国际市场营销论文英文版

《国际营销》期末论文班级：Z0902 姓名：于涛学号：09The Role of GovernmentAbstract: The purpose of the passage is to describe the role of government in the market.Key words: Government market role developThe word’s markets are overseen by governments. Ideally, those governments set polices based on what they believe will serve the greatest number of their people to the greatest extent.The maintenance of nation borders is the single most important element that separates international trade from domestic trade.While consumers and producers make most decisions that mold the economy, government activities have a powerful effect on the market. Incubate special research, business and development, such as small businesses, space research, job training, unemployment insurance and more.Perhaps most importantly, the federal government guides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. It can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth -- in the process, affecting the level of prices and employment.It is supposed to create and administer laws which are fair and equitable. Imagine any team sport without rules or referees. Experience has shown that neither the teams nor the fans find this acceptable. Without an independent referee disputes in a game could not be resolved. Most fans and teams are willing to put up with the occasional bad call rather than no calls at all. The same thing applies in government. Lately there has been a great deal of discussion about the power of the free market to regulate itself or the "invisible hand" to sort things out. Hundreds of years of experience had shown this not to work. Time and again markets have become unstable, either with bubbles such as the famous tulip mania or the "South Sea Island" bubble, or have become overly concentrated such as the standard oil trust. This leads inefficiency, since prices are distorted and resources are diverted from innovation and expansion of socially useful tasks. Without a referee the situation eventually fails anyway, but later and with more social damage than a well regulated society would provide.Modern society is going to continue to have government perform all functions. These have developed because there was a need, and because they worked more often than they failed. Progress will be made when the critics stop trying to turn the clock back to an imaginary past and devote their energies to optimizing what we have. "Liberals" can also do their part by focusing the discussion on the roles listed above and proposing improvements targeted to each sector.In fact, government plans important roles in the market. Government can protect and regulate the sustainable use of natural resources. Enforce and regulate fair and responsible business practices. Included in this is monitoring monetary policy, giving consumer protection and regulating banking practices. Determine and enforce civil laws of property and conduct. This includes the freedoms of the press, religion and rights of property. Provide public goods and services for the well-being of the community as a whole, such as infrastructure, vaccination programs, disaster relief, fireworks shows, public parks, basic healthcare, subsidized housing,public education and public utilities. These are things that the government provides better than private business for the community at large through pooling money and resources. Free markets are supposed to thrive on competition to deliver a product with opposing companies striving to find better methods of production to lower the cost and increasing quality to deliver a better product. So yes, it requires regulation to be effective.Governments ought not to give more incentives to some industries than to others, except to overcome inherent market failure. Inherent market failure is uncommon, even in developing countries. Most apparent market failures are policy induced; they arise from government action or inaction – action to restrict market access, or failure to establish a capital market, for example. The appropriate role of government is therefore to help create and sustain an economic environment in which price signals drive industrial change. This it can do by adopting a neutral policy regime, the core of which is a free trade regime and a small public sector, unable to impose ‘political’ prices. Powerful empirical evidence for the validity of this proposition comes from the contrast between the East Asian developing countries and Japan, on the one hand, and most of the rest of the developing world, on the other. The superior economic performance of the East Asian capitalist countries has gone with a relatively neutral policy regime; the inferior economic performance elsewhere went with varying degrees of distortions. The causality is from distortions, or lack of them, to results.To be fair, change freaks some people out. To be ideological, the people (usually in government) opposed to the instability of the free market just don’t like what other people choose to do with their economic liberty. They find prosperity morally vulgar and are offended by obvious inequality — failing to see that free markets have elevated all people everywhere to standards of living that would have been unimaginable even 100 years agoIf go vernments don’t play their role in creating the foundation of good gover nance, I don’t think we can create the market solution.Strong national governance – enforcement of rule of law, a rule-based economic system, a free judiciary, absence of bribery and corruption and laws to protect advertising claims –are all necessary conditions to attract foreign investors.The private annuity market is plagued by the problem of adverse selection leading to market failure. Potential remedies include government-run compulsory or voluntary life-annuity plans. A compulsory plan, while simple to design, has the drawback that it could actually decrease welfare. In contrast, a voluntary plan is always welfare-increasing, but would seem difficult, if not impossible, to design because it requires the use of private information. The government could actually design such a voluntary plan with considerable accuracyMarketing abroad can be a very risky pursuit as the legal landscape in some countries is extremely fluid. Laws are sometimes uncodified and even when they are, interpretation can be arbitrary. Governments certainly have the right, and in many case the duty, to intervene in businesses or trade being conducted by foreign nationals.Reference: The role of the governmentWhat’s the role of the government in market?《Approaching and Penetrating the International Marketplace》。