2011年8月

2011 Volume 101, Issue 2 (Aug)1. Social power facilitates the effect of prosocialorientation on empathic accuracy.Pages 217-232 有较高社会地位的人更能找到合适的利他倾向实施对象Côté, Stéphane; Kraus, Michael W.; Cheng, Bonnie Hayden;Oveis, Christopher; van der Löwe, Ilmo; Lian, Hua; Keltner, DacherPower increases the tendency to behave in agoal-congruent目标合适的fashion. Guided by this theoretical notion, we hypothesized that elevated power would strengthen the positive association between prosocial orientation andempathic accuracy. In 3 studies with university and adultsamples, prosocial orientation was more strongly associated with empathic accuracy when distinct forms of power werehigh than when power was low. In Study 1, a physiologicalindicator生理指标of prosocial orientation, respiratory 呼吸系统sinus arrhythmia 心律, exhibited a stronger positiveassociation with empathic accuracy in a face-to-faceinteraction among dispositionally high-power individuals. In Study 2, experimentally induced诱发prosocial orientationincreased the ability to accurately judge the emotions of astranger but only for individuals induced to feel powerful. In Study 3, a trait measure of prosocial orientation was morestrongly related to scores on a standard test of empathicaccuracy among employees who occupied high-powerpositions within an organization. Study 3 further showed amediated relationship between prosocial orientation and career satisfaction through empathic accuracy among employees in high-power positions but not among employees in lower power positions. Discussion concentrates upon the implications of these findings for studies of prosociality, power, and socialbehavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)2. Action embellishment: An intention bias in theperception of success.在对成功感知中的意图偏颇Pages 233-244Preston, Jesse Lee; Ritter, Ryan S.; Wegner, Daniel M.Naïve theories of behavior hold that actions are caused by an agent's intentions, and the subsequent success of an action is measured by the satisfaction of those intentions. However, when an action is not as successful as intended, the expectedcausal link因果联系between intention and action may distort perception of the action itself. Four studies found evidence of an intention bias in perceptions of action.Actors perceivedactions to be more successful when given a prior choice (e.g., choose between 2 words to type) and also when they feltgreater motivation for the action (e.g., hitting pictures ofdisliked people). When the intent was to fail (e.g., singingpoorly), choice led to worse estimates of performance. A final experiment suggested that intention bias works independent from self-enhancement motives. In observing another actor hit pictures of Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, shots weredistorted to match the actor's intentions, even when it opposed personal wishes. Together these studies indicate thatjudgments of action may be automatically distorted and that these inferences arise from the expected consistency between intention and action in agency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)3. Negotiation as a form of persuasion: Arguments infirst offers.Pages 245-255Maaravi, Yossi; Ganzach, Yoav; Pazy, AsyaIn this article we examined aspects of negotiation within a persuasion framework. Specifically, we investigated how the provision of arguments that justified the first offer in anegotiation affected the behavior of the parties当事人, namely, how it influenced counteroffers and settlement prices. In aseries of 4 experiments and 2 pilot studies, we demonstrated that when the generation of counterarguments was easy,negotiators who did not add arguments to their first offersachieved superior results compared with negotiators who used arguments to justify their first offer. We hypothesized andprovided evidence that adding arguments to a first offer was likely to cause the responding party to search forcounterarguments, and this, in turn, led him or her to present counteroffers that were further away from the first offer.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rightsreserved)4. Affirmation, acknowledgment of in-groupresponsibility, group-based guilt, and support forreparative measures.团队中对个体的肯定可以让成员承担团队责任Pages 256-270Čehajić-Clancy, Sabina; Effron, Daniel A.; Halperin, Eran;Liberman, Varda; Ross, Lee D.Three studies, 2 conducted in Israel and 1 conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, demonstrated that affirming apositive aspect of the self can increase one's willingness to acknowledge in-group responsibility for wrongdoing against others, express feelings of group-based guilt, andconsequently provide greater support for reparation policies.By contrast, affirming one's group, although similarly boosting feelings of pride, failed to increase willingness to acknowledge and redress改正in-group wrongdoing. Studies 2 and 3demonstrated the mediating role of group-based guilt. That is, increased acknowledgment of in-group responsibility forout-group victimization produced increased feelings of guilt, which in turn increased support for reparation policies to the victimized group. Theoretical and applied implications arediscussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, allrights reserved)5. The costs and benefits of sexism: Resistance toinfluence during relationship conflict.性别歧视的代价及裨益Pages 271-290Overall, Nickola C.; Sibley, Chris G.; Tan, RosabelThis study tested whether men's and women's hostile sexism (HS)敌意的性别偏见and benevolent sexism (BS) 善意的性别偏见were associated with resistance to influence in couples' conflict interactions. Ninety-one heterosexual异性恋couples were recorded while trying to produce desired changes in each other. Participants reviewed their discussions and rated how open坦诚they were to their partner's perspective. Objective coders also rated the extent to which each partner exhibited hostile communication. We tested key principles arising from ambivalent sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996). First, BS is necessary because mutual interdependence 互相依赖reduces the power of HS to influence women within intimate relationships. We found that the more men endorsed HS, the less open and more hostile both partners were, and the less successful their discussions were in producing desired change. Second, BS reduces the threat of women's dyadic power by revering and respecting women's interpersonal roles while restricting women's influence outside the relationship domain. We found that men who expressed higher agreementwith BS were more open to their partners' influence andbehaved with less hostility, and their discussions were more successful. These relationship benefits illustrate why BS iseffective at disarming women's resistance to wider inequalities.These benefits, however, were contingent on men adopting BS attitudes. When women strongly endorsed BS but their male partner did not, women were less open, behaved with greater hostility, and perceived their discussions as less successful.These results indicate that, because BS increases the stakes within the relationship domain, women who endorse BS will react more negatively when their expectations are not realized.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rightsreserved)6. System justification and the defense of committedrelationship ideology.系统公正动机对固定恋爱关系意识形态的影响Pages 291-306Day, Martin V.; Kay, Aaron C.; Holmes, John G.; Napier, Jaime L.A consequential ideology in Western society is theuncontested belief that a committed relationship固定恋爱关系is the most important adult relationship and that almost all people want to marry or seriously couple (DePaulo & Morris, 2005). In the present article, we investigated the extent to which the system justification motive系统公正动机（功能是维护社会现实）may contribute to the adoption of this ideology. In Studies 1 and 2, we examined whether a heightened motive to maintain the status quo would increase defense of committed relationship values. In Study 3, we examined the reverse association, that is, whether a threat to committed relationship ideology would also affect sociopolitical system endorsement. As past research has found that the justification of political systems depends upon how much these systems are perceived as controlling, in Study 4 we tested whether the defense of the system of committed relationships would also increase when framed as controlling. Results from Studies 1–4 were consistent with our hypotheses, but only for men. In Study 5, using cross-cultural data, we sought to replicate these findings correlationally and probe for a cause of the gender effect. Results from more than 33,000 respondents indicated a relationship (for men) between defense of the sociopolitical system and defense of marriage in countries where the traditional advantages of men over women were mostthreatened. In Studies 6 and 7, we investigated when thisgender difference disappears. Results revealed that when we measured (Study 6) or manipulated (Study 7) personalrelationship identity rather than relationship ideology, effects also emerge for women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)7. In the worst rather than the best of times: Effects ofsalient intergroup ideology in threatening intergroupinteractions.显著的群际意识对威胁群际交流的影响Pages 307-320Vorauer, Jacquie D.; Sasaki, Stacey J.Three studies demonstrated that a salient multicultural ideology increases hostile treatment of threatening outgroup interaction partners. The effect of multiculturalism on hostile behavior was evident regardless of whether threat wasoperationalized in terms of disagreement with an outgrouppartner on important social issues (Studies 1 and 3) orrejection by the partner (Study 2). Moreover, the results clearly point to the learning orientation fostered bymulticulturalism—as opposed to other factors such asenhanced other-focus, group-level attributions, or focus ondifferences—as the critical mediator of its effect on hostilebehavior under threat. Thus, it appears that multiculturalism enhances the expression of hostility because it promptsindividuals to really engage with and attach meaning andimportance to threatening behaviors exhibited by outgroup members. The effects of multiculturalism were distinct from those of anti-racism and color-blindness, which set in motion processes that in many respects are directly opposite to those instantiated by multiculturalism. The findings highlight that the behavioral implications of multiculturalism may be quitedifferent in conflictual interactions than they have previously been demonstrated to be in less threatening exchanges.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rightsreserved)8. Categorization and communication in the face ofprejudice: When describing perceptions changes what is perceived.对歧视感知的描述对感知本身的影响Pages 321-336Binning, Kevin R.; Sherman, David K.In the face of prejudice against an ingroup, common ground for communication exists when people use similarsocial categories to understand the situation. Three studies tested the hypothesis that describing perceptions of prejudice can fundamentally change those perceptions because communicators account for the common ground in line with conversational norms. When women (Study 1), African Americans (Study 2), and Americans (Study 3) simply thought about suspected prejudice against their ingroup, categorization guided their perceptions: Participants assimilated their views of the prejudiced event toward the perceptions of ingroup members but contrasted away from the perceptions of outgroup members. Conversely, when participants described their perceptions, they contrasted away from the given category information and actually arrived at the opposite perceptions as those who merely thought about the prejudiced event. Study 3 identified an important qualification of these effects by showing that they were obtained only when participants could assume their audience was familiar with the common ground. Implications are discussed for understanding the role of communication in facilitating and inhibiting collective action about prejudice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)9. “What about me?” Perceptions of exclusion andWhites' reactions to multiculturalism.对排外的感知以及美国白人对多元文化主义的反映Pages 337-353Plaut, Victoria C.; Garnett, Flannery G.; Buffardi, Laura E.;Sanchez-Burks, JeffreyA 5-study investigation of reactions of dominant groupmembers (i.e., White Americans) to diversity (relative to racial minority reactions) provides evidence of implicit and explicitassociations between multiculturalism and exclusion and of a relationship between perceived exclusion and reactions todiversity. In Study 1, Whites but not racial minorities werefaster in an implicit association task at pairing multiculturalism with exclusion than with inclusion. This association diminished in Study 2 through a subtle framing of diversity efforts astargeted toward all groups, including European Americans. In Study 3, in a ―Me/Not Me‖ task, Whites were less likely than minorities to pair multiculturalism concepts with the self and were slower in responding to multiculturalism concepts.Furthermore, associating multiculturalism with the self (Study 3) or feeling included in organizational diversity (Study 4)predicted Whites' endorsement of diversity and also accounted for the oft-cited group status difference in support for diversity initiatives. Study 5 showed that individual differences in need to belong moderated Whites' interest in working fororganizations that espouse a multicultural versus a color-blind approach to diversity, with individuals higher in need to belong less attracted to organizations with a multicultural approach.Overall, results show that the purportedly ―inclusive‖ ideology of multiculturalism is not perceived as such by Whites. This may, in part, account for their lower support for diversity efforts in education and work settings. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)10. Needs and subjective well-being around the world.Pages 354-365 需要的满足和主观幸福感的关系Tay, Louis; Diener, EdAcross a sample of 123 countries, we examined the association between the fulfillment of needs and subjective well-being (SWB), including life evaluation, positive feelings, and negative feelings. Need fulfillment was consistentlyassociated with SWB across world regions. Life evaluation was most associated with fulfilling basic needs; positive feelingswere most associated with social and respect needs; andnegative feelings were most associated with basic, respect, and autonomy needs. Societal need fulfillment predicted SWB, particularly for life evaluation, beyond individuals' fulfillment of their own needs, indicating the desirability of living in aflourishing society. In addition, the associations of SWB with the fulfillment of specific needs were largely independent ofwhether other needs were fulfilled. These trends persistedwhen household income was taken into account. Theemergent ordering of need fulfillment for psychosocial needs were fairly consistent across country conditions, but thefulfillment of basic and safety needs were contingent oncountry membership. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)11. Mapping the moral domain.反映道德领域Pages 366-385Graham, Jesse; Nosek, Brian A.; Haidt, Jonathan; Iyer, Ravi;Koleva, Spassena; Ditto, Peter H.The moral domain is broader than the empathy and justice concerns assessed by existing measures of moral competence, and it is not just a subset of the values assessed by valueinventories. To fill the need for reliable and theoretically grounded measurement of the full range of moral concerns, we developed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire on the basis of a theoretical model of 5 universally available (but variably developed) sets of moral intuitions: Harm/Care,Fairness/Reciprocity, Ingroup/Loyalty, Authority/Respect, and Purity/Sanctity. We present evidence for the internal and external validity of the scale and the model, and in doing so we present new findings about morality: (a) Comparative model fitting of confirmatory factor analyses provides empirical justification for a 5-factor structure of moral concerns; (b) convergent/discriminant validity evidence suggests that moral concerns predict personality features and social group attitudes not previously considered morally relevant; and (c) we establish pragmatic validity of the measure in providing new knowledge and research opportunities concerning demographic and cultural differences in moral intuitions. These analyses provide evidence for the usefulness of Moral Foundations Theory in simultaneously increasing the scope and sharpening the resolution of psychological views of morality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)12. Relationship specificity of aggressogenicthought–behavior processes.攻击性意图--行动加工的关系特异性Pages 386-400Peets, Kätlin; Hodges, Ernest V. E.; Salmivalli, Christina The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the relationship specificity of aggressogenic thought–behaviorprocesses and to investigate t he role of self-esteem intranslating or inhibiting aggressogenic thought into aggression toward personally liked and disliked targets. Participants (186 Finnish boys and girls; 11–12 years old at Time 1) completed measures twice over a 1-year interval. We assessed children's attributions of hostility, relational goals, expectations of anger, and self-efficacy at Time 1 as well as aggression, at both time points, toward their previously identified liked and dislikedpeers. Our results mostly supported our hypothesis thatcognitions guide behavior mainly within the relationshipcontext. Moreover, high self-esteem potentiatedcognition–behavior links toward children's own liked peer but inhibited the actualization of aggressogenic thought toward children's disliked peer. These findings highlight theimportance of taking a Person × Situation approach whenstudying cognition–behavior processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)13. At the intersection of culture and religion: A culturalanalysis of religion's implications for secondary control and social affiliation.宗教暗示对次级控制和社会从属的影响之文化分析Pages 401-414Sasaki, Joni Y.; Kim, Heejung S.Religion helps people maintain a sense of control, particularly secondary control—acceptance of and adjustment to difficult situations—and contributes to strengthening social relationships in a religious community. However, little is known about how culture may influence these effects. The currentresearch examined the interaction of culture and religion on secondary control and social affiliation, comparing people from individualistic cultures (e.g., European Americans), who tend to be more motivated toward personal agency, and peoplefrom collectivistic cultures (e.g., East Asians), who tend to be more motivated to maintain social relationships. In Study 1, an analysis of online church mission statements showed that U.S.websites contained more themes of secondary control than did Korean websites, whereas Korean websites contained more themes of social affiliation than did U.S. websites. Study 2 showed that experimental priming of religion led to acts of secondary control for European Americans but not Asian Americans. Using daily diary methodology, Study 3 showed that religious coping宗教应对predicted more secondary control for European Americans but not Koreans, and religious coping predicted more social affiliation for Koreans and European Americans. These findings suggest the importance of understanding sociocultural moderators for the effects of religion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)。