Correlativity study on mammographic features and c-erbB-2 of breast cancer

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氧化型胆固醇诱导兔血管平滑肌细胞凋亡

氧化型胆固醇诱导兔血管平滑肌细胞凋亡崔鸣;陈凤荣;朱应葆【期刊名称】《北京大学学报（医学版）》【年(卷),期】2001(033)002【摘要】Objective：To investigate the apoptosis of rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) induced by oxysterols and observe the time and dose effect. Methods： Light miroscope, electron microscope, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and TUNEL were uesed to detect the apoptosis of rabbit aortic VSMC. Results：The characteristic morphological features of apoptosis were observed under light and electron microscope; DNA electrophoresis showed “DNA Ladder”; TUNEL showed the apoptoticrate of normal rabbit VSMC was 3.62%. While treated with either Triol or25-OH by different dose (5， 10， 15， 20 mg*L－1) and at different times (0，12，24，36 h), the apoptotic rate increased significantly. Conclusion： Both Triol and 25-OH can induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in a dose and time dependent manner.%目的：研究氧化型胆固醇(Triol与25-OH)对兔主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell，VSMC)凋亡的诱导，并观察其时效与量效关系。

有氧训练对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠海马区细胞凋亡的影响

ｗｅｋｆａｒｂｃｔａｎｎｆｅｄｌｒｐｒｇ，ｔｅｃｇｉｏｓｔｓｅｙＭｏｒｓｗａｅｚ．ｅｓｅｏｉｒｉｉｇａｔｒｍｏｅｅａｉｏｐｎｈｏｎｔｎｗａｅｔｄｂｒｉｉｔｒｍａｅ
２１００年第１４卷第１５期
实用临床医药杂志
ＪｕｎｌｆＣｌｃ１ｅｉｉｅｉａｔｃｏｒａｉａｄｃｎｎＰｒｃｉｅｏｎｉＭ
有氧训练对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠海马区细胞凋亡的影响
金华锋，万
ＪＮＨａｆｎ，Ａｉ、，ｉｇＨＩｈｏｃｕＩｕ — ｇＷＮＱ，）Ｔｎ，Ｓａ —ｈｎｅ￣ＵＺ
ＤｅａｔｅｔｆＮｕｏｇｐｒｍｎｏｅｒｌｙ，Ｆｒ钰ｉｔｏｉｓＡ｛ｌｅｌａｄＨｏｉｌｆＮａｊｎｓｔｐａｏｎｉｇＭｅｃｌｄｉａ
摘要：目的
琪，吴
婷，史兆春
侧脑室注射８粉样淀
（南京医科大学第一附属医院神经内科，江苏南京，１０９２０２）
观察有氧训练对阿尔茨海默病（ｌｅｍｅ）Ａｚｉｒ模型大鼠海马区细胞凋亡的影响。方法ｈ
蛋白２Ａ３）５（／５制备认知功能障碍的Ａ鼠动物模型。模型制备成功后给予四周的有氧训练，Ｍｏｒ水迷宫试验检测大鼠的２Ｄｒｓｉ
认知功能，ｅｈｔ色检测海马区细胞凋亡情况，Ｈｏｃｓ染以确定有氧训练对细胞存活的影响。结果 ① 同对照组相比，ＡＤ鼠海马

23699772_那米鸡早期生长发育规律研究

DOI: 10.12101/j.issn.1004-390X(n).201907029那米鸡早期生长发育规律研究*胡　瑀1,2，邓　俊3，邱立华1，范新阳1，黄　静1，王荣平2 **，苗永旺1 **(1. 云南农业大学动物科学技术学院，云南昆明 650201；2. 云南农业职业技术学院畜牧兽医学院，云南昆明 650212；3. 云南省畜牧总站，云南昆明 650224)摘要: 【目的】研究那米鸡的生长发育规律。

【方法】选用 Gompertz 、Logistic 和 Von Bertalanffy 3 种常用的非线性曲线模型对那米鸡0~210日龄体质量进行了生长曲线拟合与分析。

【结果】那米鸡体质量的累积生长曲线呈现“S”形，表明其生长发育正常；表现为60日龄之前生长速度较慢，60~120日龄阶段为该鸡的生长旺盛期，120日龄以后生长速度逐渐减缓。

60日龄以前，公鸡、母鸡的体质量累积生长曲线基本一致，60日龄以后，公鸡生长速度明显快于母鸡。

3种曲线模型均能较好的拟合公、母鸡的生长发育，拟合度均达0.99以上，其中Gompertz 模型对公鸡的拟合值与实际值最为接近，Von Bertalanffy 模型对母鸡的拟合值与实际值最接近，表明Gompertz 模型对那米鸡公鸡体质量的拟合度更高(R 2=0.998)，Von Bertalanffy 模型对母鸡体质量的拟合度更高(R 2=1.000)。

【结论】本研究揭示了那米鸡的生长发育规律，表明运用Gompertz 和Von Bertalan-ffy 模型对那米鸡进行生长曲线的拟合与分析是可行的，可为那米鸡的饲养管理及选育利用提供依据。

关键词: 那米鸡；生长发育；生长曲线；拟合度中图分类号: S 831.4 文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1004–390X (2021) 02−0229−06Study on the Characteristics of the Early Growth andDevelopment of Nami ChickenHU Yu 1,2，DENG Jun 3，QIU Lihua 1，FAN Xinyang 1，HUANG Jing 1，WANG Rongping 2，MIAO Yongwang 1(1. Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;2. Department of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary medicine, Yunnan Agricultural College of Vocational Education, Kunming 650212, China; 3. Yunnan Animal Husbandry Station, Kunming 650224, China)Abstract: ［Purposes ］In order to study the growth and development characteristics of Nami chick-en.［Methods ］Three nonlinear curve model commonly used Gompertz, Logistic and Von Bertalan-ffy, were used to fit and analyze the weight of Nami chicken at the age of 0-210 days.［Results ］The cumulative growth curve of Nami chicken showed “S” shape, indicating that its growth and develop-ment was normal. This curve showed that the growth rate was slow before 60 days of age, and fast at the age of 60 to 120 days, and slowed down gradually after 120 days of age. Before 60 days old, the accumulative growth weight of cocks and hens was basically the same, and after 60 days old, the云南农业大学学报（自然科学），2021，36(2)：229−234Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University (Natural Science)E-mail:********************收稿日期：2019-07-13 修回日期：2020-11-13 网络首发时间：2021-03-10 17:10:04*基金项目：迪庆州科技局项目(KX141626)；国家自然科学基金项目(31760659)。

遗传学英语文献

遗传学英语文献Genetics has been a field of study that has captivated the minds of scientists and laypeople alike for centuries. The intricacies of the genetic code and its influence on the development and behavior of living organisms have been the subject of extensive research and literature. In the realm of English literature, the topic of genetics has been explored in various forms, from scientific treatises to fictional narratives.One of the seminal works in the field of genetics is Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species," published in 1859. This groundbreaking publication laid the foundation for the theory of evolution through natural selection, which has had a profound impact on our understanding of genetics and the diversity of life on Earth. Darwin's work not only presented his scientific findings but also engaged in a broader philosophical discourse on the implications of his theory, sparking debates and conversations that continue to this day.Another notable contribution to the literature on genetics is the work of Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar whose experiments with peaplants in the mid-19th century laid the groundwork for our understanding of heredity. Mendel's laws of inheritance, which describe the patterns of genetic inheritance, have become a cornerstone of modern genetics. While Mendel's work was not widely recognized during his lifetime, it has since been celebrated as a pivotal moment in the history of science.In the realm of fiction, genetics has been a recurring theme, often used as a tool to explore the ethical and social implications of scientific advancements. One such example is Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," published in 1932, which presents a dystopian future where human beings are genetically engineered and society is strictly controlled. Huxley's novel raises questions about the potential consequences of genetic manipulation and the impact it could have on individual autonomy and societal structures.Similarly, Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," published in 1818, can be interpreted as an exploration of the ethical boundaries of scientific experimentation, particularly in the realm of creating life. The story of Victor Frankenstein's creation of a sentient being, and the subsequent consequences of his actions, has become a classic in the science fiction genre and continues to be analyzed and discussed in the context of genetics and the limits of scientific inquiry.In more recent years, the field of genetics has been further exploredin popular fiction, such as Michael Crichton's "Jurassic Park," which explores the potential of genetic engineering to resurrect extinct species. This novel, and the subsequent film adaptations, have captured the public's imagination and sparked discussions about the ethical and practical implications of such advancements.Beyond fiction, the field of genetics has also been the subject of various scientific texts and scholarly works, which have helped to advance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that govern the development and function of living organisms. These works range from textbooks and research papers to more accessible popular science books, which aim to bridge the gap between the scientific community and the general public.One such example is James Watson and Francis Crick's "The Double Helix," a firsthand account of their groundbreaking discovery of the structure of DNA, which revolutionized our understanding of the genetic code. This book not only presents the scientific findings but also provides insights into the personalities and dynamics of the scientists involved in the research, offering a glimpse into the human side of scientific discovery.Another notable work in the field of genetics literature is "The Selfish Gene" by Richard Dawkins, published in 1976. This book presents a gene-centric view of evolution, which has had a significant impact onour understanding of the mechanisms of natural selection and the role of genetics in shaping the natural world. Dawkins' engaging writing style and thought-provoking ideas have made this book a classic in the field of evolutionary biology and genetics.In conclusion, the field of genetics has been the subject of a rich and diverse body of English literature, spanning from scientific treatisesto imaginative works of fiction. These literary contributions have not only advanced our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that govern living organisms but have also explored the ethical, social, and philosophical implications of our growing knowledge in this field. As the field of genetics continues to evolve, it is likely that we will see new and innovative perspectives emerge in the literature, further enriching our understanding of this captivating and ever-expanding area of study.。

发酵肉制品中的特征风味与微生物之间的关系研究进展

张鹏，赵金山，臧金红，等. 发酵肉制品中的特征风味与微生物之间的关系研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（2）：380−391. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030223ZHANG Peng, ZHAO Jinshan, ZANG Jinhong, et al. Progress of Research on the Relationship between Characteristic Flavor and Microorganisms in Fermented Meat Products[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(2): 380−391. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030223· 专题综述 ·发酵肉制品中的特征风味与微生物之间的关系研究进展张　鹏1,2，赵金山2,3, *，臧金红1,2, *，彭传涛1,2（1.青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院，山东青岛 266109；2.青岛特种食品研究院，山东青岛 266109；3.青岛农业大学动物科技学院，山东青岛 266109）摘　要：发酵肉制品是指在自然或者人工的控制条件下，以新鲜的肉类为原料，通过微生物或酶的发酵作用制成的一类产品。

发酵肉制品中特征风味物质种类繁多，其中主要有酯类、醛类、醇类、酸类以及游离氨基酸等。

由于消费者对发酵肉制品风味品质要求的提高，风味物质的控制已经成为提升发酵肉制品品质的关键指标之一。

发酵肉制品中的部分微生物特别是乳酸菌、酵母菌和葡萄球菌促进了肉制品中碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪的分解，从而促进发酵肉制品独特风味的形成。

本文详细介绍了国内外不同发酵肉制品中的主要风味物质、风味形成途径和检测方法，进一步归纳总结了能够产生这些风味物质的关键微生物以及产风味物质的微生物筛选方法，以期为后续发酵肉制品风味品质的提升提供参考。

Occurrence, Synthesis, and Mammalian

Occurrence,Synthesis,and Mammalian Cell Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Haloacetamides:An Emerging Class of Nitrogenous Drinking Water Disinfection ByproductsM I C H A E L J.P L E W A,*,†M A R K G.M U E L L N E R,†S U S A N D.R I C H A R D S O N,‡F R A N C E S C A F A S A N O,‡,⊥K A T H E R I N E M.B U E T T N E R,‡Y I N-T A K W O O,§ A.B R U C E M C K A G U E,|A N D E L I Z A B E T H D.W A G N E R†College of Agricultural,Consumer and Environmental Sciences,Department of Crop Sciences,University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign,1101West Peabody Drive,Urbana,Illinois61801,National Exposure Research Laboratory,U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Athens, Georgia30605,Risk Assessment Division,Ofﬁce of Pollution Prevention and Toxics,U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,DC20460,and CanSyn Chemical Corp.,200College Street,Toronto,Canada M5S3E5Received July16,2007.Revised manuscript received October 24,2007.Accepted October29,2007.The haloacetamides,a class of emerging nitrogenous drinking water disinfection byproduct(DBPs),were analyzed for their chronic cytotoxicity and for the induction of genomic DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells.The rank order for cytotoxicity of13haloacetamides was DIAcAm>IAcAm> BAcAm>TBAcAm>BIAcAm>DBCAcAm>CIAcAm> BDCAcAm>DBAcAm>BCAcAm>CAcAm>DCAcAm> TCAcAm.The rank order of their genotoxicity was TBAcAm >DIAcAm≈IAcAm>BAcAm>DBCAcAm>BIAcAm> BDCAcAm>CIAcAm>BCAcAm>DBAcAm>CAcAm> TCAcAm.DCAcAm was not genotoxic.Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were primarily determined by the leaving tendency of the halogens and followed the order I>Br>>Cl.With theexceptionofbrominatedtrihaloacetamides,mostofthetoxicity rank order was consistent with structure–activity relationship expectations.For di-and trihaloacetamides,the presence of at least one good leaving halogen group(I or Br but not Cl) appears to be critical for signiﬁcant toxic activity.Log P was not a factor for monohaloacetamides but may play a role in the genotoxicity of trihaloacetamides and possible activation of dihaloacetamides by intracellular GSH and-SH compounds.With the advent of the U.S.EPA Stage2DBP regulations, water utilities are considering the use of disinfectants that are alternativestochlorine.Theuseofthesealternativedisinfectants willshiftthedistributionofDBPchemicalclasses.Theemergence of new,highly toxic iodinated,nitrogenous DBPs,as illustrated by the discovery of bromoiodoacetamide as a new DBP, underscores the importance of comparative toxicity studies to assist in the overall goal of safer drinking water practice. IntroductionWhen a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/ or bromide/iodide in raw water,drinking water disinfection byproducts(DBPs)are unintentionally formed(1).Although the acute beneﬁts of drinking water disinfection are uni-versally acknowledged,there is concern about adverse health risks due to long-term DBP exposure(2,3).Epidemiology studies provide moderate evidence for DBP associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes(4–8);speciﬁc DBPs are mu-tagens,carcinogens,teratogens,or developmental toxicants (9–18).In2006,the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)promulgated the Stage2Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule(19).In order to comply with this Rule,a number of utilities are switching from chlorine to chloramine disinfection;this may increase nitrogenous disinfection byproducts(N-DBPs),such as acetamides.N-DBPs were cited as research priorities by the U.S.EPA(20,21)and in a recent review on the occurrence,toxicity,and research priorities on emerging DBPs(22).Acetamides have been identiﬁed as DBPs from drinking water treatment plants and from laboratory studies(23–26). Haloamides were recently quantiﬁed in a Nationwide Oc-currence Study of priority,unregulated DBPs(21).Chloro-, bromo-,dichloro-,dibromo-,and trichloroacetamide were found inﬁnished drinking water from several locations (maximum of14µg/L)from water treated with chlorine dioxide-chlorine-chloramines.As with the formation of haloacetonitriles(27),there is preliminary evidence that chloramination may increase their formation.Because nitriles can hydrolyze to form haloamides(28,29),it is possible that the haloamides are hydrolysis products of the corresponding haloacetonitriles,which are commonly found as DBPs.The analyzed haloacetamides and their abbreviations are listed in Table1.There is little information on the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of haloamides.These agents react with cellular protein thiols and are prototypical alkylating agents inducing a multitude of biological responses,including apoptosis and necrosis(30).IAcAm was a cocarcinogen in a mouse skin assay(31)and enhanced nitrosamide-induced tumors in rats(32,33).The objective of our research was to quantitatively analyze and compare the chronic cytotoxicity and the acute genomic DNA damaging capacity of13haloacetamides using in vitro mammalian cell assays extensively used in DBP research (27,34–38).In addition,we identiﬁed the occurrence of a new iodinated DBP,bromoiodoacetamide,in drinking water. Materials And MethodsReagents.General reagents were purchased from Fisher Scientiﬁc Co.(Itasca,IL)and Sigma Chemical Co.(St.Louis, MO).Media and fetal bovine serum(FBS)were purchased from Hyclone Laboratories(Logan,UT).The haloacetamides were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)and stored at -22°C in sterile glass vials.Sources and purities of thehaloacetamides are presented in Table1.*Corresponding author phone:(217)333-3614;e-mail mplewa@.†University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.‡National Exposure Research Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency.§Ofﬁce of Pollution Prevention and Toxics,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency.|CanSyn Chemical Corp.⊥Currently at the University of Torino,Torino,Italy10125.Environ.Sci.Technol.2008,42,955–96110.1021/es071754h CCC:$40.75 2008American Chemical Society VOL.42,NO.3,2008/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY9955 Published on Web12/12/2007Preparation of Haloacetamides.Eight haloacetamides were synthesized.DBAcAm was prepared from ethyl dibro-moacetate by reaction with ammonium hydroxide(39). BCAcAm was prepared from bromochloroacetic acid by conversion to the ethyl ester followed by reaction with ammonium hydroxide(39).BDCAcAm and DBCAcAm were prepared from the corresponding acids(40,41)by conversion to the methyl esters with BF3/MeOH followed by reaction with ammonium hydroxide(40).TBAcAm was prepared from the acid in a similar manner.BIAcAm was similarly prepared from bromoiodoacetic acid to give colorless material,mp 181–183°C.The purity of the product by gas chromatography (GC)usingﬂame ionization detection was85%and contained 7.5%each of DBAcAm and DIAcAm as impurities.CIAcAm was prepared from methyl chloroiodoacetate(42)and DIAcAm was prepared from diiodoacetic acid(43)via the methyl ester,by similar reaction with ammonium hydroxide.Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells.Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)cells,line AS52,clone11-4-8were used(44).We employed this cell line in previous DBP toxicity studies (27,34–38,45,46).The CHO cells were maintained in Ham’s F12medium containing5%FBS at37°C in a humidiﬁed atmosphere of5%CO2.CHO Cell Chronic Cytotoxicity Assay.This calibrated assay measures the reduction in cell density as a function of DBP concentration over a period of approximately3cell divisions(72h)(27,34–38,45,46).Detailed procedures with statistical analysis are presented in the Supporting Informa-tion.Within each experiment,10haloacetamide concentra-tions were analyzed with8replicate microplate wells for each concentration.Each experiment was repeated2–3×.Thus, the cytotoxicity of each concentration was evaluated with 16-24individual cell cultures.Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay.Single cell gel electrophoresis(SCGE)quantitatively measures genomic DNA damage induced in individual nuclei of treated cells (47).We employed this calibrated assay to determine the genotoxicity of DBPs(27,34–38,45,46).Detailed procedures and statistical analysis are presented in the Supporting Information.CHO cells were exposed to a haloacetamide for 4h at37°C,5%CO2.Each experiment consisted of a negative control,a positive control(3.8mM ethylmethanesulfonate), and9haloacetamide concentrations.The concentration range was determined by the acute cytotoxicity of the haloacetamide.In general,each concentration was evaluated with2microgels with25randomly chosen nuclei per microgel.The experiments were repeated a minimum of3×with6microgels per concentration.Drinking Water Analysis.Drinking water samples were collected from full-scale drinking water treatment plants in the United States that use chloramines for disinfection.One plant used chlorine for disinfection.Details regarding the drinking water treatment,concentration,and analysis can be found in the Supporting Information.GC/mass spec-trometry(MS)analyses with electron ionization(EI)were carried out on an Agilent6890GC interfaced to a Waters-Micromass Autospec II high resolution,double focusing mass spectrometer at1000resolution.Results and DiscussionIdentiﬁcation and Occurrence of a New Iodinated Aceta-mide.We identiﬁed BIAcAm as a DBP for theﬁrst time in drinking water from12treatment plants(of a total of23 analyzed)and located in6U.S.states.One plant used chlorine for disinfection;22plants used chloramination.These plants had source waters with relatively high natural bromide and iodide levels.Three of the plants had very small amounts of BIAcAm in their raw waters,at levels500×lower than the ﬁnished waters.The other9plants only had BIAcAm in their ﬁnished waters,and not in their corresponding raw waters. Using GC with selected ion monitoring-MS,we did not detect IAcAm,CIAcAm,or DIAcAm.The EI mass spectrum of BIAcAm is shown in Figure1. Selected ion monitoring of5key ions(m/z127,136,138,220, and263)was used to identify this compound in the drinking water extracts.A match of these ions with a match of the GC retention time was used to conﬁrm its presence.All haloa-mides measured expressed distinctive GC/MS chromato-graphic peak shapes(Figure1,Supporting Information).This distinctive“tailing”peak shape appears to be due to surface reactions of the haloamides in the EI ion source and provided further conﬁrmation of BIAcAm.All of the haloamides show a prominent peak at m/z44,which represents the amide group(Figure1).The presence of bromine and iodine is evident in the mass spectrum of BIAcAm,with1-bromine doublets present at m/z263/265,220/222,and136/138,and the presence of iodine at m/z127and loss of iodine at m/z 136/138.Chlorinated and brominated forms were measured in drinking water previously(21),but this is theﬁrst report of an iodinated amide.Naturally occurring bromide and iodide contribute to the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs(25,37,38,48–51).There is evidence that chlorami-nation increases the formation of iodinated DBPs(37,52,53). Therefore,while this is theﬁrst report of an iodinated amide DBP,it is not surprising that iodo-amides would form in source waters with high bromide/iodide and chloramine disinfection.As mentioned earlier,it is possible that BIAcAm and other haloamides are hydrolysis products of the cor-responding haloacetonitriles,which are commonly found as DBPs.The amides can undergo further hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids,but this reaction requires longer reaction times and higher temperatures than the initial conversion to the amide(29).TABLE1.Characteristics of the Haloacetamides Analyzed in This Studyhaloacetamide abbreviation CAS no.chemical formula MW a source and purity iodoacetamide IAcAm144–48–9C2H4INO184.96Sigma-Aldrich,>97% diiodoacetamide DIAcAm5875–23–0C2H3I2NO310.85CanSyn Chem Corp.,99% bromoiodoacetamide BIAcAm62872–36–0C2H3BrINO263.856CanSyn Chem Corp.,85%b chloroiodoacetamide CIAcAm62872–35–9C2H3ClINO219.405CanSyn Chem Corp.,>95% bromoacetamide BAcAm683–57–8C2H4BrNO137.96Sigma-Aldrich,98% dibromoacetamide DBAcAm598–70–9C2H3Br2NO216.86CanSyn Chem Corp.,>95% tribromoacetamide TBAcAm594–47–8C2H2Br3NO295.75CanSyn Chem Corp.,>95% bromochloroacetamide BCAcAm62872–34–8C2H3BrClNO172.41CanSyn Chem Corp.,95% dibromochloroacetamide DBCAcAm855878–13–6C2H2Br2ClNO251.305CanSyn Chem Corp.,>95% bromodichloroacetamide BDCAcAm98137–00–9C2H2BrCl2NO206.85CanSyn Chem Corp.,>95% chloroacetamide CAcAm79–07–2C2H4ClNO93.51Sigma-Aldrich,>95% dichloroacetamide DCAcAm683–72–7C2H3Cl2NO127.96Sigma-Aldrich,98% trichloroacetamide TCAcAm594–65–0C2H2Cl3NO162.40Sigma-Aldrich,99%a MW)molecular weight.b7.5%each of dibromoacetamide and diiodoacetamide as impurities.9569ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY/VOL.42,NO.3,2008CHO Cell Cytotoxicity.Data from individual experiments were normalized to the averaged percent of the concurrent negative control;these data were plotted as a concentra-tion–response curve (Figure 2).An ANOVA test was conducted with normalized data representing each microplate well.If a signiﬁcant F value of P e 0.05was obtained,a Holm -Sidak multiple comparison analysis was conducted.The power of the test statistic (1- )was maintained at g 0.8at R )0.05.The lowest concentration that induced a signiﬁcant cytotoxic response ranged from 25nM (DIAcAm)to 800µM (DCAcAm)(Table 2).Regression analysis was conducted on each concentration–response curve;the coefﬁcient of determi-nation (R 2)ranged from 0.95to 0.99.From these concen-tration–response curves,the %C½value was calculated (Table 2).The %C½value is the concentration that induced a cell density of 50%as compared to the concurrent negative control.The %C½values ranged from 678nM (DIAcAm)to 2.05mM (TCAcAm).The rank order for cytotoxicity of the 13haloacetamides based on their %C½values was DIAcAm>IAcAm >BAcAm >TBAcAm >BIAcAm >DBCAcAm >CIAcAm >BDCAcAm >DBAcAm >BCAcAm >CAcAm >DCAcAm >TCAcAm.CHO Cell Genotoxicity.Acute genomic DNA damage was measured as SCGE tail moment values.Acute cytotoxicity was determined with trypan blue vital dye;data were used within the range that contained g 70%viable cells (Table 2,Figure 3).The data were plotted,and regression analysis was used to ﬁt the curve;the coefﬁcient of determination (R 2)ranged from 0.97to 0.99.SCGE tail moment values are not normally distributed,thus the median tail moment value for each microgel was determined and averaged.Averaged median values express normal distributions according to the Central Limit theorem (54)and were used with an ANOVA test.If a signiﬁcant F value of P e 0.05was obtained,a Holm -Sidak multiple comparison analysis was conducted (1- g 0.8at R )0.05,Table 2).The lowest concentration that induced a signiﬁcant SCGE genotoxic response ranged from 25µM for DIAcAm,BIAcAm,BAcAm,andDBCAcAmFIGURE 1.EI mass spectrum ofbromoiodoacetamide.FIGURE parison of the CHO cell chronic cytotoxicity concentration–response curves of 13haloacetamides.VOL.42,NO.3,2008/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY9957to 5mM for TCAcAm.The SCGE genotoxic potency was calculated at the midpoint of the concentration–response curve,and ranged from 32.5µM for TBAcAm to 6.5mM for TCAcAm (Table 2).The rank order of genotoxic potency from most potent to least was TBAcAm >DIAcAm ≈IAcAm >BAcAm >DBCAcAm >BIAcAm >BDCAcAm >CIAcAm >BCAcAm >DBAcAm >CAcAm >TCAcAm.DCAcAm was not genotoxic (Table 2).Structure–Activity Relationships (SARs)and Factors Affecting the Toxicity of Haloacetamides.The haloaceta-mides have or may generate a number of electrophilic reactivities:(i)for monohaloacetamides,alkylation by the S N 2reaction,inducing the displacement of a halogen atomat the R carbon,(ii)for dihaloacetamides,the potential generation of highly reactive R -halothioether electrophilic intermediates by cellular glutathione GSH or -SH compounds,(iii)for trihaloacetamides,nucleophilic attack at the elec-trophilic carbonyl carbon to yield trihalomethyl carbanions,which in turn,may lead to trihalomethanes as well as electrophilic dihalocarbene intermediates.In addition to chemical reactivity,the capacity to cross cell membranes is an important factor for toxicity.The logarithm of the octanol–water partition coefﬁcient (log P)is a measure of lipophilicity which correlates with cell permeability.Log P increased with the degree of halogenation and with the sizeTABLE 2.Summary Comparison of the CHO Cell Chronic Cytotoxicity and Acute Genotoxicity of the Haloacetamideschemicallowest toxic conc.(M)a %C½Value (M)b R 2c lowest genotox.conc.(M)d genotox.potency (M)eR 2f iodoacetamide 5.00×10-7 1.42×10-60.98 3.00×10-5 3.41×10-50.99diiodoacetamide2.50×10-8 6.78×10-70.98 2.50×10-53.39×10-50.98bromoiodoacetamide 2.00×10-6 3.81×10-6g 0.98 2.50×10-57.21×10-5h 0.99chloroiodoacetamide 2.00×10-6 5.97×10-60.96 2.00×10-4 3.02×10-40.99bromoacetamide 0.50×10-6 1.89×10-60.99 2.50×10-5 3.68×10-50.99dibromoacetamide 2.50×10-6 1.22×10-50.99 5.00×10-47.44×10-40.99tribromoacetamide2.00×10-63.14×10-60.97 3.00×10-5 3.25×10-50.97bromochloroacetamide 1.00×10-6 1.71×10-50.984.00×10-45.83×10-40.99dibromochloroacetamide 1.00×10-6 4.75×10-60.96 2.50×10-56.94×10-50.98bromodichloroacetamide 2.00×10-68.68×10-60.987.50×10-5 1.46×10-40.99chloroacetamide 7.50×10-5 1.48×10-40.987.50×10-4 1.38×10-30.99dichloroacetamide8.00×10-4 1.92×10-30.95NANS >1×10-2NA trichloroacetamide5.00×10-42.05×10-30.965.00×10-36.54×10-30.98aLowest toxic concentration was the lowest concentration of the haloacetamide in the concentration–response curve that induced a signiﬁcant reduction in cell density as compared to the negative control.b The %C 1/2value is the concentration of the haloacetamide,determined from a regression analysis of the data,that induced a cell density of 50%as compared to the concurrent negative control.c R 2is the coefﬁcient of determination for the regression analysis upon which the %C 1/2value was calculated.d The lowest genotoxic concentration was the lowest concentration of the haloacetamide in the concentration–response curve that induced a signiﬁcant amount of genomic DNA damage as compared to the negative control.e The SCGE genotoxic potency is the haloacetamide concentration that was calculated,using regression analysis,at the midpoint of the curve within the concentration range that expressed above 70%cell viability of the treated cells.f R 2is the coefﬁcient of determination for the regression analysis upon which the genotoxic potency value was calculated.gThe calculated %C 1/2value for BIAcAm alone assuming an additive model for the DIAcAm and DBAcAm contaminants was 3.35×10-6M.h The calculated SCGE genotoxic potency value for BIAcAm alone assuming an additive model for the DIAcAm and DBAcAm contaminants was 1.62×10-5M.NA )not applicable;NS )not statistically signiﬁcant from the negativecontrol.FIGURE parison of the CHO cell acute genotoxicity concentration–response curves of 13haloacetamides.9589ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY /VOL.42,NO.3,2008of the halogen.Only the estimated log P values were used in the present study (Table 3).For the 13haloacetamides,CHO cell chronic cytotoxicity and acute genotoxicity were highly and signiﬁcantly cor-related (r )0.99;P <0.001).The rank order and relative activities follow:monohaloacetamides (cytotoxicity and genotoxicity),I >Br >>Cl;dihaloacetamides (cytotoxicity),I 2>IBr >ICl >Br 2>BrCl >>Cl 2,and (genotoxicity),I 2>IBr >ICl >BrCl >Br 2;Cl 2was inactive;trihaloacetamides (cytotoxicity and genotoxicity)Br 3>Br 2Cl >BrCl 2>>Cl 3.The rank order and relative activity of the monohaloac-etamides are related to their S N 2reactivity.Owing to increasing bond length and decreasing dissociation energy,the leaving tendency of the halogen in alkyl halides followed the order I >Br >>Cl.The S N 2reactivity of an alkyl iodide was 3–5×greater than alkyl bromide,which was 50×greater than alkyl chloride (37,55).The cytotoxicity of IAcAm was 1.3×greater than BAcAm,which was 78×greater than CAcAm.IAcAm was more genotoxic than BAcAm,which was 38×more potent than CAcAm.Log P does not play a major role;the small difference in the log P of BAcAm vs CAcAm cannot account for the large difference in relative activity.Consistent with the relative leaving tendencies of the halogen,dihaloacetamides containing the most iodo group(s)expressed the greatest combined cyto-and genotoxicity indices,followed by bromo group(s)and chloro group(s)(Table 3).DCAcAm was weakly cytotoxic and was not genotoxic.These results are difﬁcult to explain by S N 2reactivity alone but may involve the activation of dihaloac-etamides by intracellular GSH or -SH compounds,which displace one halogen and form highly reactive R -halothio-ether electrophilic intermediates.The key element of this reaction is the presence of at least one halogen with good leaving tendency.With GSH-mediated activation,the weak activity of DCAcAm and similar combined toxicity indices between DBAcAm vs BCAcAm may be expected (Table 3).The estimated log P values followed the order I 2>IBr >ICl >Br 2>BrCl >Cl 2.This relative order is identical to their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.Log P may play a more important role in the activity of dihaloacetamides by affecting cellular uptake.The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of trihaloacetamides decreased with a decrease in the number of bromo groups.The cytotoxicity of TCAcAm was lower than TBAcAm by almost 3orders of magnitude;this conﬁrmed results in human leukemia P388cells (56).Only one bromo group was required for potent cytotoxicity;the %C 1/2values of TBAcAm,DBCAcAm,and BDCAcAm were within the same order of magnitude.In contrast,the decrease in genotoxic potency with a decrease in the number of bromo groups was more gradual (Table 2).The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of trihaloacetamides could be partially explained by electro-philic reactivity at the carbonyl carbon as well as the possible release of electrophilic dihalocarbene intermediates (see discussion above).Alternatively,it is possible that reductive dehalogenation may yield cytotoxic free radicals;this pathway and the metabolic competency of the CHO cells have only been partially deﬁned (57).Glutathione S-transferase theta 1-1(GST T1-1)catalyzes preferential activation of brominated trihalomethanes to genotoxic intermediates (58,59);the possible role of GST T1-1in the activation of trihaloaceta-mides in CHO cells remains to be explored.Comparison of the Toxicity of Haloacetamides to Other DBP Classes.We compared the mammalian cell cytotoxic potencies,and genotoxic potencies between the haloaceta-mides and other DBP chemical classes,by calculating the CHO cell chronic cytotoxicity and acute genotoxicity indices (Figure 4).The cytotoxicity index was determined by calculating the median %C 1/2value of all of the individual members of a single class of DBPs.The reciprocal was taken of this number so that a larger value was equated with that of higher cytotoxic potency.The genotoxicity index was determined by calculating the median SCGE genotoxicity potency value from the individual members within a single class of DBPs.The reciprocal was taken of this number so that a larger value was equated with that of higher geno-toxicity.As a class,the haloacetamides were 99×more cytotoxic than 13haloacetic acids (60),142×more cytotoxic than the 5regulated haloacetic acids (35),2×more cytotoxic than the haloacetonitriles (27),and 1.4×more cytotoxic than the halonitromethanes (36).The haloacetamides were 19×more genotoxic than 13haloacetic acids (60),12×more genotoxic than the 5regulated haloacetic acids (35),and 2.2×more genotoxic than the halonitromethanes (36).The haloacetamides were slightly less genotoxic (0.9×)than the haloacetonitriles (27).With the enforcement of the U.S.EPA Stage 2DBP regulations,water utilities are considering the use of dis-infectants that are alternatives to chlorine.The use of these alternative disinfectants will shift the distribution of DBPTABLE 3.Estimated and Measured log P and Combined Toxicity Values of the Haloacetamides Studiedcompoundestimated log P a measured log P combined toxicity value bmonohaloacetamides iodoacetamide -0.08-0.19c ;-0.15d 5.63×104bromoacetamide -0.49-0.52c ,d 5.17×104chloroacetamide -0.58-0.53c ;-0.59d1.31×103dihaloacetamides diiodoacetamide 0.92 5.78×104dibromoacetamide 0.090.18d2.64×103dichloroacetamide -0.090.19c ;-0.03d 1.68×102bromoiodoacetamide 0.50 1.02×105e chloroiodoacetamide 0.41 6.49×103bromochloroacetamide 0.003.33×103trihaloacetamides tribromoacetamide1.10 5.61×104dibromochloroacetamide 1.012.70×104bromodichloroacetamide 0.92 1.29×104trichloroacetamide0.83 1.04c ;0.79d2.33×102aCalculated using the KOWWIN program (version 1.67)developed by U.S.EPA using the atom/fragment approach(program available at /oppt/newchems/pubs/sustainablefutures.htm).b The Combined Toxicity Index is the reciprocal of the averaged %C 1/2and the SCGE genotoxic potency values.A larger Toxicity Index value indicates greater overall toxicity.c Based on data compiled by (62).d Based on data compiled by (63).e Calculation based on the estimated BIAcAm values alone.VOL.42,NO.3,2008/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY9959chemical classes (21,37,61).The emergence of new,highly toxic iodinated,nitrogenous DBPs,such as BIAcAm,under-scores the importance of comparative toxicity studies to assist in the overall goal of safer drinking water practice.AcknowledgmentsThis paper is dedicated to Professor Saburo Matsui in celebra-tion of his service to and retirement from Kyoto University and to recognize his outstanding contributions in environmental chemistry and engineering.We thank Gene Crumley for assistance with drinking water extractions and MS analyses,Ed Sverko of Environment Canada for providing an analysis using aninertsource,andFredMengerofEmoryUniversityforhelpful discussions.We are especially grateful to Prof.Marco Vincenti of the University of Torino (Italy)for his support of F.F.and promoting her collaboration with EPA-Athens on this study.This research was funded in part by AwwaRF Grant 3089,U.S.EPA Cooperative Agreement CR83069501,and Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant R/WF-09-06(M.J.P.and E.D.W.).M.M.was supported by T32ES07326(NIEHS).We appreciate the support by the Center of Advanced Materials for the Puriﬁcation of Water with Systems,a National Science Foundation Science and Technol-ogy Center,under Award CTS-0120978.This paper has been reviewed in accordance with the U.S.EPA’s peer and admin-istrative review policies and approved for publication.Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S.EPA.Note Added after ASAP PublicationThis paper was published ASAP December 12,2007with an errorintheﬁrstparagraphoftheResultsandDiscussionsection;the corrected version published ASAP December 27,2007.Supporting Information AvailableDetailed information on the sampling,extraction and concentration of drinking water;the subsequent GC/MS analysis;and the 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木犀草素预防高脂介导的小鼠胸主动脉血管内皮依赖性舒张功能损害

Ｌｔｏｌｒｖｎｓ廿ＩｐｉｄｏＭｉｅＡｏｔｕｅｉｎＰｅｅｔ埒ｍａｒｅｆｃｒａＥｎｉｔｅｌｍＤｅｅｄｎＶｓｅａａｉｎＩｄｃｄｂｉｈＦｔｅｃｈｌｏｕｐｎｅｔａｏｒｌｘｔｏｎｕｅｙＨｇａＤｉｔ
压水平显著高于ｊ常饮食对照组及高脂饮食＋犀草索组，Ｐ＜Ｏ０。② 长期商脂膳食损害小鼠胸主动脉的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能，Ｐ．；而ｌ木．５＜０５０木犀草素预防性膳食干预可防Ｉ血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的损害 ③ 木犀革素孵茸可改善高脂小鼠胸主动脉的内皮依赖性舒张功能，陔作用可被但ＰＡＲＹ的特异性阻断剂ＧＷ９６Ｐ６２阻断。结论木犀草索可预防高脂膳食介导的小鼠胸主动脉血管内皮功能损害，该作用可能与激活ＰＡＲＹ关。Ｐ有
文章编号：１７・７９（０１２・１６０６２２７２１）－２０４－３关键词：木犀草素；高脂膳食；血管内皮依赖性舒张功能；ＰＡＰＲＹｄｉ１．６／ｉｎ１７－７９０１２１３ｏ：０３９．ｓ．６２２７．１．．９ｊｓ２２０
Ｍｅｈｄ３ｃｅｅｄｖｄｄｉｏｔｅｒｕｓｔｅｎｒｌｈｗｇｏｐ（ｏｍｉｅ，ｈｉｔｉｒｕ】ｃ）ｔｅｈｇａｄｅ＋％Ｌｔｌｔｏｓ０ｍｉｗｒｉｉｅｔｒｅｇｏｐ，ｈｏｍａｃｏｒｕ１ｃ）ｔｅｈｈｆｅｇｏｐ（Ｏｍｉ，ｈｉｆｔｉｔ２ｕｅｉｅｎｈｇａｄｔｅｈｏｎ

在颞叶癫痫大鼠模型中海马组织中即早基因c—fos的表达

在颞叶癫痫大鼠模型中海马组织中即早基因c—fos的表达该文主要综述现公认的颞叶癫痫模型（氯化锂-匹罗卡品大鼠模型），围绕选择该模型的依据进行分析，对该模型中大鼠的海马及脑脊液组织中即早基因的表达的研究分别分析，对颞叶癫痫的发病机制的探讨，以期指导癫痫的临床治疗。

标签：颞叶癫痫；海马；即早基因据国际抗癫痫联盟统计，癫痫的患病率高达23～190人/10 万，已成为最常见的神经科疾病之一[1]。

尽管随着抗癫痫药物不断更新，治疗方案不断规范，但仍有约30% 的患者接受抗癫痫治疗后痫性发作仍不能得到有效控制。

局灶性癫痫中颞叶癫痫最为常见，近五年研究显示，在新发的癫痫患者中，1/4～1/3左右为颞叶癫痫[2]。

研究氯化锂-匹罗卡品大鼠模型所致的癫痫持续状态所致的颞叶癫痫模型中即早基因的表达以期研究颞叶癫痫的发病机制，其研究现状与进展如下。

1 氯化锂-匹罗卡品致颞叶癫痫大鼠模型的建立早在1983 年Honchar等研究人员在Science 杂志上第一次发表了匹罗卡品大鼠模型，此模型可致痫鼠诱导自发性痫性发作，损伤海马结构中易损区，该鼠致痫模型被公认为是和人类的颞叶癫痫有着相近的特征。

该模型让匹罗卡品不良反应作用所导致的高死亡率得到下降，也提高了癫痫持续状态诱发率，是目前国外较普便使用的一种癫痫模型[3]。

苏曼[4]等实验验证锂-匹罗卡品颞叶癫痫模型建模成功后按照Racine分级和人类的颞叶癫痫具有相近行为学方面的特点，诱发快，发作时容易辨别，具有明确的分期，机体死亡率较低、致痫率较高、操作简单可控而且不会破坏正常的人脑组织结构，是一种较好研究人类癫痫病理学、神经学等多科学的方法。

2 致颞叶癫痫大鼠模型的脑电图在神经电生理领域，研究致颞叶癫痫大鼠模型急性期记录到致癫痫组SD大鼠在海马区爆发长程中出现的棘活动、尖活动及不规则的尖慢复合活动，较背景脑电活动明显突出，与人类癫痫全性发作时脑电图改变一致[4]。

3 致颞叶癫痫大鼠模型的病理学表现人类癫痫的脑部病理学改变表现为海马萎缩、硬化，包括胶质增生和神经元减少，以CA1区和齿状回区域最为明显[5]。

反复力竭游泳应激对大鼠海马结构神经元型一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

药宏亮
ＹＡＯｏｇｉｎｇＨｎｌａ
摘要：为探讨海马结构（马和齿状回）经元型一氧化氮合酶（Ｎ）运动疲劳应激的关系，察海神ｎＯＳ与观反复力竭游泳所引起的疲劳应激对大鼠海马结构ｎＳ表达的影响。经４周力竭游泳训练制成大鼠运ＮＯ动疲劳应激模型，免疫组织化学方法显示海马和齿状回ｎ用ＮＯＳ阳性神经元，图像处理半定量方法对用该神经元的数量、面积和灰度进行测量和分析。结果显示：激实验组大鼠海马和齿状回ｎＯＳ免疫阳应Ｎ性神经元数量、积和灰度均明显大于对照组（Ｏ０，面Ｐ＜．５Ｐ＜００，＜００１。运动疲劳应激可使大鼠．１Ｐ．０）海马结构神经元ｎＯＮＳ上调，该神经元参与运动疲劳应激的形成，其机理可能与海马对情绪记忆和齿状回对应激反应的心理行为调节以及ＮＯ的神经毒性有关。关键词：劳；激；马结构；经元型一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯ）大鼠疲应海神ｎＳ；中图分类号：Ｇ８４４文章编号：０９７３２１）４０９４文献标志码：Ａ０．１０ —８Ｘ（ＯＯ０ —０３０
ｒｔ’ｅｅｃｓ－ｎｕｅａｉｕｔｅｓｍｏｅｓｍａｅＡｔｒｓ，ｈＮＯＳｐｓｔｅｎｕｏｓｉｉｐｅｍｐｓａｓｘｒｉｅｉｄｃｄｆｔｅｓｒｓｄｌｇｗａｄ．ｅｔｔｅｎｏｉｉｅｒｎｈｐｏａｕｖｎ

益生菌对阿尔茨海默病作用的研究进展

益生菌对阿尔茨海默病作用的研究进展发布时间：2021-12-14T06:08:15.523Z 来源：《中国结合医学杂志》2021年12期作者：宋鑫萍1,2，李盛钰2，金清1[导读] 阿尔茨海默病已成为威胁全球老年人生命健康的主要疾病之一，患者数量逐年攀升，其护理的经济成本高，给全球经济造成重大挑战。

近年来研究显示，益生菌在适量使用时作为有益于宿主健康的微生物，在防治阿尔茨海默病方面具有积极影响，其作用机制可能通过调节肠道菌群，影响神经免疫系统，调控神经活性物质以及代谢产物，通过肠-脑轴影响该病发生和发展。

宋鑫萍1,2，李盛钰2，金清11.延边大学农学院，吉林延吉 1330022.吉林省农业科学院农产品加工研究所，吉林长春 130033摘要：阿尔茨海默病已成为威胁全球老年人生命健康的主要疾病之一，患者数量逐年攀升，其护理的经济成本高，给全球经济造成重大挑战。

本文综述了近几年来国内外益生菌对阿尔茨海默病的作用进展，以及其预防和治疗阿尔茨海默病的潜在作用机制。

关键词：益生菌；阿尔茨海默病；肠道菌群；机制Recent Progress in Research on Probiotics Effect on Alzheimer’s DiseaseSONG Xinping1,2，LI Shengyu2，JI Qing1*(1.College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002，China)(2.Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chanchun 130033, China)Abstract：Alzheimer’s disease has become one of the major diseases threatening the life and health of the global elderly. The number of patients is increasing year by year, and the economic cost of nursing is high, which poses a major challenge to the global economy. In recent years, studies have shown that probiotics, as microorganisms beneficial to the health of the host, have a positive impact on the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Its mechanism may be through regulating intestinal flora, affecting the nervous immune system, regulating the neuroactive substances and metabolites, and affecting the occurrence and development of the disease through thegut- brain axis. This paper reviews the progress of probiotics on Alzheimer’s disease at home and abroad in recent years, as well as its potential mechanism of prevention and treatment.Key words：probiotics; Alzheimer’s disease; gut microbiota; mechanism阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease, AD），系中枢神经系统退行性疾病，属于老年期痴呆常见类型，临床特征主要包括：记忆力减退、认知功能障碍、行为改变、焦虑和抑郁等。

类风湿关节炎动物模型研究进展

类风湿关节炎动物模型研究进展类风湿关节炎（RA）是一种慢性的自身免疫性疾病，主要表现为关节的慢性炎症和破坏。

该疾病会导致患者出现疼痛、肿胀、僵硬和功能障碍等症状，严重影响患者的生活质量。

研究RA的动物模型对于深入了解该疾病的发病机制，寻找新的治疗方法和药物具有重要的意义。

目前，已经有一些关于RA动物模型的研究进展，本文将对此进行综述。

一、类风湿关节炎动物模型的建立1. 胶原诱导的关节炎模型（CIA）CIA是目前最为常用的RA动物模型之一。

它是通过给小鼠或大鼠注射胶原类似物或自身抗原，来诱导慢性的自身免疫性关节炎。

CIA模型具有类似人类RA的病理生理学特征，包括关节炎的炎症、软骨和骨骼的破坏，以及滑膜的增生等。

CIA模型被广泛应用于RA的研究中。

1. 发病机制的研究利用RA动物模型，研究人员可以深入了解该疾病的发病机制。

通过观察和分析动物模型中关节炎的病理生理学特征，可以揭示出RA发病过程中的关键因素和信号通路，为寻找新的治疗靶点和药物提供重要的依据。

一些研究发现，通过干扰炎症因子和细胞因子的信号通路，可以有效减轻动物模型的关节炎症状，这为开发新的治疗RA的药物奠定了基础。

2. 新治疗方法和药物的筛选RA动物模型也被广泛应用于新治疗方法和药物的筛选。

研究人员可以利用动物模型模拟人类RA的发病过程，评估新的治疗方法和药物的疗效和安全性。

通过在动物模型中进行临床前研究，可以大大加快新药物的研发进程，为临床治疗RA提供更多的选择。

3. 免疫调节治疗的研究免疫调节治疗是目前RA治疗的一个热点研究方向。

通过调节患者的自身免疫反应，达到减轻关节炎症状的目的。

RA动物模型的研究为免疫调节治疗提供了重要的实验平台，一些新的免疫调节治疗方法在动物模型中取得了一定的成功，为将来临床治疗RA提供了新的方向。

三、总结与展望RA动物模型的研究是目前RA领域的一个重要研究方向。

通过建立不同类型的动物模型，研究人员可以更加深入地了解该疾病的发病机制，寻找新的治疗方法和药物。

不同畜禽粪对蚯蚓生长、繁殖及其理化性质的影响

宁夏农林科技，Ningxia Journal of Agri.and Fores.Sci.&Tech.2023，64（04）：39-44基金项目：本项目获宁夏优秀人才支持计划资助。

作者简介：李昱（1991—），女，宁夏固原人，硕士研究生，农艺师，主要从事农业技术推广与农民培训工作。

收稿日期：2021-12-09修回日期：2022-01-11近年来，随着人民生活水平提升，消费者对肉、蛋、奶的需求量增加，各地畜牧养殖产业快速发展。

在畜禽养殖过程中会产生大量畜禽粪便，处理不当将会对土壤、大气和水体造成严重危害[1-2]。

此外，农业生产中产生大量的作物秸秆[3]，作物秸秆没有得到及时有效的处理会导致环境污染、病虫害传播。

蚯蚓为环节动物门寡毛纲动物，具有很强的分解有机质的能力，可将有机质转化为供自身或微生物利用的营养物质[4]。

转化的蚯蚓粪含有氮、磷、锌等大量元素，以及微量元素和18种氨基酸等活性物质，具有颗粒均匀、干净卫生、无异味、吸水、保水、透气性强等物理特性[5]。

因此，利用蚯蚓生物技术可以循环利用农业废弃物。

试验以畜禽粪肥和不同作物秸秆为材料，研究不同畜禽粪肥、不同不同畜禽粪对蚯蚓生长、繁殖及其理化性质的影响李昱，王雪宁夏中卫市农业技术推广与培训中心，宁夏中卫755000摘要：设置3个单项试验，研究不同畜禽粪与作物秸秆物料对蚯蚓生长繁殖、粪肥腐熟及其理化性质的影响。

结果表明，牛粪、羊粪与作物秸秆混合物料适宜养殖蚯蚓。

其中：牛粪1.26m 3+玉米秸秆1.26m 3（1∶1）、牛粪1.76m 3+玉米秸秆0.76m 3（7∶3）、牛粪1.56m 3+玉米秸秆1.01m 3（6∶4）、羊粪1.26m 3+玉米秸秆1.26m 3（1∶1）、羊粪1.26m 3+稻草秸秆1.26m 3（1∶1）混合物料养殖蚯蚓，蚯蚓生长、繁殖较快，粪肥腐熟时间短、有害菌较少，蚯蚓粪理化性质较好、产量较高。

猪粪和鸡粪不适宜养殖蚯蚓：猪粪1.26m 3+玉米秸秆1.26m 3（1∶1）、鸡粪1.26m 3+玉米秸秆1.26m 3（1∶1）养殖蚯蚓，粪肥腐熟时间长，堆肥过程中释放有毒气体较多，蚯蚓粪理化性质较差，蚯蚓生长繁殖较慢。

基于线粒体COI基因序列的文蛤属(软体动物门:帘蛤科)系统发育关系

基于线粒体COI基因序列的文蛤属(软体动物门：帘蛤科)系统发育关系陈爱辉;李朝霞;封功能【期刊名称】《动物学研究》【年(卷),期】2009(030)003【摘要】测定了4种文蛤属贝类的15个个体的COI基因序列,并从GenBank下载了短文蛤(M petechialis)的相应序列.比对后的序列长度为574bp,包括93个简约信息位点,A、T、C和G的平均含量分别为21.15%、44.71%、14.05%和20.09%.通过对序列的分析,共定义了12个单倍型:文蛤(M.meretrix)4个,斧文蛤(marckii)2个,丽文蛤(M.lusoria)3个,琴文蛤(M.lyrata)1个,短文蛤2个.以青蛤(cylina sinensis)为外群,用MP法和贝叶斯法构建系统树.结果显示,短文蛤、丽文蛤和文蛤为亲缘关系较近的物种,支持短文蛤和丽文蛤为文蛤的同物异名的观点.%Fifteen sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene(COI)were determined for 4 species of the genus Meretrix,with the homologous sequences of M.petechialis obtained from the GenBank data library.The alignment length of the sequences was574bp after excluding ambiguous sites,including 93 parsimony informative sites.In the fragments,the percentages of A,T,C and G were21.15%,44.71%,14.05%and 20.09%respectively.There were 12 haplotypes identified:4 M.meretrix,2 marckii,3 M.lusoria,1 M.lyrata and 2M.petechialis.Furthermore,it was revealed that M.meretrix.M.petechialis and M.lusoria shared some haplotypes.Phylogeny trees were reconstructedby Maximum-parsimony(MP)and Bayesian method using Cylina sinensis as the outgroup.Our results indicated that M.lusoria.M.petechialis andM.meretrix are closely related species.This is in accordance with the viewpoint that M.petechialis and M.lusoria should be treated as ajunior synonym of M.meretrix.【总页数】7页(P233-239)【作者】陈爱辉;李朝霞;封功能【作者单位】江苏省滩涂生物资源与环境保护重点建设实验室,江苏,盐城,224002;盐城工学院,化学与生物工程学院,江苏,盐城,224003;盐城工学院,化学与生物工程学院,江苏,盐城,224003;盐城工学院,化学与生物工程学院,江苏,盐城,224003【正文语种】中文【中图分类】Q349.5;Q959.215【相关文献】1.基于线粒体16S rRNA与COI基因序列的刻肋海胆属系统发育研究 [J], 曾晓起;张文峰;高天翔2.6种帘蛤科贝类及4个地理种群文蛤线粒体COI基因片段序列分析 [J], 程汉良;夏德全;吴婷婷;孟学平;吉红九;董志国;陈淑吟3.基于线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I基因序列的帘蛤科贝类分子系统发育研究[J], 程汉良;彭永兴;董志国;易乐飞;孟学平;申欣;周旻纯;陈冬勤4.基于线粒体16S rRNA和COI基因序列探讨对虾属(Penaeus)物种系统发生关系[J], 刘帅;李墨非;叶嘉;王亚;王春琳5.基于线粒体COI与16S rRNA基因序列探讨贻贝属的系统发育 [J], 毛阳丽;蔡厚才;李成久;高天翔因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

TREM2在阿尔茨海默病发病进程中双重作用的研究进展

一直以来ＴＲＥＭ２基因与ＡＤ的关联性保护作用已经被广泛接受并成为ＡＤ治疗新靶点的研究热点，但是最新的研究对其具体的影响作用是利是弊出现了争议。现从ＴＲＥＭ２的研究背景，与ＡＤ的具体调控机制及研究进展做一综述。
一、ＴＲＥＭ２的表达和信号转导ＴＲＥＭ２基因位于人的６号染色体，小鼠的２１号染色体上［４］，５个外显子共同编码一个跨膜糖蛋白受体［５］。ＴＲＥＭ２表达于体内各种组织的巨噬细胞，如中枢神经系统的小胶质细胞，骨髓的破骨细胞以及腹膜、肺泡和肠道巨噬细胞，还可存在于人工培养的骨髓来源的巨噬细胞和单核细胞来源的树突状细胞［６］。其体外表达通过巨噬细胞集落刺激因子１（ＣＳＦ１），粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子２（ＣＳＦ２）和白细胞介素４（ＩＬ４）诱导，并可通过Ｔｏｌｌ样受体（ＴＬＲ）抑制其表达。ＴＲＥＭ２在小鼠巨噬细胞中的转录由类视黄醇Ｘ受体（ＲＸＲｓ）调节，因此，用ＲＸＲ激动剂贝沙罗汀治疗小鼠可增加ＡＤ小鼠模型中ＴＲＥＭ２ｍＲＮＡ在脑皮质中表达［７］。ＴＲＥＭ２是属于ＴＲＥＭ蛋白家族的跨膜受体，该受体是一种可糖基化的单通道Ｉ型膜糖蛋白，由细胞外免疫球蛋白结构域，跨膜结构域和胞质尾区组成［８］。ＴＲＥＭ２的胞外区包含单个免疫球蛋白超家族结构域和聚合阴离子配体，如细菌脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）和磷脂［９］。在与配体结合后，ＴＲＥＭ２通过适配器ＤＡＰ１２（ＤＮＡＸａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｏｆ１２ｋＤ，ＤＡ卷第４期
（ＩＰ３）和二酰甘油（ＤＡＧ）），淋巴细胞胞质蛋白２（ＬＣＰ２，也称为ＳＬＰ７６），原癌基因变体（ＶＡＶ１），生长因子受体结合蛋白２（ＧＲＢ２），ＳＹＫ还激活磷酸肌醇３激酶（ＰＩ３Ｋ）ＡＫＴ途径以及负调节ＴＲＥＭ２途径的Ｅ３泛素蛋白连接酶。最终，这些途径导致Ｃａ２＋动员，激活蛋白激酶Ｃθ（ＰＫＣθ），激活ＲＡＳＥＲＫ途径和肌动蛋白重塑。ＴＲＥＭ２还可通过与ＤＡＰ１０相结合而传递信号，ＤＡＰ１０招募和激活ＰＩ３Ｋ。ＴＲＥＭ２可以被解离素和金属蛋白酶结构域蛋白１０（ＡＤＡＭ１０）和 γ分泌酶从细胞表面切割，从而释放可溶性ＴＲＥＭ２（ｓＴＲＥＭ２）［１，１０～１３］（图１）。

甘蔗二点螟性信息素地理变异假说

甘蔗二点螟性信息素地理变异假说胡玉伟;管楚雄;林明江;李继虎;温莉茵【摘要】甘蔗二点螟是严重为害我国甘蔗的钻蛀性害虫,化学防治效果不佳且污染环境.其性信息素防治技术早已开始,然而多年田间实验发现其在不同生态型蔗区活性差异很大,可能存在地理变异.本项目提出理论假说,认为二点螟性信息素可能因地理隔离存在组分或含量的地理变异,并给出该假说的理论依据,便于地理变异机制等实验的开展和实施,丰富此类昆虫的化学生态学理论.%Chilo infuscatellus is a very important pest in the sugarcane and it is not working to control it by pesticides.Researchers have paid close attention to the application of its sex pheromone.However,the effects of sex pheromone were found different in populations,which delayed the application of sex pheromone in field.One hypothesis is that there may be variation in composition of sex pheromone because of geographic isolation.This paper give the theory basis of this hypothesis to conduct the next experiment and to enrich the study of chemical biology of this species.【期刊名称】《甘蔗糖业》【年(卷),期】2013(000)003【总页数】4页(P15-18)【关键词】二点螟;信息素;变异【作者】胡玉伟;管楚雄;林明江;李继虎;温莉茵【作者单位】广州甘蔗糖业研究所广东省甘蔗改良与生物炼制重点实验室,广东广州510316;广州甘蔗糖业研究所广东省甘蔗改良与生物炼制重点实验室,广东广州510316;广州甘蔗糖业研究所广东省甘蔗改良与生物炼制重点实验室,广东广州510316;广州甘蔗糖业研究所广东省甘蔗改良与生物炼制重点实验室,广东广州510316;广州甘蔗糖业研究所广东省甘蔗改良与生物炼制重点实验室,广东广州510316【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S566.11 理论假说的提出及研究意义过度使用化学杀虫剂控制农业害虫，极大地影响着我国农业生产安全、农产品质量安全、农业生态安全和农业贸易安全。

野慈姑和矮慈姑种间花粉传递与生殖

收稿日期: ２０２２￣０７￣１６ꎬ 修回日期: ２０２２￣０８￣２０ꎮ
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(３１９７０２５０) ꎮ
ＴｈｉｓｗｏｒｋｗａｓｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄｂｙａｇｒａｎｔｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＮａｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＦｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈｉｎａ (３１９７０２５０) .
ｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｄｕｅｔｏｓｉｍｉｌａｒｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ. Ｆｒｕｉｔｓｃａｎｂｅｆｏｒｍｅｄｉｎ
ｈａｎｄ￣ｐｏｌｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎｈｙｂｒｉｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｏｆＳａｇｉｔｔａｒｉａｔｒｉｆｏｌｉａＬ. ａｎｄＳ. ｐｙｇｍａｅａＬ.ꎬ ｂｕｔｔｈｅ
植物科学学报２０２２ꎬ ４０(６) : ７６２ ~７７０
ｈｔｔｐ: // ｗｗｗ.ｐｌａｎｔｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ.ｃｎ
ＰｌａｎｔＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌ
ＤＯＩ:１０１１９１３ / ＰＳＪ２０９５－０８３７２０２２６０７６２
唐莎莎ꎬ 费采虹ꎬ 杨聪ꎬ 尚书禾ꎬ 熊浩镧ꎬ 王欣怡ꎬ 汪小凡. 野慈姑和矮慈姑种间花粉传递与生殖干扰不对称性[ Ｊ] . 植物科学学报ꎬ ２０２２ꎬ ４０
缘本地物种对可能为同域分布ꎬ 并占据相同的栖息
地
[９]
ꎮ 作为进化生态学研究关注的重要科学问题ꎬ
同域分布的近缘物种之间生殖干扰的式样和机制有
待深入研究ꎬ 以拓展对于物种间相互作用与共存机
制间关系的理解ꎮ
递在植物群落中普遍存在
优势ꎬ 但异种花粉管也能在雌蕊群中生长并进入胚
珠 [２５] ꎮ 前期研究发现ꎬ 二者种间杂交能形成膨大

a2 Adrenoceptor act ion on cell proliferation and mammary tumour growth in mice 2008

RESEARCH PAPERa 2-Adrenoceptor action on cell proliferation and mammary tumour growth in miceA Bruzzone,C Pe´rez Pin ˜ero,LF Castillo,MG Sarappa,P Rojas,C Lanari and IA Lu ¨thy Hormones and Cancer Laboratory,Instituto de Biologı´a y Medicina Experimental CONICET,Buenos Aires,Argentina Background and purpose:Breast cancer,the most common cancer in women in most countries,is a highly stressful disease.Catecholamines released during stress bind to adrenoceptors and we have recently described a 2-adrenoceptors in human breast cell lines,linked to enhanced cell proliferation.The purpose was to assess the in vivo effects of compounds acting on a 2-adrenoceptors in a reliable model of breast cancer.Experimental approach:The expression of a 2-adrenoceptors was confirmed by immunocytochemistry,immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-PCR in the mouse mammary tumour cell line MC4-L5.Proliferation was assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation and tumours were measured daily.Apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP digoxigenin nick-end labelling.Key results:Incubation for 2days with a 2-adrenoceptor agonists (clonidine and dexmedetomidine)significantly enhanced proliferation of the mouse mammary tumour cell line MC4-L5.These agonists also significantly stimulated tumour growth of the progestin-dependent tumour C4-HD even in the presence of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA).In every tumour tested (C4-HD,CC4-2-HD and CC4-3-HI),regardless of MPA sensitivity,clonidine significantly enhanced tumour growth in the absence of MPA.The a 2-adrenoceptor antagonists,yohimbine and rauwolscine,completely reversed the effects of clonidine.However,the group receiving yohimbine alone showed a nonsignificant but constant increase in tumour growth,whereas rauwolscine alone diminished tumour growth significantly,behaving as a reverse agonist.In CC4-3-HI tumours,rauwolscine treatment enhanced apoptosis and diminished the mitotic index,whereas clonidine had the inverse effect.Conclusions and implications:a 2-Adrenoceptor agonists enhanced tumour growth and rauwolscine behaved in vivo as a reverse agonist,suggesting that it may be tested for adjuvant treatment.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008)155,494–504;doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.278;published online 7July 2008Keywords:mammary tumour;clonidine;rauwolscine;yohimbine;mouseAbbreviations:DMEM:F12,Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium:Ham’s F12medium;FCS,foetal calf serum;MPA,medroxyprogesterone acetate;PBS,phosphate-buffered saline;RT,reverse transcriptionIntroductionBreast cancer,the most common cancer among women in the majority of countries (Parkin,2004),is among the most stressful of diseases,the threat being particularly serious for women with family histories of the disease (James et al .,2004).The principal effectors of the stress system include,among others,the catecholamines adrenaline and noradre-naline (Charmandari et al .,2005).The catecholamines bind to adrenoceptors,which may be divided into three types a 1,a 2and b ,and each of these types is composed of three receptor subtypes (Philipp and Hein,2004;Knaus et al .,2007).Our group has recently described a 2-adrenoceptors in different human tumour and non-tumour breast cell lines byreverse transcription (RT)-PCR,immunocytochemistry and binding assays.Moreover,the stimulation by a 2-adrenocep-tor agonists was associated with an increase in [3H]thymi-dine incorporation into these cells (Vazquez et al .,2006).An experimental model in which ductal,progestin-dependent,metastatic mammary carcinomas were induced by the continuous administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)has been developed in Balb/c mice (Lanari et al .,1986).These tumours express high levels of oestrogen and progestin receptors and are maintained through serial syngeneic passages in MPA-treated mice (Lanari et al .,1986,1989).Several cell lines were obtained from these tumours (Lanari et al .,2001).One of these cell lines was chosen as an in vitro model for murine mammary tumours.MC4-L5is an epithelial cell line which,although expressing oestrogen and progesterone receptors,does not respond in vitro to these hormones (Lanari et al .,2001).By transplantation to untreated mice,progestin-independent tumour lines thatReceived 14December 2007;revised 6May 2008;accepted 2June 2008;published online 7July 2008Correspondence:Dr IA Lu ¨thy,Hormones and Cancer Laboratory,Instituto deBiologı´a y Medicina Experimental,Obligado 2490,Ciudad Auto ´noma de Buenos Aires C1428ADN,Argentina.E-mail:iluthy@dna.uba.arBritish Journal of Pharmacology (2008)155,494–504&2008Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0007–1188/08$32.00retain the expression of oestrogen and progestin receptors have been generated(Lanari and Molinolo,2002).The aim of the present study was to assess whether the mitogenic action observed in vitro for a2-adrenoceptor agonists in human breast cancer cell lines is reflected in tumour growth and whether any antagonist is able to inhibit tumour growth,which could allow the possibility of therapeutic intervention with this type of compound. Materials and methodsAnimalsAnimal care and manipulation were in agreement with institutional guidelines and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals(Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources Commission on Life Sciences and National Research Council,1996).Balb/c female virgin mice(2month old)were used.The animals were fed ad libitum and kept in air-conditioned rooms at20±21C with a12h light–dark period.TumoursMPA-induced mammary ductal carcinomas maintained by in vivo syngeneic transplantation were used in all the experiments(Lanari et al.,1989).The tumours analysed were C4-HD,CC4-2-HD(progestin dependent)and CC4-3-HI(progestin sensitive but not dependent).Fragments of each tumour were transplanted subcutaneously.The C4-HD tumour and,when stated,also the CC4-2-HD tumour were transplanted simultaneously with MPA(20mg depot s.c.) (Gador Laboratories,Buenos Aires,Argentina)in the contralateral flank.Tumour growth was monitored every day.The two major diameters were measured with a calliper and the volume was calculated with the formula4Â3À1ÂpÂminor radius2Âmajor radius(Wendel et al.,1996).TreatmentsAt1day after transplantation of the tumour,animals received daily injections of the drugs:clonidine group(0.1mg kgÀ1dayÀ1),dexmedetomidine group (0.05mg kgÀ1dayÀ1)and yohimbine and rauwolscine groups (0.5mg kgÀ1dayÀ1).The control group in all cases received physiological saline.Cell cultureThe MC4-L5cell line was routinely cultured in phenol red-free(Berthois et al.,1986)Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium(DMEM):Ham’s F12medium(F12)(1:1)supplemen-ted with10%foetal calf serum(FCS),2m M glutamine, 100IU mLÀ1penicillin,100m g mLÀ1streptomycin and 15m M HEPES.Cells were subcultured once weekly after trypsinization(0.25%trypsin–0.025%EDTA).The medium was changed twice weekly(Lanari et al.,2001).Primary culturesTumours were aseptically removed,minced and washed with DMEM:F12medium.The tissue was suspended in5mL of enzymic solution(2.5mg mLÀ1trypsin,5mg mLÀ1albumin and850U mLÀ1collagenase type II in phosphate-buffered saline(PBS))and incubated at371C for40min,under continuous stirring.Enzyme action was stopped by adding DMEM:F12medium with5%FCS.Epithelial and fibroblastic cells were separated as previously described(Lamb et al., 1999).Briefly,the cell suspension obtained was resuspended in25mL of medium with10%FCS and allowed to sediment for20min.The sedimented cells correspond to the epithelial-enriched fraction,which was resuspended again in25mL of medium and allowed to sediment for another20min.The upper15mL was discarded and this procedure was repeated more or less10times until no fibroblasts were detected in the supernatant.The cells were plated in culture flasks with 10%FCS medium and allowed to attach for24h.The medium was then removed and replaced by fresh medium. This medium was changed every2–3days.Proliferation assaysCells were seeded at7000cells per well in96-well plates and incubated in phenol red-free DMEM:F12medium supple-mented with10%FCS,2m M glutamine,100IU mLÀ1 penicillin,100m g mLÀ1streptomycin,250ng mLÀ1ampho-tericin B and15m M HEPES.After24and48h,the medium was changed to a similar one but with FCS replaced by1% charcoal-stripped FCS.a2-Adrenoceptor agonists/antagonists were added as well.All solutions of these compounds were prepared in10m M ascorbic acid,frozen and diluted immediately before use.[3H]Thymidine at0.2m Ci per well was added with the latest change of medium.After24h,cells were harvested in a Nunc Cell Harvester8,and filters were counted in a liquid scintillation counter.The cells were trypsinized prior to harvesting.Immunocytochemical studiesThe cells were cultured in Lab-Tek Chamber Slide System (Nunc)with10%FCS in phenol red-free DMEM:F12 medium;2days before immunocytochemistry the media were changed to1%charcoal-stripped FCS medium.The cells were fixed in10%buffered formalin containing0.2% Triton X-100in PBS for20min at room temperature and washed three times with PBS for5min each.The chambers were incubated for20min at room temperature with3% H2O2in distilled water to quench endogenous peroxidase activity,washed extensively with PBS and incubated for 40min in2%albumin–PBS.Cells were incubated for60min at371C with anti-human a2A(A-271)from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis,MO,USA),a2B(H-96)rabbit polyclonal or a2C-RA (C-20)goat polyclonal antibodies(from Santa Cruz Biotech-nology,Santa Cruz,CA,USA)diluted1:100,1:50and1:60, respectively,in1%albumin–PBS.These antibodies were raised against peptides corresponding to amino acids on the internal carboxy-terminal regions of a2-adrenoceptors.The chambers were washed with PBS and successively incubated for40min at room temperature with the correspond-ing secondary antibody–peroxidase conjugated(labeled a2-Adrenoceptor action on mammary tumoursA Bruzzone et al495British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)155494–504streptavidin biotin(LSAB)þsystem).Primary antibodies were omitted in controls.For immunofluorescence,the cells were similarly cultured. They were treated with10%FCS and permeated with0.1% Triton X-100in4%FCS.After overnight incubation at41C with the antibodies already described at a concentration of 1:50,and several PBS washes,the cells were incubated with secondary rabbit anti-goat IgG or donkey anti-rabbit IgG in 4%FCS,both conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. Primary antibodies were omitted in the controls.Nuclei were stained with0.1m g mLÀ1propidium iodide for1min, and the cells were mounted with Vectashield H-1000.The sections were analysed under a Nikon laser confocal microscope.Apoptosis was assessed in CC4-3-HI tumours fixed in4% buffered formaldehyde.For apoptosis quantification, tumour sections were processed for in situ immuno-histochemical localization of nuclei exhibiting DNA frag-mentation by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP digoxigenin nick-end labelling(TUNEL) technique with use of an apoptosis detection kit(ApopTag plus peroxidase in situ apoptosis detection kit).The sections were treated according to the manufacturer’s instructions and described by Meresman et al.(2000)and Lanari’s group (Vanzulli et al.,2002).Briefly,the sections were deparaffi-nized and rehydrated with xylene and ethanol,and the tissue was pretreated with proteinase K(20m g mLÀ1).En-dogenous peroxidase was quenched by coating the samples with3%H2O2in PBS.The sections were rinsed with PBS and then immersed for60min in working strength TdT enzyme at room temperature.This enzyme was diluted as described by the manufacturer(70%dilution buffer30%TdT enzyme). Then the sections were incubated for30min at room temperature with the anti-digoxigenin peroxidase conjugate, followed by the peroxidase substrate(39-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride).Finally,the sections were counter-stained with haematoxylin for10s.As a negative control,a number of tumour samples were subjected to treatment without TdT.The numbers of apoptotic cells were deter-mined by counting labelled cells inÂ400magnification,in randomly selected fields and expressed as a percentage of apoptotic cells/total cells counted.Only stained cells dis-playing morphological features of apoptosis were considered apoptotic.The mitotic index was assessed in haematoxylin and eosin-stained tumour samples also as a percentage of mitotic cells/ total cells counted.Cells displaying mitotic characteristics were considered mitotic.RT-PCRThe RT-PCR was performed as described by Cˇikosˇet al.(2007) with modifications.When the cells attained80%conflu-ence,they were incubated with a medium without serum for additional48h.They were washed with PBS and total RNA was extracted by incubation with Tri reagent for5min at 301C,according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Chloro-form(0.2mL)was added per millilitre of initial extract.These samples were incubated at301C for3min and centrifuged again at10464g for15min at41C.The aqueous phase was then incubated with cold isopropanol for10min at301C and centrifuged again at10464g for10min.The RNA pellet was washed with75%ethanol,centrifuged at3360g for 5min,and resuspended in diethylpyrocarbonate-treated (DEPC)water and the concentration was measured with a spectrophotometer.The RNA was reverse transcribed at421C for15min in20m L containing200U of Superscript II reverse transcriptase,4m M oligo-dT18,50m M Tris-HCl pH8.3,3m M MgCl2,75m M KCl,10m M dithiothreitol,500m M dNTPs (dATP,dTTP,dCTP and dGTP),40U RNase OUT(recombi-nant RNase inhibitor).The reaction was terminated by heating at991C for5min and resting for51C for5min. PCR amplification was carried out in the presence of30m M of each oligonucleotide primer,50m M KCl,10m M Tris-HCl pH8.3,2m M MgCl2,0.2m M dNTPs(dATP,dTTP,dCTP and dGTP)and0.05U mLÀ1Taq DNA polymerase.cDNA(5m L) was amplified in20m L PCR mix.An initial denaturation step at951C for2min was followed by35cycles at951C for35s,601C for35s and 721C for1min,followed by a unique incubation at721C for 8min.To check for the presence of cross-contamination,the reaction with water instead of cDNA was performed concurrently(control).Primers for the detection of mouse a2-adrenoceptors have been described and validated by Cˇikosˇet al.(2007).a2A-Adrenoceptor:50-TTCTTTTTCACCTA CACGCTCA-30and50-TGTAGATAACAGGGTTCAGCGA-30, which amplifies a sequence of112bp;a2B-adrenoceptor: 50-ACCTTCCCTTGCTGACTGTACT-30and50-TGGGAGGG AGGTATTCTAATCA-30,also amplifying a sequence of 112bp and a2C-adrenoceptor:50-GGCTGTGAACTTAGGG CTTTAG-30and50-ATAGGAAGTCAGCCCTTGCTC-30,which amplifies a sequence of105bp.For b-actin transcript detection,b-actin primers(50-GTGGGCCGCTCTAGGCAC CAA-30and50-CTCTTTGATGTCACGCACGATTTC-30),giving a539-bp PCR product,served as a control for RNA integrity and the RT-PCR process.The PCR products were analysed using electrophoresis on a9%polyacrylamide gel stained with silver nitrate.A100-bp DNA ladder was used as a marker to determine the size of the PCR products. Statistical analysisStatistical analysis for the effect of agonists/antagonists and tumour growth was performed by ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer tests.For the apoptotic and mitotic indexes, values were transformed to logarithms and analysed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test against the control value (Dowdy and Wearden,1983).Drugs and chemicalsFoetal calf serum,culture media,antibiotics,collagenase, trypsin,Superscript II reverse transcriptase,RNase OUT (recombinant RNase inhibitor),Taq DNA polymerase and DNA ladder were purchased from Invitrogen Life Technolo-gies(Carlsbad,CA,USA).Glutamine,clonidine-HCl,yohim-bine-HCl and rauwolscine-HCl were purchased from ICN Biomedicals Inc.(Costa Mesa,CA,USA).Methyl[3H]thymi-dine(NET027E;specific activity:20Ci mmolÀ1)was from Dupont-New England Nuclear(Boston,MA,USA).Liquida2-Adrenoceptor action on mammary tumoursA Bruzzone et al 496British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)155494–504scintillation cocktail was Optiphase‘Hisafe’3(Wallac,Turku, Finland).All other reagents,including culture media were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.Anti-human a2B(H-96) rabbit and a2C-RA(C-20)goat polyclonal antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology,whereas a2A(A-271)was from Sigma-Aldrich.Secondary antibodies,peroxidase con-jugates and the catalysed signal amplification system (LSABþsystem)were from Dako Cytomation(Carpinteria, CA,USA).Vectashield H-1000was from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame,CA,USA).ApopTag plus peroxidase in situ apoptosis detection kit S7101was from Chemicon Inter-national(Temecula,CA,USA);proteinase K from Fermentas Life Science(Burlington,ON,Canada);Tri Reagent from Molecular Research Center Inc.(Cincinnati,OH,USA). Drug and receptor nomenclatureDrug and receptor nomenclature conforms to the Guide to Receptors and Channels(Alexander et al.,2008).ResultsImmunocytochemistry,immunofluorescence and RT-PCR ofa2-adrenoceptorPrevious study from our laboratory(Vazquez et al.,2006) showed that in cell lines from human breast cancer,a2B-and a2C-adrenoceptors were expressed in the majority of the cell lines analysed.In the present study,the expression of the different subtypes of a2-adrenoceptor was assessed by immunocytochemistry and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy in a mouse mammary tumour cell line.It may be concluded that a2-adrenoceptors are expressed by MC4-L5 cells.Although the immunocytochemistry showed that the a2A-adrenoceptors(Figure1a)and a2B-adrenoceptors (Figure1b)were localized at the cell membrane,even if the extensions of the cells are devoid of expression,the more precise confocal immunofluorescence microscopy(Figures 1e and f)showed that the distribution of these receptors was widely uniform in the cytoplasm and even in the nucleus. However,no colocalization of propidium iodide and a2-adrenoceptors was evident in any of the micrographs.As expected,the expression of the a2C-adrenoceptor was spread throughout the cell,both in the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane(Figures1c and g).Figures1d and h depict the negative controls.As the specificity of the commercially available polyclonal antibodies is not perfect to assess the different a2-adrenoceptor subtypes,their expression was assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR.As can be seen in Figure1i,all the subtypes were expressed in the cell line, confirming the results from immunocytochemistry andimmunofluorescence.Tumour growth experimentsTo assess whether the mitogenic effect of a2-adrenoceptor agonists previously found in human breast cancer cells was unique to that model,the mouse mammary tumour cell line MC4-L5was incubated for2days in the presence of these agonists.As can be seen in Figure2a,both clonidine and dexmedetomidine significantly enhanced[3H]thymidine incorporation into these epithelial cells.The EC50values of 4.4f M for clonidine and0.263p M for dexmedetomidine showed the cells to be highly sensitive to these compounds. The action of these drugs in vivo was then investigated. For the first experiment,the progestin-dependent C4-HD tumour was used.As this tumour regresses in the absence of progestins,a depot preparation of MPA was injected into the animals.Figure3a shows a significant stimulation of tumour growth even in the presence of MPA for both a2-adrenoceptor Figure1Immunocytochemistry(a–d),confocal immunofluores-cence(e–h)and reverse transcription(RT)-PCR(i)of a2-adrenocep-tors on MC4-L5cells.Immunocytochemistry and confocal immunofluorescence were performed as stated in Materials and mercial specific polyclonal antibodies against a2A-(a,e),a2B-(b,f)or a2C-adrenoceptors(c,g)or controls(d,h)in the absence of primary antibody.Different controls were performed for the different secondary antibodies,but only one is shown for simplicity.For immunocytochemistry,the antibodies were used at a concentration of1:100for a2A,1:50for a2B and1:30for a2C-, whereas for immunofluorescence the concentration was1:50. Original magnification wasÂ400.A representative result from three similar experiments.RT-PCR was performed as stated in Materials and methods.Silver-stained polyacrylamide electrophor-esis of PCR products is shown in(i).A representative result from two similar experiments.a2-Adrenoceptor action on mammary tumoursA Bruzzone et al497British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)155494–504agonists.As the tumours could have lost sensitivity to the agonist during treatment,in vitro sensitivity to the a 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine of the different primary cultures treated ex vivo with the agonists was studied (Figure 2b).As can be seen in this figure,the cells obtained from culturing the tumours of animals with saline treatment showed an EC 50value of 0.287p M ,the culture from dexmedetomidine-treated tumours showed an EC 50value of 1.08f M ,and the EC 50value of tumours from animals treated with clonidine was 1.02n M .These results suggest that although there is an ex vivo regulation of receptor concentration,the tumours after 25days of treatment continue to respond to the agonists.As the main objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of using an a 2-adrenoceptor antagonist as adjuvant therapy for cancer,two different known antagonists were assessed in vivo .As shown in Figure 3b,yohimbine was able to reverse the significant increase in tumour growth caused by the agonist.However,when yohimbine was given alone,a nonsignificant,but noticeable,increase in this parameter was observed.In Figure 3c,the effect of another antagonist was tested.Rauwolscine not only reversed the agonist effect but also diminished tumour growth in the absence of clonidine,behaving as an inverse agonist.Then,another type of tumour,a slightly less progestin-dependent tumour (CC4-2-HD)was used.Figure 4a depicts the action of clonidine in the presence of MPA.As shown in this figure,in this tumour,the administration of clonidine had no effect in the presence of the progestin.However,we then injected the tumour fragments without the addition of MPA,which might interact with the adrenoceptor agonists/antagonists.The growth curves obtained with this tumour in the absence of MPA show an initial peak of growth followed by a decrease in tumour volume up to a few cells that are not detectable by palpation.However,daily administration of the a 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine significantly enhanced tumour growth during the peak in which growth is observed.Although the simultaneous injection of the a 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine completely reversed the effect of the agonist (Figure 4b),the group receiving the antagonist alone showed a non-significant but noticeable increase in tumour growth.Again,when rauwolscine was tested (Figure 4c),this compound was able to completely reverse the agonist’s effect,but when given alone a significant inhibition of tumour growth was observed.The next step in this investigation was the study of the effect of these antagonists on a progestin-independent tumour (CC4-3-HI),in the absence of MPA.As can be observed in Figure 5a,the administration of clonidine to these animals caused a significant enhancement in tumour growth during all the experiment,whereas the simultaneous administration of the antagonist yohimbine reversed the effect.However,again,yohimbine stimulated tumour growth,although this enhancement was significant only at day 20,the pattern was found throughout the experiment.This tumour growth precludes the utilization of this antago-nist as adjuvant therapy.When the effect of rauwolscine was analysed (Figure 5b),this compound completely reversed theControl8010012014016010-610-510-810-1110-1410-1010-14ClonidineAgonist Concentration (M)Control80100120140160180*******ClonidineControl Clonidine Concentration (M)[3H ]-T h y m i d i n e i n c o r p o r a t i o n (%)[3H ]-T h y m i d i n e i n c o r p o r a t i o n (%)Figure 2(a )Effect of the a 2-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and dexmedetomidine on [3H]thymidine incorporation into the mouse mammary tumour cells MC4-L5.Proliferation analysis was performed as described in Materials and methods.The cell line MC4-L5was incubated with increasing concentrations of clonidine or dexmedetomidine.The value obtained in the absence of agonist was considered 100%for each cell line,expressing the values relative to this.Values are the mean ±s.e.mean of 8wells for treated and 16for untreated cultures.*P o 0.05,**P o 0.01and ***P o 0.001represent significant differences between groups,as analysed by ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer multiple test;n ¼2.(b )Sensitivity of primary cultures from mouse mammary tumours treated in vivo with clonidine,dexmedetomidine or saline solution (shown in Figure 3)to the agonist clonidine.Tumours from control-,clonidine-or dexmedetomidine-treated animals in primary culture were incubated with increasing concentrations of clonidine,as detailed in Materials and methods.The value obtained in the absence of agonist was considered 100%for each cell line,expressing the values relative to this.Values are the mean ±s.e.mean of 8wells for treated and 16for untreated cultures.*P o 0.05,**P o 0.01and ***P o 0.001represent significant differences between groups,as analysed by ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer multiple test;n ¼2.a 2-Adrenoceptor action on mammary tumoursA Bruzzone et al498British Journal of Pharmacology (2008)155494–504agonist’s effect.Moreover,the administration of the antagonist alone significantly diminished tumour growth throughout the time tested.This antagonist behaved as a reverse agonist in every tumour tested,making it a suitable candidate compound for adjuvant therapy.To investigate the mechanism of action of clonidine and rauwolscine in tumour growth,CC4-3-HI tumours were analysed by TUNEL to quantify the percentage of apoptotic cells.Figure 6depicts a complete field for tumours from control (panel a),clonidine-(panel b)and rauwolscine-treated (panel c)animals and analysed by TUNEL,as well as the negative control (panel d).Table 1shows the quantification of stained cells showing morphological features of apoptosis.As can be seen in Table 1,clonidine caused a marked though not significant inhi-bition in apoptosis index,whereas rauwolscine alone caused a nonsignificant but noticeable increase in this parameter.On the other hand,the assessment of mitotic index showed a parallel highly significant enhancement of this parameter in the tumours from clonidine-treated animals (panel e)and a significant decrease in tumours from animals treated with rauwolscine alone (panel f)with respect to control animals (panel g).These results suggest that the agonist (clonidine)exerts its enhancement on tumour growth by enhancing cell proliferation and lowering cell apoptosis,whereas the inverse agonist rauwolscine exerts its protective action both by enhancing apoptosis and reducing cell proliferation.C4-HD5101520250100200300400500600700DaysT u m o r v o l u m e (m m 3)C4-HD102030020*******80010001200*DaysT u m o r v o l u m e (m m 3)1020300100200300400500600700800900DaysT u m o r v o l u m e (m m 3)Figure 3Effect of different treatments on mouse mammary tumour C4-HD volume.(a )Effect of the a 2-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and dexmedetomidine.(b )Effect of the agonist clonidine and the antagonist yohimbine and the combination of both.(c )Effect of the agonist clonidine and the antagonist rauwolscine and the combination of both.The tumours were inoculated and measured as detailed in Materials and methods.(a )The animals received medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)depot and a daily injection of clonidine (0.1mg kg À1),dexmedetomidine (0.05mg kg À1)or vehicle (saline solution).The animals in (b )were inoculated daily with clonidine (0.1mg kg À1),yohimbine (0.5mg kg À1),both of them simultaneously or vehicle alone (saline solution).The animals in (c )were inoculated daily with clonidine (0.1mg kg À1),rauwolscine (0.5mg kg À1),both of them simultaneously or vehicle alone (saline solution).The points are the mean þs.e.mean.The significantly different values (as analysed by ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer multiple test)are marked in the graph (for clonidine,*P o 0.05and **P o 0.01with respect to control,for rauwolscine,#P o 0.05with respect to control).The experiment was performed twice with similar results.a 2-Adrenoceptor action on mammary tumours A Bruzzone et al499British Journal of Pharmacology (2008)155494–504。