从修辞方面分析《我们将走向哪里》
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从修辞方面分析《我们将走向哪里》
作者:廖帮磊
来源:《新校园·理论(上旬刊)》2011年第08期
摘要:马丁·路德·金在他著名的演讲《我们将走向哪里》中使用了许多修辞手法,比如暗喻、对照、平行结构、转移修饰等。
这些修辞手法在增强金的论点说服力、演讲的艺术效果和引起听众共鸣方面具有重要作用。
关键词:马丁·路德·金;《我们将走向哪里》;修辞
I.Introduction
在马丁·路德·金的著名演讲《我们将走向哪里》中,他通过援引数据、举例论证向听众展示了黑人在美国饱受欺凌的现状,继而直奔主题,探讨如何改变黑人在美国社会的现状,描绘出一幅宏伟蓝图。
金指出黑人只有自尊自爱才能提高他们的经济和政治地位,也是战胜种族歧视、经济剥削、战争问题的唯一武器。
在结尾部分,金通过排比铺陈直抒胸臆,表达对战胜种族歧视的希望,同时也提醒黑人同胞们其过程的艰难。
II. Rhetorical devices and their respective functions
在这篇演讲稿中,金使用了大量的修辞手法。
这些修辞手法不仅增强了金论点的说服力,提高了演讲稿本身的艺术效果,也引起了听众的共鸣。
本文笔者将探讨金所使用的修辞手法及其对应的效果。
1.Simile
Simile is“a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing, and it explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like”. (Tang Ying. English Rhetoric. P93)
比如,“let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness a mighty stream”,其中抽象概念“justice”被比作实体“waters”, 同理抽象概念“righteousness” 被比作实体“a mighty stream”。
通过明喻的使用,金在听众的脑海中勾勒出一幅鲜明的图像,这有助于听众理解金的论点,也使得他们有兴致继续听金的演讲。
2.Metaphor
metaphor 定义为 a way of describing something by comparing it to something else that has similar qualities, without using the words lik e “as”or “like” (Longman Advanced American Dictionary P920) 当金呼吁必须培养黑人同胞的自尊自爱提到战胜种族歧视的议程时,他把“manhood”比作“pen and ink”,并且黑人只有用这种的“pen”和“ink”才能签署他们自己的“废奴宣言”。
另外,当金呼吁听众们要坚强勇敢时,他把“creeds”比作“high blood pressure”,把“deeds”比作“an anemia”等等。
金通过运用暗喻把听众所不熟悉的意象暗比成他们谙熟的意象,使听众就更易理解金的论点,从而有助于唤起他们的共鸣。
3.Antithesis
维基百科将antithesis定义为“in rhetoric,(using language effectively to please or persuade) it is a figure of speech involving the bringing out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in the words, clauses, or sentences, within a parallel grammatical structure.” 对仗形式结构对称工整,韵律上铿锵有力,内容上构成对比,所以能够加强金的观点,凸显演讲主题。
比如在“what is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and love without power is sentim ental and anemic”中,“power without love” and “love without power” 构成对仗,它们意义相反,结构对称,构成强烈对照,使得“love”和“power”关系明晰,这样可以使金论点更具说服力,其效果是激发黑人在民权运动中的斗志。
4.Parallelism
排比是指“consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning side by s ide, balancing each other”.(Chen Shupeng. English writing&Rhetoric, P213).
最突出的例子是“Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissatisfied until those live on the outskirts of hope are brought into the metropolis of dai ly security…”(P25)这些句子结构对称,句式工整,节奏明朗,气势恢宏,琅琅上口,抒发了金的强烈情感,也使得金的呼吁深入听众内心,触动它们的情感,激起民权运动的士气。
5.Transferred epithet
转移修饰法指的是“a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should be rightly modify to another to which I does not really apply or belong.”(Tang Ying. English Rhetoric. P133).
例如,“this is leading a few extremists today to advocate the same destructive and conscienceless power that they have justly abhorred in whites. It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times.”在这两个句子中,“conscienceless”和“immoral”是两个修饰不同人物性格特征的修饰词。
当这两个修饰词被转移去去修饰“power”时,其指的是拥有权力的人没有良知,没有道德。
通过使用转移修饰,金向听众展示那些有权人士但无良无德,伤害他人的意象,使他们认识到怎样的权力和怎样的爱才是良性的,才能为人所接受。
6.Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of an object or concept is replaced with a word closely related to or suggested by the original. (Tang Ying. English Rhetoric. P116)
举例说, “but one day we need to see that an edifice that produces beggars needs restructuring.”(para.21) In this sentence, “an edifice” can be referred to “the American society” or “the American system” because beggars in America are produced by its society and ex ist in its society.其中“an edifice”映射的是“美国社会体系”,原因有二:其一、乞讨者由社会体系中的种种不合理因素造成并一直存在于美国社会;其二、“edifice”意为“建筑”,即人之居所,而“American society”中生存着许多人,两者有共同点。
另外在“Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousn ess like a mighty stream”中,“city hall”(市政厅)映射“市政府”,因为政府官员们在市政厅工作,伸张正义,因此正义之流从政府奔流而下,滚滚向前。
通过使用转喻,金并不直接向听众陈述他想表达的如政府等实体,而是通过暗示不同实体的关系而转指另一实体。
这样金不平铺直叙,而是给听众以思考的空间,从而在听众脑海里留下深刻的印象。
此外,观众能专注于金的演讲,思考金提出的社会问题,并付诸实践参与到民权运动中去。
7.Paradox
“paradox”指的是“a statement which is apparently self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to common sense, but on further thinking may probe be true”。
(Tang Ying. English Rhetoric. P126). 从定义可知,尽管“paradox”所言之事似乎自相矛盾,但实质上讲的是一个真实的道理。
比如,“Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don’t solve, answers that don’t answer and explanations that don’t explain.”(Para. 18) 通过使用paradox,金想说明的是如果黑人同胞们希望通过暴力运动进入美国生活的主流(只有非暴力运动可以产生这一结果),他们注定要失败。
“It is a conclusion that seem to diverge from common sense with out any further
demonstration to elaborate it, and leave room for listeners’ thinking. ”(《现代大学英语全程辅导》(精读5)P13)
8.Allusion
“用典”指的是“references to well-known persons, things, or events that writers assume are familiar to their readers”. (Tang Ying. English Rhetoric. P18)
比如,“let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together, and every man will sit down under his own vine and fig tree and none should be afraid”,其中“the lion and the lamb shall lie do wn together”引用The Book of Isaiah: Chapter 11, Verse 6 (Isaiah 11:6)中的话,“vine and fig tree”引用The Book of Micah, Chapter4, Verse4 (Micah 4:4 NIV) 中的话。
这些《圣经》中的意象传达了基督教的和平主义,即“the theological and ethical position that any form of violence is incompati ble with the Christian faith.”通过引用《圣经》,金旨在传播基督教的和平主义,阐释非暴力在民权运动中的重要意义,这样使得他的论点更具说服力。
此外,值得我们关注的是作为一个牧师,金相信上帝的话语最具权威性和公正性,所以他援引《圣经》,布道说教,意在鼓舞人心,引起听者的共鸣。
Ⅲ.C oncluson
综上所述,黑人在民权运动中遭遇到很多困难,金在他的演讲中也向听众展示了一些他们遇到的困难。
金使用了许多修辞手法以增强他论点的信服力和说服力,从而引起听众的共鸣,激发他们在民权运动中的士气。
此外这些修辞手法有助于笔者理解英语的语言效果,诠释民权运动的目标及其实现方式。
更重要的是,在理解的基础上分析这些修辞手法也有助于笔者掌握并灵活运用这些修辞手法。
参考文献:
[1]Chen Shupeng&Mao Liqun&Chen Hailong. English Writing and Rhetoric. Shanghai: Fu Dan University Press, 2006.
[2]Tang Ying&Qu Jin. English Rheroric. Jilin: Nan Kai University Press, 2006.
[3]Wang Yulong&Zhang Yu&Zhang Deyu. English Rheroric. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2006.
[4]宋兴蕴.《现代大学英语全程辅导》(精读5).辽宁:辽宁师范大学出版社,2006.
[5]Person Education Limited. Longman Advanced American Dictionary.Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2003.
[6]杨立民.《现代大学英语》(精读5).北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2010.。