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8社区卫生服务

•
社区等于行政区划？
• 社区可大可小，例如，村庄、小城镇、街道邻里、城市的市区或郊区、大都市等等，都是规模不等的社区。
社区不等于社会
• 社区包括了社会有机体最基本的内容 • 社会不是简单的社区组合 • 社会具有超越各个具体社区的性质和特点
• 社区构成的五个要素：
1、一定数量的人口。但人数多少才能形成一个社区，目前并无定论。社区太大、人数过多，将使彼此互动困难；但人数太少就一定不可能形成利益互惠与生活维持的团体。
• 法定的社区，即地方行政区ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ • 专能的社区，如大学、军营、矿区等 • 城市社区、农村社区、小城镇社区
社区服务
• 在政府规划和指导下，发动和组织社区内成员，建立完整系统的服务网络，开展互助活动，为人们提供物质和精神生活的各种社会福利和社会服务
社区服务的起源
• 西方工业革命和城市化 • 解决社会问题（贫困）的一种方式 • 作为社会福利的一种形式
• 创建健康社区 • 促进区域卫生规划和卫生体制机制改革
全科医护人员是社区卫生服务的供给者
欧美各国全科医师占全部医师比例2/3，医师与护士的比例为1：2~3，他们提供从小到老、从防治到康复、从生理到心理、从技术到社会的整体服务，他们是社区居民的健康守护神，起到：
• 守门人（首诊病人） • 把关人（留家、转院） • 照护人（防病、保健） • 咨询者（健康教育） • 协调者（各方协作）
健康是社区居民的首要要求
广州市居民家庭选定需求项目比例顺序
1、医疗保健 2、卫生服务 3、老人保健
28.5% 22.9% 22.6%
4、就业培训 5、家政服务 6、困难援助 7、政策咨询 8、计划生育 9、照顾老人 10、幼儿托管

Unit9HumanBiologyLesson3RreadingClub单词讲义-2023-2024

Unit9 lesson3reading clubepidemic词性：名词中文意思：流行病，传染病的大规模爆发英文释义：a widespread outbreak of a contagious disease in a munity or population词源：来自希腊语epidemion（在土地上的出现），由epi（上面）和demos（人们）组成。

例句：The government is taking measures to control the epidemic.固定搭配：epidemic disease（传染病），epidemic prevention（疫情预防）近义词：outbreak, pandemicvirus词性：名词中文意思：病毒，一种微生物，能在宿主体内繁殖并感染其他细胞英文释义：any of various small infectious agents that reproduce only inside the living cells of an organism and are capable of causing disease.词源：来自拉丁语virus，意为“毒液”或“毒素”。

例句：The flu virus can be transmitted through coughing and sneezing.固定搭配：virus infection（病毒感染），virus vaccine（病毒疫苗）近义词：pathogen, germ, microbevariation词性：名词中文意思：变化，差异，变异英文释义：a difference or deviation from what is normal or expected; a variant form.词源：来自拉丁语variare，意为“改变形状”。

例句：There is a great variation in temperature between day and night.固定搭配：variation in price（价格波动），variation in color（颜色变化）近义词：change, modification, deviationfactor词性：名词中文意思：因素，要素，因子英文释义：something that contributes to a particular result or condition.词源：来自拉丁语factum，意为“做，制造”。

中国卫生统计提要2011

说明一、2010 年部分数据为初步统计数，调整数见《中国卫生统计年鉴·2011》。

二、全国性统计指标均未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省数据。

三、本资料数据主要来源于统计年报和抽样调查。

香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省数据及附录摘自《中国统计年鉴》和《世界卫生统计》。

四、“-”表示无数字；“…”表示数字不详；“#”表示其中项。

五、指标解释：1.医疗卫生机构包括医院、基层医疗卫生机构、专业公共卫生机构、其他机构。

2.基层医疗卫生机构包括社区卫生服务中心（站）、街道卫生院、乡镇卫生院、村卫生室、门诊部3.专业公共卫生机构包括疾病预防控制中心、专科疾病防治机构、健康教育机构、妇幼保健机构、4.公立医院指经济类型为国有和集体办的医院。

5.民营医院指公立医院以外的其他医院，包括联营、股份合作、私营、台港澳投资和外国投资等医6．东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、辽宁、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东、海南 11 个7．城市包括直辖市和地级市辖区。

农村包括县及县级市。

INoteⅠ.For time limit, some data of 2010 are not final.The adjusted data will be in "China Health Statistical Yearbook 2011".Ⅱ.The national data do not include that of Hong Kong & MacaoSpecial Administrative Region, Taiwan Province.Ⅲ.The major data sources are obtained from annual statistical reports and sample survey. Appendix and the data of Hong Kon Administrative Region and Taiwan Province are collected from ChinaStatistical Yearbook and World Health Statistics.Ⅳ.Use of Symbols: "-" indicates no figure; "…" indicates that the data is not available; "#" indicates the major items of the tota Ⅴ.Indicator1.Health institution include hospital, grass-roots health care institution, specialized public health institutio2.Grass-roots health care institution include community health center & station, sub-district health center,3.Specialized public health institution include CDC,specialized disease prevention & treatment institution,4.Public hospital include state-owned & collective-owned hospital.5.Non-public hospital include hospital domestic funded from joint, cooperative, private, others, funded fro6.East include Beijing,Tianjin,Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang,Fujian,Shandong,Guangdong7.Urban include municipalities & city at prefecture, rural includecounty & city at county-level.目录Contents一、医疗服务Medical Service医疗卫生机构诊疗人次及入院人数 (1)Number of Visits and Inpatients in Health Institution2010 年各类医疗卫生机构诊疗人次及入院人数 (1)Number of Visits & Inpatients in Health Institution in 20102010 年各类医院诊疗人次及入院人数 (2)Number of Visits & Inpatients in Hospital in 2010医院分科门急诊人次及构成 (3)Number & % of Outpatients & Emergencies by Department in Hospital医院分科出院人数及构成 (4)Number & % of Inpatients by Department in Hospital医院病床使用率(%) (5)Utilization Rate(%) in Hospital医院平均住院日 (6)Average Stay Days in Hospital2010 年医院医师日均担负诊疗人次和住院床日 (7)Daily Visits & Inpatients Per Doctor in Hospital in 2010政府办医院医师日均担负诊疗人次和住院床日 (8)Daily Visits & Inpatients Per Doctor in Government-run Hospital2010 年公立医院收入与支出 (9)Income & Expenditure of Public Hospital in 2010公立医院门诊病人次均医药费用 (10)Average Medical Expense Per Outpatient in Public Hospital公立医院出院病人人均医药费用 (11)Average Medical Expense Per Inpatient in Public Hospital2010 年政府办医院收入与支出 (12)Income & Expenditure of Government-run Hospital in 2010政府办医院门诊病人次均医药费用 (13)Average Medical Expense Per Outpatient in Government-run Hospital政府办医院出院病人人均医药费用 (14)Average Medical Expense Per Inpatient in Government-run Hospital居民两周患病率 (15)Two-week Morbidity Rate2003 年疾病别两周患病率 (16)Two-week Morbidity Rate by Diseases in 20032008 年疾病别两周患病率 (17)Two-week Morbidity Rate by Diseases in 2008居民慢性病患病率 (18)Morbidity Rate of Chronic Diseases居民两周就诊情况 (19)Two-week Visit居民住院情况 (19)Status of Hospitalization城市医院住院病人前十位疾病构成 (20)% of 10 Main Diseases of Inpatients in City Hospitals县医院住院病人前十位疾病构成 (21)% of 10 Main Diseases of Inpatients in County Hospitals2010 年各地区医院诊疗人次(万人次) (22)Number of Visits(10 000) in Hospitals by Region in 20102010 年各地区医院入院人数(万人) (24)Number of Inpatients(10 000) in Hospitals by Region in 20102010 年各地区医院病床使用率(%) (26)Utilization(%) of Beds in Hospitals by Region in 2010二、基层医疗卫生服务Grass-roots Health Care Service2010 年基层医疗卫生机构诊疗人次及入院人数 (31)Number of Visits & Inpatients in Grass-roots Health Care Institution in 2010社区卫生服务中心(站)工作量 (32)Medical Services in Community Health Center (Station)社区卫生服务中心门诊病人次均医药费用 (33)Average Medical Expense Per Outpatient in Community Health Center社区卫生服务中心出院病人均医药费用 (33)Average Medical Expense Per Inpatient in Community Health Center乡镇卫生院工作量 (34)Medical Services in Township Health Center乡镇卫生院门诊病人次均医药费用 (35)Average Medical Expense Per Outpatient in Township Health Center乡镇卫生院出院病人人均医药费用 (35)Average Medical Expense Per Inpatient in Township Health Center2010 年各地区基层医疗卫生机构诊疗人次(万人次) (36)Visits(10 000) of Grass-roots Health Care Institutions by Region in 2010 各地区社区卫生服务中心(站)和乡镇卫生院门诊量占医疗卫生Community & Township Health Center Visits % of Total Visits by Region2010 年各地区基层医疗卫生机构入院人数(万人) (40)Inpatients(10000) of Grass-roots Health Care Institutions by Region in 20102010 年各地区基层医疗卫生机构病床使用率(%) (42)Utilization of Beds(%) of Grass-roots Health Care Institutions by Region in 2010县级医院医疗服务情况 (44)Medical Services in Hospital at County-level县级妇幼保健机构医疗服务情况 (45)Medical Services in MCH Center at County-level三、公共卫生服务Public Health Service2010 年 28 种传染病报告发病及死亡数 (49)Number of Reported Incidence & Death of 28 Infectious Diseases in 20102010 年 28 种传染病报告发病及死亡率 (50)Reported Incidence & Death Rate of 28 Infectious Diseases in 20102009 年部分市县前十位疾病死亡专率及死亡原因构成(合计) (51)Death Rate of 10 Main Diseases in Certain Region in 2009 (Total)2009 年部分市县前十位疾病死亡专率及死亡原因构成(男) (52)Death Rate of 10 Main Diseases in Certain Region in 2009 (Male)2009 年部分市县前十位疾病死亡专率及死亡原因构成(女) (53)Death Rate of 10 Main Diseases in Certain Region in 2009 (Female)2004-2005 年前十位恶性肿瘤死亡率(1/10 万) (54)Mortality Rate of 10 Main Malignant Neoplasms From 2004 to 2005 (1/100 000) 2010 年血吸虫病防治情况 (56)Schistosomiasis Control Status in 20102010 年地方性氟中毒防治情况 (57)Endemic Fluorosis Control Status in 20102010 年克山病、大骨节病、碘缺乏病防治情况 (57)Keshan Disease, Kashin-Beck Disease, Iodine Deficiency DisordersControl Status in 2010农村改水工作情况 (58)Improvement of Rural Drinking Water Supply各地区农村改水情况 (59)Improvement of Rural Drinking Water Supply by Region2010 年各地区农村改厕工作情况 (61)Improvement of Rural Hygienic Toilets by Region in 2010妇幼保健情况 (62)Conditions of Maternal and Children Health Care3 岁以下儿童和孕产妇系统管理率 (62)% of Systematic Management Children Under 3-year & Maternal2010 年被监督单位基本情况 (63)The Basic Situation of Inspected Field in 20102010 年卫生监督和监测情况 (64)Health Supervision & Surveillance in 20102010 年建设项目卫生审查情况 (65)Hygiene Examination of Construction Project in 20102010 年卫生行政处罚情况 (66)Administrative Punishment Cases in 2010四、基本医疗保障制度Basic Medical Insurance System新型农村合作医疗情况 (71)Conditions of New Rural Cooperative Medical System2010 年各地区新型农村合作医疗情况 (72)Conditions of New Rural Cooperative Medical System by Region in 2010城镇居民基本医疗保险情况 (74)Conditions of Basic Medical Insurance of Urban Population居民社会医疗保险构成(%) (75)% of Social Medical Insurance城市医疗救助情况 (75)Conditions of Urban & Rural Medical Aid五、人民健康水平Health Status of Population人口出生率、死亡率和自然增长率 (79)Birth, Death and Natural Growth Rate各地区人口出生率和死亡率 (80)Birth and Death Rate by RegionVII期望寿命(岁) (82)Life Expectancy (Year)年龄别期望寿命(岁) (82)Life Expectancy (Year) by Age各地区人口期望寿命(岁) (83)Life Expectancy (Year) by Region监测地区孕产妇死亡率(1/10 万) (85)Maternal Mortality Rate in Surveillance Region(per 100 000 Live Births)2010 年监测地区孕产妇死亡原因 (86)Cause of Maternal Death in Surveillance Region in 2010监测地区 5 岁以下儿童死亡率 (87)Mortality Rate of Children Under 5-year in Surveillance Region城市七岁以下儿童身体发育情况 (88)Body Development of Urban Children Under 7-year农村七岁以下儿童身体发育情况 (89)Body Development of Rural Children Under 7-year青少年、儿童身体发育情况(城市) (90)Body Development of Children and Adolescents (Urban )青少年、儿童身体发育情况(农村) (91)Body Development of Children and Adolescents (Rural)居民人均每日营养摄取量 (92)Daily Per Capita Nutrient Intake2002 年居民人均每日营养摄入量 (92)Daily Per Capita Nutrient Intake in 2002六、卫生资源Health Resource医疗卫生机构数 (95)Number of Health Institutions医院数 (95)Number of Hospitals2010 年医院等级 (96)Number of Hospitals by Grade in 2010按床位数分组医院数 (97)Number of Hospitals by Beds基层医疗卫生机构数 (98)Number of Grass-roots Health Care Institute专业公共卫生机构数 (99)Number of Specialized Public Health Institution医疗卫生机构床位数 (100)Number of Beds in Health Institutions医院床位数 (100)Number of beds in Hospitals医院分科床位数及构成 (101)Number and Percentage of Beds by Departments in Hospitals基层医疗卫生机构床位数 (102)Number of Beds in Grass-roots Health Care Institution卫生人员数 (103)Number of Health Personnel卫生技术人员数 (104)Number of Health Professionals每千人口卫生技术人员数 (105)Health Professionals per 1000 Population2010 年卫生技术人员年龄学历及技术职务构成(%) (106)% of Health Professional By Age, Educational-Level & Technical Position in 2010 2010 年执业(助理)医师年龄学历及技术职务构成(%) (107)% of Registered Doctor & Assistant Doctor By Age, Educational-Level& Technical Position in 2010分科医师构成(%) (108)Percentage of Doctor by Departments2010 年医疗卫生机构人员数 (109)Number of Personnel in Health Institution in 20102010 年医院卫生人员数 (110)Number of Personnel in Hospital in 20102010 年基层医疗卫生机构人员数 (111)Number of Personnel in Grass-roots Health Care Institution in 2010社区卫生服务中心(站)床位及人员数 (112)Number of Community Health Center, Beds & Personnel农村乡镇卫生院及床位、人员数 (113)Number of Township Health Centers, Beds and Personnel村卫生室及人员数 (114)Number of Village Clinic and Personnel2010 年专业公共卫生机构人员数 (115)Number of Personnel in Specialized Public Health Institution in 2010疾病预防控制中心及人员数 (116)Center for Disease Control & Prevention & Personnel妇幼保健机构及床位、人员数 (117)Number of MCH Centers, Beds and Personnel2010 年各地区医疗卫生机构数 (118)Number of Health Institution by Region in 20102010 年各地区医院数 (120)Number of Hospital by Region in 20102010 年各地区基层医疗卫生机构数 (122)Number of Grass-roots Health Care Institution by Region in 20102010 年各地区专业公共卫生机构数 (124)Number of Specialized Public Health Institution by Region in 20102010 年各地区医疗卫生机构床位数 (126)Number of Beds by Region in Health Institutions in 20102010 年各地区卫生人员数 (128)Number of Health Personnel by Region in 20102010 年各地区农村乡镇卫生院及床位、人员数 (130)Number of Township Health Centers, Beds& Personnel by Region in 20102010 年各地区村卫生室及人员数 (132)Number of Village Clinics and Personnel by Region in 2010医学专业招生及在校学生数 (134)Medical Entrants & Enrolments医学专业毕业人数 (135)Number of Medicine Graduates卫生总费用 (136)Total Expenditure on Health附录 1:香港和澳门特别行政区与台湾省卫生状况Appendix I:Health Status in Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Provin香港、澳门特别行Health Status in Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province 香港特别行政区医疗卫生条件 (140)Conditions of Health in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region澳门特别行政区医疗卫生条件 (141)Conditions of Health in Macao Special Administrative Region台湾省医疗卫生条件 (142)Conditions of Health in Taiwan Province附录 2:主要国家卫生状况Appendix II: Health Status of Main Countrie s人口状况 (145)Population Status妇幼卫生状况 (146)State of Maternal and Child Health卫生设施 (147)Health Facility卫生费用 (148)Health Expenditure附录 3:我国主要人口与社会经济指标Appendix Ⅲ: Indicators of Population, Society & Economy of China全国行政区划(2010 年底) (151)Division of Districts in China (End of 2010)全国人口数 (153)Number of Population全国人口普查数 (154)Number of Population on National Population Census各地区人口数 (155)Population by Region人口年龄构成(%) (157)Composition of Population by Age人口文化程度 (158)Population by Educational Level2009 年按人口分组城市数 (159)Number of Cities by Population in 2009国内生产总值和财政收支 (160)Gross Domestic Product, Budgetary Revenue and Expenditure居民消费价格与商品零售价格指数(上年=100) (161)区 Region。

2021届新高考全国卷英文作文话题词汇积累(20)—人体健康与疾病防治

2021新高考全国卷英文作文话题词汇积累（20）—人体健康与疾病防治I.话题词汇、词块汇编well-being n.健康快乐;幸福感acute a.严重的;剧烈的abuse vt.滥用interval n.间隔;间歇adaptation n.变化;变种;适应circulate v.循环ample a.充足的;充裕的cancer n.癌症wellness n.健康sub-health n.亚健康digest v.消化carrier n.带菌者;带菌动物circulate vi.循环enhance v.增强symptom n.症状coma n.昏迷burnout n.过度劳累;精疲力竭complicated a.复杂的compulsory a.强制性的;义务的contradict vt.与...相矛盾controversial a.有争议的cure vt.治愈customs n.海关sceptical a.怀疑的diagnose vt.诊断digest vt.消化discharge vt.解除隔离;出院disinfect v.消毒dizzy a.头晕目眩的doubtful a.怀疑的;不肯定的drugstore n.药店emotion n.情绪;情感empire n.帝国enhance vt.增强；提高enquiry n.询问epidemic n.流行病;传染病faith n.信心;信任fatigue n.乏力foresee vt.预见fundamental a.根本的;基础的helmet n.防护帽;头盔herb n.草药identify vt.识别;确认;当作impulse n.脉冲infect vt.感染influenza (flu) n.流感institution n.团体;机构;学院kidney n.肾;肾脏lame a.跛腿的;站不住脚的;不令人相信的liver n.肝脏fingernail n.手指甲fingermark n.指痕;指迹fingerprint n.指纹;指印fingerprinting n.盖手印fingertip n.指尖forehead n.前额lap n.(坐着时的)大腿部;(跑道等的)一圈;(行程的)一段belly n.肚子;腹部misinformation/rumor n.谣言；误传mourn vt.感到悲痛；哀悼numb a.麻木的parallel n.平行线;相似之处physician n.内科医生plague n.鼠疫;瘟疫pneumonia n.肺炎prescription n.处方press n.新闻媒体prohibit vt.禁止pulse n.脉搏respirator n.人工呼吸器;面罩sceptical/skeptical a.极度怀疑的statistics n.统计数字;统计资料surgeon n.外科医生systematic a.系统化的tablet n.药片tentative a.不确定的;暂定的;犹豫不决的;试探性的terminal a.晚期的;致命的thorough a.彻底的;细致的threaten vt.威胁tissue n.(动植物的)组织vaccine n.疫苗immune system 免疫系统gene-therapy 基因疗法at all costs 不惜一切代价;无论如何at random 随意的；随机的avoid crowds 避免去人多的地方take sb’s blood pressure 量血压body fluids 体液out of form 状态不好out of shape 不健康;走样fade away 病重衰弱come down with flu 患感冒thumbs up竖起大拇指(表示赞成或满意) rule of thumb 简单有效的方法hang one’s head 耷拉着脑袋Sb’s head spins 某人觉得头晕swing one’s fist 挥舞着拳头twist one’s ankle 扭伤脚踝side effect 副作用after-effect 副作用;后效cancel mass gatherings 取消大型集会under/in that circumstance在那种情形下close contacts 密切接触者run a temperature 发烧be admitted to the hospital 住院be discharged from the hospital 获准出院close scenic spots 关闭景点center for disease control and prevention 疾病防控中心Chinese herbs中草药chest tightness/distress 胸闷community-based epidemic prevention and control 社区疫情防控critical conditions重症confirmed case 确诊病例contact tracing 接触者追踪contact transmission 接触传播daily necessities 日常基本生活物资death rate 死亡率disposable gloves 一次性手套droplet transmission 飞沫传播dry cough 干咳equip...with 用...装备/准备fever clinic 发热门诊first-level emergency response一级应急响应severe case 重症病例frontline health workers 一线医护人员health authorities 卫生主管部门bacterial trial/infection 细菌实验/感染turn on mankind 报复人类;攻击人类urban areas 城区under medical observation 进行医疗观察virus outbreak 病毒爆发vulnerable population 易感染人群wipe out 彻底摧毁;彻底毁灭affected areas 被传染地区;发病区域temperature screening 体温筛查temperature taking 体温测量suspected case 疑似病例symptoms and complications症状和并发症stock up on food 囤积食品stop...in its tracks 突然止步super spreader 超级传播者postpone the reopening of schools延迟开学recovery rate 治愈率protective suit 防护服Novel coronavirus 新冠病毒monitor body temperature 检测体温the city went into lockdown 封城major public health emergency重大公共卫生事件mask/face mask 口罩medical assistance 医疗援助medical inspection 医学检查medical staff 医护人员mild case 轻症immune shots 打疫苗针immune system 免疫系统isolation ward 隔离病房intermediate host 中间宿主natural host 自然宿主II.话题作文---新冠病毒01 告知信假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Mike原定今年3月份来中国拜访你，可最近他在媒体上得知你所在的地区出现新冠肺炎疫情，表示非常关切。

Unit six Traditional Chinese Medicine中国传统医药

[参考答案]

1. Western medicine. It is quick to display effects to cure the disease. But my parents prefer to take traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In their opinions, the traditional Chinese medicine produces fewer side effects and it can improve the overall immune system of the body. 2. China healthcare system is challenged by providing services for the most populous country with 1.3 billion people and a majority of rural residents. China implemented several health insurance reforms in the last few years. Besides commercial medical insurance, current healthcare system consists of three main social insurance programs: Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) for the urban employed (1997), Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) for urban residents without formal employment, New Cooperative Medical System (NCMS) for the rural population (2003).

托福词汇表

托福词汇表(总17页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--托福阅读分类词汇汇总一，建筑学词汇(上)architect 建筑师?architecture 建筑学arch 拱形? baroque style 巴洛克rococo style 洛可可?pillar post 柱bar tendon 钢筋? construction?建造icon?肖像，画像?coin:硬币statue?雕像dam 坝?tunnel?隧道?canyon、gorge 峡谷?monument 纪念碑church 教堂? abbey 教堂landmark 路标里程碑? suspension bridge?悬浮桥beam 梁? dome vault 穹顶granite 花岗岩? collapse 坍塌magnificent 壮丽的?reinforce 加强stable 稳定的? absorber?减震器masterpiece 杰作,名着? skyscraper?摩天大楼sideways 侧面的?erect 盖，树立peg?钉，栓? sway?摇晃upright?垂直的? vertical?垂直的wedge?三角木? storey?层eave 屋檐? watchtower?了望塔staircase?楼梯?overhang 悬垂roof 屋顶? trunk?树干craftsman?工匠? column 圆柱flex 弯曲?concept?概念concrete 混凝土?toughened glass 钢化玻璃建筑学词汇(下)aerial view/bird eye view 鸟瞰图symbol 象征statue\sculpture 雕塑blueprint 蓝图sketch 草图building orientation 建筑朝向building structure 建筑结构?civil 土木water supply and drainage 给排水plot plan 总图(heating、ventilation and air conditioning) 采暖通风electric power supply 电力供应?electric lighting 电气照明telecommunication 电讯?instrument 仪表heat power supply 热力供应?civil architecture 民用建筑piping 管道?fire-prevention 防火aseismatic, quake-proof 防震?anti-corrosion 防腐dump-proof 防潮?water-proof 防水dust-proof 防尘?rust-proof 防锈pedestrian volume 人流量?perspective drawing 透视图wind load 风荷载?scheme, draft 方案bearing wall 承重墙?balcony 阳台marble 大理石?granite 花岗岩reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土医学类词汇（上）microbe/bacteria/germ 细菌health and well-being?健康improper or unhealthy diet 不健康的饮食artificial chemicals?人工化学品（添加剂）poisonous?有毒的taste enhancer?味觉提高剂protein 蛋白质?fat?脂肪mineral?矿物质?vitamin 维他命ingredient 成分?vegetarian?素食主义者overweight?超重?obesity?肥胖poor dietary habit?不良饮食习惯?be on a diet?节食减肥cut lifespan?减少寿命?proper nutrition?适当营养calorie 卡路里organ 器官heart 心?liver 肝maintain physical fitness 保持身体健康high-calorie intake 高卡路里的摄入artificial sweetener?人工增甜剂医学类词汇（下）organ 器官?heart 心liver 肝?lung 肺kidney 肾?cell 细胞，蜂窝nerve 神经?cancer 癌症heart attack 心脏病?diabetes 糖尿病stroke 中风?asthma 哮喘pneumonia 肺炎hepatitis 肝炎influenza/flu 流感?immune system?免疫系统cholesterol 胆固醇?metabolic 新陈代谢sleeplessness/insomnia 失眠?blood circulation?血液循环chronic illness?慢性病renew one’s energy?恢复精力physical activity?体育活动prevalence of disease 疾病的流行cut the risk of suffering…(heart attack) 降低患..风险hypertension—high blood pressure 高血压foods low in fat and high in fibre低脂肪高纤维食物lower the immune response 降低免疫力动物学词汇（上）species?种类?degenerate?退化breed?物种，繁殖food chain?食物链mammal?哺乳动物?wild animal?野生动物living creature 生物? mature 成熟immature 不成熟的? habitat?栖息地?inhabit 栖息于，居住在? evolve 进化?evolution?进化?instinct 本能feature?特点? ability—capacity 能力? reproduction 繁殖appetite?食欲?digestion 消化?offspring/ descendent 后代grub?幼兽?cub 幼兽?predator?掠夺者?prey 被掠夺者?migrate--migration?迁徙? aggression 侵略hatch?孵化?hibernation 冬眠?chew?咀嚼? biological diversity 生物多样性动物学词汇（中）sense 感官hormone?荷尔蒙intelligence?智慧?emotion?情感joint 关节?limb 四肢muscle 肌肉?nerve 神经organ 器官?vulnerable?易受伤害的?mate 交配伙伴gene 基因?identify rings 身份标志圈?aquaria?水族馆marine?海洋的?life expectancy?寿命life span?寿命?fur 皮毛imitate?模仿?mimicry?模仿turtle 海龟?mimic 模仿的?die out?灭绝pest 害虫?pesticide 杀虫剂?insect 昆虫conservation 保护?mammal 哺乳动物?reindeer?驯鹿rhinoceros 犀牛?reptile 爬行动物；卑鄙的人?crocodile 鳄鱼chameleon 变色龙?batrachia 无尾两栖类，蛙类?lizard 蜥蜴?exist—existence?生存?extinct—extinction?灭绝visual and acoustic faculty 视觉和听觉能力endangered rare species 稀有濒危物种cognition—recognition 认知，再认知动物学词汇（下）turtle 海龟?dinosaur 恐龙family 科?class 纲order 目?suborder 亚目genus 种，类?spine 脊骨toe 脚趾?bill 鸟嘴?beak 鸟嘴，喙scale 鳞片；障眼物?ox 牛?dolphin 海豚plankton 浮游生物?mule 骡?donkey 驴zebra 斑马?reindeer 驯鹿?giraffe 长颈鹿camel 骆驼puma美洲豹?leopard 豹tiger 虎?squirrel松鼠eagle 鹰snake 蛇?turtle 龟?cow 母牛goose 鹅?swan天鹅?oviparity卵生viviparity 胎生?grease 动物脂；脂肪?考古学词汇(上)archeology 考古学?archeologist 考古学家artifact 人造物品?relic 遗物，遗迹；纪念物vestige?遗迹，痕迹excavate 挖掘?carve 刻，雕刻temple 庙?kingdom/realm王国empire 王国?emperor 国王?pharaoh法老the Niles 尼罗河?pyramid?金字塔?statue 雕像 statute：法令，法规，条例chart 绘图skull 头脑；头骨?antique 古物，古董warship?祭拜site地址、遗址?exhume掘出unearth?发掘，发现?scoop 汲取；挖掘?indigenous 当地人antiquity 古代，古老，古代的文物?offspring/descendent 后代考古学词汇(下)dwelling 住所?dweller 居民savages?野蛮人?disclosure 揭露remains?残余；遗迹?remnant 残余；遗迹remainder残余，剩余物? reminder：暗示，提醒的人/物，催单residue 残余primitive 原始的，最初的? primate：大主教，灵长类的动物，首领，灵长目动物的，首要的，prehistoric 史前的，陈旧的archaic?古老的，陈旧的?medieval 中世纪的，仿中世纪的；老式的originate 起源，发生?excavation 挖掘，挖掘成的洞；出土文物vestige?遗迹，痕迹?trace痕迹，踪迹primordial 原始的?primitive 原始的，最初的primeval 原始的chronological?按年代顺序排列的?Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代?Neolithic 新石器时代invaluable?无价的，价值无法衡量的? precious 宝贵的，贵重的人类文明学词汇civilization 文明?ancient 古老的artifact 人工制品?indigenous 当地的customs?风俗?dweller 居民，土着人antique?古老的，古董?tribe 部落folklore/folktale 民间传说?folkway 社会风俗sociology 社会学?urban 城市的urbanization 都市化?rural 乡下的，田园的migration 迁徙?immigration 移民community 社会?ethics 伦理学metropolitan 大都市的?convention 传统patriarchic 家长的，族长的? institutionalize 使制度化clan 宗族? matrimony 婚礼polygamous 一夫多妻的，一妻多夫的地理学词汇(上)location--locate 地点?North Pole?北极South Pole 南极?Antarctic 南极的Arctic?北极的?globe 地球，地球仪global 全球的?the Pacific Ocean?太平洋the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋? the Arctic Ocean?北冰洋Oceanica 大洋洲?continent 大陆height 高度?hemisphere 半球equator?赤道?horizon?地平线tropical 热带的? typical:典型的subtropical 亚热带的altitude 海拔?latitude 纬度longitude 经度?day length?白昼长度environmental conservation 环境保护?ecological balance?生态平衡global warming?全球变暖?existence—exist 存在extinction—extinct 灭绝?environmental issues 环境问题greenhouse effect?温室效应soil erosion--erode?水土流失、侵蚀?acid rain?酸雨climate change?气候变化?deforestation 滥砍滥伐air contamination?空气污染?air pollution?空气污染地理学词汇下water supply?水供给?hurricane 飓风typhoon 台风?El Nino 厄尔尼诺earthquake?地震?volcano?火山storm 暴风雨?thunder 打雷lightening 闪电?indigenous 当地的，本土的human activity?人类活动?dweller 居民，村民ecosystem 生态系统?humid 潮湿的humidity?湿度?moisture 潮湿rainfall 降雨量?fog 雾frost 霜?hurricane 飓风typhoon 台风?shower 雷阵雨air pressure?气压?axis 地轴magnetic field?磁场?deterioration of environment 环境恶化the Northern Hemisphere 北半球。

社区健康评估

《社区健康评估》资料第一章概述第一节健康一、健康概念WHO提出的健康概念涵盖了生理、心理、道德和社会适应4个方面的健康的含义。

二、目前常用的健康模式有两种：(一)健康—疾病连续相模式(health-i!inesscontinuummodel)此模式认为健康是相对的，而不是绝对的。

健康与疾病为一种连续的过程，处于一条连线上，其活动范围可从最佳的健康状态至濒临死亡。

健康—疾病连续相模式反映：1．健康是指个体在适应内外环境变化过程中所维持的生理、心理、精神、社会、文化等方面的动态平衡状态。

2．健康和疾病是一种连续过程，处在一条连线上，其活动范围可从最佳健康状态到濒临死亡。

3．任何个体在任何时候的健康状况都处于这一连续相两端的某一个点上，且这个位置时刻都处在动态变化之中。

4．连续相上的任何一点都是个体身、心、社会诸方面功能的综合表现。

(二)最佳健康模式(high-level wellness model)最佳健康模式强调预防疾病和促进健康，强调健康有主、客观两个方面，即主观的感觉和客观的表现。

此模式认为生病是一个主客观状态，它既可以是独立存在的或是没有身体缺陷的一种舒服的主观感觉，也可以是由一系列的症状和体征所表现出的病理变化的一种客观状态。

三、影响健康的因素WHO在1992年宣布：每个人的健康与寿命，60％取决于自己，15％取决于遗传因素，10％取决于社会因素，8％取决于医疗条件，7％取决于气候。

目前公认的影响健康的四大因素是生物遗传、生活方式、环境及卫生服务的可得性。

三、健康与健康资源健康资源是支持健康的因素，如果缺乏健康资源可看作为健康威胁。

熟悉书上表1-2的内容。

第二节社区健康影响社区健康的因素：(一)社会因素：影响社区健康的社会因素包括社会制度、社区文化和社区经济等方面。

(二)社区组织；(三)社区人口；(四)社区环境；(五)不良行为方式；(六)社区卫生保健机构。

第三节社区健康相关理论的应用一、纽曼的健康管理系统模式(简称NSM)NSM是一个综合的和动态的模式。

新世纪医学英语教程(社会医学)第二第三单元课文翻译

1900年，这个国家的平均预期寿命为47岁，其主要致命疾病包括肺结核肺炎，流行性感冒，霍乱，伤寒，天花-这些传染性疾病袭击了所有年龄层的人，不管他们的生活方式怎样。
Today,on the other hand,life expectancy has been extended to 74, thanks in large part to the conquest of the acutenitation, better distribution and storage of foods, and the introduction of immunization and antibiotics.
无论是成功杀死美洲狮或远离它的原始猎人，其结果是一样的：一旦威胁得到解决，身体能放松，最终恢复到自身正常的基础运作状态。
Interestingly enough,situations which provoke the fight-or-flight response are not necessarily unpleasant ones.
从技术上来说，压力是机体对感知到的危险或威胁反应而表现的一种生理性兴奋状态。
Weare all familiar with the physical signs and symptoms of the stress state.
我们都熟悉压力状态下的身体信号和症状。
Thinkabout how you felt that last time you had to swerve to avoid a collision which driving: your heart raced, your palms became sweaty, your muscles tensed, and your stomach knotted.

高考英语大一轮复习核心素养测评二十一 Unit 2 F

毛额市鹌鹑阳光实验学校核心素养测评二十一Unit 2 Fit for life(限时35分钟)Ⅰ. 阅读理解AChina’s health and education authorities on Monday required the country’s schools to establish systems to report HIV/AIDS infection cases in students.The National Health and Family Planning Commission and the Ministry of Education said in a joint circular that infections of the virus among young students saw a marked rise in recent years, a sign of problems in education and students’ awareness about HI V/AIDS prevention.The two authorities required local health and education agencies to improve awareness at schools and called for establishment of an infection reporting system and regular consultation mechanism to analyze the cause of infections and formulate countermeasures.The circular also urged proper protection of infected students’ privacy.“Students in secondary schools and older should attend special classes on HIV/AIDS prevention focused on prevention of unsafe behavior as well as sexual resp onsibility and morality, ” the circular said.It also pledged financial support for volunteer services. The circular said HIV/AIDS voluntary counselling and testing services should be improved and schools should encourage students with risky behavior to use the services.【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。

以社区为范围的健康照顾

社区的社会文化
• • • • • 思想意识风俗习惯道德法律宗教文化教育
社区文化背景
• 决定着人群的健康信念 • 决定着人群的就医行为和对健康维护的态度 • 影响群体的生活行为方式和自我保健
（三）生物因素对健康的影响
Effects of biological factors on health
• 传染性疾病对健康的影响 • 慢性疾病对健康的影响 • 遗传性疾病对健康的影响
（四）生活方式对健康的影响
Effects of life-style on health
• 生活方式是在维持生存、延续种族和适应环境的变化中形成的行为模式 • 传统的生活习惯较难改变，而不是不能改变 • 不良生活方式是影响健康的重要因素
COPC
• • • • • 关注社区通过社区诊断发现问题分析社区内影响健康的因素动员基层医疗和社区的力量实施以社区为范围的健康目标
（三）开展COPC的基本要素
Basic elements of COPC
• 基层医疗机构 • 社区人群 • 解决问题过程
Primary medical services
社区定义
Definition of community
• 1881年德国社会学家腾尼斯首次提出 • 定义社区“是以家庭为基础的历史共同体，是血缘共同体和地缘共同体的结合”。
我国著名社会学家费孝通定义：社区是若干社会群体(家庭、氏族)或社会组织(机关、团体) 聚集在某一地域里所形成的一个生活上相关联的大集体
三、影响社区人群健康的因素
Health Indicators
• • • • • 影响人体健康的因素环境因素对健康的影响生物因素对健康的影响生活方式对健康的影响健康照顾系统对健康的影响

健康融入所有政策课件

健康不是目标，而是人生的资源。健康是一个积极的概念，它强调社会、个人(gèrén)资源和物质力量的整合。因此健康促进不仅是卫生部门的使命，更是与健康生活方式和完满健康状态相关的各个部门的责任。
—— WHO
健康融入所有政策
第五页，共二十五页。
health promotion ≠ health education
健康融入所有政策
第二portive Environment
健康(jiànkāng) 促进
五大领域
发展个人技能
Develop Personal Skills
制定(zhìdìng)促进健康的公共政策 Build Healthy Public Policy
调整卫生服务方向
Reorient Health Services
健康融入所有政策
第十九页，共二十五页。
国际健康促进(cùjìn)实践进展
Health Promotion
健康问题导向
芬兰北卡项目美国“健康人民” 澳大利亚“道路安
全” 泰国：向烟酒生产
商征税2%投入泰国健康促进基金会
基于场所的健康促进（Settings Approach）
学校健康促进社区社区健康促进工作场所健康促进医院健康促进健康城市/健康乡村
构建支持性组织结构
• 创建多部门(bùmén)合作框架 • 强化政治意愿和责任
明确HiAP需求： • 进行自我评估
• 对相关 (xiāngguān)部门进行评估
优先与关键点：
• 界定与分析要考虑的领
域(lǐnɡ yù)，联合收益、利益冲突等 • 确定行动的优先领域与机会
开发国家HiAP策略与行动计划：
内容(nèiróng)

谈论疾病英文作文带翻译

谈论疾病英文作文带翻译Title: Understanding and Addressing Diseases。

Diseases are a pervasive aspect of human existence, affecting individuals, communities, and societies at large. From infectious diseases like COVID-19 to chronic illnesses such as diabetes and cancer, the impact of diseases is multifaceted and far-reaching. In this essay, we will delve into the nature of diseases, explore their effects, and discuss strategies for prevention and treatment.First and foremost, it is crucial to understand the diverse nature of diseases. Diseases can be broadly categorized into two main types: infectious and non-infectious. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi and can spread from person to person. On the other hand, non-infectious diseases arise from internal factors such as genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, environmental factors, or a combination thereof.Infectious diseases pose significant challenges topublic health due to their potential for rapid transmission and widespread impact. The recent COVID-19 pandemic serves as a stark reminder of the devastating consequences that infectious diseases can have on global health and economies. Efforts to control the spread of infectious diseases often involve measures such as vaccination, quarantine, andpublic health campaigns aimed at promoting hygiene and sanitation practices.Non-infectious diseases, while often less immediately contagious, present their own set of challenges. Chronic conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These diseases are often linked to modifiable risk factors suchas smoking, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, and excessive alcohol consumption. Addressing non-infectious diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes health education, lifestyle modifications, early detection, and access to quality healthcare services.Prevention plays a critical role in combating both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Vaccination programs, for example, have been instrumental ineradicating or controlling many infectious diseases such as smallpox and polio. Similarly, promoting healthy behaviors such as regular exercise, balanced diet, and smoking cessation can significantly reduce the risk of developing non-communicable diseases.In addition to prevention, effective treatment and management strategies are essential for mitigating the impact of diseases on individuals and society. Advances in medical science have led to the development of innovative therapies and interventions for various diseases, improving outcomes and quality of life for patients. However, accessto healthcare remains a significant barrier for many people, particularly in low-resource settings. Addressingdisparities in healthcare access and affordability is paramount for ensuring equitable health outcomes for all.Furthermore, addressing the social determinants ofhealth is crucial for tackling the root causes of diseases.Socioeconomic factors such as poverty, inequality, and lack of education have a profound impact on health outcomes. By addressing these underlying determinants, we can create conditions that promote health and well-being for everyone.In conclusion, diseases represent a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a comprehensive approach encompassing prevention, treatment, and addressing social determinants of health. By understanding the nature of diseases and implementing evidence-based interventions, we can work towards building healthier, more resilient communities and ultimately improving the quality of lifefor all.标题，了解和应对疾病。

老龄化社会基于社群的综合保健与照顾服务框架-最新国标

老龄化社会基于社群的综合保健与照顾服务框架1 范围本文件为应对人口老龄化社会所面临的挑战提供了框架。

利益相关方亦可将其作为区域层面或全球层面的有益参考。

本文件旨在应对健康、照顾和社交挑战（包括保健需求、日常生活任务、幸福感、抵抗孤独、保证安全），以确保个人需求伴随年龄增长持续得到满足。

本文件亦阐述了与道德有关的原则、基于社群的解决方案、包容性、以人为本的解决方案，以及与创新有关的原则。

2 术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

2.1社群community通常生活在一个确定的地理区域、对自身的群体身份有所认识、有着共同的需求并致力于满足上述需求的人群[来源：WHO关于老龄化与健康的全球报告（第5卷）[4]，有修改]2.2基于社群的服务community-based services基于社群的照顾community-based care为增进、保持或恢复健康，最大限度地减少疾病和残疾对于日常生活的影响，在个人或家庭居住地为其提供的一体化健康社会服务注1：亦使用“基于社群的项目”术语。

[来源：ISO/TR 14639-2：2014，2.12，有修改]2.3尊严dignity人因其为人而应享有的受到尊重的权利[来源：WHO关于老龄化与健康的全球报告（第5卷）[4]]2.4功能性能力functional ability使人们能够成为自己并致力于自己所珍视的事情的、与健康有关的特征，注1：由个人内在能力、相关环境特征，以及个人与上述特征之间的相互作用组成。

[来源：WHO关于老龄化与健康的全球报告（第5卷）[5]]2.5环境environments包括物理环境、人及人际关系、态度和价值观、健康和社会政策、以及相应的支持系统与服务在内的，构成人们生存背景的、各级服务中的全部外界要素集合[来源：WHO关于老龄化与健康的全球报告（第5卷）[5]，有修改]2.6健康health身体、心理和社会适应完好，并非仅无疾病或衰弱的状态注1：健康分为许多维度（解剖学、生理学和心理学），并且在很大程度上与文化密切相关。

医院感染暴发和职业暴露应急处置培训

三甲条款中：各临床科室要对本科室发生的职业暴露进行追踪、随访。
检查条款号检查内容 6．3．4．1.B1 科室对职业暴露登记、处置、随访、案例或阶段分
析等资料有自查。
处置标准操作规程
1.病原学检查 2.流行病学调查
4.开展救治工作 5.防控与调查
1.根据疾病传播途径，采取经验性防控措施 2.消毒隔离 3.个人防护 4.医疗废物、排泄物等无害化处理 5.防止交叉感染和污染 6.对有严重疾病、免疫功能低下或多种基础疾病的患者应采取保护性隔离措施，在需要的情况下可实施特异性预防保护措施，如接种疫苗、预防性用药等。
• 医院感染暴发 healthcare acquired infection outbreak： – 在医疗机构或其科室的患者中，短时间内发生3例以上同种同源感染病例的现象。
医院感染暴发的识别
医院感染监测是医院感染预防与控制的眼睛医院感染疑似暴发、医院感染暴发往往隐藏在聚集性病例中。
怎么识别可能存在医院感染暴发
➢ 临床科室医护人员发现近期科室医院感染病例较平时或者同期比较明显增多；
➢ 短时间（1-2周）内发生3例以上同种部位感染，如下呼吸道感染、手术部位感染；
➢ 微生物实验室在1周内某个科室不同病人标本中检出3次及以上同一种病原菌？或者检出有特殊的病原体；
对于上述异常情况，按照医院感染暴发的定义，初步判定是否存在医院感染病例聚集，疑似医院感染暴发，临床科室医院感染管理小组初步判定可能存在疑似医院感染暴发，需及时向医院感染管理科进行汇报。
口的局部挤压
立即用大量的流动水反复冲洗
三、消毒四、报告
使用75%酒精或0.5%碘伏消毒伤口，必要时包扎伤口
向科室负责人报告，向院感科报告

健康城市背景下社区公园设计再思考

community park according to the previous research. After that, thedesign concept of community parks is improved under the guidance of improving public health within the scope of urban residents’ daily life, and the corresponding design principles and corresponding nine design strategies are proposed from the macro, meso and micro levels to improve the health attributes of the community parks and to enhance their use value. As an indispensable part of the construction of healthy cities, community parks will play a greater role in the refinement and grid development of cities after the epidemic. This paper will provide references and bases for the design and optimization of community parks.Key words community park; resident health; green space; public health; planning and design城市是人类最集约高效的生存载体，灾害作为改善城市建设的被动驱动力，对城市建设提出了更高的要求。

人口增长类英语作文

人口增长类英语作文Population growth is a topic that has been widely discussed and debated in various fields such as economics sociology and environmental science. The following essay will delve into the causes and effects of population growth as well as the potential solutions to manage it sustainably.Title The Impact of Population GrowthIntroductionThe world has witnessed a significant increase in its population over the past century. This growth has been attributed to various factors including advancements in healthcare improved living conditions and technological progress. However the rapid increase in population has also brought about several challenges that need to be addressed.Causes of Population Growth1. Medical Advancements The development of vaccines and improved healthcare has led to a decrease in infant mortality rates and an increase in life expectancy.2. Economic Development As countries develop economically there is often an initial surge in population growth due to better living conditions and access to healthcare.3. Cultural and Social Factors In some societies larger families are valued for economic and social support contributing to higher birth rates.4. Immigration Movement of people from one region to another can also contribute to population growth in certain areas.Effects of Population Growth1. Resource Scarcity An increased population puts pressure on finite resources such as water food and energy.2. Environmental Degradation The demand for housing agriculture and industry can lead to deforestation pollution and loss of biodiversity.3. Urbanization Rapid population growth often leads to urban sprawl which can strain infrastructure and lead to overcrowding.4. Economic Challenges While a growing population can provide a larger workforce it can also lead to unemployment if the economy cannot provide enough jobs.Potential Solutions1. Family Planning and Education Promoting family planning and educating people about the benefits of smaller families can help control population growth.2. Sustainable Development Implementing policies that encourage sustainable use of resources can help mitigate the effects of population growth on the environment.3. Investment in Healthcare Ensuring access to quality healthcare can improve life expectancy and reduce the need for large families for social security.4. Economic Policies Creating economic opportunities can help absorb the growing workforce and reduce the pressure on resources.ConclusionPopulation growth is a complex issue with farreaching implications. It is crucial for governments communities and individuals to work together to find sustainable solutions that balance the needs of the growing population with the preservation of our planets resources. By addressing the root causes and implementing effective strategies we can ensure a brighter future for all.RecommendationsEncourage research into sustainable technologies and practices.Foster international cooperation to address global population issues.Develop comprehensive educational programs that promote awareness about population growth and its impacts.This essay has provided an overview of the causes and effects of population growth as well as potential solutions. It is essential to continue the dialogue on this topic to ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.。

呼吸内科常用英语(全)

询问病史12case historyYou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical[,baiəu'ɡræfik,-kəl]data传记,marital婚姻status, nativity 出生, occupation, informant提供消息的人, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse’s[spaus] 配偶health status, menorrhea[,menə'ri:ə]月经(menarche[me'nɑ:ki:, mə-] 初潮age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual['menstruəl]月经周期pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions流产,premature[,premə'tjuə, ,pri:-] delivery早产, stillbirths死产, difficult labor, family history (any congenital先天性diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings兄弟姐妹and children)常用的症状symptomsfeverCough 咳嗽Sputum (dry, purulent['pjuərjulənt]脓性的, copious['kəupiəs] green sputum大量绿色痰，tenacious[ti'neiʃəs, tə-] yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy white sputum白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 铁锈色痰wheezingDyspnea during exertion[iɡ'zə:ʃən] or at rest 呼吸困难Orthopnea[ɔ:'θɔpniə]端坐呼吸Paroxysmal[,pærək'sizməl] nocturnal[nɔk'tə:nəl] dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难Shortness of breath （SOB）Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感Exercise intolerancepleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia[færin'gældʒiə] ; pharyngodynia[,færiŋ'ɡɔdiniə]咽痛Hemoptysis 咯血Bucking 呛咳Sneeze喷嚏snore 打鼾malaise [mæ'leiz]不舒服myalgia[mai'ældʒiə] 肌痛insomnia [in'sɔmniə]失眠hoarseness声嘶dysphonia [dis'fəuniə]发声困难常见的体征physical signsclubbed fingers杵状指: increased longitudinal [,lɔndʒi'tju:dinəl] and transverse 横向curvature['kə:vətʃə]弯曲,loss of concave[ 'kɔnkeiv]凹面的nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx['fælæŋks, 'fei-]趾骨,指骨, drumstick- likenicotine stainingcyanosis[,saiə'nəusis]发绀:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin [di:,ɔksi'heməu,ɡləubin]去氧血红蛋白more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPaperipheral[pə'rifərəl]外围的,次要的cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposurescentral cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lipshand flap: due to CO2 retention潴留asterixis 扑翼样震颤papilloedema 视乳头水肿chemosis球结膜水肿enlarged supraclavicula锁骨上的r [klæ'vikjulə]and axillary[æk'siləri]腋窝lymph nodesincreased respiratory ratetachycardia 心动过速pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg ↓on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)barrel chesthyperexpanded, decreased expansionkyphosis [kai'fəusis]驼背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea[,tækip'ni:ə]呼吸急促accessory muscles of respiration[,respə'reiʃən]: sternocleidomastoid['stə:nəu,klaid ə'mæstɔid] 胸锁乳突肌muscle, arm support, alae flaringwide or narrow intercostal[,intə'kɔstəl] 肋间的spacetactile触觉的vocal声音的fremitus震颤触觉语颤subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻发感Percussion:resonance清音dullness浊音flatness实音hyperresonance过清音tympany/timp2ni/鼓音lower borders: scapular['skæpjulə]肩胛的line X left/right intercostal[,intə'kɔstəl] 肋间的spacerange of mobility[məu'biləti]移动Auscultation[,ɔ:skəl'teiʃən]:听诊vocal resonance 语音共振ronchi: wheeze , stridor['straidə] 喘鸣, crackles['krækl]发出细碎的爆裂声, Velcro-like soundesmoist rales : coarse粗的, medium中等的, fine好的, crepitus捻发音pleural friction rubscomplete absence of breath soundsankle edemaweight loss，cachexia[kə'keksiə]恶病质，cachectic[kə'kektik]恶病质的decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia[,ænə'reksiə]食欲减退常做的检查examinations or laboratory findings(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)temperature charts 体温图(take one’s body temperature)sputum pot 痰盂Blood/urine/stool routine, occult['ɔkʌlt/ blood test潜隐血试验Blood biochemistrySputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity testsputum cytology[sai'tɔlədʒi]细胞学Pulse oximeter[ɔk'simitə]脉氧计：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturationArterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral['femərəl]股骨的artery puncture穿刺PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbiaPaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia[,haipɔk'si:miə]血氧不足respiratory failure:type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO2＜60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury['mə:kjuri]汞)due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio) pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunttype 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2＞50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury) due to alveolar ventilation failureobstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasisrestrictive: neuromuscular[,njuərəu'mʌskjulə]神经肌肉(sedatives['sɛdətiv]镇静剂myasthenia[,maiəs'θi:niə]肌无力), structural['strʌktʃərəl]结构的(ankylosing spondylitis[,æŋki'ləuziŋ,spɔndi'laitis]强直性脊柱炎), pleural diseases ,obesity Chest X-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular[ri'tikjulə]网状的, linear['liniə]线状的, military nodules粟粒样结节)coin lesions 硬币样cavities空腔：amphoric['æmfərik]空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)opacification[əu,pæsifi'keiʃən]浑浊：consolidation (air space infiltrate):confluent['kɔnfluənt]支流的,汇合的shadowing and air bronchogramf支气管造影collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)segmental atelactasis肺不张pleural effusionmediastinal[,mi:diæs'tainəl]纵隔mass: thyroid ,thymoma[θai'məumə]胸腺瘤, teratoma[,terə'təumə]畸胎瘤, TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphoma[lim'fəumə]淋巴瘤and aneurysm动脉瘤Chest CT scan( computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography) ['pɔzitrɔn]正电子Abdominal ultrasound['ʌltrəsaund]超声skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验（dust mites尘螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂）tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative[di'rivətiv]纯蛋白衍生物(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)Pulmonary function test : Spirometry [spai'rɔmitri]呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitationFEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO< 0.7 ↓↑↓restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumes intraparenchymal >0.75 ↓↓↓↓extraparenchymal variable ↓↓↓normalFEV1: forced expiratory[iks'paiərətəri/ volume in 1 secondFVC: force vital capacityTLC: total lung capacityRV: residual volumeKCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)PEFR: peak expiratory flow rateflow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration[,ekspi'reiʃən])bronchoprovocation/challenge test[,prɔvə'keiʃən] 支气管激发试验：histamine['histəmmin]组胺or methacholine乙酰甲胆碱-inhalation[,inhə'leiʃən] bronchodilatation[,dailə'teiʃən]支气管舒张试验: salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sæl'bju:təm ɔ(:)l]fiberoptic bronchoscopy[brɔŋ'kɔskəpi]: biopsy['bai,ɔpsi]活组织检查bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)protected specimen brush (PStransthoracic[,trænsθə'ræsik,]经胸廓的percutaneous needle aspiration[,æspə'reiʃən]吸引术percutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided[θɔ'rækəskəup] 胸腔镜lung biopsyopen lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram (ECG)心电图echocardiogram超声心动图V/Q isotope['aisəutəup] 同位素scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)spiral螺旋CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography[,ændʒi'ɔɡrəfi]血管造影术)pulmonary angiographyDoppler['dɔplə] 多普勒USS thigh[θai]大腿and pelvis['pelvis] 骨盆(USS: ultrasound scanning)cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常见的病名diseasesacute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染common cold 普通感冒influenza 流感[,influ'enzə]pharynigitis 咽炎pharyngalgia[færin'gældʒiə]咽痛acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘allergic rhinitis[rai'naitis]过敏性鼻炎respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺脓肿pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病lung cancer: 肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌squamous['skweiməs] cell carcinoma 鳞癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌['ædənəu,kɑ:si'nəumə]bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小细胞肺癌pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤[mə'tæstəsis]pulmonary embolism （PE）肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症[,θrɔmbəu'embəlizəm] pulmonary infarction 肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成empyema 脓胸[,empai'i:mə]pneumothorax气胸pyopneumothorax 脓气胸['paiəu,nju:məu'θɔ:ræks]chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病['sʌpjuərətiv, -reitiv] congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病[,saiə'nɔtik]cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病['kɔ:,pumə'næli]pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病[en,sefə'lɔpəθi]right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化[,idiə'pæθik]cryptogenic[,kriptəu'dʒenik] 隐源性的fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemic lupus['lju:pəs]狼疮erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮rheumatoid arthritis, RA 类风湿性关节炎systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化scleroderma 硬皮病sjoren’s syndrome 感知综合征polymyositis 多发性肌炎dermatomyositis 皮肌炎sarcoidosis 结节病[,sɑ:kɔi'dəusis]Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis[,prəutii'nəusis], PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis ['hi:məu,sidə'rəusis, ,hem-]特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病['ɡrænju,ləumə'təusis] Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿[,i:əsinə'filik]Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症XWegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis 尘肺['nju:mə,kəuni'əusis]drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病aspergillosis[æ,spə:dʒi'ləusis]曲菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘['fistjulə]oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮[,kændi'daiəsis]osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变glaucoma 青光眼cataract白内障acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺损伤acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征urticaria 荨麻疹eczema 湿疹hypertension 高血压diabetes 糖尿病常用的药物drugs or agentsbe administered, treat sb. withempirical 经验性的, prophylactic[,prɔfi'læktik, ,prəu-]预防性, remedial[ri'mi:diəl]治疗性Expectorant 祛痰药[eks'pektərənt]Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂[,mju:kəu'litik]bronchodilator支气管扩张剂[,brɔŋkəudai'leitə]B2-agonists['æɡənist]兴奋剂: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sæl'bju:təmɔ(:)l] long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗muscarinic[,mʌskə'rinik] 毒蕈碱样的antagonists[æn'tæɡənist]对抗剂: ipratropium bromide['brəumaid] 异丙托溴胺aminophylline 氨茶碱[ə,mi:nəu'fili:n]steroids['stiərɔid]类固醇inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德，beclomethasone[,bekləu'meθəsəun]倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic: prednisolone['pred'nisələun] 强的松po(per os)., hydrocortisone[,haidrəu'kɔ:tizəun]氢化可的松iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠leukotriene[,lju:kəu'traiən]白三烯receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特respiratory stimulants:lobelinenikethamide[ni'keθəmaid, -mid]尼可刹米cardiac tonic 强心剂diuretics 利尿剂[,daijuə'retik]albumin 白蛋白['ælbjumin]antitussive agents 镇咳药[,ænti'tʌsiv]ammonium chloride 氯化铵[ə'məunjəm]铵['klɔ:raid]氯化物ambroxol 氨溴索（mucosolvan 沐舒坦）Pantoloc潘妥洛克常用的治疗措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae['kænjuli:]鼻导管，Venturi[ven'tjuəri]文里氏face-mask nebulizer['nebjulaizə]喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial depositionmetered dose inhaler (MDI)定量雾化吸入器continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask (non-invasive) intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive(via intubation[,intju:'beiʃən]插管，tracheostomy [,træki'ɔstəmi, ,trei-]气管造口术，tracheotomy[,træki'ɔtəmi, ,trei-]气管切开术)synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术[,θɔ:rəkəsen'tesis]chest drain/drainage 引流术chemotherapy 化疗radiation therapy 放疗pneumonectomy 肺切除术[,nju:məu'nektəmi]lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术[ləu'bektəmi]叶切除术thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术[,θɔ:rə'kɔtəmi]pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy 胸膜切除术pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器常见的疾病chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputumbronchiectasis:cystic['sistik]囊性的/varicose['værikəus]曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysisphysiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural['pɔstʃərəl] drainagelong term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonalemedical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibioticssurgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysislung abscessusually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;in the supine [ 'sju:pain]仰卧patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneumothoraxaccumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural胸膜下的bleb [bleb]大疱rupture ['rʌptʃə]破裂lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy [brɔŋ'kɔskəpi]支气管镜检查,esp. biopsytypes: closed, open, tensionmediastinal deviation :trachea and apex ['eipeks]尖端shift contralaterally对立的旁边CXR: translucency[trænz'lju:sənsi]半透明+collapse倒塌: visible rim边缘between lung and chest wall＞2 cm(centimeter) =＞50% lung volume loss aspiration[,æspə'reiʃən]吸引术，intercostal drainrefractory or recurrent周期性的: pleurodesis胸膜固定术, pleurectomy[plu'rektəmi]胸膜切除术, bulla['bulə] 大疱stapling装订or lasering激光pleural effusionchest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breathTransudate[,trænsju'deit]漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics[,daijuə'retik]利尿剂can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L(gram/litre['li:tə]) or pleura: serum['siərəm]血清protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<2/3;often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia[,haipəuæl,bju:mə'ni:miə]低蛋白血症, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism . [,haipəu'θairɔidizəm]甲状腺功能低下Exudate['eksjudeit]渗出液：capillary permeability[,pə:miə'biliti] 渗透increases or lymph drainage decreasesoften seen in infection ,neoplasia[,ni:əu'pleiziə, -ʒiə]瘤形成, surgery or trauma.CXR: meniscus[mi'niskəs]弯液面-shaped,rises towards axilla[æk'silə]腋温Appearance: clear ,straw淡黄色的-coloured: suggests transduateturbid['tə:bid]浑浊的, green: indicates exudates(pus[pʌs]脓cells) or empyema[,empai'i:mə]积脓症(bacterial infection)bloody( haemothorax[,hi:məu'θɔ:ræks]血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis['pænkriə'taitis]胰腺炎, traumawhite( chylothorax[,kailəu'θɔ:ræks]乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic[θɔ:'ræsik,] duct胸导管, usually due to tumourTherapy: transudate: diureticsexudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)intrathoracic[,intrəθə'ræsik]胸廓内的streptokinase[,streptəu'kaineis]链球菌激酶via chest drain: to lyse[lais]溶解fibrinous['faibrinəs] 纤维蛋白的adhesions[əd'hi:ʒən]粘合pleural adhesion: tetracycline[,tetrə'saiklain]四环素. bleomycin[,bli:əu'maisin]博莱霉素lung cancerhoarseness: due to left recurrent屡发的laryngeal[,lærin'dʒi:əl] 喉的nerve palsy['pɔ:lzi]麻痹dysphagia[dis'feidʒiə,-dʒi]吞咽困难pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ['stelit, -leit] 星形的ganglion['ɡæŋɡliən]神经节resulting in Horner syndromehypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy[,ɔstiəuɑ:'θrəupəθi]骨关节病superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival e dema, [,kɔndʒʌŋk'taivə]结膜plethora['pleθərə], vein dilation, pericardial tamponade[,tæmpə'neid]心包填塞( JVP↑,ABP↓,quiet HS paraneoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushing’s; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma), skin（dermatomyositis）immunocompromised e.g. shingles 带状疱疹squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp secretion) adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable statesmall cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes commonbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputum NSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapySCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoeaobstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2↓,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertensionCauses: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down’s; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smoking( exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseasesPSG( polysommography): overnight sleep studyTherapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine positioncontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)mandibular advancement device (MAD)adenoidectomy （curative in children）uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术maxillomandibular osteotomyobesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive↓常用的化疗药cisplatin 顺铂Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar (盐酸吉西他滨注射剂)paclitaxel; taxinol紫杉醇（T axol泰素）docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）常见的抗生素beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesispenicillin skin testamoxicillin 阿莫西林piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾cephamycin 头孢菌素类cefradine 头孢拉啶cefaclor 头孢克洛cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦ceftriaxone 头孢曲松cefpiramide 头孢吡啶ceftazidime 头孢他定ceftizoxime 头孢唑污carbopenems 碳青霉烯类azactam 氨曲南meropenem 美罗培南imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能tienam）Glycopeptides 糖肽类inhibit cell wall assemblyvancomycin 万古霉素norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素teicoplanin 替考拉林Macrolides大环内酯类：inhibit protein synthesisroxithromycin 罗红霉素clarithromycin 克拉霉素azithromycin 阿奇霉素erythromycin 红霉素Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖苷类reno- and ototoxicinhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis amikacin 阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin 庆大霉素streptomycin 链霉素Sulfamido 磺胺类sulfamethoxazole compound (SMZ.CO)Quinolones 喹诺酮类：inhibit DNA gyrase norfloxacin 诺氟沙星ofloxacin 氧氟沙星levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星gatifloxacin 加替沙星moxifloxacin 莫西沙星ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星Tetracycline 四环素类minocycline 美满霉素Nitromidazole 硝基咪唑类metronidazole 甲硝唑tinidazole 替硝唑ornidazole 奥硝唑Antitubercular agents抗结核药rifampicin 利福平rifapentine 利福喷丁isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟肼pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺ethambutol 乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药nystatin 制霉菌素amphotericin 两性霉素Bfluconazole 氟康唑voriconazole 伏立康唑itraconazole 伊曲康唑Antivirus agentsribavirin 利巴韦林oseltamivir 奥司他韦acyclovir 阿昔洛韦ganciclovir 更昔洛韦valaciclovir 伐昔洛韦foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid膦甲酸钠（可耐）lamivudine 拉米夫定entecavir 恩替卡韦常见的病原微生物microorganism, microbe 微生物bacterium 细菌lipopolysaccharide （LPS）脂多糖antibiotics 抗生素pyrogen 致热原exotoxin 外毒素endotoxin 内毒素Gram stain 革兰染色Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成单位antibacterial agents 抗菌药resistance 耐药性ESBLs：extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱B内酰胺酶MRSA：methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌bacteremia 菌血症toxemia 毒血症endotoxemia 内毒素血症septicaemia 败血症pyemia 脓毒血症pathogen 致病原pathogenicity 致病性virulence 毒力median lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量median infective dose (ID50) 半数感染量virus 病毒replication 复制viremia 病毒血症normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiological microbiota 正常微生物群flora disequilibrium 菌群失调dysbacteriosis 菌群失调症opportunistic infection 机会性感染conditioned infection 条件致病性感染endogenous infection 内源性感染exogenous infection 外源性感染antimicrobial susceptibility testing 药物敏感试验minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 最小杀菌浓度disinfection 消毒sterilization 灭菌asepsis 无菌aseptic technique 无菌技术bacteriostasis 抑菌antisepsis 防腐disinfectant 消毒剂bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂bactericide 杀菌剂autoclaving or steam under pressure sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌法ultraviolet radiation, UV 紫外线isolation precaution 隔离预防artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫vaccination 疫苗接种killed/inactivated vaccine 死/灭活疫苗attentuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗toxoid 类毒素artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫antitoxin 抗毒素gammaglobulin 丙种球蛋白Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Coagulase-negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌Streptococcus pneumoniae , pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌Legionella 军团杆菌属Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌Serratia 沙雷菌属Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌Acinebacter 不动杆菌属Neisseria meningitis, meningococcus 脑膜炎链球菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gonococcus 淋病奈瑟菌Shigella, dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌Mycobacterium, acid-fast bacilli 分枝杆菌属，抗酸杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis,tubercle bacillus 结核分枝杆菌Purified protein derivate, PPDOld tuberculin,OTAtypical mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌Anaerobic bacterial 厌氧性细菌Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌Clostridum perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌Clostridum botulinum 肉毒梭菌Clostridum difficile 艰难梭菌antibiotic-associated diarrhea 抗生素相关性腹泻pseudomembranous colitis 假膜性结肠炎Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌Yersinia 耶尔森菌属Brucella 布氏菌属Actinomyces 放线菌属Treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体（苍白密螺旋体）Venereal disease reference laboratory (VDRL)Rapid plasma regain (RPR)Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Viruses associated with respiratory infections 呼吸道病毒Influenza virus 流感病毒Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒Coronavirus 冠状病毒Severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS Adenovirus 腺病毒Rubella virus 风疹病毒Rhinovirus 鼻病毒Enterovirus 肠道病毒Rotavirus 轮状病毒hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒Hantavirus 汉坦病毒Viral hemorrhagic fever 病毒性出血热Herpes simplex virus, HSV 单纯疱疹病毒Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒Cytomegalovirus, CMV 巨细胞病毒Epstein-Barr virus, EBV EB病毒Human herpes virus 6, HHV-6 人疱疹病毒6型Human papillomaviruses, HPV 人乳头状瘤病毒Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDSHuman T-lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人T淋巴细胞病毒Adult T-cell leukemia 成人T细胞性白血病Rabies virus 风疹病毒Fungus 真菌Yeast 酵母Spore 孢子Hypha 菌丝Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌Trichophyton 毛癣菌属Epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属Tinea 癣Histoplasma 组织胞浆菌属Histoplasmosis 组织胞浆菌病Saccharomyces albicans, candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌，白色念珠菌Candidiasis 念珠菌病Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢子菌Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , PCP 卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎Aspergillus 曲霉菌Mucor 毛霉菌属。

社区诊断

社区诊断（community diagnosis）①社区诊断(Community Diagnosis)是借用临床诊断这个名词，通过一定的方式和手段，收集必要的资料，通过科学、客观地方法确定，并得到社区人群认可的该社区主要的公共卫生问题及其影响因素的一种调查研究方法。

②慢性非传染性疾病的社区诊断就是用定性与定量的调查研究方法，摸清本社区的慢性非传染性疾病的分布情况，找出影响本社区人群的主要健康问题。

同时，了解社区环境支持、卫生资源和服务的提供与利用情况，为社区综合防治方案的制定提供科学依据。

③社区诊断是医学发展的一个标志。

在传统的生物医学模式下，人类注重临床诊断，即以疾病的诊疗为目的，病人个体为对象；流行病学诊断则以群体为对象，以疾病的群体防治为目的，而社区诊断是社会—心理—生物医学模式下的产物，以社区人群及其生产、生活环境为对象，以社区人群健康促进为目的。

因此可知，三个诊断是现代医学发展的渐进层次，而社区诊断正是这一发社区诊断基本内容社区诊断社区诊断是指依据社区医学的基本理论，运用社区医学调查和分析方法，对社区存在或潜在的社会卫生问题、人群健康水平及个体健康状况所做出的诊断。

医师看病，首先要有一个正确的诊断，才能开出处方。

要为社区提供良好的卫生健康服务，首先也应有完整的社区诊断，必须掌握大量的社区资料，包括生命统计、家庭结构、人口结构、社区居民的保健意识、卫生资源、卫生服务利用情况等。

通过这些资源寻找出影响居民健康的主要矛盾，然后制订出优先处理的顺序。

社区诊断是社区卫生保健工作发展周期中的一个重要环节。

现将该周期简称为“社区保健周期”。

其组成共分四个步骤：社区诊断优先顺序—目标—组织—评价。

社区诊断一旦成立后，再制定目标，确定应该从哪些方面着手改善卫生服务。

在实施过程中，要了解所制定的计划是否有效，是否达到预期的目的。

其后，又可回到社区诊断，再一次寻找新问题。

如此往复，不断推动社区卫生工作的开展。