药学英语思考题 - 360文档中心

临床药物治疗学思考题问题及答案

临床药物治疗学思考题问题及答案第1—4章1.什么是药物治疗学？药物治疗学（pharmacotherapeutics）主要是研究药物预防、治疗疾病的理论和方法的一门科学2. 什么是临床药物治疗学？3. 什么是药物基因组学？药物基因组学（pharmaco-genomics）就是研究遗传变异与药物反应多态性关系的科学，是未来临床合理用药的重要基础。

4.合理用药即用药的安全、有效、经济，主要包括哪几层含义？①选用药物的药理作用能针对疾病的病因和病理生理改变；②明确遗传多态性与药物反应多态性的关系，对药物产生的特异反应有应对措施；③设计的给药途径和方法能使药物在病变部位达到有效治疗浓度并维持一定时间；④治疗副作用小，即使有不良反应也容易控制或纠正。

5.药物治疗的一般原则是什么？①药物治疗的必要性②药物治疗的有效性③药物治疗的安全性④药物治疗的经济性⑤药物治疗的规范性6.什么是药物过度治疗？药物过度治疗是指超过疾病治疗需要，使用大量的药物，而且没有得到理想效果的治疗，表现为超适应证用药、剂量过大、疗程过长、无病用药、轻症用重药等，以病因不明或目前尚无有效治疗手段，而有严重危害人类健康的疾病最为常见，如乙型肝炎和肿瘤。

7.什么是药物治疗不足？引起治疗不足的原因有哪些？药物治疗不足是指剂量不够或疗程太短而没有达到效果的治疗。

原因：①患者认识不足，依从性差，未能坚持治疗；②患者收入低，又没有相应的医疗保障，导致无力支付；③国家基本药物政策还不完善，因企业利润低。

8.什么是药物治疗的依从性？患者对治疗方案的不依从的类型和原因有哪些？药物治疗的依从性（compliance with medications）是指患者遵从医嘱或治疗建议的程度，包括遵守医疗约定，采纳健康促进行为的忠告，如进行全面的体检，避免疾病发展的危险因素。

原因：①医患沟通不够，特别有些药物，需要使用一段时间才能显现疗效；②治疗方案烦琐，需要患者大幅度地改变生活方式，；③经历不愉快的药物不良反应；④儿童、老年患者；⑤较高的药物费用和诊治检查费用可导致患者不复诊、减少剂量或不能坚持治疗。

南京中医药大学《药学英语》课程复习资料

(T)1. Allicin, allitridin and ajoene are believed to have anti-carcinogenica activity and normalize plasma lipid levels, blood pressure, and fibrinolytic activity.(F)2. The standardized extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves have been used widely as a dietary supplement in Europe and as a phytomedicine in the USA.(T)3. The new directive would guarantee a premarketing check of product quality and safety by the health authorities and facilitate recalls.(T)4. Now the nonmedical practitioners who prescribe herbal treatments have to receive adequate training and continuous education to reach and maintain a high standard of practice in the United Kingdom.(F)5. The conventional efficacy requirements are only means of safeguarding public health.(F)6. This maturation zone is driven by hydrostatic pressure within the cell that propels the root tip deeper into the soil. (T)7. Endodermal cells possess a characteristic thickening of the anticlinal cell wall.(F)8. All plants first form a secondary root and for most plants, including the gymnosperms, primitive dicotyledons and eudicotyledons, this persists as a taproot.(T)9. The petals are usually colored, which can attract insects’ attention.(F)10. Animal-pollinated flowers are often very small without sepals or petals, many also being monoecious.(T)11. In Chinese folk medicine, Ku-Ding-Cha was mostly used to treat coronary heart diseases.(T)12. Now the technique of microscopy has been used successfully to identify the plant sources used to produce a commercial herbal tea.(T)13. The ginseng surface is pale yellow to cream and shows longitudinal ridges; stem scars may be seen at the crown.(F)14. Ginseng contains not less than 10.0 per cent of water.(F)15. The needle of yew has used in small doses has been used to treat rheumatic and urinary problems in history, so it is a safe medicinal plant and it must be kept in mind not to take it under any circumstances.(F)16. Cultivation will be the ultimate method to solve the problem of taxol resource scarcity.(F)17. Menthol is the only active component in volatile oils of many herbal medicines.(F)18. HPLC has been a powerful tool in the study of essential oil from medicinal plants.(F)19. Among all factors leading to biodegradation, damage by termites is the least serious to wooden structures worldwide.(F)20. The compound most toxic to the Japanese termite was diallyl disulfide.(T)21. The sensitivity of TLS is such that separations on less than ug amounts of material can be achieved if necessary. (F)22. The liquid mobile phase in HPLC is forced though under ordinary pressure.(F)23. The meat from animals killed by the arrow poison curare is not safe ti eat.(F)24. Calcium is absorbed by means of a vitamin E-dependent carrier system.(T)25. Typically,about three quarters of a drug given orally is absorbed in 1-3 hours.(F)26. Dug given by inhalation are usually fully fully absorbed into the circulation.(F)27. Dorzolamide can lower ocular pressure in patients with glaucoma when given as eye drops,and affect the kidney because it it a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.(T)28. Oral administration of drugs usually produces a slower effect than subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.1. Although Chinese herbal medicines constitute multi-billion-dollar industries worldwide and 1500 herbals are sold as dietary supplements or ethnic traditional medicines, the formulations of these medicines are commonly not subjected to pre-market toxicity examination to test their safety or efficacy.尽管中药构成全球数十亿美元的产业并且1500种草药作为食品添加剂和民族传统药材销售，但是这些药的配方一般不受售前毒性检测来检测它们的安全性和有效性。

药理学思考题

思考题第1章药理学pharmacology 是研究药物与机体（包括病原体）相互作用及作用规律的一门学科。

药物drug 用以预防、诊断和治疗疾病的各种物质。

药物效应动力学Pharmacodynamics 研究药物对机体的作用及作用机制的科学。

药物代谢动力学Pharmacokinetics ，PK 研究机体对药物的作用，包括药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程以及药理效应与血药浓度随时间消长规律的科学。

第2章药动学离子障ion trapping非离子型药物可以自由穿透，而离子型药物就被限制在膜的一侧的现象。

首过消除First-pass effect 药物从胃肠道吸收经门静脉系统到达全身血循环前，部分被肝脏和胃肠壁细胞代谢，使进入全身血循环内的有效药物量明显减少的现象。

肝肠循环Enterohepatic circulation有些药物经肝脏排入胆汁，再随胆汁进入肠中，进入肠中的药可部分地被重吸收，称为肝肠循环。

生物利用度Bioavailability, F 指血管外给药后，药物吸收进入体循环的相对量和速度。

时量(药时)曲线concentration time curve 给药后机体不同时间的血浆药物浓度变化，以时间－横坐标，血浆药物浓度－纵坐标所得曲线。

半衰期half life time t1/2是指血浆药物浓度下降一半所需的时间，反映药物在体内的消除速度，又称消除半衰期。

表观分布容积apparent volume of distribution Vd 是指药物进入机体后在理论上应占有的体液容积量。

一级消除动力学first-order kinetics 单位时间内体内药物按照恒定比例消除。

也称恒比消除。

零级消除动力学zero-order kinetics 药物在体内以恒定的速度消除，与血药浓度无关，即不论血药浓度高低，单位时间内消除的药量不变。

一般由于药量超过机体最大消除能力所致。

也称恒量消除维持剂量负荷剂量简答题：1．药物的转运有哪些类型？滤过、简单扩散、载体转运（主动转运，易化扩散）2．药物的体内过程有哪些？吸收、分布、代谢、排泄3. 试述溶液pH值对弱酸性药物跨膜转运（被动转运）的影响。

对药学英语想学习的内容英语作文

对药学英语想学习的内容英语作文Studying pharmacy is more than just learning about the different types of medications and their effects on the body. It also involves understanding the terminology and concepts related to pharmaceutical science, which is why many students are interested in learning pharmacy English.Pharmacy English is a specialized language that is used in the field of pharmacy to communicate important information with other healthcare professionals, patients, and drug manufacturers. It includes terminology related to drug names, dosages, pharmacology, pharmaceutical calculations, drug interactions, and more.One important aspect of learning pharmacy English is understanding the various abbreviations and symbols that are commonly used in pharmacy practice. This includes abbreviations for common drug names, dosage forms, routes of administration, and frequency of dosing. For example, the abbreviation "mg" stands for milligrams, "PO" stands for by mouth, and "qid" stands for four times a day.Another important aspect of pharmacy English is learning how to compound and dispense medications accurately. Thisincludes understanding the proper terminology for describing different dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams, ointments, and injections. It also involves learning how to convert between different units of measurement, such as milligrams to grams or milliliters to liters.In addition to the technical aspects of pharmacy English, it is also important to be able to communicate effectively with patients and other healthcare professionals. This includes being able to explain complex medical information in a way that is easy for patients to understand, as well as being able to consult with other healthcare professionals about drug therapies and treatment plans.Overall, learning pharmacy English is essential for anyone pursuing a career in the field of pharmacy. It not only helps you communicate effectively with others in the healthcare industry, but it also ensures that you have a strong foundation in the technical aspects of pharmaceutical science. So, if you are interested in studying pharmacy, make sure to prioritize learning pharmacy English as part of your education.。

临床药学导论各章复习思考题

2015年秋季学期，“临床药学导论”各章复习思考题汇总第一章绪论（蒋学华）名词解释：1、临床药学（clinical pharmacy）2、临床药师（clinical pharmacist）3、合理用药（rational administration of drug）4、药学监护（pharmaceutical care，PC ）5、个体化用药（personalized medicine/individualized medication）6、临床药学思维（clinical pharmaceutical thinking）……简答：1、临床药学学科的特点；2、临床药师的职业特点；3、怎样理解合理用药的相对性？……第二章药学与药品（自学）名词解释：1、药品（drugs，medicine）2、处方药（prescription drugs ）3、非处方药（nonprescription drugs, over the counter, OTC）4、药学（pharmacy）……简答：1、简述药品及药品的特殊性。

2、简述临床药学与药学的相互关系。

3、药品上市的过程有哪些基本环节？4、药学学科体系包括哪些二级学科？……第三章疾病与临床（周静）名词解释：1、疾病（disease）2、健康（health）3、亚健康 (sub-health)4、病因（cause of disease）……简答：1、常见疾病的病因……第四章医疗机构药品应用管理（蒋学华）名词解释：1、医疗机构药事管理（Institutional pharmacy administration)2、处方（Prescription）3、药品说明书（Package Insert/ Instructons/ Directions/Descriiption/ Leeflet/Data Sheets）……简答：1、请简单描述药事管理与药物治疗学委员会（组）的组成与职责。

药学英语第五版上册课后题答案

药学英语第五版上册课后题答案1、The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her（）attitude towards customers. [单选题] *A. impartialB. mildC. hostile(正确答案)D. opposing2、We need two ______ and two bags of ______ for the banana milk shake.（）[单选题]*A. banana; yogurtB. banana; yogurtsC. bananas; yogurt(正确答案)D. bananas; yogurts3、82．—Is there a bookshop near here?—Yes. Walk ________ the road for five minutes and you'll see one near a big tree. [单选题] *A．toB．along(正确答案)C．ofD．about4、You should _______ your card. [单选题] *A. drawB. depositC. investD. insert(正确答案)5、It' s a pity that we have to stay at home when we are having（）weather. [单选题] *A. so fineB. so fine aC. such fine(正确答案)D. such a fine6、A good teacher is able to_____a complicated idea in very simple terms. [单选题] *A.put across(正确答案)B.break upC.work outD.bring out7、With all the work on hand, he _____ to the cinema last night. [单选题] *A.should goB.must have goneC.might goD..shouldn’t have gone(正确答案)8、75．Why not________ for a walk? [单选题] *A．go out(正确答案)B．to go outC．going outD．goes out9、John is quite _______. He likes to attend activities in?his spare time. [单选题] *A. active(正确答案)B. quietC. lazyD. honest10、He always ______ the teacher carefully in class. [单选题] *A. listensB. listens to(正确答案)C. hearsD. hears of11、Your father is very busy, so he ______ play football with you this afternoon.（）[单选题] *A. doesn’tB. don’tC. isn’tD. won’t(正确答案)12、13．—Will you come to my party?—I am not ________ . [单选题] *A．mindB．sure(正确答案)C．happyD．Sorry13、35．___________ good music the teacher is playing! [单选题] *A．What(正确答案)B．HowC．What aD．What the14、45．—Let's make a cake ________ our mother ________ Mother's Day.—Good idea. [单选题] *A．with; forB．for; on(正确答案)C．to; onD．for; in15、_____ the project, we'll have to work two more weeks. [单选题] *A. CompletingB. CompleteC. Having completedD.To complete(正确答案)16、23．Susan doesn’t like cartoons. She would rather ______ Space War”. [单选题] * A．see (正确答案)B．seesC．seeingD．to see17、--I can’t watch TV after school.--I can’t, _______. [单选题] *A. alsoB. tooC. either(正确答案)D. so18、I had _______ egg and some milk for breakfast this morning. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. /19、Alice is fond of playing ____ piano while Henry is interested in listening to ___ music. [单选题] *A. the, /(正确答案)B. the, theC. the, aD. /, the20、Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people_____harm them. [单选题] *A.more thanB.other thanC.rather than(正确答案)D.better than21、What did you _______ at the meeting yesterday? [单选题] *A. speakB. tellC. say(正确答案)D. talk22、You are getting too old for football.You had better _____tennis instead. [单选题] *A.take up(正确答案)B.take inC.take forD.take over23、He was proud of what he had done. [单选题] *A. 对…感到自豪(正确答案)B. 对…感到满足C. 对…表示不满D. 对…表示后悔24、Obviously they didn’t see the significance of the plan. That is（）the problem lies. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whyC. /D. how25、I arrived _____ the city _____ 9:00 am _______ April [单选题] *A. at, in, atB. to, on, atC. in, or, atD. in, at, on(正确答案)26、We _______ play basketball after school. [单选题] *A. were used toB. used to(正确答案)C. use toD. are used to27、27．My father is a professor and he works in__________ university. [单选题] *A．a (正确答案)B．anC．/D．the28、Location is the first thing customers consider when_____to buy a house. [单选题] *A.planning(正确答案)B.plannedC.having plannedD.to plan29、41．—________ do you take?—Small, please. [单选题] *A．What size(正确答案)B．What colourC．How manyD．How much30、This message is _______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. surprising; surprisingB. surprised; surprisedC. surprising; surprised(正确答案)D. surprised; surprising。

谈谈你对药学英语的看法英语作文

谈谈你对药学英语的看法英语作文The Importance of Pharmaceutical English in Modern Healthcare.In the rapidly advancing field of healthcare, the significance of pharmaceutical English cannot be overstated. This specialized language, which encompasses terminologies and concepts unique to the pharmaceutical industry, plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safe, effective, and efficient delivery of medical care.Firstly, pharmaceutical English is the lingua franca of the global pharmaceutical industry. As drugs andtherapeutics are developed and distributed across borders,it becomes imperative for healthcare professionals, researchers, and regulators to communicate effectively. Pharmaceutical English acts as a common language, bridging the gap between different cultures and languages,facilitating the exchange of ideas, information, and knowledge.Moreover, pharmaceutical English is a precision language. It demands accuracy and clarity in communication, as even the slightest deviation in terminology or dosing instructions could have significant implications forpatient safety. This precision extends to the documentation of research findings, clinical trial results, and product labeling, ensuring that vital information is传达准确无误地传达给 all stakeholders.In addition, pharmaceutical English is constantly evolving as the field of pharmaceutics itself evolves. New drugs, technologies, and treatment modalities are constantly being developed, necessitating the creation of new terminologies and concepts. Pharmaceutical English, therefore, must adapt and evolve to accommodate these advancements, ensuring that healthcare professionals are kept abreast of the latest developments in the field.Furthermore, pharmaceutical English is crucial for the education and training of future healthcare professionals. Medical students, pharmacists, and other healthcareproviders must have a solid grasp of pharmaceutical terminologies and concepts to function effectively in their respective fields. By mastering pharmaceutical English, they are able to access and understand the latest research, clinical guidelines, and drug information, enabling them to provide the best possible care to their patients.Moreover, pharmaceutical English is important for the promotion of public health and safety. It is through the accurate and effective communication of pharmaceutical information that the public can be educated about the benefits and risks of various drugs and therapies. This, in turn, helps to promote informed decision-making among patients and healthcare consumers, leading to better health outcomes and increased overall health literacy.In conclusion, pharmaceutical English is an indispensable component of modern healthcare. It enables effective communication among healthcare professionals, researchers, and regulators across borders and disciplines. It demands precision and accuracy in the communication of vital pharmaceutical information, ensuring patient safetyand the effective delivery of medical care. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to evolve and expand, the importance of pharmaceutical English will only increase. It is, therefore, crucial for healthcare professionals and stakeholders to invest in the development and mastery of this specialized language to ensure the optimal delivery of healthcare services worldwide.。

药学英语翻译答案解析

一、熟悉下列句子的翻译1. In addition to the revolution in new classes of drugs, an equally momentous revolution is taking place in drug delivery. 除药物种类的革命外，药物给药系统也在进行一场同样令人震撼的革命。

2. The body can make about a trillion different antibodies, produced by shuffling and reshuffling their constituent parts. 通过对构成成分的改组和再改组，机体可以产生约一万亿个不同的抗体。

3. Under current law, all new drugs need proof that they are effective, as well a safe, before they can be approved for marketing. 现有法律要求，所有的新药都必须具有其有效、安全的证据才能被批准上市。

市。

4．There is no agreement whether nursing mothers could use Alexan. 哺乳期妇女是否能用爱力生尚无统一意见。

哺乳期妇女是否能用爱力生尚无统一意见。

5. The prescription must be signed and dated by the practitioner and include his address. 处方必须由医生亲笔签名，并注明日期和医生的地址。

处方必须由医生亲笔签名，并注明日期和医生的地址。

6. 6. Cells Cells Cells possess possess possess a a a nucleus nucleus nucleus which which which contains contains contains genetic genetic genetic information information information in in in the the the form form form of of DNA. 细胞含有一个细胞核，其中含有以脱氧核糖核酸（DNA ）形式表达的基因信息。

药学英语整理

药学英语一、Physiology and Pathology（P9）生理学与病理学（一）概念1、Physiology is the scientific study of function in living systems.（ppt）the study of how living organisms work.(书里)2、Pathology is a significant component of the causal study of disease and a major field in modern medical practice and diagnosis.(ppt)the science of disease,which deal with the studies of etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic structures, changes in functions and metabolism in the living organisms by means of natural science.(书里) 3、Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.a convergence of Pathology with Physiology4、etiology is the study of causation,or the origination of diseases.5、the pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism that causes the disease.6、inflammation is a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; (刺激）characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat. （红热胀痛）(二)思考题1.How do you understand pathology and pathophysiology?Pathology is the science of diseasePathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.2. what is the difference between etiology and pathogenesis?Etiology is the study of causation, or the origination of diseases.the pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism that causes the disease 3. Could you explain the symptoms and signs of a disease?symptoms of a disease(“症”): as certain biologic processes are encroached on(侵害) ,the patient begins to feel subjectively that something is wrong., These subjective feelings are called symptoms of disease.Symptoms are subjective and can be reported only by the patient to an observer.signs of a disease（“征”）：when manifestations of the disease can be objectively identified by an observer, these are terms signs of the disease.4、what is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis?the pathogenesis of tuberculosis would include the mechanisms whereby the invasion of the body by tubercle bacillus ultimately leads to the observed abnormalitiesBiochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms.二、Medicinal Chemistry药物化学(一)概念1、Medicinal chemistry(药物化学)is the science that deal with the discovery or design of new therapeutic chemicals and the development of these chemicals into useful medicine.2、Medicine（药品drug, pharmaceutics) is a compound that interacts with a biological system, and produces a biological response (ideally desired and positive)3、Therapeutic index（治疗指数）sure of the ratio of undesirable to desirable drug effects. Therapeutic index=LD50/ED50The larger the Therapeutic index, the greater the margin of safety of drug!4、LD50（半数致死量）:the lethal dose for 50% of the test animals5、ED50（半数有效量）:the effective dose that produces the maximum therapeutic effect in 50% of the test animals.6、Log P（脂水分配系数）is the base-ten logarithm of the partition coefficients (分配系数)7、Chirality（手征性）: a molecule is considered chiral if there exists another molecule that is of identical composition ,but which is arranged in a non-superposable mirror image.8、Bioisosteres(生物电子等排体): are substituents or groups that havechemical or physical similarities ,and which produce broadly similar biological properties.9、Bioisosterism(生物电子等排性) is a lead modification approach that has been shown to be useful to attenuate toxicity （降低毒性）,modify the activity of a lead （修饰活性）and may have a significant role in the alteration of metabolism of the lead.10、Prodrug（前药）is drug which is given (taken) in an inactive form. Once administered ,the prodrug is metabolized by the body into the biologically active compound.（二）知识点1、The difference of “good” and “bad” drugs:Depend on dosage and chronic exposure. and therapeutic index can be the measure of safety of drugs2、classification of drugsFour main groups:（1）B y biological effect---varied assortment of drugsanalgesics（止痛剂）,anti-asthmatics（平喘药）,antipsychotics（抗精神病药）etc.（2）B y chemical structure---common skeletonPenicillin （青霉素类）,opiates(阿片类药物) etc.（3）B y target system（靶向系统）----affect a target system(synthesis, release, receptor)antihistamine (抗组胺药)etc.（4）B y target site of action(作用靶点)—target enzyme or receptor Anti-cholinesterase (抗胆碱酯酶)3、Medicinal chemistry involves:(1)synthesis (2)structure-activity relationships(SAR)(3)receptor interactions(4)absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)4、Medicinal chemistry cover 3 critical steps:● A discovery step●An optimization step● A development step5、important functional groups on drugs:(1)Alkanes&alkenes(烷烃和烯烃) (2)alcohol 醇（3）phenols 酚（4）ethers 醚（5）aromatic hydrocarbons 芳香化合物6、a drug usually has 3 names:（1）chemical (化学名)Mostly following rules by chemical abstracts service(CAS)One compound can only have one name（2）international non-proprietary names(INN,通用名)Convenient to remember ,needed when apply for registration, cannot be trade marked（商标）or patented(取得专利权)One compound can only have one name（3）commercial (商品名)Named by manufactures ,can be trade marked to protect the brand. One compound can have many different names7、prodrug strategies are used to overcome a variety of problems by:(1)Altering solubility 改变溶解度(2)Improving membrane permeability 提高细胞膜通透性(3)Slow release of the active agent 缓慢释放活性(4)Masking drug toxicity or side effects 掩蔽药物毒副作用三、Phytochemistry and Natural Products 天然药物化学和天然产物(一)概念1、Phytochemistry（天然药物化学）is in the strict sense of the study of phytochemicals, which are derived from plants. In a narrower sense the terms are often used to describe the large number of secondary metabolic compounds found in plants.2、Primary metabolites(初级代谢产物): compounds that are common to many types of organisms, that fulfill basic biologicalfunctions(e.g.respiration 呼吸,photosynthesis光合作用,DNA replication ＤＮＡ复制)3、Secondary metabolites（次级代谢产物）：compounds that are not essential to daily ,common metabolism of cells and individual organisms. Instead, these compounds are unique to certain taxa and fulfill secondary functions ,often involved in signaling between organisms (e.g.mate recognition配偶识别, chemical defense化学防御, chemotaxis 趋化作用)4、natural products: a natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism found in nature.（Primary metabolites & Secondary metabolites）（二）知识点1、summary:●natural products are compounds synthesized by living organisms,usually organic molecules with 5-100 carbons●natural products can be primary or secondary metabolites●secondary metabolites are produced via enzymatic pathways fromprimary metabolic building-blocks2、how to get natural products?/the process to purify natural products?(1)Plant collection植物采集(2)Extraction萃取(3)Fractionation分馏(4)Isolation分离(5)Structural determination 结构测定（UV，IR，MS,NMR）3、Journals in Phytochemistry and Natural Products Chemistry:●Journal of Natural Products 天然产物杂志●Phytochemistry●Journal of Ethnopharmacology 民族药物学杂志●Planta Medica 天然药物学会志（欧洲）●Phytochemical Analysis 植物化学分析●Chemical &Pharmaceutical Bulletin 化学与药学通报（日本）Review journals 综述期刊●Natural Product Reports 天然产物报告●Phytochemistry Review四、biochemistry 生物化学1、What is the goal of biochemistry？The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the collections of inanimate molecules （无生命的分子）that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life.（延长生命）2、Macromolecules（生物大分子）that constitute living organisms include proteins, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and polysaccharides.3、20种氨基酸：1、丙氨酸Alanine/Ala/A2、半胱氨酸Cysteine/Cys/C3、天冬氨酸Asparticacid/ Asp /D4、谷氨酸Glutamic acid/Glu/E5、苯基丙氨酸Phenylalanine/Phe/F6、甘氨酸glycine/Gly/G7、组氨酸Histidine/His/H 8、异亮氨酸Isoleucine/Ile/I9、赖氨酸Lysine/Lys/K 10、亮氨酸Leucine/leu/L11、蛋氨酸Methionine/Met/M 12、天冬酰胺Asparagine/Asn/N 13、脯氨酸Procine/pro/P 14、谷氨酰胺Glutamine/Gln/Q 15、精氨酸Arginine/Arg/R 16、丝氨酸Serine/Ser/S17、苏氨酸Threonine/Thr/T 18、缬氨酸Valine/Val/V19、色氨酸Tryptophan/Try/W 20、酪氨酸Tyrosine/Tyr/Y五、Microbiology 微生物学1、Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa,virus and some types of algae, which encompass various sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology, and other branches.2、几位科学家的成就Bacteriology was found in the 19th century by Ferdinand CohnCohn was also the first to formulate the scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacterial and discover spores费迪南德∙科恩, Ferdinand Cohn德国博物学家和植物学家，以研究藻类、细菌和蕈类著称，被视为细菌学的创始者之一。

药学英语第五版上册课后答案unit2

药学英语第五版上册课后答案unit21、—Who came to your office today, Ms. Brown?—Sally came in. She hurt ______ in P. E. class. （）[单选题] *A. sheB. herC. hersD. herself(正确答案)2、I’m still unable to make myself_____in the discussion, which worries me a lot. [单选题]*A.understandB.understood(正确答案)C.understandingD.to be understood3、In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you___ take care of your luggage. [单选题] *A. canB. mayC. must(正确答案)D. will4、3．—Will you buy the black car?No, I won't. I will buya(n) ________ one because I don't have enough money. [单选题] *A．cheap(正确答案)B．expensiveC．highD．low5、Julia’s on holiday in Shanghai _______. [单选题] *A. in a momentB. after a momentC. at the moment(正确答案)D. at any moment6、How beautiful the flowers are! Let’s take some _______. [单选题] *A. photos(正确答案)B. potatoesC. paintingsD. tomatoes7、____ wants to see you. [单选题] *A. Somebody(正确答案)B. AnybodyC. All the peopleD. No people8、The museum is _______ in the northeast of Changsha. [单选题] *A. sitB. located(正确答案)C. liesD. stand9、Then the speaker _____the various factors leading to the economic crisis. [单选题] *A.went onB.went afterC.went into(正确答案)D.went for10、The weather forecast says that we’ll have occasional rain tomorrow. [单选题] *A. 偶尔的B. 不停的C. 少量的(正确答案)D. 不可预测的11、I walked too much yesterday and （）are still aching now. [单选题] *A. my leg's musclesB. my leg muscles(正确答案)C. my muscles' of legD. my legs' muscles12、--The last bus has left. What should we do?--Let’s take a taxi. We have no other _______ now. [单选题] *A. choice(正确答案)B. reasonC. habitD. decision13、Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _______. [单选题] *A. takes offB. is taking off(正确答案)C. has taken offD. took off14、Last week they _______ in climbing the Yuelu Mountain. [单选题] *A. succeeded(正确答案)B. succeedC. successD. successful15、( ) Do you have any difficulty _____ these flowers？I’d like to help you if you need.[单选题] *A in planting(正确答案)B for plantingC with plantingD to plant16、—Where did you get the book?—From my friend. I ______ it three days ago. （）[单选题] *A. lentB. borrowed(正确答案)C. keptD. returned17、22．______ is convenient to travel between Pudong and Puxi now. [单选题] *A．It(正确答案)B．ThisC．ThatD．What18、For the whole period of two months, there _____ no rain in this area. Now the crops are dead [单选题] *A. isB. wasC. has been(正确答案)D. have been19、She serves as a secretary in a university. [单选题] *A. 为…服务B. 担任…职务(正确答案)C. 竞争…服务D. 申请…职务20、You needn’t _______ me. I’m old enough to take care of myself. [单选题] *A. worry about(正确答案)B. write downC. put awayD. wake up21、I hadn't realized she was my former teacher _____ she spoke [单选题] *A. asB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. while22、10．Mum, let me help you with your housework, so you ________ do it yourself. [单选题] * A．don’t need to(正确答案)B．need toC．don’t needD．need23、I couldn’t find Peter,_____did I know where he had gone. [单选题] *A.nor(正确答案)B.eitherC.neverD.as24、We should _______ a hotel before we travel. [单选题] *A. book(正确答案)B. liveC. stayD. have25、46．The pants look cool.You can ________. [单选题] *A．try it onB．try on itC．try them on(正确答案)D．try on them26、You can distinguish the twins very easily, _____Tom is quite while Jack is active. [单选题] *A. soB. butC. for(正确答案)D. and27、We haven't heard from him so far. [单选题] *A. 到目前为止(正确答案)B. 一直C. 这么远D. 这么久28、Fresh _______ is good for our health. [单选题] *A. climateB. skyC. weatherD. air(正确答案)29、6．Hi, boys and girls. How are you ________ your posters for the coming English Festival at school? [单选题] *A．getting onB．getting offC．getting with (正确答案)D．getting30、When you are tired, listen to music and try to _______ yourself. [单选题] *A. supportB. showC. playD. relax(正确答案)。

(仅供参考)药学英语整理

药学英语一、Physiology and Pathology（P9）生理学与病理学（一）概念1、Physiology is the scientific study of function in living systems.（ppt）the study of how living organisms work.(书里)2、Pathology is a significant component of the causal study of disease and a major field in modern medical practice and diagnosis.(ppt)the science of disease,which deal with the studies of etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic structures, changes in functions and metabolism in the living organisms by means of natural science.(书里) 3、Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.a convergence of Pathology with Physiology4、etiology is the study of causation,or the origination of diseases.5、the pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism that causes the disease.6、inflammation is a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; (刺激）characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat. （红热胀痛）(二)思考题1.How do you understand pathology and pathophysiology?Pathology is the science of diseasePathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.2. what is the difference between etiology and pathogenesis?Etiology is the study of causation, or the origination of diseases.the pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism that causes the disease 3. Could you explain the symptoms and signs of a disease?symptoms of a disease(“症”): as certain biologic processes are encroached on(侵害) ,the patient begins to feel subjectively that something is wrong., These subjective feelings are called symptoms of disease.Symptoms are subjective and can be reported only by the patient to an observer.signs of a disease（“征”）：when manifestations of the disease can be objectively identified by an observer, these are terms signs of the disease.4、what is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis?the pathogenesis of tuberculosis would include the mechanisms whereby the invasion of the body by tubercle bacillus ultimately leads to the observed abnormalitiesBiochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms.二、Medicinal Chemistry药物化学(一)概念1、Medicinal chemistry(药物化学)is the science that deal with the discovery or design of new therapeutic chemicals and the development of these chemicals into useful medicine.2、Medicine（药品drug, pharmaceutics) is a compound that interacts with a biological system, and produces a biological response (ideally desired and positive)3、Therapeutic index（治疗指数）sure of the ratio of undesirable to desirable drug effects. Therapeutic index=LD50/ED50The larger the Therapeutic index, the greater the margin of safety of drug!4、LD50（半数致死量）:the lethal dose for 50% of the test animals5、ED50（半数有效量）:the effective dose that produces the maximum therapeutic effect in 50% of the test animals.6、Log P（脂水分配系数）is the base-ten logarithm of the partition coefficients (分配系数)7、Chirality（手征性）: a molecule is considered chiral if there exists another molecule that is of identical composition ,but which is arranged in a non-superposable mirror image.8、Bioisosteres(生物电子等排体): are substituents or groups that havechemical or physical similarities ,and which produce broadly similar biological properties.9、Bioisosterism(生物电子等排性) is a lead modification approach that has been shown to be useful to attenuate toxicity （降低毒性）,modify the activity of a lead （修饰活性）and may have a significant role in the alteration of metabolism of the lead.10、Prodrug（前药）is drug which is given (taken) in an inactive form. Once administered ,the prodrug is metabolized by the body into the biologically active compound.（二）知识点1、The difference of “good” and “bad” drugs:Depend on dosage and chronic exposure. and therapeutic index can be the measure of safety of drugs2、classification of drugsFour main groups:（1）B y biological effect---varied assortment of drugsanalgesics（止痛剂）,anti-asthmatics（平喘药）,antipsychotics（抗精神病药）etc.（2）B y chemical structure---common skeletonPenicillin （青霉素类）,opiates(阿片类药物) etc.（3）B y target system（靶向系统）----affect a target system(synthesis, release, receptor)antihistamine (抗组胺药)etc.（4）B y target site of action(作用靶点)—target enzyme or receptor Anti-cholinesterase (抗胆碱酯酶)3、Medicinal chemistry involves:(1)synthesis (2)structure-activity relationships(SAR)(3)receptor interactions(4)absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)4、Medicinal chemistry cover 3 critical steps:● A discovery step●An optimization step● A development step5、important functional groups on drugs:(1)Alkanes&alkenes(烷烃和烯烃) (2)alcohol 醇（3）phenols 酚（4）ethers 醚（5）aromatic hydrocarbons 芳香化合物6、a drug usually has 3 names:（1）chemical (化学名)Mostly following rules by chemical abstracts service(CAS)One compound can only have one name（2）international non-proprietary names(INN,通用名)Convenient to remember ,needed when apply for registration, cannot be trade marked（商标）or patented(取得专利权)One compound can only have one name（3）commercial (商品名)Named by manufactures ,can be trade marked to protect the brand. One compound can have many different names7、prodrug strategies are used to overcome a variety of problems by:(1)Altering solubility 改变溶解度(2)Improving membrane permeability 提高细胞膜通透性(3)Slow release of the active agent 缓慢释放活性(4)Masking drug toxicity or side effects 掩蔽药物毒副作用三、Phytochemistry and Natural Products 天然药物化学和天然产物(一)概念1、Phytochemistry（天然药物化学）is in the strict sense of the study of phytochemicals, which are derived from plants. In a narrower sense the terms are often used to describe the large number of secondary metabolic compounds found in plants.2、Primary metabolites(初级代谢产物): compounds that are common to many types of organisms, that fulfill basic biologicalfunctions(e.g.respiration 呼吸,photosynthesis光合作用,DNA replication ＤＮＡ复制)3、Secondary metabolites（次级代谢产物）：compounds that are not essential to daily ,common metabolism of cells and individual organisms. Instead, these compounds are unique to certain taxa and fulfill secondary functions ,often involved in signaling between organisms (e.g.mate recognition配偶识别, chemical defense化学防御, chemotaxis 趋化作用)4、natural products: a natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism found in nature.（Primary metabolites & Secondary metabolites）（二）知识点1、summary:●natural products are compounds synthesized by living organisms,usually organic molecules with 5-100 carbons●natural products can be primary or secondary metabolites●secondary metabolites are produced via enzymatic pathways fromprimary metabolic building-blocks2、how to get natural products?/the process to purify natural products?(1)Plant collection植物采集(2)Extraction萃取(3)Fractionation分馏(4)Isolation分离(5)Structural determination 结构测定（UV，IR，MS,NMR）3、Journals in Phytochemistry and Natural Products Chemistry:●Journal of Natural Products 天然产物杂志●Phytochemistry●Journal of Ethnopharmacology 民族药物学杂志●Planta Medica 天然药物学会志（欧洲）●Phytochemical Analysis 植物化学分析●Chemical &Pharmaceutical Bulletin 化学与药学通报（日本）Review journals 综述期刊●Natural Product Reports 天然产物报告●Phytochemistry Review四、biochemistry 生物化学1、What is the goal of biochemistry？The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the collections of inanimate molecules （无生命的分子）that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life.（延长生命）2、Macromolecules（生物大分子）that constitute living organisms include proteins, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and polysaccharides.3、20种氨基酸：1、丙氨酸Alanine/Ala/A2、半胱氨酸Cysteine/Cys/C3、天冬氨酸Asparticacid/ Asp /D4、谷氨酸Glutamic acid/Glu/E5、苯基丙氨酸Phenylalanine/Phe/F6、甘氨酸glycine/Gly/G7、组氨酸Histidine/His/H 8、异亮氨酸Isoleucine/Ile/I9、赖氨酸Lysine/Lys/K 10、亮氨酸Leucine/leu/L11、蛋氨酸Methionine/Met/M 12、天冬酰胺Asparagine/Asn/N 13、脯氨酸Procine/pro/P 14、谷氨酰胺Glutamine/Gln/Q 15、精氨酸Arginine/Arg/R 16、丝氨酸Serine/Ser/S17、苏氨酸Threonine/Thr/T 18、缬氨酸Valine/Val/V19、色氨酸Tryptophan/Try/W 20、酪氨酸Tyrosine/Tyr/Y五、Microbiology 微生物学1、Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa,virus and some types of algae, which encompass various sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology, and other branches.2、几位科学家的成就Bacteriology was found in the 19th century by Ferdinand CohnCohn was also the first to formulate the scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacterial and discover spores费迪南德∙科恩, Ferdinand Cohn德国博物学家和植物学家，以研究藻类、细菌和蕈类著称，被视为细菌学的创始者之一。

药学英语试题及答案

药学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "pharmacology" refers to the study of:A. The origin of drugsB. The effects of drugs on the bodyC. The synthesis of drugsD. The distribution of drugs答案：B2. Which of the following is not a route of drug administration?A. OralB. IntravenousC. InhalationD. Electrolysis答案：D3. The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the body to:A. DoubleB. TripleC. QuadrupleD. Decrease by half答案：D4. Which of the following is a common side effect of antibiotics?A. Dry mouthB. DiarrheaC. InsomniaD. All of the above答案：B5. The abbreviation "IV" stands for:A. IntravenousB. IntramuscularC. IntraperitonealD. Intradermal答案：A6. The term "bioavailability" refers to the:A. Percentage of a drug that is absorbed into the systemic circulationB. Percentage of a drug that is excreted unchangedC. Percentage of a drug that is metabolized in the liverD. Percentage of a drug that is stored in fat tissues答案：A7. Which of the following is a type of drug interaction?A. SynergismB. AntagonismC. PotentiationD. All of the above答案：D8. The therapeutic index of a drug is a measure of its:A. EfficacyB. SafetyC. Cost-effectivenessD. Taste答案：B9. The term "prodrug" refers to a drug that:A. Is already active when administeredB. Requires metabolic activation to become activeC. Is a combination of two drugsD. Is a drug that has been discontinued答案：B10. Which of the following is a method for enhancing drug solubility?A. Salt formationB. Coating with a polymerC. MicronizationD. All of the above答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. The ________ of a drug refers to its ability to reach the site of action in the body.答案：pharmacokinetics2. A drug that is administered as a liquid and is intended to be swallowed is called a ________.答案：solution3. The ________ of a drug is the maximum amount that can be given without causing harmful effects.答案：therapeutic dose4. A drug that is used to treat a specific disease or condition is called a ________.答案：therapeutic agent5. The ________ of a drug is the minimum amount that will produce a therapeutic effect.答案：therapeutic dose6. A drug that is used to prevent a disease or condition is called a ________.答案：prophylactic agent7. The ________ of a drug is the study of its effects on biological systems.答案：pharmacodynamics8. A drug that is used to alleviate symptoms without treating the underlying cause is called a ________.答案：symptomatic agent9. The ________ of a drug is the process by which it isremoved from the body.答案：elimination10. A drug that is used to treat a wide range of conditionsis called a ________.答案：broad-spectrum agent三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between a generic drug and a brand-name drug.答案：A generic drug is a copy of a brand-name drug that has the same dosage form, safety, strength, quality, performance characteristics, and intended use. A brand-name drug is the original version of a drug that has beendeveloped by a pharmaceutical company and is protected by a patent.2. What are the factors that can influence the absorption ofa drug?答案：Factors that can influence the absorption of a drug include the route of administration, the formulation of the drug, the presence of food in the stomach, the pH of the gastrointestinal tract, and the individual's health status.3. Describe the process of drug metabolism.答案：Drug metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and eliminates drugs. It typically involves two phases: Phase I reactions, which involve oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis to make the drug more polar, and Phase。

医学英语-中医翻译以及思考题

此次英语期末考试题型有三种，第一种为单选，分为词根理解以及课文内容理解两块，词根理解10题，每题1分，以刚才上传的practice为主；课文内容理解以我们上过的单元为主，举个例子比如肺炎分为哪几类，就是一些比较基础的，所以大家要认真看看课文，这也是10题，每题1分。

第二种为短篇阅读理解，根据文章判断对错，共5题，每题2分。

第三种为翻译，这部分根据黄海老师上的内容，总共50分，包括英译汉10X1，汉译英10X2，句子翻译5X4。

第一讲课前笔记1、“针灸” 译为acupuncture and moxibustion2、“电针”译为: electroacupuncture3、“眼针”译为 Eye-acupuncture4、耳针译为：ear acupuncture5、头皮针：scalp acupuncture6、皮肤针skin needle7、“针刀”译为 acupotome, acupotomy8、“灸”译为： moxibustion9、三伏灸 Dog day moxibustion10、隔姜灸 moxibustion with（on） ginger11、“热敏灸” Heat-sensitization Moxibustion12、“穴位” 译为acupuncture point, 现简化acupoint13、穴位贴敷acupoint sticking14、（针刺）得气 Acu-esthesia15、拔火罐 cupping cupping glass16、“手法”译为 manipulation17、“经脉”译为channel或meridian18、1.手太阴肺经 Lung meridian of hand-taiyin2.手阳明大肠经 Large intestine meridian of hand-yangming3.足阳明胃经 Stomach meridian of foot-yangming4.足太阴脾经 Spleen meridian of foot-taiyin5.手少阴心经 Heart meridian of hand-shaoyin6.手太阳小肠经 Small intestine meridian of hand-taiyang7.足太阳膀胱经 Bladder meridian of foot-taiyang8.足少阴肾经 Kidney meridian of foot-shaoyin9.手厥阴心包经 Pericardium meridian of hand-jueyin10.手少阳三焦经 Triple energizer meridian of hand-shaoyang11.足少阳胆经 Gallbladder meridian of foot-shaoyang12.足厥阴肝经 Liver meridian of foot-jueyin19、少阳经Shaoyang –channel，其他以此类推20、阳明经穴Acupoints of the Yangming Meridian21、督脉 Governor vessel•任脉 Conception vessel•冲脉 thoroughfare vessel 。

药学英语上册第三单元课后习题答案

药学英语上册第三单元课后习题答案1、He is going to _______ a party this evening. [单选题] *A. hold(正确答案)B. makeC. needD. hear2、Mum, this T-shirt is much too small for me. Would you buy me a _______ one? [单选题] *A. niceB. largeC. nicerD. larger(正确答案)3、I _______ the job because I couldn’t stand(忍受) the rules. [单选题] *A. gave inB. gave outC. gave backD. gave up(正确答案)4、The organization came into being in 1 [单选题] *A. 开始策划B. 进行改组C. 解散D. 成立于(正确答案)5、How _______ Grace grows! She’s almost as tall as her mother now. [单选题] *A. cuteB. strongC. fast(正确答案)D. clever6、79．On a ________ day you can see the city from here. [单选题] *A．warmB．busyC．shortD．clear(正确答案)7、John had planned to leave, but he decided to stay in the hotel for（）two days because of the heavy rain. [单选题] *A. otherB. the otherC. another(正确答案)D. others8、( ) What other books have you read___ this English novel? [单选题] *A. besides(正确答案)B. exceptC.inD. about9、Mary _____ be in Paris. I saw her just now on campus. [单选题] *A. mustn'tB. can't(正确答案)C. need notD. may not10、I used to take ____ long way to take the bus that went by ____ tunnel under the water. [单选题] *A. a, aB. a. theC. a, /(正确答案)D. the, a11、I was astonished when I heard that Louise was getting married. [单选题] *A. 惊讶(正确答案)B. 气愤C. 高兴D. 想念12、You should finish your homework as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. 赶快地B. 尽能力C. 一...就D. 尽快地(正确答案)13、38．These workers ___________ this bridge since one year ago. [单选题] * A．buildB．are buildingC．have built (正确答案)D．built14、The huntsman caught only a（）of the deer before it ran into the woods. [单选题] *A. gazeB. glareC. glimpse(正确答案)D. stare15、47．Yao Ming is tall. That's one of his ________. [单选题] *A．advantageB．advantages(正确答案)C．disadvantageD．disadvantages16、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom17、Tom sits _______ Mary and Jane. [单选题] *A. amongB. between(正确答案)C. onD. next18、Both Mary and Linda don't care for fish. [单选题] *A. 喜欢(正确答案)B. 关心C. 照料D. 在乎19、_______ win the competition, he practiced a lot. [单选题] *A. BecauseB. In order to(正确答案)C. Thanks toD. In addition to20、2．The villagers want to have a bridge. Can this dream ________? [单选题] * A．come outB．get awayC．come true(正确答案)D．get out21、—How do you find（）birthday party of the Blairs? —I should say it was __________ complete failure．[单选题] *A．a; aB. the ; a(正确答案)C．a; /D．the; /22、14．Builders have pulled down many old houses, and they will build a lot of new ________. [单选题] *A．ones (正确答案)B．oneC．the onesD．the one23、He couldn’t ______ the maths problem without your help. [单选题] *A. work out(正确答案)B. work atC. work forD. work with24、The people’s Republic of China _______ on October 1, 1 [单选题] *A. foundB. was founded(正确答案)C. is foundedD. was found25、Miss Smith is a friend of _____. [单选题] *A. Jack’s sister’s(正确答案)B. Jack’s sisterC. Jack sister’sD. Jack sister26、I live a very quiet and peaceful life. [单选题] *A. 宁静的(正确答案)B. 舒适的C. 和平的D. 浪漫的27、—Why do you look so ______?—Our team won the basketball match!（）[单选题] *A. angryB. excited(正确答案)C. nervousD. unfair28、My dog is very _______. It is safe to touch it if you want to. [单选题] *A. luckyB. deliciousC. friendly(正确答案)D. helpful29、Tom didn’t _______ his exam again. It was a pity. [单选题] *A. winB. pass(正确答案)C. beatD. Fail30、People cut down many trees ______ elephants are losing their homes. （）[单选题] *A. ifB. butC. so(正确答案)D. or。

药学英语翻译答案解析

一、熟悉下列句子的翻译1. In addition to the revolution in new classes of drugs, an equally momentous revolution is taking place in drug delivery.除药物种类的革命外，药物给药系统也在进行一场同样令人震撼的革命。

2. The body can make about a trillion different antibodies, produced by shuffling and reshuffling their constituent parts.通过对构成成分的改组和再改组，机体可以产生约一万亿个不同的抗体。

3. Under current law, all new drugs need proof that they are effective, as well as safe, before they can be approved for marketing.现有法律要求，所有的新药都必须具有其有效、安全的证据才能被批准上市。

4．There is no agreement whether nursing mothers could use Alexan.哺乳期妇女是否能用爱力生尚无统一意见。

5. The prescription must be signed and dated by the practitioner and include his address.处方必须由医生亲笔签名，并注明日期和医生的地址。

6. Cells possess a nucleus which contains genetic information in the form of DNA.细胞含有一个细胞核，其中含有以脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）形式表达的基因信息。

7. A drug that is not covered by patent rights may be available in several proprietary formulations of the same generic preparation.没有专利权保护的药物可以用于同一个仿制剂型的多个专利配方中。

临床药学英语考试英语精选

1that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. MIC is generally regarded as the most basic laboratory measurement of the activity of an antimicrobial agent against an organism.最低抑菌浓度（MIC）：在体外培养细菌18-24h后能抑制培养基内细菌生长的最低药物浓度。

2. the lowest concentration of antibiotic required to kill an organism.最低杀菌浓度（MBC）：在体外试验中，能够杀灭培养基内细菌的最低药物浓度。

4.A phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.某些药物首次通过肠壁或经门静脉进入肝脏时被其中的酶所代谢致使进入体循环的药量减少的一种现象of the extent of a therapeutically active drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available at the site of action.one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs经任何给药途径给予一定剂量的药物后到达全身血液循环内药物的百分率7.The most reliable measure of bioavailability.Directly proportional to the total amount of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation.Calculating the relative efficiency of different drug products血药浓度-时间曲线下面积：血药浓度随时间变化的积分值，与吸收后进入体循环的药量成正比，反映进入体循环药物的相对量8.9.A the distribution of a medication throughout the body after oral or parenteral dosingIt is defined as the volume in which the amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the observed blood concentrationA∕Co当血浆和组织内药物分布达到平衡后，体内药物按此时的血浆药物浓度在体内分布时所需体液容积称表观分布容积10.the lungs in the first second when starting from maximum inspiration11.第1秒用力呼气量（FEV1）：尽力最大吸气后再尽力尽快呼气，在第1秒钟内呼出的气量。

药学实用英语

药学实用英语
本项中常见的句型例:Folic acid is a yellowish to orange，
crystalline powder；odorless or almost odorless．叶酸是淡黄色至橙色结晶粉末，无臭或几乎无臭。
例:It Occurs as a white to off-white， crystalline solid，poorly soluble in water，dilute acid and most organic solvents．本品为白色至类白色结晶固体，难溶于水、稀酸及大多数有机溶剂中。
在临床试验中该药显示其对于改善和恢复已改变的脑循环以及治疗与四肢动脉血流不畅有关的疾病高度有效。
药学实用英语
例:Halcion is a potent short acting hypnotic agent，which produces its hypnotic activity from the first night of administration. 海乐神是一种强力短效催眠药，它从服药后的第一个夜晚开始产生催眠作用。
Gram negative microorganisms(bacteria) 革兰氏阴性菌 E．coil大肠杆菌
这些词汇可借助《英汉医学词汇》进行阅读和翻译，只要掌握了这些词意，即可了解本项基本内容。
药学实用英语
常见句型：本项是说明书的重点，从句子结构来分析，大致有以下几种类型。 1．不完整句，仅列出疾病或微生物的名称，在语法上不是一个完整的句子。如: Angina pectoris,hypertension…
药学实用英语
药学实用英语
第一节药品说明书定义
药品说明书即为附在每种药品包装盒里的一份用药说明。经过注册的进口药品一般是国家承认的有效药物，其说明书是指导医生与患者合理用药的重要依据，具有一定的法律效力。