilization of beginning and combination of summer, maintenance, close to the city to some hot springs into a summer resort and maintenance.By 1973, Japan's hot spring hotel SuBo guest reached 120 million. In many hot springs to recreational direction at the same time, in 1954, the ministry to promote health, prevent disease, improving national quality as the goal, began to put some good hot springs spa, maintenance and environmental conditions, designated as national maintenance of hot springs to enrich SuBo facilities, institute of health and medical institutions, add hot springs health pavilion, tree-lined paths, hot spring park, such as sports facilities, servicing the surrounding cultural environment and natural environment. Hot springs and facilities open to citizens, with relatively low price to attract a variety of guest floor. A policy that continues to this day, until 2005, has reached the designated national maintenance of hot springs.Since the 1990 s, Japan's economy into the low speed growth, the development and utilization of hot spring resources has also changed. Metropolitan region and surrounding urban internal to the development and utilization of hot spring resources, hot spring distribution more close to the consumer. The new development of hot springs health maintenance facilities, including high temperature, low temperature sauna, thin body bath, hairdressing bath, relaxing bath, shower of rocks and other hot spring bath, at the same time also provide simple diet and rest places, but there is no accommodation facilities. Hot spring bath cost is low, customers is widespread, has the characteristics of the local residents and visitors can simultaneously into the bath. This large hot springs health center to the formation and development, the main reason is: one is the spread of hot spring culture, hot spring use become people's day-to-day work need; The second is the coming of aging society, increased the demand for spa facilities with health function; it is the need of the revitalization of the regional economy, introduced in 1989, 100 million yen creation cause, the government to give each town village 100 million yen for regional revitalization, many local governments to the 100 million yen to the development of this kind of hot spring; Four is hot spring development technology progress, make difficult to development of hot spring development.2 Japanese business model of the development of hot spring resources2.1 The development and utilization of the hot springsAccording to the geographical position, development and utilization mode and the different period, Japan's hot spring type can be divided into the rehabilitation and maintenance, improve health, banquet entertainment and large hot springs health centres. Characteristics of hot spring spa type springs epicuticular specific disease have medical effect. This kind of hot spring distribution in the mountains, due to opposite traffic inconvenience, sparsely populated, the lower level of development and utilization and thus maintain the traditional characteristics of hot spring as a treatment for places. Using facilities is relatively simple, even kept since for cooking, for cooking and other traditional facilities.High quality hot springs, the fresh air and good environment, a healthy diet isnecessary for maintenance type hot springs. This kind of hot springs are mainly distributed in mountain valleys, rural natural environment such as the beautiful place. Hot springs health pavilion, built in addition to hot springs maintain the maintenance SuBo facilities, such as opening a walking path, exploration road show and regional nature, traditional culture of museums, art galleries and other facilities.Health promotional type hot springs are mainly distributed in the natural environment of the mountain, plateau, seaside, its characteristic is to mountain climbing, skiing, go bathing, etc. Various kinds of sports and hot springs.Hot spring to have a tennis court, golf, ice skating rink etc. Various kinds of sports facilities and museums, art galleries and other cultural upbringing facilities, are often all kinds of sports training base.This kind of hot spring for the purpose of improving health, wash hot springs after exercise can relieve fatigue, promote metabolism of body function and prevent aging, young visitors and family more.Banquet, recreational spa is accompanied by the emergence of large group guest and formed, in addition to its large hot springs hotel, the hotel and the geisha house, massage shops, entertainment such as prostitutes field. This kind of hot spring distribution in traffic convenient traffic line. Many in the tide of economic formation of the large YangShi hot spring hotel facilities, after the group guest to reduce operation difficult.2.2 Hot spring capital sourceHot spring development mainly foreign capital and domestic capital, owing to the different hot springs. The strength of the local capital of hot spring to sustainable and healthy development has important influence. Foreign capital mainly comes from the strength of large enterprise groups, the development of large scale and shorter time, pay attention to economic benefits, mainly depends on large tour groups, water (Minakami) belongs to the hot springs and so on.Located in gunma, root water, on the edge of sichuan hot spring, there are on the line, the transportation is convenient, in the group guest more period had been injected with a large number of foreign capital, in the construction of river valleys in the more advanced large hotel. Later, with fewer group guest, business is becomingincreasingly difficult, hotel collapse, hot spring street residents also reduce to 1, 000 people, more than 000 people from 4 regional economy recession. Local capital strength is relatively small, developing step by step, and pay attention to protect environment and geographical features, grass (Kusatu) hot springs, by the court (Yufuyin) hot springs is representative of this kind.In recent years in the poll of the most popular of hot springs, grass springs in successive years, tianjin no. 1.Located in kyushu oita county by the court of hot springs, hot springs hotel employment of QuanJie roughly one-third of total employment, is a typical hot spring street. More than 120 hot springs hotel and the natural environment, formed the Japanese hot springs, high-grade products, recent years tourists reached 4 million people, the development and utilization methods of typical significance in the development of hot springs is in Japan.[9] in Japan's high economic growth period, many hot springs in the case of foreign capital into blood, hotel to large-scale, integrated, the same agitation also affected the springs back street by cloth college town, by the court became a local hot spring in what direction development. But by the court spa resisted the development of foreign capital to promote recreational hot spring pressure and foreign developers high-rise building plan, against the development of golf course, the surrounding to preserved intact, the surrounding wetland landscape of the hot spring, culture, natural hot spring development theme, abundant hot spring culture, let visitors in wash hot springs at the same time, enjoy the charm of hot spring culture and natural environment.3 Japanese hot spring resources development and utilization management mode3.1 hot spring development and utilization of the legal system managementIn order to strengthen the legal management of hot spring, Japan in 1948 formulated the method of hot springs, hot springs, method of development and utilization and protection of hot spring resources made specific provision. Hot spring law, mining, power plant and so on must seek permission from the governor of prefectures (3-9);To protect a fountain springs, governor shall have the right to publish various commands (clause 10).Hot spring law also stipulates that the operator for hot spring bath, the composition indications, contraindications, and drinkingattention points, according to authorities analysis results in a bath facilities department express; Hot spring water, heating, circulation filtration and disinfection and so on have also made it clear that article (13, 14).Japan's hot spring law stipulated in article 14, in order to enhance the public utilization of hot spring, environment ministry for selected hot springs, hot springs according to its composition, performance and utilization of environment, planning, gearing up for hot spring use facilities, improve the guide to the environment. Its contents include hot spring gearing up to regional planning, functional area division, facilities, environment development, management, operation plan, etc.3.2 Concentration distribution and managementHot spring spa as a resource, prevent random drilling wasteful, prevent all kinds of disputes due to hot springs, to reasonable and effective use of resources to the hot spring facilities and centralized allocation is one of effective methods for hot spring hotel. Hot springs city battery (Sirozaki) concentration distribution and management system is worth reference, particular way similar to a centralized water supply device, set up in higher ground storage barrels, various springs spa focused on storage barrel, set up automatic monitoring device, adjusted according to the amount of chung springs, temperature. Through pipes adopts the circulating way to lose to the hot spring hotels and beaches, hot springs hotel and baths in accordance with the usage fee. Pipe length, discharge temperature are scientific measurement to ensure the supply of hot spring temperature remains constant. Since the implementation of centralized management to solve the hot springs of water temperature difference, the temperature of supply the homogenization, fair, hot spring use efficiency, business management tends to rationalize, hot spring resources get effective protection, fountain got the self-restraint, enlarged the hot spring supply capacity, development provides the possibility for the hot springs.4 Japanese hot spring tourismJapanese traffic survey of a community (2005), according to the tourists in choosing destinations, hot springs (52.4%), in the first place. Visible hot spring has extremely important meaning for the Japanese. National to hot spring needsdiversification makes competition more intense, make construction attractive hot springs hot springs the key to a successful business. The atmosphere of the quality of "hot spring", "hot spring", "natural environment" three has become the core elements. Ideal, led by open-air hot spring, spa facilities, followed by the boardwalk, public hot spring, the traditional view, of primitive simplicity style SuBo facilities, local snacks, local library, etc. Beautiful environment includes not only the nature, also including the natural and construction, the coordination between the buildings and roads, parks, and hot springs hot springs hotel, garden, walking street, parking lot etc. Landscape of coordination and unity.译文日本温泉旅游的开发与管理伊格斯；迈克尔摘要旅游活动带动了社会经济的发展，呈现出产业化、多元化、全球化的发展态势。
旅游管理毕业论文外文翻译
旅游管理毕业论文外文翻译Exploring Asian Cruise Travelers’ Travel Experience and Perception Sangchoul YiHospitality and T ourism ManagementPurdue UniversityJonathon DayHospitality and T ourism ManagementPurdue UniversityandLiping A. CaiHospitality and T ourism ManagementPurdue UniversityABSTRACTThis study aims to explore Asian cruise travelers’ cruise experience and its multidimensionalperception of cruising as well as the effect of travel ers’ perception on satisfaction and behavioralintention. In order to measure Asian travelers’ multidimensional perceptions, survey items wereadapted from SERVQUAL and SERV-PERV AL. Exploratory factor analysis was performed firstto identify travelers’ multi dimensional perceptions on travel experience. Subsequently, a multipleregression was conducted so that researchers examine how the tourist’ perceptions affecttravelers’ satisfaction and behavioral intention. Statistical results showed that Asian cruisetravelers have two dimensional perceptions and each perception can be named as “perceivedquality” and “perceived value”. The perceived quality has four components. They are “Facility”,“F&B”, “Entertainment”, and “Staff”, and the perceived value consists of three componentsincluding“Emotional response”, “Perceived price”, and “Behavioral price and reputation”.According to the statistical results, travelers’ perceptions on cruise experiencing affect travelsatisfaction and travelers’ behavioral intention.Keywords: Asian cruise tourists, Cruising experience, Perception dimensionality, Perceived quality, Perceived value INTRODUCTIONThe cruise industry has been experiencing dramatic growth in the international tourism sector.According to the Cruise Line International Association (CLIA), its average growth rate is over 8%a year and the number of cruise passengers was 14 million in 2005, which was ten times morethan that in 1980 (Dwyer & Forsyth, 1998; Kwag & Lee, 2009). With dramatic growth of thecruise industry, the market environment is getting competitive and appears to be saturatedbecause of overcapacity (De la Vina& Ford, 2001; Kwortnik, 2006). This is because most of the cruise market is based upon North America and the regional market share accounts for 85% ofthe total cruise market. A strategic effort to occupy the competitive cruise market can berepresented in the number of newly launched cruise ships because a quality stateroom, upscalecruise facilities, and stable room supply are essential for successful business in the cruise travelmarket, and these success factors can be achieved by launching new cruise vessel. For instance,major cruise liners have launched about 100 new cruise ships from 1996 to 2004, trying to attractpotential customers, occupying a growing market share and developing new market segments (Lobo, 2008).Recently, the Asian cruise market has been highlighted as a new emerging market in thecruise industry. Currently, the Asian cruise market has 5% of total cruise market share, but theAsiancruise market has great potential as a new locomotive to sustain the cruise industrybecause a rise in national income in Asian countries can cause a dramatic increase of Asiancruise travelers. In East Asia, Hong Kong is a major hub for an international flight andinternational cruise liners. The city is attracting a number of western cruise travelers to Asiacruise travel, and Hong Kong is also a base for mainland Chinese cruise travelers. The number ofthe cruise travelers from Hong Kong alone 459,000 in 2007, which is more than double thanfrom 201,000 in 2005 (Stanley, 2008). However, the Asian market has been still underdeveloped,and the market needs more investment and marketing research on the Asian market (Kwag &Lee, 2009).LITERATURE REVIEWThe tourism industry is service based industry, and the cruise travel and cruise ship itself canbe viewed as a floating resort and tourism destination. Therefore, service quality issue is one ofmost important topics for cruise marketers because a good service quality and consumer’s satisfaction can guarantee business survival at least in the service industry. Consequently, thehospitality and tourism industry have focused on service qua lity improvement and customers’satisfaction.Service qualityA great deal of service-quality studies have been done in last three decades, and most oftopics have been center around efficient and accurate measurement of servicequality (Ladhari,2008; Martínez Caro &MartínezGarcía, 2008). This is because measuring a service quality is a starting point to research consumers and consumers’ perception on service experience. In theservice industry context, service quality can be viewed as perceived service quality and it can be defined as “ theconsumer’s judgment about an entity’s o verall excellence or superiority”(Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1988). Developed measurement instruments are mainly basedon identified consumers’ perception on consumption experience. For example, Parasuraman et al.(1988) conducted the most influential studies on service quality, which was developing theSERVQUAL instrument. The SERVQUAL instrument had had ten perceived dimension, butParasuraman et al. refined SERVQUAL measurement items, achieving five dimensions ofperceived survey quality. The dimensions were labeled as “Tangibles”, “Reliability”,“Responsiveness”, “Assurance”, and “Empathy”. The instrument has become a foundation ofservice quality measurement instruments in various industry setting. One of distinct features isthat the instrument compares b etween consumers’ expectation a nd realized performance ofspecific service. However, this approach has been challenged by some alternative measurementapproaches.Service quality in the hospitality and tourism industryIn the hospitality and tourism industry, the perception of service quality has been widelyresearched and focused because it is imperative for marketers to know how consumers feel aboutservice level in the hospitality and tourism industry. In order to measu re consumers’ satisfaction and a perc eived service quality, the SERVQUAL instrument has been introduced and modified inspecific industry setting (Badri, Abdulla, & Al-Madani, 2005; Engelland, Workman, & Singh,2000; Frochot& Hughes, 2000; Khan, 2003; Knutson, Stevens, Wullaert, Patton, & Yokoyama,1991; Raajpoot, 2002; Stevens, Knutson, & Patton, 1995; Tkaczynski& Stokes, 2010). For example, Knuston et al. (1991) tailored the SERVQUAL into the lodging industry andgeneratedLODGSERV instrument in order to measu re consumers’ expecta tion for service quality in the lodging industry. Khan (2003) examined ecotourists’ the servi ce quality expectation by usingmodified the SERVQUAL instrument, named as ECOSERV. It was found that tourists haveunique a dimension in service quality expectation at each tourism industry setting. Stevens et al.(1995) and Raajpoot (2002) tried to measure consumers’ service quality in the lodging industrysetting by modifying the SERVQUAL instrument. They generated modified versions of theinstrument. DINESERV, which was generated by Stevens et al., was general version of theSERVQUAL in restaurants industry, and TANGSERV, which was proposed by Raajpoot, wasfocused on specific the SERVQUAL dimension, tangible quality.METHODOLOGYA questionnaire was developed based on previous empirical studies andSERV-PERV ALperceived value measurement instrument. The survey instrument consists of mainly four parts,which are perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction level and behavioral intention, anddemographic variables. This research extended the SERV-PERV AL instrument because theinstrument has just four perceived quality items and they are too general to measure cruise travelers’ perception on cruise experience. Qu (1999) provided cruise travel attribute items,which consists of four dimensions such as “Accommodation”, “Food and Beverage”,“Entertainment”, “Other facility”, and “Staff”. Because the attr ibute items have uniqueness andsimilarity with SERVQUAL instrument at the same time, the attribute items were merged intoSERV-PERV AL instrument.The sample was collected from cruise travelers of a Koreancruise liner. The conveniencesampling was chosen because of time and cost limitations. Two trained interviewers visited amedium sized cruise ship, the Penstar Honey, and distributed questionnaires. Questionnaireswere placed in 200 cruise ship cabins. After respondents completed the survey voluntarily, thequestionnaire were gathered at the reception desk of the cruise ship. A total of 140 questionnaireswere collected between May and June in 2008. Participants were sampled on eight separate 3-day and 4-day voyages with various destinations such as the Korean national marine park, Osakain Japan and Bebu, which is a famous Japanese spa destination. The samples yielded 117 usableobservations.An exploratory factor analysis was first performed so that underlying dimensions of eachconstruct were revealed. Based results of exploratory factor analysis on each construct likeperceived quality and perceived value, four perceived quality dimension were identified andthree perceived value dimensions were obtained. These sub-dimensions of perceived quality andvalue composed overall perceived quality and value construct for cruise travel. SPSS version 18and STATA 10 were used to conduct exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis toexamine the relationship between hypothetical relationships between constructs.RESULTSAccording to the factor analysis results in Table 1, perceived quality has four dimensionsincluding cruise ship facilities, food and bever age service, entertainment, and crew’s service.Perceived value consists of three dimensions such as emotional response, perceived price, andbehavioral price and reputation. Each construct has sub dimensions, which means thatcruisetourists recognize their cruising experience based on four dimensions like facilities, food andbeverage, entertainment, and staff as well as the tourists value their experience by two constructsperceived quality and perceived value.Table 1Exploratory Factor Analysis Results for Perceived Quality of the Cruise ExperienceSub-dimensions of two constructs are measured by multiple survey items. Exploratory factoranalysis provides construct reliability for determining whether survey items are suitable formeasuring the sub dimensions and constructs. Items with factors loading are less than .5 wereeliminated to refine survey measurement items. Mean value of each survey items represent cruisetourism service quality index, and most of the means recorded higher than 5, indicating highquality of cruise service experience. Results can show that cruise tourists are more likely to havepositive cognitive image on cruise experience and cruise ship brand.In Table 2, it was showed that perceived value construct has three dimensions includingemotional response, perceived price, and behavioral price and reputation. Petrick (2004)suggested that the perceived value construct has five dimenstions, which included perceivedquality as a part of the construct. However, in this study, researchers specified perceived qualityas independent part of the construct when the perceived quality was measured because a surveyinstrument was developed to measure service quality more specifically than original SERVPERV AL instrument.CONCLUSIONThis study aims to explore As ian cruise travelers’ cruise experience and its multidimensionalperceptions of cruisingexperience as well as the effect of travele rs’ perceptions on satisfactionand behavioral intention. In order to measure Asian travelers’ multidimensional perceptions,s urvey items were adapted from previous empirical study, the SERVQUAL instruments and theSERV-PERVAL instrument item. An on-board survey was conducted on eight separate 4-daysvoyages of the Far East Asia in 2008. Exploratory factor analysis was performed fi rst to identify travelers’ multidimensional perceptions on travel experience and service quality in cruise travle. Subsequently, a regression analysis was conducted so that researchers examine how the travelers’perception of cruise travel experience affect s tourists’ satisfa ction and behavioral intention.对旅游者旅游体验感知的探索——以亚洲邮轮游客为例Sangchoul Yi，Jonathon Day，Liping A. Cai，酒店与旅游管理专业，美国普渡大学。
国际旅游外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：The Effect of International Tourism on the Development of Global Social-Economic Processes（国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响）文献作者：Cherkasov I L等文献出处：《Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism》,2017,8(6 (22)):1166-1170.字数统计：英文2560单词，13979字符；中文4047汉字外文文献：The Effect of International Tourism on the Development ofGlobal Social-Economic ProcessesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes. The authors prove that international tourism not only boosts inflows of foreign currency into the country but also ensures employment for the population and helps make rational use of domestic resources. The paper establishes that international tourism has lately been experiencing exceedingly rapid growth and development, second just to the automotive and chemical industries. Right now, the significance of tourism to the development of global social-economic processes is constantly growing, which is due to the influence of tourism on the economy of various nations. The authors conclude that the development of the tourism industry in various regions may also be fraught with certain dangers, like increased strains on the environment due to excessive concentration of production and people in tourism centers, devalued traditions, and declines in the prestige of national cultures as a result of the commercialization of life.Keywords:international tourism; development; globalization; need; service; export; cultureIntroductionTourism as a form of fulfilling people’s need for leisure has had a profound effect on the global community. Revenue from international tourism is currently among the more substantial components of so-called invisible export. The development of tourism relations is a crucial way to improve the situation around the world, strengthen partnership among nations, and foster mutual understanding among people of different cultures. Tourism has become an objective need in modern civilization.International tourism not only boosts inflows of foreign currency into the country but also ensures employment for the population and helps make rational use of domestic resources. It has lately been experiencing exceedingly rapid growth and development, second just to the automotive and chemical industries. This adds extra relevance to investigating international tourism as a crucial phenomenon of today’s society.The basics of the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes have been examined by scholars K.B. Kostin (Kostin 2016), D.Yu. Rozhkova (Rozhkova 2015), E.N. Trofimov (Trofimov 2011), A.A. Shilnov (Shilnov 2014), O.A. Yastremskaya (Yastremskaya 2014), and others. Notwithstanding the large number of scholarly publications devoted to general and special issues related to international tourism, various aspects of the operation of international markets for tourism services, and issues related to national competitiveness in them, certain theoretical-methodological and applied aspects of optimizing participation in international tourism exchange may need further research.1.MethodsThe methodological basis for this study is a systemic approach, with a set of general scholarly and special economic methods also employed, namely: the historical-logical method of cognition; methods of comparative analysis; methods of structural, functional, and situational analysis; economic-statistical methods (employed in determining the latest trends in the development of the market for tourism services); methods of expert assessment and comparative analysis of existing models; methods of scholarly abstraction, analysis and synthesis, and extrapolation(employed in examining the prospects for the participation of various nations in international tourism exchange and ways to galvanize it).The study’s information base is grounded in various fundamental solutions, information-analytical reviews, research and methodological publications by domestic and foreign specialists, statutory and regulatory sources, and statistical materials from international organizations.The work is focused on the following aspects of tourism: its place in the world economy and the latest laws governing its influence on the development of global social-economic processes; the distinctive characteristics of the global market for tourism services and factors in the transformation of its structure; the effect of large-scale public activities on the development of the tourism industry.2.ResultsUnder today’s conditions, tourism is among the more developed sectors of the world economy and one of the more dynamically developing forms of international trade in services (Ek. Agamirova, El. Agamirova, Lebedeva, Lebedev, and Ilkevich 2017, Jacobs, Horowitz, Mavroudis, Siegel, and Sade 2013). The total volume of foreign currency receipts recorded between 1950 and 2016 has increased 145 times. To be specific, in 1950 the number of tourists globally was 25 million and the industry’s turnover totaled $2.2 billion, while in 2016 these figures exceeded 450 million and $372.8 billion respectively.Today, international tourism is developed the most in Western European countries. The region accounts for over 70% of the world’s tourism market and nearly 60% of all foreign currency receipts. Around 20% is accounted for by America and less than 10% by Asia, Africa, and Australia combined.The biggest suppliers of tourists are the US, Belgium, Denmark, Germany Holland, New Zealand, Sweden, Canada, and England. The biggest recipients of tourists are Australia, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Mexico, Turkey, Egypt, Portugal, France, and Switzerland.Research indicates that international tourism may develop unevenly not only inparticular regions of the world but within a particular destination as well, which may be due to the degree of development of tourism infrastructure in the area, its remoteness, and other factors.The recent ebullience in the tourism market has had a positive effect on the economy of most nations around the globe, with the financial turnover of the global travel and tourism industry totaling nearly $6.3 trillion in 2016. The sector contributed a total of 10.7% of all revenue to global GDP, the largest share being accounted for by the EU (11.6%), North America (10%), and East Asia (9.7%).Thanks to the interrelationship between tourism and adjacent sectors of the economy, tourism has supported 221.7 million jobs (8.4% of total employment globally). The greatest number of residents employed in the tourism sphere is observed in Southeast Asia (Korea, Japan, and China) – 74,818 thousand people. Southeast Asia is followed by South Asia – 30,796 thousand people. In Europe, the figure is 24,302 thousand people.Receipts from international tourism have totaled around $2 billion per day. In 2016, total expenditure in the industry was $683 billion, which is $48 billion or 3.5% greater than the 2015 figure. If we add to this $132 billion spent by foreign tourists on transportation, we get over $850 billion worth of tourism exports, which is 7% of the world’s total goods and services exports.Most of the receipts to the tourism sector come from the expenditure of tourists who travel for personal reasons – $2,834 billion. In 2016, the way in tourist expenditure was led by the US, Japan, countries within the EU, Canada, and Mexico. The volume of tourist expenditure in Europe increased $21 million in 2016 and totaled $348.In Asia, the observed rate of increase is 51%. The increase in receipts has been brought about by high rates of growth in China and administrative regions – Hong Kong and Macau. Southeast Asia – especially Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam – is becoming one of the most attractive regions for tourists, its demand outpacing the supply of tourism services.The increase in receipts to the Pacific region has for the most part been broughtabout by tourists’ interest in the arts and everyday life of aborigines. The greatest number of tourists are visiting Australia and Oceania at a time when Europe and North America are experiencing a slump in tourism activity. This may help smooth out seasonal fluctuations in international tourism.Asia and the Pacific region attract tourists with their unique nature, and new industrial nations – with their business tours. Recreational tourism is well-developed in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The Japanese tourism industry is ranked 2nd in the world after that of the US. Hong Kong and Singapore offer shopping tourism services, while Thailand is developing new beaches on the country’s southern coast and organizing informative trips to its northern part.Tourism is well-developed in Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia and Micronesia. What additionally makes tourism lucrative for the Pacific Ocean islands is the relative proximity of the Australian market, and this getaway enjoys a good image with European tourists.In Africa, the current rate of increase is 64.2%. The warm climate, sandy beaches, unique historical and cultural monuments, and exotic flora and fauna of such nations as Kenya, Zambia, Mauritius, Tunisia, and Algeria have been facilitative of increases in the number of tourists visiting the African region. Right now, the most popular destinations in the North are Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco, and in the East – Kenya, Tanzania, the Seychelles, Mauritania, and Zimbabwe. Some of these specialize in elite coastal tourism and have a world-class hotel industry in place, which helps them generate up to $900 off each tourist. However, overall Africa is lagging behind other regions in international tourism, as many of its nations are poorly developed economically and lack political stability, with the progress of many areas being impeded by military conflicts and epidemic diseases.America is second to Europe in terms of tourism’s contribution to GDP (30.6%). These are South America, Central America, North America, and islands within the Caribbean. The leading role in this region is played by the US and Canada, which have a vast internal tourism market and a highly-developed infrastructure with an extensive network of hotels and a solid transportation industry in place. SouthAmerica’s tourism flows are relatively minor, which is due to political instability and slow economic development. The major types of tourism in the region are coastal tourism, sports tourism, excursion tourism, and business tourism.Revenue from international tourism reaches 15–25% of overall export revenue. A level this high is the consequence of the region being competitive and certain regions actually specializing in tourism, like Canada and islands within the Caribbean.Europe remains the worldwide leader in tourism. In 2016, the rate of increase of its tourism resources totaled 5.3%. Europe leads the world in sanatorium-resort therapy, leisure, and tourism. The European region is home to popular mineral springs, beaches, and alpine areas. A major portion of the region has all the conditions for those interested in leisure and sanatorium-resort therapy.Evidence from practice suggests that international tourism is quite a dynamic phenomenon. Experts are forecasting the tourism sector to grow tangibly over the next 10 years, with annual demand for tourism services expected to increase 4.7% between 2017 and 2025 and the contribution of international tourism to the world economy expected to total $10.8 trillion in 2025.The production of tourism services is expected to have an annual growth of 3.6%, with the number of those employed in the tourism sector expected to increase 1.5%. Annual growth in tourist arrivals will total 5.8%, with growth in capital investment expected to reach 4.9% and total $1.7 trillion by 2025. The number of jobs in sectors adjacent to tourism is expected to reach 275 million by 2025.The way in terms of the number of those employed in the sector will be led by China (78.6 million people), followed by India (26.1 million) and the US (19.3 million). Tourist expenditure is expected to increase over the next 10 years. For instance, the expenditure of American tourists both inside and outside the country is expected to nearly double. And in terms of increase in this indicator it is, above all, the developing nations of Asia that are expected to be among the top 10 nations globally.Tourist expenditure will increase the fastest in China. Among European nations, the top 10 will include a couple of Eastern European nations – Poland, whose averageannual growth in tourism expenditure will total 8.3%, and the Czech Republic – 7.7%.According to the authors’ forecast, one should expect increases in the market share of international tourism through to 2030 in all regions of the world except Europe and America (Table 1).Table 1. Forecast for the development of international tourism across regions around theworld (million people)The average rates of growth will be the highest in the Middle East and East Asia and Oceania (7.2% and 6.4% respectively), while the lowest ones will be observed in America (3.8%).3.DiscussionThe reliability of the above approaches to assessing the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes has been substantiated by the study’s findings. Europeans will have to withstand tough competition for revenue from tourism, which will require that the European tourism industry boost the quality of services it provides (Dzhilavyan and Varyukhin 2012, Kuzakhmetova, Sitdikova, and Shilovskaya 2016, Urbanovich 2012).Expenditure on all types of travel – and, above all, on transportation – will increase faster than other family budget items. Trips will be more frequent but shorter, as expenditure on a single trip will reduce. On the whole, expenditure on travel will increase due to the inclination to consume higher-quality leisure.The number of trips will be increasing thanks to intercontinental trips from Europe to America, Asia, and Oceania. The use of airborne transportation will be expanding faster due to increases in the number of convenient direct flights.Considering the increasingly active implementation of computer systems, the waiting times for booking a trip will also be reducing.The following 2 age groups are expected to be represented by the most active tourists: senior citizens and youth. We will continue to witness growth in demand for tourism related to visits to major cultural heritage sites and active leisure. The condition of the environment will be one of the dominant factors in attracting tourists, especially in rural and seaside areas.The geography of international tourism will be determined by specific factors in the attractiveness of particular regions that will be a priority for tourists. Going forward, nature potential will remain the major source of satisfaction of tourist needs.International tourism will continue to boom, with South and Southeast Asia expected to be among the most popular regions to visit. There will be gravitation toward intact nature, which is naturally associated with the concept of beauty, and in this regard we are going to witness further development of, above all, the environmental tourism sector.ConclusionTo sum up, it is worth noting that the significance of tourism around the world is constantly growing. This is due to the influence of tourism on a nation’s economy: tourism boosts the contribution to its balance of payments, ensures employment for the population, facilitates the diversification of the economy, and helps ensure a more rational use of recreation resources. Having said that, the development of the tourism industry is also fraught with certain risks, like outflows of currency overseas, environmental and technogenic dangers, and loss of cultural values.Under today’s conditions, tourism is among the more developed sectors of the world economy and one of the more dynamically developing forms of international trade in services. Today, international tourism is developed the most in Western European countries. Going forward, some of the major trends in the development of tourism will be boosts in the quality of the tourism product, increased tourist expenditure on travel, and the development of non-traditional types of tourism.中文译文：国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响摘要本文的目的是分析国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响。
旅游管理英文文献
1. The need for a new quality approach in tourismThe quality of tourist services offered by each supplier is the result of joining twocomponents: quantity, which is rather of material nature as it is repr e-sented by equipmentand facilities, such as food, scenery, working met h-ods; and quality, which is mainlybehaviouristicThe material component is influencing the quality of the tourist services through thedemand for comfort, functionality, aesthetic s, as well as ergonomics qualities of theequipment provided by certain units. One of the most important fa c-tors influencing thesedemands is the level of technicality, which determines the level of comfort and servicequality. The higher the technicality, the better the service, as they offer heating and phonicisolation, different room facilities, such as reliable installations, which lead both to lowermaintenance expenses and fewer complaints.The implementation of the electronic database has positive effects on the quality of service,as a result of eliminating bureaucracy, which facilitates the correct management of theclient account and the fast billing. Thus, it is also ea s-ier to optimise the system of datatransfer that allows the calculation of the specific i n-dexes. This increases the quality ofservice and gives staff more time for the relation with the customer. Even if the initialinvestment is higher, the ben efits are visible on a long term.Another important element of quality is represented by sizing and organising differentspaces that must include aspects concerning the offer flexibility, in order to be able toprovide complementary services such as the organisation of congresses and conferences, aswell as other events.The business card of a unit is represented by the i n-terior decorations, “the atmosphere”created by decoration, the colours, the intensity and colour of lights, the thermal comfort(air temperature and humidity), air freshness and indoor sound system, elements thatcomplete the product [4].However, the most important quality component is thestaff behaviour within the hotel,which is usually neglected, as the company is mostly concerned with employing thenecessary qualified number of employees to know and apply standards and workingprocedures.The effects of professional behaviour are directly connected to the quality of service andhow it is perceived by the client. Unlike the material components we have discussed before,the effects of the professional behaviour are unpredictable and almost irreversible. They aredirectly related to the number, the structure and the level of training and motivation of thestaff.That is why staff recruitment must take into account that beside pr o-fessional training andgeneral background knowledge, employe rs must seek to iden-tify personal behaviour andattitude qualities in the future employee, such as: charisma, vocation for tourism,availability and learning abilities, sociability, empathy and other el e-ments which will reflectthe quality of services and the level of satisfaction of the clients [7]. Therefore, a client oriented professional behaviour may contribute to a better assessment ofthe quality of service rather than exposing material luxury and in some cases, an adequateprofessional behaviour may compensate for certain material deficie n-cies.In this context the present classification based on stars is no longer responding to thedemands of the client, whose expectations with respect to the quality of services areprecise.The methodological norms regarding the classification of the acco m-modation units consistsof an administrative system of classification, that takes into consideration only thearchitectural features of the building, the level of facilities, equipment and inventory objectsas well as the minimum services that must be offered by an accomm o-dation unit accordingto its classification, [9] without emphasising the most i m-portant quality element like thestaff attitude for example.This administrative system of classification used by all countries, was found inconvenientto the new requirements. In this respect, some countries started reco n-sidering and changingthe classification standards stressing on the quality of services esp e-cially on the hotel staffand its behaviour.This approach is necessary due to the present economic crisis that led to an obviousdecrease in the number of tourists, who shal l mainly turn to suppliers who provide the bestquality-price warranted balance.In the case of Romania, which has a diverse tourist potential, with authentic components,the change from facility standards to service quality standards would be an element ofdifferentiation and it would increase the competition of the Romanian tourist product. Thishas also been demonstrated by international research studies that consider Romania aninteresting tourist destination.2. Quality standards and systems in the hospitality industryBoth in Romania and in other countries with tourist tradition the service quality assuranceis accomplished in two ways: according to the different types of sta nd-ards and according tothe quality management systems. Moreover, standards include: norms shaped by officialorganisations of different countries such as the standards of category classification (stars),occupational and other standards including facility, procedure, management, which aremostly created by hotel chains, especially those from 1991, since the first procedure oftourist star classification settled by The Ministry of Tourism and later on followed-up byseveral other variants.The occupational standard is the document that states the competitive units and their levelof quality according to their activity outcome for one occupation. This one includes thefields of competence and corresponding unities of compet ence. The competence fields aredivided into three categories: fundamental, general and specific co m-petences. Each unit ofcompetence corresponding to an occupation include: competence elements,accomplishment criteria, variable range and assessment guide. Fundamental competence includes: efficient comm u-nication at work and team work.General competences presuppose: the NPM and NPSI a p-plication, the job organisation,promoting the hotel image. The specific competences are differentiated according tooccupational categories which include technological operations which are specific function.Despite their complexity they do not guarantee the quality of the rendered service as thegeneral competences assurance is not enough to satisfy the clients. This particular clientsatisfaction is determined by other inner individual elements, such as: client needsawareness, active understanding, and servi ce provider responsibility. From the beginning, the methodological norms of star classification of the touristwelcoming structures are limited to quantitative a s-pects of the hotel services quality,without pointing to subtle quality elements of the tourist service, which represent essentialattributes of the hotel product.The internal standards were created by hotel chains in order to ensure a similar system offacilities, to have services and staff with a view to promoting and maintaining a brandimage. These standards are different from one hotel chain to another, even if they havesimilar elements. In the case of independent hotels, only some of them have already createdtheir own standards.Taking into consideration that the ratio of the hotels which have created their own standardsis low, the present ones have an increased level of heterogeneity, and some limits withregards to quality assurance which mak es this meth-od of quality implementation andassessment insufficient.Regarding the quality management systems in tourism, the best a p-proach is the use of anintegrated quality management system which includes: the quality management systembased on SR EN ISO 9001:2001, the environment ma n-agement system based on SR ENISO 14 001:1997, the food security management system according to the HACCPprinciples, based on the ISO 22000 standard and the health and labour security managementsystem based on OHSAS 18002 from 1999.The quality management is defined according to ISO 9000 as the total amount of activitiesof the general management function which determine the policy in the field of quality, inorder to implement the objectives and responsibilities in the quality system by specificmeans, such as: quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and qualityimprovement [8].The main objective of quality management is to efficiently accomplish at a maximum levelthe products which entirely satisfy the client’s requirements and which are consistent withthe society requirements and the applied standards and spec i-fications, which consider allaspects regarding consumer and environment protection and which are offered to the clientat the established price and term.The introduction of a quality system brings benefits to all the parts i n-volved: the designatedcountry, the direct tourist services suppliers, the consumers and the mediators.This implies a constant level of quality. That is why the implementation of quality isaccomplished by a sum of requirements called standards which are grouped in types,according to their field.To get quality does not only mean initiating standards and being co n-sistent with them, butalso quality performance to meet clients’ requirements and expectations, as well as qualitymanagement.In this context, the systemic management of the hotel service quality and the taking up ofsome measures are a maximum priority at this stage.Thus, ensuring products and hotel service comp e-tition must be based on qualitymanagement, as it is a way to ens ure the company’s credibility on the market.Even if the quality management system has been enforced since 1995, the ratio of hotelservice suppliers who are certified is low, as many of them are not aware of the importanceand implications of the certificate of quality.Even in the case of certified organisations some of the subtle aspects of quality guaranteehave not been identified and included in the specific documentation. Thanks to the general nature of the ISO standards and to th e lack of experience in the caseof internal or external auditors within the certifying o r-ganisms, the subtle elements ofquality guarantee have not been identified. This certificate is insuff i-cient to ensure the levelof quality that is required by the new demands in the economic env i-ronment. Though, thefinancial element, the high costs of authorisation and TQM are aspects that determine bighotel and food units to postpone certification, considering that they were not absolut elycompulsory.Despite its advantages offered by the standards and the quality management system, thisinstrument of ensuring the quality of service within the welcoming i n-dustry is limited as itdoes not allow the national level of guaranteed qu ality. Even the hotel field organisations,which have their own system of standards and are certified in an integrated system ofquality management, have not reached the intangible components of ensuring quality ofatmosphere and staff behaviour, but the entertainment service development has beenforgotten, though they best underline the relationship between the supplier and thecustomer.Regulation 636/2003 focussed on the initiation of t he mark Q, with re-gard to the NationalProgram to increase hotel service quality, with a consequence of founding the Tou ristService Quality and Hospitality Industry centre, inJuly 2005 –INQUALTOUR- aprofessional private association of public interest, a NGO and a non profit organization,with its head office in Bucharest. Its founding members are physically and l egallycompetent and are also well known persons in the field of tourism quality, such as theRomanian Quality Insurance Company (SRAC); the Tourism S.C, the Hotel and RestaurantConsulting Group SRL - THR CG; the National Associ a-tion for Rural, Ecological andCultural Group - ANTREC, as well as expects with great expertise.The reason to invite these associations, in Romania was to achieve a Centre of Excellencyand expertise in the field of touring and hospitality to develop quality and competition ofRomanian tourism, its standard and busin ess level, with a view to Eu-ropean Integration andglobalization [2].The Ministry of Tourism, in cooperation with INQUALTOUR and the professional fieldassociations elaborated, at that moment, a guide of over 100 criteria to evaluate hospitalityindustry quality, which were presented to the managers in the field who had to makeremarks to improve things in terms of specific quality standards and of implementing themat the national level a feed-back which hasn’t been yet achi eved, everything being still inthe project stage.These were the first steps in achieving a unitary system and a centralized one to certifyhotel quality service in Romania.3. A new view on the quality of services within the Romanian h otel industryMost countries, which have not perceived the importance of tourism development and theshift to a new way of approaching service quality offered to the clients, have made acomplex system of standards in the hotel ind ustry at a national level, which demand theservice to be characterised by criteria such as: rea c-tion, creditworthiness, curiosity,flexibility, and so on.For instance, since 1995 the Swiss standards included meeting clients in the norms ofclassifications and service quality standards in the ho s-pitality industry at present. Theclassification norms in Swiss is hotels settled by the hotel association being very complex,considering both aspects with q uantitative aspects, trying to diversify and individualizeservice as well as to increase staff behaviour.The Swiss system of classification includes 14 criteria, each containing norms presented ina technical card organized in comfort categorie s.The certificate of classification will be obtained as a reset of self-evaluation, of theevaluation of the regional commission and the commission of hotel classification.The classification criteria deal with : security norms, buildin g exte-rior and area, reception,public area, rooms, bathrooms, breakfast service, room-service, restaurant service,restaurant, further service, reception and entertaining se r-vice, quality, entertainment andsports outfit [13].One should notice the 12 specific norms to organize entertaining a ctiv-ities which should bepermanently achieved based on a settled program advertised in the hotel all season long inseason hotels and the provision of at least one five –day entertainer a week for those hotelsopen all year-long, who may be a free time employee or a collaborator. In the same classification system, other qualitative aspects such as air quality in therestaurants and bars, live music five days a week f or four hours at least are also present.Another example is the hotel certificate in France referential standard which represents theresult of the cooperation between the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the TourismTrade Union Federation, the Quality Certification Body, the Association for theConsumers’ Protection, on one hand and the tourist and hotel industry professionalassociations and the Tourist Department in France, on the other hand. This quality referential commitment was initiated in 2001 and tested in12 hotels in France;in February 2002 it was published in the “Monitorul Oficial” Review, becoming operationallater on.Hotel certification is a quality guarantee focussing on the cl ient and on increasing servicequality staff behaviour and attitude. It implies 7 quality standards, such as staff professionalsmile, cleanliness and hygiene, quality bed sheets, staff availability, quietness, tourist andpractical information offered to clients as well as monitored quality. Certification will comprise two stages: firstly consultancy and auditing need to reach thehigh level hotel service standard, and secondly the certification as such. The certificate isobtained after some steps have been taken: the “mystery clients” reports, hotel self-evaluation, settling clients’ claims, their level of satisfaction and a s-pects of staff training.Checking is organized every month and it involves 550 issues.At the same time, at the level of hotel chains, there are some assessment and control criteriathat describe service and behaviour components by classical methods of management,according to their own standards by the chain inspectors who a ssess the quality of serviceand the quality and certifying hotel standards as clients.Since 1996, the General Department of Authorisation and Control has dealt with givingtourism patents and classification certificates to di f-ferent tourist units following anassessment process which matched the documentation with the specific conditions offeredby the tourist offers.This observation has led to making a decision to decentralise the au-thorising and controlsystem as well as creating the Local Departments which continued to deal with the sametype of activity according to the legislation, without improving the classification criteriaconcerning tourist welcoming structures and the system of quality a s-sessment.There are mainly two possibilities to approach quality improvement process in theRomanian hotel business as follows: completing the criteria under Methodological Normsregarding the star classification of the welcoming crit eria, and creating a quality assessmentsystem regarding hotels and food.Creating a complex system of services quality standards in the Romanian hotel industrymust be a priority of the Ministry of Tourism, of the professional tou r-ism associations andof all organisations in the field.The new system should include: the total amount of criteria, the methods of theirassessment, establishing institutions which will be involved in the sy s-tem construction, itsimprovement and setting the categories of people who will evaluate the results and will takethe correcting measures.In order to ensure the increase of the hotel quality services we consider that the mostefficient solution would consist of an analysis of the Ministry of Tou r-ism in order to issue anormative act which would be more complex than the present Regul a-tion 636/2008. Thisshould lead to a development of the existent crit e-ria which will include extra criteriaconcerning the assessment of the service quality.Starting with the present system of criteria which are included in the MethodologicalNorms regarding the star classification of the welcoming tourist units and the public foodsupply units, their improvement implies the inclusion of constructive features such as: thehotel location, the accessibility, the quality of the access ways, the placement (close to theinteresting tourist area, slopes, beaches, etc.), the attractiveness of the area.The building assessment may also have in mind the ext eri-or aspect and the architecture,including the novelty of the building or its refurbishment. There are also other ambientelements such as green areas, parks, gardens,water-falls, fountains, lights, as well asentertaining areas for adults and childrenA very important aspect is represented by the development of thecriteria referring to theindoor space which signal the communication with the client repr e-sented by different typesof information, design and decorative plants.A basic element in separating and personalising the service supply is the adjustment to thestructure and the facilities of the room to the client needs by offering for instance double-double rooms, rooms for disabled people, standard rooms, as well as luxury rooms forbusiness people, or rooms for people with pets.Room assessment criteria also include elements of ambiance, lights, aromatherapy, design,colours, but also aspects such as facilities level of usage, ergonomic furniture andequipment, extra beds, or baby care facilities.Modern technologies have allowed the hotel to stop wasting resources, which improved thepossibility to control and adapt the temperature and the lights. Thus they must be includedin the assessment criteria.A basic component of the hotel service is the food supply and the number, the structure andthe specific service offered in the unit. Together with the qu ality of accommodation service,food supply is an important step in choosing a particular hotel. Restaurants may be different according to the qua l-ity of the rendered service and byintroducing hypo-caloric, vegetarian, healthy, thematic, or children menus by making listsof dishes which are specifically described: calories, additives percen t-age, or other elementswhich are part of the Methodological Norms in the chapter dealing with extra-criteria.Internationally in this field, food supply service is assessed by other criteria too: servingstandards, serving efficiency, careful and fast serving, competitive staff who help the client,staff outfit and appearance, visible prices, hygiene and production quality. This also impliesthe aspect of the dishes, their taste, freshness, temperature, as well as ambiance – the degreeof silence, the smoking and non-smoking areas, the possibility to assist the cooking process,children facilities, etc.ConclusionA fresh tourist promotion in Romania is a complex process implying both the initiation oflegal and institutional background and new technical devices, to allow diversifying thehotel and restaurant service supply, and to increase quality service lev-el.This year, the Tourism Ministry has initiated a step to a new quality assessment system, byreconsidering concepts and increasing the importance granted to the hotel staff and theirattitude towards tourist service quality.The economic implications will be critical, though hardly reversible in time, if not achievedin parallel with the implementation of valuable models and the change of mentality withinthe Romanian hotel service suppliers practice.。
乡村旅游外文翻译文献
乡村旅游外文翻译文献中英文(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Wilson S, Fesenmaier D R, Fesenmaier J, et al. Factors for success in rural tourism development.[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2001, 40(2):132-138.英文原文Factors for success in rural tourism tourism development SUZANNE WILSON, DANIEL FESENMAIER, JULIE FESENMAIER, AND JOHNC. V AN ESSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of tourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the communityapproach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities ’ econom ic opportunities. Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities ’ economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areashave a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies.Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores).Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondaryincome for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful. Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion: the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components. While the above components and a community’ s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a reviewand description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks) directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development oftourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).A Complete Tourism PackageAs is recognized in the tourism literature, successful tourism involves getting tourists to stay longer than the time it takes simply to visit a major attraction and having repeat tourists. One focus group participant expressed it thus: “to succeed a community has to be a destination rather than a place to stop off.” Communities that have been successful at getting tourists to visit, stay, spend money, and come back have developed high-quality tourism attractions and put together successful tourism packages involving the community, its surrounding area, and businesses involved in tourism. While the less successful communities all have major tourist attractions, they have not developed the package of attractions and businesses necessary to attract and hold tourists; nor have they been able to promote their areas as effectively.Focus group participants felt that the key to putting together a successful tourism package is having a community that appeals to tourists. Through zoning, other local government activities (e.g., beautificationcampaigns), and participation of all businesses in the area, successful communities have worked to make their communities attractive to tourists. They also have worked to make sites and businesses around tourism attractions appealing to tourists. In the less successful communities, lack of cooperation from local government and businesses created problems such as eyesores and unattractive environments surrounding attractions.Similarly, many participants felt that successful rural tourism communities have created the right mix of businesses for tourism, including adequate lodging, restaurants, a group of attractions that entice tourists to stay, and shops where tourists can spend money locally. These communities have worked to get businesses and attractions that would attract certain groups of tourists, especially families and upper-middle-class individuals with relatively large disposable incomes. They tried to package together individual tourist attractions (e.g., fishing, hunting, boating, golfing, and canoeing) that complement each other. While the less successful communities have not managed to do these things, focus group participants in all the communities clearly realized that the right mix of tourism businesses and attractions can increase the stay of tourists and the amount of money that they spend locally.Communities with successful tourism have worked to sponsor special events that tie in with local tourist attractions, such as fishingtournaments for communities with outdoor tourist recreation attractions and historical festivals for towns with historic sites. These special events not only have drawn tourists to the area but have helped promote local tourism as a package. Perhaps most important, successful tourism communities not only have worked to create a complete tourism package, but they have tried to understand and promote what it was that brought the tourists to the town in the first place. Businesspersons and local leaders in successful communities have promoted their communities as having a high-quality tourism product. Many focus group participants recognized that advertising tourism in their communities involves promoting the community as a whole rather than simply promoting one or two attractions. They realized the attractions of rural tourism—rural communities can be a relatively inexpensive tourism experience, and they have an appeal of being calm—and have tried to promote their communities as having a relaxed rural way of life.中文译文乡村旅游发展成功因素作者:苏珊娜·威尔逊，丹尼尔·费森梅尔，朱莉·费森梅尔，约翰·瓦尔20世纪70年代以来, 经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少, 同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低, 迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。
毕业论文外文参考资料及译文 (1)【范本模板】
毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：乡村旅游定义及影响因素学生姓名：马倩倩学号：0802110401专业：旅游管理所在学院：人文学院（民办为“龙蟠学院"）指导教师：XXX职称：XXX201X年XX月XX日原文:The definition and influence factors of rural tourismThis article introduces the definition and connotation of rural tourism, the role that rural tourism played in the process of economic development and the factors which influence rural tourism.Generally, `rural tourism’ is tourism that takes place in the countryside. It is defined as ”a demand for touristic use of a rural area"（Gartner, 2004, p. 153）。
Oppermann (1996) defines `rural tourism’ as tourism occ urring in a "non-urban territory where human activity is occurring, primarily agriculture； a permanent human presence seems a qualifying requirement” (p。
88)。
For example, bed and breakfasts vacations, recreation trail networks, and harvest festivals，are all sources of `rural tourism’ that can be found in s mall towns。
生态旅游 外文文献翻译
文献出处：Techera E J, Klein N. The role of law in shark-based eco-tourism: Lessons from Australia[J]. Marine Policy, 2013, 39(1):21-28.翻译后中文字数：9710第一部分为译文，第二部分为原文。
默认格式：中文五号宋体，英文五号Times New Roma，行间距1.5倍。
法律在鲨鱼生态旅游中的作用：澳大利亚的经验教训摘要：海洋旅游为经济，教育，环境等方面提供了机遇，但相对于人来说，动物和环境是存在风险的，需要越来越重视法律和政策。
鲨鱼生态旅游尤其如此，这可能是这些物种的重要保护工具。
澳大利亚长期以来的旅游历史涉及鲨鱼和大白鲨，本文考察了澳大利亚的鲨鱼生态旅游法律和政策，确定了从澳大利亚鲨鱼生态旅游中获得的经验教训，作为确定最佳实践法律战略的第一步，既可以支持旅游行业又确保环境友好。
关键词：澳大利亚环境法，生态旅游，法规，鲨鱼旅游1.引言过去二十年来，基于自然的旅游业，包括海洋类和其他物种的发展迅速增长[1]。
旅游业可以带来多种好处，包括教育公众，提高对物种及其保护地位的认识[2]。
但是，对于有关物种和海洋环境，如果管理不善，可能会产生负面影响[3]。
适当的法律框架是一个至关重要的方面。
长期以来成功举措的案例研究为对其他国家或其他物种可能利用的各种监管方案提供了重要的见解。
本文对澳大利亚基于鲨鱼的生态旅游的治理进行了探讨。
许多鲨鱼种类的保护状况日益恶化，引发了一系列的反应，包括在国家和国际层面实施法律机制[4]。
基于鲨鱼的生态旅游是一种新兴的保护工具，因为它促成了海洋保护区的娱乐性利用，可以创造替代生计，促进海洋研究，提高公众对特定鲨鱼物种的困境的认识。
虽然生物和社会科学家都有一些重要的文献，但是研究这个领域的法律治理研究相对较少[5]。
本文探讨了法律在促进鲨鱼生态旅游作为保护工具方面的作用，并强调了澳大利亚方法及其在法律战略中所提供的经验教训。
旅游管理外文及翻译
A European perspective on achieving competitiveness, 2000, (21):79-88.Enhance the competitiveness of the Regional Tourism StrategyFrank, Gregory Robert WesBritish tourism research instituteAbstract: The development of tourism is closely related to tourist resources and marketing activities. However, the geographical features of tourist resources and touristmovementaccount for the interaction between tourism and geographical structure. This leads to the existing a signficant task to research into the strategies of advancing regional tourism competitiveness.Key words: regional tourism; competition; influenceIn recent years, with the rest of the world competing to tourism as a pillar industry for the development of local and regional competition among the more obvious and in-depth. How to base their own reality, create competitive advantage, has become a top priority of the regional tourism development, but also travel in the new round of competition of the race. On the competitiveness of regional tourism can enhance the regional competition of the sense of urgency, to promote discovery and understanding of the regional competition in their own strengths and weaknesses, and then rapid response, positive response, the local competitiveness through the expansion of China's tourism industry to strengthen the international market competitive power.First, the regional tourism competitiveness factorsThe so-called regional tourism competitiveness refers to the various tourist regions as a whole, in its own process of development shown in the competition for tourists, development, occupation, industry, tourism development of the market and obtain the capacity factor and growth potential. Regional tourism competitiveness is not the competitiveness of a given area, but by the interaction of many factors affecting the results, but also a potential to the competitive strength from the competition, to competition, the results of the dynamic development process. Competitive once made, has aroused extensive concern of scholars home and abroad. The most prominent of which is research professor at Harvard University, the famous expert oncompetitive strategy Porter, his "national diamond map" model for industry competitiveness study provides an economic paradigm. In this paradigm which, Porter summarized the six factors: (1) factors of production, including natural resources, human resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and infrastructure; (2) demand conditions, the major source markets that the demand structure and the scale of demand; (3) related and supporting industries conditions;(4) business strategy, structure and competition; (5) government action; (6) opportunities. For the tourism industry, because of its comprehensive features of its development, determine the impact of competitive factors in the regional tourism industry is also multifaceted. Based on these factors affect the competitiveness of the tourism industry, the size, can be divided into a decisive factor in supporting factors, developmental factors and security factors. Decisive factors include the conditions of resources, tourism demand conditions, the competitiveness of tourism enterprises and the regional state tourism image overseas. These factors constitute the core of competitiveness of regional tourism, but also to improve the future competitiveness of the regional tourism industry must focus. Factors supporting the development of tourism is not simply to exist, but the increase through its own perfect and can better stimulate and promote the competitiveness of regional tourism enhancement. Such factors include infrastructure, related and supporting industry conditions, personnel quality, technology level. Regional tourism development factor is the formation and savings based on the future competitiveness, mainly referring to the regional tourism resources development and utilization of capacity, marketing, tourism enterprises, innovation, tourism, access to capital and the use of capacity, tourism industry, optimization, adjustment capability . Protective factors constitute the development of regional tourism industry, the external environment, to promote and ensure the smooth direction of tourism development along healthy. Such factors include the tourism environment, the government and other development opportunities. Affect the competitiveness of the regional tourism industry is not independent of each other four factors, but an organic community. Decisive factor in competitiveness as a regional tourism in the core part of their development directly affects the strength of the overall competitiveness of the region. When the supporting factors for more approach and tilt to the tourism industry, the development of factors can play a better role. The supporting factors and developmental factors working together, can enhance the decisive factors on the actual and potential tourist attraction, but also to better meet the needs of visitors and enhance visitor satisfaction provide a guarantee. Factors can protect the decisive factor, supporting factors and developmental factors play better to create a good atmosphere, contributed to the severity.Second, to enhance the competitiveness of regional tourism strategy choice Competitive loading phase theory of Porter on the industry, another important contribution to competitiveness, according to this theory, the formation of regional tourism competitiveness go through four stages, namely, factor-driven stage, the investment-driven stage, innovation-driven stage and wealth driver stage. It is characterized by two stages: In the factor-driven stage, the formation ofcompetitiveness from the rich resources of the region require regional integration through the resources found superior resources, then the resource advantage into competitive advantage. Investment-driven stage of the formation of the competitiveness of the region benefited from government and business and investment willingness and ability to the development of advanced production factors. For most of our region, on the one hand is rich in tourism resources, according to different levels of resources. Specific strategy choices are as follows: (A) strategic planning of regional tourism development strategyPlanning for the development of tourism in a region crucial in determining the future direction of the regional tourism industry and overall program goals. Regional tourism development strategic planning as a competitive regional tourism product development is based on enhancing the competitiveness of regional tourism, sustainable tourism development as the goal to achieve, through a specific area of tourism competitive strengths, weaknesses, challenges, opportunities analysis, choose the appropriate local development strategy, and then Yangzhangbuduan to ensure long-term regional tourism, sustainable and stable development. With traditional planning for regional tourism, regional tourism development strategic planning a more comprehensive and targeted to specific implementation on a lot of flexibility there, and therefore more suitable in the competitive environment for tourism development by the guide. Regional development through regional tourism strategic planning, can effectively integrate resources to maximize the mining and upgrading capacity development and utilization to avoid unnecessary waste caused by wrong decisions so as to further enhance the potential of regional tourism competitiveness.(B) government-led strategyTourism development requires a favorable external environment, any one of tourism enterprises and groups can create and lead all Du industry to create such an environment, which requires the development of tourism Government Leading Strategy to be. As a government department, should play an active and effective coordination of their own initiative and capabilities, leading towards a good direction for regional tourism development. The author believes that the government departments to achieve the following three aspects of its leading role: First, establish a good market competition, improve the tourism market system and strengthen the laws and regulations on tourism, and create a fair and reasonable competition in order; the second is the establishment of a flexible industrial development policies and reasonable investments, increased capital investment in the tourism industry, encourage and travel agents; third is to strengthen the coordination and guiding role of the government, weakening regulatory functions to the tourism industry and enterprise more development space and options.(C) of the tourism product differentiation strategy seriesTourism products is carried out based tourism activities and conditions. Enriched and improved in all regions travel through the product line can enhance the overall level of supply capacity and to increase the intensity of the tourists buy. In the international tourism market, a large number of homogeneous products floodedconditions, and adhere to different product lines, can effectively avoid weakening the homogeneity between regions due to strong competition resulting product. Meanwhile, the neighboring region through the differentiation between the products can also achieve the effect of Yangchangbuduan interest in regional cooperation and win-win situation. Of course, the more important characteristic of differentiated tourism products in the market more easily attract tourists and stimulate the visitors to buy. The formation of differentiated tourism products should be based on the region's resources, to identify the type of resources the region to be the exclusive, in-depth scoop out the culture, Jin Xing starting point for the design and development, fighting first began to enter the market characteristics of the formation of high grade Yi brand competitiveness. In addition, to increase efforts to develop new products, opened the product grade, in the design of the core products, to products and ancillary products to the extension of research and development, give the region's tourism products to meet consumer tourism tourism, leisure, business and exhibition, science, education, exploration and other multi-level requirements and extend the product's serial tourists stay in a tourist destination, further increase in regional tourism revenue.(D) Travel Financing StrategyFunds are one of the basic elements of tourism development. The economic strength of weak regions, the shortage of funds is restricted to enhance the competitiveness of the regional tourism industry bottlenecks. Therefore, the local government to attract investment, loans, tax preferential policies to develop, optimize investment environment, promote investment diversification. Meanwhile, the local government's budget must be conscious tilt to the tourism industry, and gradually increase the capital investment in the tourism industry. The tourism industry itself must play an initiative to mobilize the enthusiasm of all sides, as much as possible for foreign capital, private capital and overseas Chinese, etc., and mobilize and guide the society to run tourism. In addition, as well as "to promote Tour Tour", will achieve a reasonable income from tourism investment to the development and construction, in development construction, in construction development, and ultimately the cycle of development of tourism economy.(E) tourism market integration strategySource is the foundation and focus of tourism development. With the country "to develop domestic tourism, stable development of inbound tourism, outbound tourism moderate development" policy, the domestic tourism market will be the focus of regional competition. The region should coordinate and organize the travel of three forms, a purpose, to focus on developing and nurturing the important goal of domestic tourist market, in particular, to actively guide the visitor's travel choices within the region, the full development and mining of large and medium cities in neighboring provinces and southeast coastal economically developed areas of the tourists in order to stabilize and promote the growth of tourists within the region to ensure the long term to maintain sustained and rapid development of tourism. (F) Industry Cluster StrategiesClustering of industrial concentration in the present state of horizontal space on theorganizational form. As a form for creating competitive advantage and organizational form of industrial space, industrial clusters with a group a competitive advantage and economies of scale centralized development, industrial development can bring spillover effects. Currently, most of the region's tourism business is weak, it is difficult to form a strong market competition. In view of this situation, government departments and relevant trade organizations through effective guidance and support to promote the tourism business conscious, voluntary and related support industries to communicate and co-ordination and cooperation and competition, and then link through the formation of a variety of single business enterprise clusters to maximize the unique cluster of economic concentration, information sharing, risk weakening the advantages, to achieve single enterprise specialization, standardization and scale management, and further enhance the competitiveness of SMEs.(7) tourism optimization strategyRegional tourism is the core competitiveness of the overall competitiveness of the industry, namely, "food, shelter, transportation, travel, shopping and entertainment," the development of six-coordination ability. Many regions of the world "buy" and "entertainment" seriously lagging behind the building, brought in to the tourists visiting the many inconveniences, it is also greatly affected the tourism revenues. Optimize the industrial structure of tourism, we must focus on strengthening the weak links in the construction of these foundations, while continually improving the level of the construction of supporting facilities, enhance the "OK" and "Travel" convenience, improve the "food" and "live" in comfort to promote the coordinated development of various sectors to comprehensively improve the overall supply capacity of regional tourism and increase visitor satisfaction.(8) Talent StrategyTalent competition is the highest stage of competitive regional tourism. As the formation of high-level tourism competitiveness factors of production, tourism professionals in the region to maintain long-term competitive advantage is a strong guarantee. With the escalation of competition in the tourism industry, the demand for tourism professionals will be more and more. Should be noted that the regional specialization of talents, full-time is the future of the industry demand trends. Thus, talent building, on the one hand to develop the talents and efficient introduction of a flexible mechanism for talented people to provide appropriate treatment and relaxed environment, and inspire their play to their maximum ability. On the other hand, we should actively join hands with the university, according to the market and industry development, personnel training to develop a reasonable plan for regional tourism to achieve savings and competitive advantage of reserve forces and intelligence support. In addition, existing practitioners to focus on strengthening professional training, and gradually improve the overall quality of industry personnel.In short, to enhance the competitiveness of the regional tourism industry has become a top priority throughout the development of tourism, all localities should make full use of their advantage in resources, based on primary production in the elements of competitiveness, based on efforts to build talent, innovation andbrand-based long-term, effective competence, through the enhancement of regional competitiveness to promote our tourism industry in the international market competitiveness.Reference:[1] Hartserre A. Lesson in managerial destination competitiveness in the case of Foxwoods Casino resort[J].TourismManagement, 2000, 21(1):23-32.[2] Dr. Dimitrios Buhalis. Marketing the competitive destination of the future[J].TourismManagement, 2000, 21(1):97-116.[3] Hassan Salah S. Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable development [ J].Journal of Travel Research, 2000,38(2):263-271.[4] Ritchie J R B, Crouch G I. The competitive destination:sustainability perspective[J].Tourism Management, 2000,21(1):127.[5] Dwyer L, Forsyth THP, Rao P. The price competitiveness of travel and tourism: a comparison of 19 destinations [ J].Tourism Management, 2000, 21(1):9-22.[6] Pearce D G. Competitive destination analysis in southeast Asia[J]. Journal ofTravel Research, 1997,35(4):16-25.加强区域旅游竞争力战略弗兰克，罗伯特戈韦斯英国旅游研究所摘要旅游业想要迅猛的发展是离不开旅游资源的开发以及旅游者活动的开展，但是旅游资源的地域特征和旅游者活动的空间转移特点，决定了旅游业的发展必然要与相应的空间地域结构联系，呈现出一定的区域特点，这也决定了区域旅游业竞争存在的必然性和必要性。
国际旅游外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：The Effect of International Tourism on the Development of Global Social-Economic Processes（国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响）文献作者：Cherkasov I L等文献出处：《Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism》,2017,8(6 (22)):1166-1170.字数统计：英文2560单词，13979字符；中文4047汉字外文文献：The Effect of International Tourism on the Development ofGlobal Social-Economic ProcessesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes. The authors prove that international tourism not only boosts inflows of foreign currency into the country but also ensures employment for the population and helps make rational use of domestic resources. The paper establishes that international tourism has lately been experiencing exceedingly rapid growth and development, second just to the automotive and chemical industries. Right now, the significance of tourism to the development of global social-economic processes is constantly growing, which is due to the influence of tourism on the economy of various nations. The authors conclude that the development of the tourism industry in various regions may also be fraught with certain dangers, like increased strains on the environment due to excessive concentration of production and people in tourism centers, devalued traditions, and declines in the prestige of national cultures as a result of the commercialization of life.Keywords:international tourism; development; globalization; need; service; export; cultureIntroductionTourism as a form of fulfilling people’s need for leisure has had a profound effect on the global community. Revenue from international tourism is currently among the more substantial components of so-called invisible export. The development of tourism relations is a crucial way to improve the situation around the world, strengthen partnership among nations, and foster mutual understanding among people of different cultures. Tourism has become an objective need in modern civilization.International tourism not only boosts inflows of foreign currency into the country but also ensures employment for the population and helps make rational use of domestic resources. It has lately been experiencing exceedingly rapid growth and development, second just to the automotive and chemical industries. This adds extra relevance to investigating international tourism as a crucial phenomenon of today’s society.The basics of the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes have been examined by scholars K.B. Kostin (Kostin 2016), D.Yu. Rozhkova (Rozhkova 2015), E.N. Trofimov (Trofimov 2011), A.A. Shilnov (Shilnov 2014), O.A. Yastremskaya (Yastremskaya 2014), and others. Notwithstanding the large number of scholarly publications devoted to general and special issues related to international tourism, various aspects of the operation of international markets for tourism services, and issues related to national competitiveness in them, certain theoretical-methodological and applied aspects of optimizing participation in international tourism exchange may need further research.1.MethodsThe methodological basis for this study is a systemic approach, with a set of general scholarly and special economic methods also employed, namely: the historical-logical method of cognition; methods of comparative analysis; methods of structural, functional, and situational analysis; economic-statistical methods (employed in determining the latest trends in the development of the market for tourism services); methods of expert assessment and comparative analysis of existing models; methods of scholarly abstraction, analysis and synthesis, and extrapolation(employed in examining the prospects for the participation of various nations in international tourism exchange and ways to galvanize it).The study’s information base is grounded in various fundamental solutions, information-analytical reviews, research and methodological publications by domestic and foreign specialists, statutory and regulatory sources, and statistical materials from international organizations.The work is focused on the following aspects of tourism: its place in the world economy and the latest laws governing its influence on the development of global social-economic processes; the distinctive characteristics of the global market for tourism services and factors in the transformation of its structure; the effect of large-scale public activities on the development of the tourism industry.2.ResultsUnder today’s conditions, tourism is among the more developed sectors of the world economy and one of the more dynamically developing forms of international trade in services (Ek. Agamirova, El. Agamirova, Lebedeva, Lebedev, and Ilkevich 2017, Jacobs, Horowitz, Mavroudis, Siegel, and Sade 2013). The total volume of foreign currency receipts recorded between 1950 and 2016 has increased 145 times. To be specific, in 1950 the number of tourists globally was 25 million and the industry’s turnover totaled $2.2 billion, while in 2016 these figures exceeded 450 million and $372.8 billion respectively.Today, international tourism is developed the most in Western European countries. The region accounts for over 70% of the world’s tourism market and nearly 60% of all foreign currency receipts. Around 20% is accounted for by America and less than 10% by Asia, Africa, and Australia combined.The biggest suppliers of tourists are the US, Belgium, Denmark, Germany Holland, New Zealand, Sweden, Canada, and England. The biggest recipients of tourists are Australia, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Mexico, Turkey, Egypt, Portugal, France, and Switzerland.Research indicates that international tourism may develop unevenly not only inparticular regions of the world but within a particular destination as well, which may be due to the degree of development of tourism infrastructure in the area, its remoteness, and other factors.The recent ebullience in the tourism market has had a positive effect on the economy of most nations around the globe, with the financial turnover of the global travel and tourism industry totaling nearly $6.3 trillion in 2016. The sector contributed a total of 10.7% of all revenue to global GDP, the largest share being accounted for by the EU (11.6%), North America (10%), and East Asia (9.7%).Thanks to the interrelationship between tourism and adjacent sectors of the economy, tourism has supported 221.7 million jobs (8.4% of total employment globally). The greatest number of residents employed in the tourism sphere is observed in Southeast Asia (Korea, Japan, and China) – 74,818 thousand people. Southeast Asia is followed by South Asia – 30,796 thousand people. In Europe, the figure is 24,302 thousand people.Receipts from international tourism have totaled around $2 billion per day. In 2016, total expenditure in the industry was $683 billion, which is $48 billion or 3.5% greater than the 2015 figure. If we add to this $132 billion spent by foreign tourists on transportation, we get over $850 billion worth of tourism exports, which is 7% of the world’s total goods and services exports.Most of the receipts to the tourism sector come from the expenditure of tourists who travel for personal reasons – $2,834 billion. In 2016, the way in tourist expenditure was led by the US, Japan, countries within the EU, Canada, and Mexico. The volume of tourist expenditure in Europe increased $21 million in 2016 and totaled $348.In Asia, the observed rate of increase is 51%. The increase in receipts has been brought about by high rates of growth in China and administrative regions – Hong Kong and Macau. Southeast Asia – especially Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam – is becoming one of the most attractive regions for tourists, its demand outpacing the supply of tourism services.The increase in receipts to the Pacific region has for the most part been broughtabout by tourists’ interest in the arts and everyday life of aborigines. The greatest number of tourists are visiting Australia and Oceania at a time when Europe and North America are experiencing a slump in tourism activity. This may help smooth out seasonal fluctuations in international tourism.Asia and the Pacific region attract tourists with their unique nature, and new industrial nations – with their business tours. Recreational tourism is well-developed in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The Japanese tourism industry is ranked 2nd in the world after that of the US. Hong Kong and Singapore offer shopping tourism services, while Thailand is developing new beaches on the country’s southern coast and organizing informative trips to its northern part.Tourism is well-developed in Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia and Micronesia. What additionally makes tourism lucrative for the Pacific Ocean islands is the relative proximity of the Australian market, and this getaway enjoys a good image with European tourists.In Africa, the current rate of increase is 64.2%. The warm climate, sandy beaches, unique historical and cultural monuments, and exotic flora and fauna of such nations as Kenya, Zambia, Mauritius, Tunisia, and Algeria have been facilitative of increases in the number of tourists visiting the African region. Right now, the most popular destinations in the North are Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco, and in the East – Kenya, Tanzania, the Seychelles, Mauritania, and Zimbabwe. Some of these specialize in elite coastal tourism and have a world-class hotel industry in place, which helps them generate up to $900 off each tourist. However, overall Africa is lagging behind other regions in international tourism, as many of its nations are poorly developed economically and lack political stability, with the progress of many areas being impeded by military conflicts and epidemic diseases.America is second to Europe in terms of tourism’s contribution to GDP (30.6%). These are South America, Central America, North America, and islands within the Caribbean. The leading role in this region is played by the US and Canada, which have a vast internal tourism market and a highly-developed infrastructure with an extensive network of hotels and a solid transportation industry in place. SouthAmerica’s tourism flows are relatively minor, which is due to political instability and slow economic development. The major types of tourism in the region are coastal tourism, sports tourism, excursion tourism, and business tourism.Revenue from international tourism reaches 15–25% of overall export revenue. A level this high is the consequence of the region being competitive and certain regions actually specializing in tourism, like Canada and islands within the Caribbean.Europe remains the worldwide leader in tourism. In 2016, the rate of increase of its tourism resources totaled 5.3%. Europe leads the world in sanatorium-resort therapy, leisure, and tourism. The European region is home to popular mineral springs, beaches, and alpine areas. A major portion of the region has all the conditions for those interested in leisure and sanatorium-resort therapy.Evidence from practice suggests that international tourism is quite a dynamic phenomenon. Experts are forecasting the tourism sector to grow tangibly over the next 10 years, with annual demand for tourism services expected to increase 4.7% between 2017 and 2025 and the contribution of international tourism to the world economy expected to total $10.8 trillion in 2025.The production of tourism services is expected to have an annual growth of 3.6%, with the number of those employed in the tourism sector expected to increase 1.5%. Annual growth in tourist arrivals will total 5.8%, with growth in capital investment expected to reach 4.9% and total $1.7 trillion by 2025. The number of jobs in sectors adjacent to tourism is expected to reach 275 million by 2025.The way in terms of the number of those employed in the sector will be led by China (78.6 million people), followed by India (26.1 million) and the US (19.3 million). Tourist expenditure is expected to increase over the next 10 years. For instance, the expenditure of American tourists both inside and outside the country is expected to nearly double. And in terms of increase in this indicator it is, above all, the developing nations of Asia that are expected to be among the top 10 nations globally.Tourist expenditure will increase the fastest in China. Among European nations, the top 10 will include a couple of Eastern European nations – Poland, whose averageannual growth in tourism expenditure will total 8.3%, and the Czech Republic – 7.7%.According to the authors’ forecast, one should expect increases in the market share of international tourism through to 2030 in all regions of the world except Europe and America (Table 1).Table 1. Forecast for the development of international tourism across regions around theworld (million people)The average rates of growth will be the highest in the Middle East and East Asia and Oceania (7.2% and 6.4% respectively), while the lowest ones will be observed in America (3.8%).3.DiscussionThe reliability of the above approaches to assessing the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes has been substantiated by the study’s findings. Europeans will have to withstand tough competition for revenue from tourism, which will require that the European tourism industry boost the quality of services it provides (Dzhilavyan and Varyukhin 2012, Kuzakhmetova, Sitdikova, and Shilovskaya 2016, Urbanovich 2012).Expenditure on all types of travel – and, above all, on transportation – will increase faster than other family budget items. Trips will be more frequent but shorter, as expenditure on a single trip will reduce. On the whole, expenditure on travel will increase due to the inclination to consume higher-quality leisure.The number of trips will be increasing thanks to intercontinental trips from Europe to America, Asia, and Oceania. The use of airborne transportation will be expanding faster due to increases in the number of convenient direct flights.Considering the increasingly active implementation of computer systems, the waiting times for booking a trip will also be reducing.The following 2 age groups are expected to be represented by the most active tourists: senior citizens and youth. We will continue to witness growth in demand for tourism related to visits to major cultural heritage sites and active leisure. The condition of the environment will be one of the dominant factors in attracting tourists, especially in rural and seaside areas.The geography of international tourism will be determined by specific factors in the attractiveness of particular regions that will be a priority for tourists. Going forward, nature potential will remain the major source of satisfaction of tourist needs.International tourism will continue to boom, with South and Southeast Asia expected to be among the most popular regions to visit. There will be gravitation toward intact nature, which is naturally associated with the concept of beauty, and in this regard we are going to witness further development of, above all, the environmental tourism sector.ConclusionTo sum up, it is worth noting that the significance of tourism around the world is constantly growing. This is due to the influence of tourism on a nation’s economy: tourism boosts the contribution to its balance of payments, ensures employment for the population, facilitates the diversification of the economy, and helps ensure a more rational use of recreation resources. Having said that, the development of the tourism industry is also fraught with certain risks, like outflows of currency overseas, environmental and technogenic dangers, and loss of cultural values.Under today’s conditions, tourism is among the more developed sectors of the world economy and one of the more dynamically developing forms of international trade in services. Today, international tourism is developed the most in Western European countries. Going forward, some of the major trends in the development of tourism will be boosts in the quality of the tourism product, increased tourist expenditure on travel, and the development of non-traditional types of tourism.中文译文：国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响摘要本文的目的是分析国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响。
旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文Tourism: A Matter of Common Concern AbstractProblems of tourism and recreation in the Wadden Sea are discussed. Special regard is given to land- based activities being in harmony with nature and favoring the protection of environment. The discussion focuses on the trilateral Wadden policy of the conceded European countries. The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.Key words:Trilateral Wadden Sea policy, tourism, land based recreation, adverse effects on nature1.Why a Common Concern?In the Wadden Sea area people live, work and recreate. Trilateral Wadden policy has been mainly focused on sea- based recreation. But an activity in the Wadden area which also has a direct influence on the dunes, mudflats and tidal areas is land based recreation. Millions of people visit the area each year for leisure. Until now this has been neglected by the international Wadden policy. Because of the influence of and developments in this sector, it is necessary to widen the scope of this policy so that a strategy can be developed for all recreational activities. This implies making intelligent choices. What kind of recreational activities and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where should they take place? What amounts are in harmonywith the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions are part of a strategy for conservation of nature and recreation.In 1994, in Leeuwarden, ecological goals were drawn up not only for the tidal area, but also for the beaches and dunes, the salt marshes, the coastline and the rural areas (on the islands and the adjacent areas of the mainland). In addition, it was recognized that the trilateral policy covered a wider area than just the Wadden Sea. loss of natural habitats and the disturbance of flora and fauna as a result of increasing tourism was identified as a cause for cancel. To better understand the influence of landbased recreation on the area's natural environment, it is necessary to first consider the situation in the tourism sector. This is mainly based on the experiences obtained by the Dutch Wadden Society in the Dutch Wadden Sea region.2.A Summary of the SituationI. Since the middle of this century, the Wadden Sea area has been a popular destination for an ever growing number of tourists. Today tourists can choose from a wide range of accommodations: hotels, hiking cabins, apartments, camping sites, bungalows and so on. This development has sparked a lot of building activity; sometimes to replace old buildings, but more often for new building sites. In a number of cases this has been at the cost of dune areas.A first observation: to offer all these visitors a place to sleep more and more space is occupied. Sometimes at the cost of nature and sometimes at the cost of historical buildings or rural landscape.II. But not all visitors to the area stay overnight. On the one hand there are the day tourists to the islands. Especially the islands with a short ferry time and/or low ferry costs ate favorites. On the other hand the different recreational areas along themainland coastline also attract a large number of day tourists, particularly in Germany. Tourists not only desire a place on the beach in the sun, but also want to walk in the dunes, buy a cup of coffee and have proper transport facilities to and from the area. On the main land side of the ferry dam to Ameland, for example, there ate plans for a second level in the car park on the mainland to offer day tourists extra parking space close to the ferry.A second observation: day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape by facilities, over fulled ashtrays, empty beach chairs and treaded plants, also when the day is over.The short second or third holiday, a midweek break or a day to escape it all, has become reality for many. The quiet and long off-season period is a thing of the past for the local population and nature. The accommodation-branches anticipates this trend by building more and more cabins and bungalows at former camping sites. The lengthening of the holiday season has been encouraged by the development of so-called "bad weather facilities" like the tropical swimming pool. The result is that walkers and cyclists can be found on the beach or in the dunes as early as March. This can cause problems for migratory and breeding birds. Should the areas important to these birds be closed off to the public earlier in the year? That is against the idea that people should be given as many chances as possible to enjoy nature. So what is more important: undisturbed feelings of liberty or undisturbed nest building?A third observation: lengthening of the holiday season means more disturbance risk to a number of bird species.IV. Recreational activities are no longer limited to a walk breathingthe fresh sea air of a healing dip in the water. The currentpossibilities seem endless, a few examples: parachute jumping, golfing, "nature combing", walking on the mudflats, visiting bird colonies, seals, a wagon ride through the dunes and marshes, short aero plane trips, kiting, sunbathing, night-life, cross country cycling and so on.A fourth observation: recreational activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature.The economic aspect of tourism certainly plays a role in the trilateral policy decisions. The weight that this aspect carries in the policymaking process is a choice in itself. But in what terms are we measuring the economic effects, in jobs, in regional income and investments, or in the sustainable use of nature?A fifth observation: economic aspects are part of the discussion about tourism and there is quite some cash flow related to it.3.Developments and New Trendsit When coming up with a strategy for recreational activities is important to consider developments and trends in the sector.1. Tourism is a growing industry. It is seen as a sector which can provide employment in the near future. And for this reason subsidies are given. That is an attractive proposition, particulary in regions with relatively high unemployment. Many community councils along the Dutch coast have plans to exploit tourism. These vary from building a small bungalow park to a health spa with a beach. Work is already inprogress on the islands to improve the quality of accommodation. This requires larger investments and returns.2. The trend to take a number of short holidays. The same number of over night stays are therefore being shared by more and other visitors and more transport is required.3. Hotel managers want the same bed occupied more often.The stabilization of the number of beds available (a policy on the Dutch Wadden islands) is therefore certainly not synonymous with a stabilization of recreation volume.4. The trend towards more active holidays. The activities can range from nature excursions to sport events. This raises the question whether the Wadden nature is seen as a backdrop or as a destination itself. In order to formulate a strategy on tourism we will have to take into account the five observations made.4.summarize:(I) more and more space is taken by accommodations, improving quality also requires more square meters per tourist;(II) Day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape;(III) Season lengthening means shortening of the undisturbed periods for birds;(IV) Recreation activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature;(V) The tourism related cash flow is on the rise;(VI) A growing number of people visit, know and hopefully appreciate the Wadden Sea area and.., disturb each other.The importance of the international Wadden Sea area does not need to be stressed. Nor does the importance of protecting the area's natural development. Joint trilateral goals and targets have already been laid down or are receiving the final touches. Al1 we have to do, is bring about the goals. The trilateral Wadden policy can no longer ignore land based recreational activities; their effects are too far reaching. Dunes, marshes and birds are currently witnessing a loss in territory and an increase in disturbance and damage. The countryside is under attack and new building projects threaten to overshadow the cultural and historical value of the area. And sometimes there ate just toomany people around.It's not enough to acknowledge that recreation is important to the area, to declare ah area a national park, to do some zoning or to fix the number of beds.A fundamental consideration is needed. What kind of recreational activates and accommodations fit this nature area?When and where can they take place? Whatamounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions ate the start of a strategy for conservation of nature and sustainable recreation.5.The Choice of the Dutch Wadden SocietyThe Wadden Sea area offers some very special opportunities for recreation. When people get to know and appreciate an area they are more willing to protect it. And from the perspective of tourism it is nature, the openness, the birds, the unique landscape and the historic cultural values that makes .this area into something singular and special. These are the selling points of the Wadden Sea area on the touristic market. In our view there should be possibilities to experience that specific Wadden Sea nature. This means Wadden nature" oriented recreation. But in such a way that it is and continues respecting nature. This is of course something totally different from island hopping by aero plane or a disco party on the beach.What such a choice means from a sustainable and economic perspective is of course an important question. Does it mean more visitor management, more excursion leaders and less disc jockey? More bird watches facilities and wardening and less recreational air traffic and tropical swimming paradises? These aspects definitely need moreresearch. The Dutch Wadden Society has taken initiatives in this direction but we certainly cannot cover this alone.T oformulate such a strategy it is vital that there is a complete picture, based on comparable data, of recreation in the international Wadden area. At this moment data are still incomplete. So from our point of view the following steps lead to a strategy for conservation of nature and of sustainable possibilities for recreation:- identify the processes and areas which need extra protection. -identify the unique opportunities the area offers. -identify frictions between existing tourism and nature conservation goals. -select the types of tourism and recreational activities that can be accommodated in harmony with the area and the goals. -make choices regarding: "when', "where" and "what amounts'. - formulate clear policy goals. - develop indicators to monitor and -execute itTime is ripe to make choices and there are already some hopeful initiatives. In "Nord Friesland a "Zukunftswerkstatt Tourism’s und Umwelt" is being drawn up with the aim to elaborate concepts for "umbel- und sozialvertrigliche Tourismusentwicklung'.The Dutch, German and Danish province and regions along the Wadden Sea started a project to develop a vision on sustainable tourism. The trilateral Wadden policy can encourage these initiatives. In 1997, in State, there should be an acknowledgement of the importance and effects of land based recreation at a trilateral level. It must be possible to developa common strategy for all tourism and recreation activities in the trilateral Wadden area, particularly in the light of the ecological and landscape goals that have already been agreed on in the past and which also reflect the recreational interests.译文:旅游业共同关心的问题摘要旅游业协会针对瓦登海问题进行了讨论，讨论的内容是关于陆地活动与自然和谐以及环境的保护。
旅游服务业外文文献
毕业论文外文参考资料原文及译文外文题目（中文）：Cultural goods, market and national relations and international free trade system (文化商品，市场及国家关系和国际自由贸易制度)时间： 2010年9月至 2011年6月Cultural goods, market and national relations and international freetrade systemJim Mc GuiganAn example in cultural studies is the most popular today "cultural economy" - on economic and cultural thoughts to check it, rather than as an industry as a kind of words. Cultural historians will say thetrend is difficult to Atlantic new party. In 1992, British media academics Jim MaiGuiGen blamed on contemporary paradigm crisis culture research, its separation from cultural and political economy. He put forward louder appeal and a pair of consumption culture mode of production as the center. His proposal also a populist criticism, leading, consumption as the center, with value of examples of the audience, ' 'positive is a sovereign consumption subject is who (imagine is) not industrial control economic and cultural existence reason McGrigan, 1992). MaiGuiGen, of course, quite a person in his own time. How to put back on the bottle - for the elves in 'economic recovery mode, avoid it enters' key back to marxist economic rights fatalism - is still a provocative, but not out of the mission.In 1992, when the humanities center at Wesleyan university in Massachusetts, theorist and culture combined each 1 team director in American culture industry for a term called seminar "producing and sales culture" (Mr Mann, 1996). This is an amazing attempt, sponsored by Coca-Cola Coca-Cola foundation, academic access to cultural criticism of the industry, how the latter imagine market research and consumer, and asked them if they intentionally create and shape our hope.The research methods, launched a module, this conference most close to overcome epistemology is divided into production center and consumption as the center of the method, material conditions in culture understanding query, namely as a department. Fast forward to the early 21st century, the economy of the "culture" currently hype culture and media research won additional value, because this time, it is not only the scholars in the ivory tower who is support the analytic reasons. More important is, 'a cultural turn' in its momentum gathered enterprise sector, according to 'culture' plays a key role in theeconomic aspect, and marketing practices, on the one hand, the performance of the organization, enhance the other. However minor a trend, and also it is notable that in economic discipline, a key economic geographer proposed quality as a cultural economics a set, discourse structure, positive frame market. Therefore, before the market does not exist at the 2002 ·), described some of its objective, transcendental method (DE guay and discourse. Economic theory is regarded as an economic structure, positive ensemble shaping reality (Karen, 1998, 2000).The political, cultural, and policies.I MaiGuiGen in agreement with early in a standoff in 1990s about this is cultural investigation. Like him back after, I think the simple answer is retrieve a lost causes materialism of the return of the traditional culture research political economics. In order to do this, I will devote myself to the production of material culture study. The trajectory of the economy and culture, however, there is a warning. It runs the risk of triggered by the central concern of cultural research subject identity, namely the cultural politics. Double challenge, I want to take a project, through policy research key, is located in the method to yourself the hand on the cultural and economic ties between a between, and politics and policy, such as in. Let me explain more. Mainstream culture has to stay in my two aspects of the field in a world analysis differentiation. In their planning things, 'political commitment' need to assume the criticism and boycott; ` policy, on the other hand, is with security, hegemony, and the status quo. This is understandable mainstream culture research (its staple fare, that criticism power) fired policy guidance culture research committed revisionist rebels who thought the betrayal of from margin (1 title in the study of regional culture of privileges) to center,where ` power 'is institutionalized policy form, corruption and the absolute necessity.We wouldn't be sitting here today in this seminar, and if we believe such a partial idea of effectiveness. This is one-sided, because it does not acknowledge both desire and possibility of the bridge academic workers political criticism and participate in the gap between. For those of us who today to share a concept: a critical frame policy research provides a breakthrough point these transitional activities. It specifies a scholar BBS, to meet the decision makers and analysts who are willing to engage in multidisciplinary policy discussions. Most importantly, the two organizations dedicated to the possibility of social transformation in China has incremental reform through the regulatory system, from the backdrop of cultural production ` 'means a more complex than what the process of the cultural and economic mode can be alone provides. For us, even started thinking, cultural policy areas regulatory policy changes, we must first recognize that'culture' cannot simply follow market principles, because it is in the same time "means and purpose of social regulation and government" (Bennett, 1992,26), therefore, 'culture "is the supervision system, constitutive can be considered as indispensable rationality government. This culture/government couplets, should be given equal weight so the analysis of the correct culture tendency research emphasize the link between cultural/market.In addition, we must not be concept misleading is, the close relationship between 'culture' and 'government' is China alone. Even America and Britain ruled kingdom deregulation of speech, still be on time, price and transmission standard content television industry especially in land departments (hyjal Lin, 2001) pelosi. ` culture'should be whether consciousness, like a commodity in the center of the international debate is underwayThe feasibility of about culture cross-media border trade. In Canada, Europe and more recently in the United States (on media ownership debate is involved, the federal communications commission's ruling heart), countries and cultural policy instrument to delimit the national cultural market active participation. Throw open the resistance of national culture, therefore, is not just China market integratedly.Research problems,I think pieces are as follows: what constitutes a query the cultural market the policy management? And they should go to where? Like other policy areas, China after joining the WTO, cultural policy has become such turmoil and controversial areas, it stripe easier than ever to different thoughts and prescription. Intervention I still should notice, nonlocal flux because in such a culture industry "as a policy of birth" classification of just recent. It can be traced back to 2001, when the 10th five-year plan made conspicuous place, for the first time chanye for reform to mandarin era began. From the current challenges of opening China's wto content industry provides country further encourage development think-tank music college in Hong Kong academy for performing arts in service as the young talents emerging cultural industries. Then, last year, two main research institutions "national culture industry" also launched one after another, in the north, in Beijing university, in Shanghai jiaotong university in the south. Meanwhile, the blue of cultural industry each year the institute of social center issued by Chinese culture research in science. In China, academia provides a feasible policy Suggestions, location and application humanities spirit is an obvious reality cultural issues more and more policy. The domainResearch problem-based now let us return and fulfilling method and my big framework research problems specific problems group. Thought what the purpose is' culture 'and' economic ', 'political and policy in the series service to our policy review Chinese culture? This makes my table 3The basic premise that is a built-in: on1. Cultural need to be understood as an economic sector, namely 'culture industry' as the state regulators;2. Culture is a continuous development of relations, economic and policy areas, and trade;3. Culture is the goods, but not like any other commodity.All these building ground floor is my big is big not ask: if the United States theory 'market' itself is a kind of word building, as China? Final model in the media industry in particular, China should take back sharply to the country's pattern is similar to the U.S. public cultural products. Rolling provide This has taken on two levels, and in the county TV media and board level of small-scale news units across the river. Whether to adopt a deregulation in over big media collectivization form and content? How Europe, cultural market? In decision-making and debates, the European affairs committee new regulation means? With democracy is cultural commercialized, the final answers cultural consumption space, and create a diversity of cultures? These problems are more complex, because they are how to answer team under the language environment after the test. That is to say, the rapid changes of the answer, because we hope our countries turn of problems, from terrain democratic U.S., Canada and Western Europe to China, political credentials in the best inconsistent. These problems, but a more inquires after our discussion, will clarify the Chinese model cultural policy should choose as a media industry is slowing sculptureout more autonomy space. For this reason, we must study these problems triggered set twenty years in the international debate long-term international free trade from cultural exemption launched between the United States and Britain in a refugee camp in the European Union and Canada and countries in the opposite faction found. No matter whether we in Europe/Canada pattern or American model will better service in China, we need to realize that the YinXiangJie, domestic policy in the sovereignty of isolation international cultural policy, no longer strong resistance. Although there are What advantages and disadvantages of the establishment of a global integration of cultural policy system?Seriously consider specific problem I will now in concrete ground task I generally buildings. The first premise we need to watch closely industry of Chinese culture, the second premise existing regulatory conditions, make our international trade of culture at home against the debate. The third premise a series of questions caused, namely: (a) cultural products should be traded? (2) market is established in Chinese state media border to differentiate commercializable goods and the commercializable is reasonable; And allusion, (3) what is a better system from other kind of calibration? (4) what appropriate policy tools will be most effective in governance goods circulation and traded in the Chinese culture areas? Finally, as a thought, I care more about the problem and put forward and provide at this stage, must be better than the answer.China's culture industry market access method: mixed cargo rules.As mentioned above, the official discourse mandarin chanye as was formally established in 2001. Because then the enterprise concept jituan "double formula" "have already appeared in the occasionalgovernment documents suggest, the news media departments, but store the" dressed in front of the public institutions they like to do, "the commercial business enterprise"." But until the 16th party congress in 2002, the state propaganda machine and substantial, has officially difference enterprise concept, with "the public culture of the organization's business culture (mandarin" by "(mandarin) chanye), attributed to each clear mission, different means and objective development. The state's logic is a one of the hair division. We know, the development of China's culture industry control to solve the problem. To enter the market main interesting is that the market threshold into different points division department. Therefore, the traditional defies generalisations Chinese culture industry is' commercially 'did tell us very little about China itself, and the cultural landscape for many investors to reduce the influence of domestic policy and foreign. -What is the basic rule of cultural industry, the management of capital into which sub industries were officially designated as "commercializable" (you yingli xing), this is no, this is considering threshold category? Commercializable department was not deemed too sensitive national culture and information security. They include performance, tourism, industry and culture exhibition, technical production and sale of audio and video products, sports and entertainment, higher education and vocational education. They are opening up the domestic collective and social capital and foreign capital. Existing capital of the designated department of the state, and he ordered by as intrusive, but through annexation gradually exit and transferred asset sale, nearly ups and downs, and bankruptcy. Scale the next supervision danweis highly relevant state-owned monopoly position of cultural identity formation and information security. Inthis large category, not the commercializable commercializable Beijing distinguish from department. The latter include: obligation education, the agency responsible for national cultural relics preservation, libraries, museums, cultural workstation, most departments need and monopoly state-owned capital ownership. Whether domestic or foreign capital is allowed. Regulations become more complicated, because our approach to commercializabe, monopoly before category - cultural domain news, broadcasting and television. Capital into these industry is highly controversial and national unstable because policy of volatility.Authorized monopoly capital media giants, but to exit the small and medium-sized media company. Criterion, reiterated that the basic principles - policy matters - the same size, take the basic principles of the claw big regulation measures adopted a filial piety (" grabbing big, release small ") has taken department on the first and the second. Problem is, although what complex medium diversification and corporatization media organization allow absorption domestic capital, in theory, they will only be allowed to invest in the media industry. Another limitation is that only certain sub industries of small and medium-sized media were allowed in absorbing external capital, namely points and department limited to basic facilities such as printing and publishing services related value chain, retail, information transmission and distribution, the main points unit, nothing can do and content of offer. Therefore, even though their names to shareholders, the media are banned from department of domestic investors intervention the enterprise production content and asset management. With foreign investors hold so, if bertelsmann, its sphere of influence to be included in the publishing industry time only. As shown above, capital inflows has been allowed to focus on what isconsidering the basic structure of the media in the industry by department. How in printing, the content of the department news, broadcasting, television media? Mark ` commercializable in blue books. ', but in fact it is how to commercializable?What is the market thresholdEntry in the domestic and foreign capital domain specific? In the media content industry of foreign investment, first of all, we have to understand that China's entry into wto agreement not bound to the content of liberalization. Domain for foreign capital investment, the hurdles is insurmountable. The content providers limited foreign works, such as bloomberg television station, phoenix TV, and the InforNews news corporation's TV group the new agreement with hunan radio, movies, and explain as follows:(1) the financial and economic news (the main menu according to bloomberg information platform and distribute) is that "safe" content.(2) joint hunan TV entertainment production (namely agreement with multinational as new heavyweights) is worth welcome. Rupert murdoch's small victory, there is a lot of things to do the logic of the inspectors' theme for preferential treatment as science and technology, financial, economic, leisure and lifestyle, ideology neutral mass market, such as games and the charge talk show, sports and drama. It is believed that is beneficial to the development of the industry domestic TV content, the current value chain of the weak culture department policy proposals have been urged Beijing to pay attention.(3) of the broad masses of the pearl river delta area, it is beyond the pearl river out those foreign achieve broadcasting organizations. The most important is, (4) landing rights and mutual exchanges and plan again) foreign broadcasting company (news group is the real target andearnings - bargaining chip, foreign group must be submitted to the negotiating table. Worth notice, though, the propaganda of its history, the TV is the only launched foreign language of entertainment channel, now says 1.3 percent in a short period of time to the audience the gold guangdong province January 2003. Top all the above limitations naming, all foreign a content is subject to strict inspection before distribution.The cultural industry of China's regulations of general brought me three in the us directly observed. The first third field my asking, culture that is the goods, traded commodity trading markets and the boundary between the cultural industry is very fluid. They, in turn, rapid change next reform system (this cycle, shorter and shorter after becoming the new party secretary hu. This fully explain commercializable properties not constructing and ` stable commodity. 'second, from this kind of instability, three-quarters of a mixed goods, in some of their properties, trade mark `' and some ` traded '(the so-called this fall commercializable, to the media monopolies category charming). The third kind ` throughout China capital inflows ` if we mean circulation 'society, so-called people are' British ziben - and collective capital. It is difficult to place detailed introduces the current popular practice bound by this company obtains shell relates to Chinese media access media capital (through the domestic real estate world, not, publish, investment and (such as banking) become listed companies. I just want to say that government departments of the new policy emphasis goes across media, cross, and trans media merger between the region further blurred the line ` 'and ` public pure pure private' funds. Capital properties will be mixed into such degree, China will be remembered as the hybrids land. This leads me to my third observation: more and more economic consideration to infiltrationpolicy to decide what cultural products were allowed to obtain a diversified financing structure. We are faced with the same old problems, from other grafting industry department's culture: at what level admiral economic ideology is the erosion of preferences China, there are political elite market vision unique socialist culture commodity economy is the foundation this mixed commodity increasingly complex system, a no vision not entirely theoretical, so often laugh at?International trade regulations at home against domestic cultural policiesThe above discussion fully demonstrated the dominance of the concept of Chinese cultural market policies. No matter how we evaluate the policy framework and the characteristics of any market discourse proof is, it was vital to the Chinese culture policy analysis (and lyricist for industrial) culture blue were told at home against international trade free debate culture exemption. Meaning, this kind of knowledge can offer is three times. First, it will provide the efforts to promote Chinese culture, policy makers, their argument, to help promote 'cultural center' profit margins to make policy. Secondly, it will suggest China cultural policy makers, research fields, including cultural trade influence competition policy and investment policy, tax law, services, and intellectual property system (" final report ", 5) in. Third, China is increasing pressure to comply with the international free trade agreement, it will be informed about the fact that other countries in Tunisia policymakers as Canada and ends development of economy (ditto, band 27) hold the same career, normative market is helpful to the domestic growth cultural industries.The last point is a tricky, because it might mistake me support at home the protectionist policies concerning a democratic countries poor. Of course this is not my intention. I'll be back soon this important point. First, rapid trade summary of the order of international cultural debate. Canada and the countries of the European Union opposes a media products. Britain's free trade rules, such as gatt culture and extensive cultural don't agree to release, besides audio-visual sector. But U.S. argued that cultural products trade is to release any other goods, and shall be subject to the unit did not exception. Of course China is Canada or France. Although every country has the right to protect its imports from countries replaced its cultural American culture, we cannot apply for to formulate policy debate of normal trade media notorious for a record of domestic review. Regime From this perspective, banned imports of amount of western culture content of Chinese citizens from denied to choose a filtering political and cultural development of democracy. Like Edwin baker scholars in legal research is quite thoughtful and points out: "free traders are correct, historically, some repressive regimes had tried to protect and promote cultural imagine, here is usually not only picky import restrictions but also have the same restrictions on freedom of expression of the serious internal" (baker, 2002,260). Similarly, China's media content all boycott liberalization should not and the European commission with equal Canada against trade protection media said, and is essential for maintaining citizens domestic cultural space of variety and growing ball (the European commission, 2000). In China, set up the case, limit the barriers to trade and investment flows in the audio-visual sector that is quite another matter. Therefore baker puts forward "some equipment other than the free trade is necessary to prevent picky government distortions" (baker, 254). Hethinks, human rights law, but is not free trade law is the most feasible international policy documents, can one stone kills two birds - a country need to nourish the sensitivity of the domestic media pluralism and openness cross-border cultural exchange.I think Chinese cultural policy makers can draw lessons from this international debate something else - some protectionist policies how it can help the healthy development of the alimentary domestic media. Policies, such as state subsidies and radio media place, screen the working hours and quota quotas in Western Europe and Canada. In view of this, the current Chinese policy media company of state-owned capital withdraw all from small medium, not a necessity for the development of f local media. Usually, the smallest and most minor media is the most independent of the mind. Leaving their the law of the jungle of the survival of the fittest for China's news gathering - fully prove - is to further to inspectors.The international debate about trade and culture is important, but in another respect Chinese policy makers. Because governments around the world continue to privatization and exogenous in every government service department and the boundaries between citizens and private with amazing speed redraw, this debate back to, public domain problem, one public culture is only a small part. What service and property duty to rationing, obviously this public responsibility should be private provision, must take back to policy makers in the agenda. As western scholars in beginning to reconsider must be obtained and market balance social (again, the American public opposition to the federal communications commission's ruling thought), China needs to realize the equality of access problems, including a public domain market acquisitions and public cultures of the moment. Therefore, it is imperative that we research the market state of established in Chinadistinguish boundaries ` circulation 'cultural products from ` traded. Discuss what kind of policy will follow, if we devoted to the problem as public goods picture of what the public culture of China is related to the case? (I don't open some because ` 'and between historical equation ` state'). Finally, my big question is the cultural policy mode should be Chinese turn? Europe/Canada or the United States?。
旅游专业毕业论文外文文献及翻译--旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一-其他专业
外文翻译：旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一原文来源：Keywords network university remote learning HomeNet 电子商务包括如何建立客户关系网络将成为即将举行的为期一天的夏洛特周三重点。
旅游电子商务发展的世界小型和中型企业的胜利最新的策略，在11月15日夏洛特万豪城市中心。
这次活动将包括一个由八莫里西的营销总监赛恩特主持，全国的领先供应商的电子商务解决方案，谁将会是怎样的因特网正在改变的企业，挑衅性的研究一发表演说大和小，从开始既定的企业窗口。
旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一，它是一个互联网，自然伙伴，那里也是世界上最大的在线行业。
旅游业是增长最快发展中国家，它是一种最经济的重要组成部分。
，。
以社区为基础的旅游（CBT）的已被证明在发展中国家促进地方发展，特别是在贫穷的农村地区。
与此同时，信息与通信正在部署的技术在贫困社区发展中国家，开始表现出诱导地方发展的潜力。
本文介绍了引入电子商贸的行动研究倡议社区在三个亚洲的旅游业农村社区（电子CBT）的，以揭示其潜在的（CBT）的，社区发展。
电子CBT的目标是在CBT的重要和不断增长的市场发展中世界，对他们来说是重要的个人旅行的旅客组成，其组成部分的生活方式，谁寻求新的和真实的体验，是不是，，，针对大众市场。
建议描述了一个战略合作伙伴关系大学在香港及其他亚洲三所大学将与当地谁并为社区的发展最终传播旅游部门利益电子在这些国家间更广泛的农村人口CBT的。
CBT的。
“在电子商务获胜，是既要提供优质的客户服务和产品，它更是一个技术问题。
互联网开辟了特别为小型和中型企业知道如何提供顶尖的可能性和新市场，新领域电子服务，“莫里西说。
其他会议会议包括来自夏洛特的一些电子商务公司专家的介绍。
演讲内容包括一个有关电子商务行业发展趋势与法案MindBlazer，Wachovia证券塞莫内斯惠特利的小组讨论，公司也将是一个包括资金的基础上为讨论，，与乔治的小企业技术开发中心（SBTDC），霍华德和克里斯的保障科学飞行风险投资基金的第一凯利Lubert麦卡利斯特。
旅游管理专业论文外文文献翻译
外文资料译文及原文译文(一)消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合米契尔罗伯特定义消费者体验旅游制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。
在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。
有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。
这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。
参与的品牌品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求：（1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）;（2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）;（3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激）CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。
这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。
认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。
CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。
此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。
缺乏现有的直接研究关注迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。
米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。
此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。
米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。
该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
消费者体验旅游的多样性消费者体验旅游业是一群不同的旅游景点。
艾克斯罗德和布伦伯格（1997）配置了288工厂在整个美国欢迎参观者。
同样，伯杰和伯杰（1997年）提供约1,000自由工业旅游背景资料。
旅游目的地外文文献翻译
文献出处：Cucculelli, Marco, and Gianluca Goffi. Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence from the Italian Destinations of Excellence [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production (2015)：1-13.原文Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence fromItalian Destinations of ExcellenceMarco Cucculelli, Gianluca GoffibAbstractThis paper extends the Richie, Crouch (2000) model on destination competitiveness by introducing a set of sustainability indicators and testing their role in explaining the competitiveness of a tourism destination. The model is tested on a unique dataset of small Italian “Destinations of Excellence”, i.e., outstanding tourist destinations recognized by prestigious national and international awards. Both a principal component analysis and a regression analysis are applied to test the empirical validity of the model. Empirical results show that factors directly referring to sustainability have a positive impact on all the competitiveness indicators used as dependent variables. Furthermore, the impact of sustainability variables is larger in value than other variables, thus confirming the role of sustainability as a crucial determinant of the competitiveness of a tourist destination.Keywords: Sustainability; Tourism; Destination competitiveness; Italy Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in many countries around theworld, and the main source of foreign income for a significant number of developing countries. Therefore, the study of tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) has attracted the attention of policy makers, public and private organizations, and tourism researchers (Pearce, 1997, Crouch and Ritchie, 1999, Kozak and Rimmington, 1999, Buhalis, 2000,Hassan, 2000, Dwyer and Kim, 2003 and Enright and Newton, 2004).After the milestone study by Ritchie and Crouch, 2000 and Ritchie and Crouch, 2003, a number of theoretical models have been developed to explain destination competitiveness (De Keyser and Vanhove, 1994, Hassan, 2000, Heath, 2002 and Dwyer and Kim, 2003), as well as to analyze the competitive positions of tourism destinations (Sirše and Mihalič, 1999, Dwyer et al., 2003, Enright and Newton, 2004 and Gomezelj and Mihalič, 2008). Many authors have highlighted the relationship between sustainability and the competitiveness of a tourism destination and suggested, with different emphases, that sustainability can improve competitiveness (among others, Ritchie and Crouch, 2003 and Hassan, 2000).However, the large debate on the role of sustainable development has partly overlooked the call for a deeper empirical test, and there is still no clear empirical evidence of sustainability's role in explaining the competitiveness of a destination. The empirical models developed in the TDC literature (e.g., De Keyser and Vanhove, 1994, Sirše and Mihalič, 1999, Dwyer et al., 2003, Enright and Newton, 2004 and Gomezelj and Mihalič, 2008) provide very useful insights into destination competitiveness, but partly neglect the role of sustainability factors.This study aims at contributing to this literature by integrating a basic model of TDC (Ritchie and Crouch, 2000) with features related to sustainability. To test the relationship between factors of sustainability and TDC, we operationalize the conceptual approach by analyzing a number of indicators we have found to be important in defining sustainability. The study also has the potential to offer a more comprehensive assessment of the factors that influence TDC. We follow the Dwyer et al. (2003) approach in identifying a list of indicators derived from previous empirical models of TDC and from the literature in sustainable tourism and tourism planning and management.Furthermore, little empirical work has focused on small tourism destinations, and practically no research on TDC has been applied to small destinations such as villages or small towns. The existing literature has mostly dealt with countries or large geographical areas, whereas the issue of TDC has been assessed by considering the prevalent role of large tourist destinations. However, there are a number of countries where a significant part of the tourist competiveness actually relies on small places because of the highly fragmented cultural heritage, or the inherent nature of the tourist sites. Italy is a paradigmatic example of this pattern: the four major destination cities (Rome, Milan, Florence, and Venice) account only for a part of the tourism flows (24.7% in terms of total international bed nights), whereas a great number of minor destinations constitute the largest remaining part. Surprisingly, the empirical literature neglects the role of these small centers almost entirely: these destinations need attention not only because they account for a sizable share of the total arrivals, butalso because they represent a tourism model that is common to many other tourism countries. Therefore, our result could be of interest for a larger audience.We selected small Italian “destinations of excellence” as those that have been awarded importa nt international (“Blue Flag”) and national certifications (“Orange Flag,” “Most Beautiful Villages in Italy,” “Blue Sail”). To test the role played by sustainability factors on the competitiveness of a tourist destination, we studied the relationship between TDC, measured by four dependent variables (environmental impacts, socio-cultural impacts, economic impacts and tourists' satisfaction), and some explanatory variables that can be identified in terms of sustainability. To reduce the large set of independent variables to a smaller set, we performed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), as in Dwyer et al. (2004), and used these results in the subsequent OLS estimates of the model. As opposed to previous indicators of TDC such as arrivals, bed-nights, revenues, or market share, the TDC measures we use in the paper acknowledge the view of Müller, 1994, Hunter, 1995, Buhalis, 2000 and Ritchie and Crouch, 2000, and others who recognize that a competitive destination pursues and establishes the right balance on the following different objectives: optimum satisfaction of guest requirement, subjective well-being of the residents (economic health), unspoiled nature, and healthy culture.The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 sets the theoretical framework. Section 3 gives details about the empirical analysis (variables, case study, data and methodology). Section 4 provides a discussion of the main findings. Conclusions are drawn in the last section of the paper.Sustainability and competitiveness in small tourism destinationsMany studies and models have identified destination competitiveness by using the lens of high visitor numbers and market share as contributing factors to a competitive destination. This view has a major limitation in that it ignores the sustainable perspective of not overloading the carrying capacity of a destination, or preserving its environmental integrity (Croes, 2010). Many authors seem to agree that the competitive destination is the one that preserves natural and cultural resources and increases long-term well-being for its residents by delivering an experience that is more satisfying compared to similar destinations (Hassan, 2000, Heath, 2002, Ritchie and Crouch, 2003 and Bahar and Kozak, 2007).The concept of sustainability was introduced to tourism from the notion of sustainable development, following the publication of the World Commission on Environment and Development Report, known as the Bruntland Report (WCED, 1987). Even though after a quarter-century the world is an enormously different place (Sneddon et al., 2006), and the Report has been criticized for its central approach (Adam, 1990) and the lack of attention given to power relations among local-to-global actors (Lélé, 1991), it represented an important starting point for the formulation of sustainable policies. In Sharpley's view (2000), sustainable tourism development does not appear to be entirely consistent with the developmental aspects of sustainable development, but has a larger inward and product-centered perspective.Tourism researchers have been trying to define sustainable tourism development (STD) for many years. Despite the fact that it is widely accepted that STD is along-term goal (WTO, 1992), or a concept that is constantly evolving (Inskeep, 1991) and intrinsically dynamic (Liu, 2003), there is no standard definition for “sustainable to urism destinations” (Tepelus and Cordoba, 2005). Lee (2001, p. 314) observes that, “Since destinations are unique, so are sustainable development issues in these destinations.”However, there is an emerging consensus that STD aims to minimize environmentally negative impacts, preserve cultural heritage, while at the same time provide learning opportunities, including positive benefits for the local economy and contributing to the enhancement of local community structures (Weaver, 2005).Practical evidence shows that STD can not only stop further deterioration, but it can also contribute towards the appreciation of the destination (Aguiló et al., 2005). Various mass tourism destinations are trying to move toward a more sustainable approach for the tourism development model (Fortuny et al., 2008 and Rodríguez et al., 2008). Mass tourism was initially considered incompatible with the notion of sustainability (Krippendorf, 1987, Butler, 1991 and Valentine, 1993), as they were seen as polar opposites by Pearce (1992). This idea was followed by the position of the “movement,” resulting in the demand to change mass tourism into more sustainable forms (Cohen, 1987 and Butler, 1990), and finally to the idea of “convergence” between the two types (Inskeep, 1991). Inskeep, 1991, Hunter and Green,1995, Clarke,1997, Swarbrooke,1999, Budeanu,2005 and Tepelus,2005 highlight that all types of tourism can aim to be sustainable. Budeanu (2005, p.90) asserts that, “Sustainable tourism cannot be achieved if mass tourism practices arenot adjusted to integrate sustainability.”Hence, economic benefits for locals and the minimization of environmental and social repercussions could be complementary aims in every kind of destination: the key factor could be managing and controlling the tourism activity. That is the main reason why we aim to demonstrate that a more sustainable tourism policy and destination management could have a positive impact on destination competitiveness.Furthermore, two other aspects of sustainability need to be considered. Firstly, Liu (2003) and Kastenholz (2004) observe that sustainable tourism cannot be achieved without proper management of tourism demand. Notwithstanding, demand issues have often been neglected in the sustainable tourism debate. This may be due to the fact that the concept of sustainability was simply transposed from the broader concept of sustainable development, where the nature of demand is considered as a given condition. This is not the case for tourism – which is both supply and demand driven –requiring consideration of the demand factor in the explanation of TDC (Dwyer et al., 2003), and also in the case of small tourist destination competitiveness.Secondly, many authors agree that the competitive destination is the one that increases well-being for its residents in the long term (Crouch and Ritchie, 1999, Bahar and Kozak, 2007, Dwyer and Kim, 2003 and Heath, 2002). In this sense, Bramwell, (1996) observed that “locals” need to be empowered in order to move towards sustainable tourism development: if tourism is an income-generating sector for local communities, and it can have a multiplier effect, then the host population has to feel empowered, fully participating in the development process,which could be even easier in a small community.译文可持续性能增强旅游目的地的竞争力吗？来自意大利优秀目的地的证据马尔科，詹卢卡摘要本文通过引入一组可持续性指标，继承了里奇,克劳奇(2000)关于目的地竞争力的模型，并测试了解释旅游目的地竞争力的作用。
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外文资料译文及原文译文(一)消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合米契尔罗伯特定义消费者体验旅游制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。
在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。
有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。
这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。
参与的品牌品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求：（1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）;（2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）;（3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激）CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。
这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。
认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。
CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。
此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。
缺乏现有的直接研究关注迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。
米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。
此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。
米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。
该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
消费者体验旅游的多样性消费者体验旅游业是一群不同的旅游景点。
艾克斯罗德和布伦伯格（1997）配置了288工厂在整个美国欢迎参观者。
同样，伯杰和伯杰（1997年）提供约1,000自由工业旅游背景资料。
（在300多个行业）是向公众开放。
产品被表现的种类包括：加工食品，白酒，服装，汽车，电视节目和电影，硬币，纸制品，电子，家具，房车，玩具，调料和香料，陶瓷和玻璃器皿，金融市场，轮胎和橡胶，高尔夫球杆，棒球棒，和玩具熊。
（美国汽车协会（AAA）包括类别“工业旅游”在其入境指南。
）生产消费者必需品，如食物和饮料，提供了一个不成比例的旅游人数。
涵盖阿克塞尔罗德和布伦伯格（1997）的288家植物旅游，104（或百分之36）的食品和饮料生产商。
这些非耐用品经常被购买，挑战了营销与买家建立长期合作关系，以确保市场的地位。
旅游供应商承认当消费者目睹了生产进程并有一个愉快的经验时候，创建的忠诚可能改进（米契尔和米契尔，2000）。
奥洛尼和霍布森（1998）提供的较小的，不太知名的博物馆的资料被认为是CET供给的一部分，其重点放在产品类别或具体的品牌。
他们的书描述了可利用的博物馆包括芥菜博物馆，芭比名人堂，固特异轮胎橡胶世界馆，点唱机博物馆和液体纸博物馆。
目前，有超过1500名在美国的酿酒厂，其中大部分为消费者提供美酒品尝和旅游。
这是CET为他们展示了酿酒厂，其产品，其生产过程所提供的额外部分。
此外，在一些最近发生爆炸的较小的酿造啤酒的酒吧，制造工艺和时尚的饮料使消费者获取利益。
目前有超过一千个地方提供客户现场制作的啤酒。
葡萄酒和啤酒的生产者都提供了不同层次的消费者产品参与的经历。
KrispyKreme的甜甜圈每天在27个州的149家生产超过300万。
每一家提供全面服务的商店是专带有玻璃可视面积,展示生产过程,并为消费者提供“多感官体验”。
消费体验旅游的基本兴趣许多人认为工厂参观，公司博物馆，游客中心和公司旅游对有子女的父母来说是低成本的娱乐，因为这种旅游一般都是免费或只需要象征式收费（卢卡斯，1998）。
这是一个主要的目标市场并有利于消费者深入寻求这种魅力的根源。
哈里斯（1989年）和普伦蒂斯（1993）指出，工厂和矿山点雇用了美国历史上劳动力的很大比例。
对于服务经济的转变工人开始走出工厂。
这从空间上和文化上使人们离开了制造业领域，导致了手工工业的减少。
该工厂参观创建了新型的工业工作，又滋长旅游在生产过程中的利益。
哈里斯和普伦蒂斯进一步指出，许多年轻的工人对工厂的工作经验不足，对这个主题越来越好奇。
年纪较大的雇员对于“落叶归根”可能津津乐道。
陆克文和戴维斯（1998年）将把工业革命看成是美国历史上的一个决定性事件，工厂参观为游客提供了一次机会去了解过去。
理查兹（1996）注意到工业革命创造了一个时代，其中从过去到现在发生了迅速转变。
因此，全社会创造的怀旧情绪，旧技术产品被认为是文化和历史文物。
公司博物馆或访客中心利用这些情绪提供了一个消费者与品牌之间的纽带。
消费者体验旅游目标制造商可以使用它的硬件设施，建立（或加强）与各种各样的团体之间的关系。
对CET目标消费者可分为三类：（1）现有和潜在消费者;（2）商业伙伴;（3）社区利益相关者。
原文(一)Consumer experience tourism and brand bondingMarkA.Mitchell RobertA.OrwigDefining consumer experience tourismManufacturing plant tours, company museums, and company visitor centers represent a segment of tourism known by different names: manufacturing tourism, industrial attractions, industrial tourism, and industrial heritage tourism. The common goal within each descriptive term is to establish a bond between a consumer and brand as the consumer learns about the brand, its operation, production process, history, and historical significance. It is suggested here that CET represents a unifying theme for this segment of the tourism industry. This term captures the consumer's ability to discover more about the brands they consume while manufacturers can forge closer relationships with those consumers during the 30-120 minutes of time spent as the facility's guests.Involvement with a brandBrand managers seek to address consumer needs at three levels:(1)functional (providing solutions to consumer problems);(2)symbolic (providing satisfaction of psychological desires);and(3)experiential (providing sensory pleasure, variety, and cognitive stimulation).CET can strengthen the bond between consumers and brands by providing a visual presentation of the brand, its operation, production process, history, and historical significance. Such a bond may be viewed as an increased levelof personal involvement with the brand and(assumedly)translates into greater brand loyalty. Cognitive involvement reflects a consumer's interest in thinking(or learning more)about a product.. CET may increase the consumer's level of cognitive involvement by stimulating thinking about the brand and its production processes. Further, the positive word-of-mouth communication stimulated by satisfied visitors may be deemed more credible than other paid forms of promotion.Lack of existing direct research attentionTo date,CET has received little attention in the marketing literature. Mitchell and Mitchell have evaluated the content of such tourism sites. Further, these same authors have evaluated the phenomenon in the food and beverage industries(Mitchell and Mitchell,2000),the nonprofit sector(Mitchell and Mitchell,2001b),and the overall economy(Mitchell et al.,2001).Mitchell and Mitchell(2002)have proposed a format for academics to evaluate local interest in such facilities in their local service areas. The topic is often included briefly in discussions of integrated marketing communications but has received limited direct research attention.Diversity of consumer experience tourismConsumer experience tourism represents a diverse group of tourist attractions. Axelrod and Brumberg profile over 288 factories throughout the USA that welcome visitors. Similarly, Berger and Berger(1997)provide background information for about 1,000 free industrial tours(in more than 300 industries)that are open to the public. Product categories represented include: processed foods, distilled spirits, clothing, automobiles, television programming and movies, coins, paper products, electronics,furniture, motor homes, toys, sauces and spices, pottery and glassware, financial markets, tires and rubber, golf clubs, baseball bats, and teddy bears.(The American Automobile Association(AAA)includes the category ``industrial tours'' in its Guidebooks.)Producers of consumer staples, such as food and beverages, provide a disproportionate number of tours. Of the 288 plant tours covered in Axelrodand Brumberg(1997),104(or 36 percent)are food and beverage producers. These non-durable goods are purchased frequently and challenge marketers to create long-term relationships with buyers to ensure market position. Tour providers recognize the possible improvements in buyer loyalty created when a consumer has an enjoyable experience witnessing the production process(Mitchell and Mitchell,2000).Arany and Hobson(1998)provide information on smaller, lesser-known museums that are considered part of CET given their focus on a product category or specific brand. Their book depicts available museums including the Mustard Museum, Barbie Hall of Fame, Goodyear World of Rubber collections, Juke Box Museum, and the Liquid Paper Museum. Currently, there are over 1,500 wineries in the USA, most of which provide wine tasting and tours for consumers. This is an additional part of CET for they showcase a winery, its offerings, and its production process. Further, the recent explosion in the number of smaller breweries and brew pubs seeks to capitalize on the consumer's interest in the manufacturing process and the “chic-nes”of consuming on-the-spot made beverages. There are currently over 1,000 places offering the customer a beer made on the premises.Both wine and beer producers provide experiences applicable to consumers of varying levels of product involvement. Krispy Kreme Doughnuts produces more than three million doughnuts a day in its 149 stores in 27 states. Each full-service store is specially designed with a glass viewing area to showcase the production process and to provide “a multi-se nsory experience for consumers.”Underlying interest in consumer experience tourismMany people think of manufacturing plant tours, company museums, and company visitor centers as low-cost entertainment(and educational)options for parents with children because such tours are typically free or require only a nominal fee(Lukas,1998).While this is a key target market and a benefit the consumer may seek, the root cause of this fascination runs much deeper. Harris(1989)and Prentice(1993)point out that factories and mines have historically employed a large percentage of the US work force. The shift to a service economy takes individuals out of the factories. This removes people spatially and culturally from the manufacturing sector, providing less contact and little first-hand knowledge of industrial work. The plant tour creates a novel and nostalgic view of industrial work, which in turn feeds tourist interest in manufacturing processes. Harris and Prentice further note that many younger workers'lack of factory work experience progresses naturally toward an increasing curiosity about the topic. Older employees may relish the experience of ``returning to their roots. ''Rudd and Davis(1998)identify the industrial revolution as a defining event in US history with company plant tours providing users a look at our collective past. Richards(1996)notes the industrial revolution created an era where the transition from modern to obsolete occurs more rapidly. As such, products of older technology are considered cultural and historical artifacts creating feelings of nostalgia among society. Company museums or visitor centers capitalize on these emotions by providing a sentimental, bonding experience between buyer and brand.Target consumers for consumer experience tourismA manufacturer can use its physical facilities to establish(or strengthen)the bond with a variety of parties. The target consumers for CET can be divided into three categories:(1)current and potential consumers;(2)business partners;(3)community stakeholders.Translate from:MarkA.Mitchell,RobertA.Orwig.Consumer Experience Tourism And Brand Bonding[J].Journal Of Product & Brand Management,2002(1).译文(二)欢迎进入体验经济派恩.约瑟夫詹姆斯.吉尔摩没有公司愿意使用其商品或服务这个词。