Morpheme词素 ppt课件
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《语言学morpheme》课件
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汇报4
05
06
Morpheme是语言学中的基本单位，用于表示词的构成和变化。 Morpheme可以分为自由morpheme和粘附morpheme。 自由morpheme可以独立存在，如英语中的dog、cat等。 粘附morpheme不能独立存在，需要依附于其他morpheme，如英语中的-ed、-ing等。
前缀可以改变词根的词性， 如名词变为形容词
前缀可以改变词根的词义，如 “un-”表示否定，“re-”表
示重复
词根是构成词 的基本单位， 是词的核心部
分
词根可以单独 使用，也可以 与其他词根或 词缀组合成新
词
词根可以分为自 由词根和黏着词 根，自由词根可 以独立存在，黏 着词根需要与其 他词根或词缀组
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自由 morpheme： 可以独立存在的 morpheme，
如英语中的 "dog"
粘附morpheme： 不能独立存在， 需要依附于其他 morpheme的 morpheme，如 英语中的"-less"
复合morpheme： 由两个或多个
morpheme组成 的morpheme，
教学目标：让学生理解morpheme的概念 和作用
教学方法：通过实例讲解和练习，让学生 掌握morpheme的分析方法
教学案例：分析英语单词 "unfriendly"中的morpheme，让学 生理解morpheme在单词中的作用
教学反馈：通过课堂讨论和作业，了解学 生对morpheme的理解和掌握情况，及时 调整教学方法和进度。
汇报4
05
06
Morpheme是语言学中的基本单位，用于表示词的构成和变化。 Morpheme可以分为自由morpheme和粘附morpheme。 自由morpheme可以独立存在，如英语中的dog、cat等。 粘附morpheme不能独立存在，需要依附于其他morpheme，如英语中的-ed、-ing等。
前缀可以改变词根的词性， 如名词变为形容词
前缀可以改变词根的词义，如 “un-”表示否定，“re-”表
示重复
词根是构成词 的基本单位， 是词的核心部
分
词根可以单独 使用，也可以 与其他词根或 词缀组合成新
词
词根可以分为自 由词根和黏着词 根，自由词根可 以独立存在，黏 着词根需要与其 他词根或词缀组
添加标题
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自由 morpheme： 可以独立存在的 morpheme，
如英语中的 "dog"
粘附morpheme： 不能独立存在， 需要依附于其他 morpheme的 morpheme，如 英语中的"-less"
复合morpheme： 由两个或多个
morpheme组成 的morpheme，
教学目标：让学生理解morpheme的概念 和作用
教学方法：通过实例讲解和练习，让学生 掌握morpheme的分析方法
教学案例：分析英语单词 "unfriendly"中的morpheme，让学 生理解morpheme在单词中的作用
教学反馈：通过课堂讨论和作业，了解学 生对morpheme的理解和掌握情况，及时 调整教学方法和进度。
Morpheme
Types of Morphemes
• 1. Free Morpheme and Bound Morpheme • 2. Inflectional Morpheme and Derivative Morpheme
Free Morpheme
A morpheme that can stand alone as a word. E g: room bottle stand large
Prefix: is one that is added to the beginning of the stem. Suffix: is one that is added to the end of the stem
Attention: prefixes only add some lexical meaning to the stem suffixes can not only add some grammatical meanings to the stem ,but also change its grammatical categories.
Inflectional Morpheme and Derivative Morpheme
Inflectional Morpheme:
They are attached to words or morphemes to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word(-s,-ed,-ing) , but not produce new words.
Reference:
1.unbearable: 3 un-,bear,-able 2.Watchful:2 watch, ful 3.Internationally: 4 inter-,nation,-al,-ly 4.Unexceptionally: 5 un-,except,-tion,-al,-ly 5.Uneducated: 3 un-,educate,-ed
《精选》Morpheme(词素或语素).ppt
morpheme.
演示课件
Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc.
map----maps [s] dog----dogs [z] watch----watches [iz] mouse----mice [ai] ox----oxen [n] tooth----teeth sheep----sheep Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph oomorph——语素变体
Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme, the plural morpheme may be represented by:
1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble
演示课件
Free morpheme & bound morpheme
演示课件
Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc.
map----maps [s] dog----dogs [z] watch----watches [iz] mouse----mice [ai] ox----oxen [n] tooth----teeth sheep----sheep Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph oomorph——语素变体
Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme, the plural morpheme may be represented by:
1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble
演示课件
Free morpheme & bound morpheme
英语词汇学4PPT课件
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b. Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes. A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
脚
foot
ped
uniped, pediform
音
sound phon
phonetics, microphone
日
sun
sol
solar, insolation
月 moon lun
lunar， lunatic
星 世界 生命
star world life
astro(er) cosm(o) bi(o)
Notice what the following words have in common: e.g. -tain contain, detain retain (L tenere "to hold")
-ceive conceive, deceive receive. (L capere "to take") revive vitamin vital vivacious vivid In Modern English, they are not words, and not free morphemes; they cannot exist on their own. Nor can they be used to form new words, because these items have no identity outside the small group of words in which they appear. So on formal grounds, ceive, -tain are considered bound morphemes or bound roots which always occur in morphemic sequences, i.e. in combination with roots or affixes.
b. Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes. A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
脚
foot
ped
uniped, pediform
音
sound phon
phonetics, microphone
日
sun
sol
solar, insolation
月 moon lun
lunar， lunatic
星 世界 生命
star world life
astro(er) cosm(o) bi(o)
Notice what the following words have in common: e.g. -tain contain, detain retain (L tenere "to hold")
-ceive conceive, deceive receive. (L capere "to take") revive vitamin vital vivacious vivid In Modern English, they are not words, and not free morphemes; they cannot exist on their own. Nor can they be used to form new words, because these items have no identity outside the small group of words in which they appear. So on formal grounds, ceive, -tain are considered bound morphemes or bound roots which always occur in morphemic sequences, i.e. in combination with roots or affixes.
语言学morphemePPT课件
e.g. paymaster, moonwalk, babysit, godfather, sunflower.
可编辑课件PPT
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B. Bound morphemes(黏着语素):
They cannot occur alone. (不能单独出现) They must appear with at least one different morpheme. （至少有一个不同的语素） e.g. dogs, national, disclose.
distempered
dis temper -ed
bound morphemes
free morphemes
可编辑课件PPT
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2.Root, affix and stem 词根，词缀，词干
A. Root（词根）: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning,that is to say,it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.
可编辑课件PPT
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B. Affix（词缀）: is a collective term for the type
of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or stem).词缀是那些只 能附着于另一个词素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称。
such as: chair , dog , cup and so on.
可编辑课件PPT
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B. Bound morphemes(黏着语素):
They cannot occur alone. (不能单独出现) They must appear with at least one different morpheme. （至少有一个不同的语素） e.g. dogs, national, disclose.
distempered
dis temper -ed
bound morphemes
free morphemes
可编辑课件PPT
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2.Root, affix and stem 词根，词缀，词干
A. Root（词根）: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning,that is to say,it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.
可编辑课件PPT
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B. Affix（词缀）: is a collective term for the type
of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or stem).词缀是那些只 能附着于另一个词素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称。
such as: chair , dog , cup and so on.
what is morphemes.ppt1
• In English, most inflectional affixes are suffixes, which are always work final E.g.: drums, walks, Mary’s • Derivational affixes can be either prefixes, suffixes, or both E.g.: depart , teacher , international
2、 inflectional affix Do not change the word class of the word they attach to. e.g.: flower and flowers are ix May change the word class e.g.: small（adj), smallness (n) May change the meaning of the word. e.g.: child, childhood
• 3.1.2 types of Morphemes
• Morpheme can be subclassified into different types, depending on what criteria one attempts to follow: (1) Free morpheme(自由语素) and bound morpheme（粘着语素） (2)Root, affix and stem (3)Inflectional affix（屈折词缀） and derivational affix（派生词缀）
Chapter 3
From Morpheme to Phrase
•
What is morpheme?
Morpheme(词素或语素)
Allomorph——语素变体 Allomorph——语素变体
Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme, the plural morpheme may be represented by: map----maps [s] dog----dogs [z] watch----watches [iz] mouse----mice [ai] ox----oxen [n] tooth----teeth sheep----sheep Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Free morpheme & bound morpheme
Free morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc.
语言学morpheme课件
• 3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph
形态学的变化和词素变体
语言学morpheme
1 、 Free morpheme and Bound morpheme 自由语素和黏着语素
A. Freemorphemes: Those that may occur alone, those
B.
(词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再作进一步分析而不破坏其意
义。也就是说，把一个词的所有词缀去掉之后的部分就是词根。)
C. eg: friend as in unfriendliness.
All words contain a root morpheme.
所有的词都至少包含一个词根词素。
Roots may be • Free（自由语素）: those that can stand by themselves, eg:
• It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.它研究词的 内部结构和构造规则。
语言学morpheme
• E.G. • purify pur(e) , -ify • amplify(放大) simplify(简单化)
which may make up words by themselves.(可以单ation, close
mono-morphemic words（单语素词）. All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.
black in blackboard, blackbird;
• Bound（黏着语素）: those that cannot stand by themselves
形态学的变化和词素变体
语言学morpheme
1 、 Free morpheme and Bound morpheme 自由语素和黏着语素
A. Freemorphemes: Those that may occur alone, those
B.
(词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再作进一步分析而不破坏其意
义。也就是说，把一个词的所有词缀去掉之后的部分就是词根。)
C. eg: friend as in unfriendliness.
All words contain a root morpheme.
所有的词都至少包含一个词根词素。
Roots may be • Free（自由语素）: those that can stand by themselves, eg:
• It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.它研究词的 内部结构和构造规则。
语言学morpheme
• E.G. • purify pur(e) , -ify • amplify(放大) simplify(简单化)
which may make up words by themselves.(可以单ation, close
mono-morphemic words（单语素词）. All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.
black in blackboard, blackbird;
• Bound（黏着语素）: those that cannot stand by themselves
Morpheme词素
Morpheme1. What is morpheme?The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. All thesemorphemes constitute the physical structure of the word revitalized. It should be borne in mind that the knowledge of the word’s physical structure helps us decode words and acquire their morphological related forms. The morpheme which is derived from the Greek word morphe meaning “form”, a morpheme may be represented by a single syllable sound, or may also consist of more than one syllable. Therefore, a morpheme is the minimal linguistic unit---an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed.That is to say, a morpheme, the smallest unit of meaning in a language, may be a word or a part of word which has meaning; it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of the original meaning; and it may recur in different verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning.2. How to classify English morphemes?1. Free and bound morphemesMorphemes can be classified into two types, namely, free morphemes and bound morphemes. Simply put, free morphemes may occur alone, that is, they may constitute words by themselves; bound morphemes cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words.2. Content and function morphemesMorphemes can also be divided into content morphemes and functionmorphemes. Content morphemes express some general sort of content, while function morphemes are heavily tied to a grammatical function, expressing syntactic relationships between units in a sentence, or categories such asnumber or tense. Thus nouns, verbs and adjectives are all English content morphemes. By contrast, prepositions, articles and conjunctions are typically function morphemes. They are import parts in English language.3. Derivational and inflectional morphemesDerivational morphemes can be added to a word to create another word. This type of morphemes changes the meaning of a word or a part of speech orboth. There are three characteristics about it.An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word, and it modifies a word’s tense, number, aspects and so on. English has eightinflectional morphemes about nouns, adjectives and verbs. There are four main features of the inflectional morphemes.4. Roots, stems and affixesThe central morpheme in a word is often a free morpheme and is called the root. The peripheral morphemes that are attached to the root are alwaysbound morphemes are called affixes. When a root morpheme is combined with an affix, it forms a stem, which may or may not be a word. A stem canalso be morphologically complex. As shown in the following:Root believeStem believe + ableWord un + believe + ableAbove all are absolutely necessary notions and indispensable elements in the English word-formation processes. The reason why morphemes can be combined into words is that there exist, in English as well as in other languages, morphological rules, which determine how morphemes are combined to form new words.。
Morpheme词素学习教程
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The root（词根） is the primary lexical unit
of a word, and carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents ache 痛 earache 耳痛
Free
自由词素
Free root
自由词根
MORPHEMES
词素
Bound
黏着词素
Bound root
黏着词根
derivational affixes 派生词缀
词缀 inflectional
屈折词缀
prefix suffix
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Free morphemes（自由词素）
Free morphemes are those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves. E.g. bed dog dance nation
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E.g.
distempered
It has three morphemes, namely, dis-, temper, and –ed, of which temper is a free morpheme, dis- and –ed are two bound morphemes.
Such words are called mono-morphemic words（ 单语素词）.All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes. poly-morphemic words（多语素词）：Words consist wቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱolly of free morphemes.
The root（词根） is the primary lexical unit
of a word, and carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents ache 痛 earache 耳痛
Free
自由词素
Free root
自由词根
MORPHEMES
词素
Bound
黏着词素
Bound root
黏着词根
derivational affixes 派生词缀
词缀 inflectional
屈折词缀
prefix suffix
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Free morphemes（自由词素）
Free morphemes are those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves. E.g. bed dog dance nation
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E.g.
distempered
It has three morphemes, namely, dis-, temper, and –ed, of which temper is a free morpheme, dis- and –ed are two bound morphemes.
Such words are called mono-morphemic words（ 单语素词）.All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes. poly-morphemic words（多语素词）：Words consist wቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱolly of free morphemes.
chapter_3__morphology ppt课件
look back • Auxiliaries • Pro-form • determiners
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Auxiliaries
• Negation
• I can’t come. I wantn’t come.
• Inversion
• Is he coming? Keeps he coming?
词素——最小的意义单位
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• A morpheme is the smallest meaningful grammatical unit thatis composed of three elemments denoting sound, meaning and form---respectively phoneme, lexeme and grapheme.
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• A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
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it of meaning
• It is the smallest/minimal unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be further divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.
m
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The morpheme (语/词素) is to the morph (形素) what a phoneme(音位) is to a phone (音素).
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Auxiliaries
• Negation
• I can’t come. I wantn’t come.
• Inversion
• Is he coming? Keeps he coming?
词素——最小的意义单位
ppt课件
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• A morpheme is the smallest meaningful grammatical unit thatis composed of three elemments denoting sound, meaning and form---respectively phoneme, lexeme and grapheme.
ppt课件
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• A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
ppt课件
it of meaning
• It is the smallest/minimal unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be further divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.
m
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The morpheme (语/词素) is to the morph (形素) what a phoneme(音位) is to a phone (音素).
Morpheme词素ppt课件
E.g: cups asked faster
Derivational affix（派生词缀）
are affixes which are added to other morphemes to create new words
E.g: react debone Derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffix.
Thankyou!
Inflectional affix（屈折词缀）:
Affix that attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional affix Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes
E.g.
distempered
It has three morphemes, namely, dis-, temper, and –ed, of which temper is a free morpheme, dis- and –ed are two bound morphemes.
In contrast, -s in cups, -al in national,
dis- in disopen, cannot alone. These
must appear with at least one different morpheme, and called bound morphemes（黏着词素）.
An affix（词缀） is the collective term for the
Free
自由词素
Free root
自由词根
Derivational affix（派生词缀）
are affixes which are added to other morphemes to create new words
E.g: react debone Derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffix.
Thankyou!
Inflectional affix（屈折词缀）:
Affix that attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional affix Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes
E.g.
distempered
It has three morphemes, namely, dis-, temper, and –ed, of which temper is a free morpheme, dis- and –ed are two bound morphemes.
In contrast, -s in cups, -al in national,
dis- in disopen, cannot alone. These
must appear with at least one different morpheme, and called bound morphemes（黏着词素）.
An affix（词缀） is the collective term for the
Free
自由词素
Free root
自由词根
词汇学Morpheme15Nov2010-PPT精选
sometimes people wanna know why.
Rhetoric of homonyms
• Homபைடு நூலகம்graphs:
• Joey: Aren’t we in the middle of something? • Chandler: Yes, but these women are very hot
• Ross: I have a dream last night. I was playing football with my kid.
• Joey and Chandler: Oh, that’s nice. • Ross: No, with him.
• Joey: Ah, now Rach, these ah, these • little women. • Rachel: Yeah? • Joey: How little are they? I mean, are they like • scary little?
Same or different Same
Same or different
Rhetoric features of homonyms
Homophones
• Phoebe: I brought you alphabet soup. • Lizzie: Pick out the vowels? • Phoebe: Yes, but I left in the Y’s. You know,
Morphology and semantics
Practice on 8 Nov 2019
Falloween: an extended celebration or observance of Halloween, often beginning several weeks before the day; the retail season that extends from the beginning of fall through Halloween and Thanksgiving in the US (fall to Halloween).
Rhetoric of homonyms
• Homபைடு நூலகம்graphs:
• Joey: Aren’t we in the middle of something? • Chandler: Yes, but these women are very hot
• Ross: I have a dream last night. I was playing football with my kid.
• Joey and Chandler: Oh, that’s nice. • Ross: No, with him.
• Joey: Ah, now Rach, these ah, these • little women. • Rachel: Yeah? • Joey: How little are they? I mean, are they like • scary little?
Same or different Same
Same or different
Rhetoric features of homonyms
Homophones
• Phoebe: I brought you alphabet soup. • Lizzie: Pick out the vowels? • Phoebe: Yes, but I left in the Y’s. You know,
Morphology and semantics
Practice on 8 Nov 2019
Falloween: an extended celebration or observance of Halloween, often beginning several weeks before the day; the retail season that extends from the beginning of fall through Halloween and Thanksgiving in the US (fall to Halloween).
词汇学--词素.ppt
Base
※.A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added.It can be a root or a stem.
词基是任何一种词缀都可以加在上面的形式。
or word elements to modify meaning or function.
All affixes are bound morphemes—some
morphemes cannot normally stand alone,but
function only as parts of words,e,g.-s,-er and-ed
词缀都是粘着语素，依附于词根上构成新词或表示词的语 法意义.
Ⅰ.According to the functions of affixes Affix can be divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.
1. Inflectional affixes（Inflectional morphemes） are not used to produce new words,but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word(-s,-＇s,-ed,-ing,-er,-est).
Morpheme and Word-formation 词素和构词法
Introduction
We know words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words.
chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase语言学ppt课件
takes the archaic form of the present tense –eth, e.g. do(e)th, goeth, hath, findeth, hopeth. • The second person singular subject takes inflected verbs : do(e)st, playest, hearest, speakest. • The plural forms of nouns have also changed: seedes → seeds, wayes → ways • The old forms of the second person thou, ye, and yee are replaced by a single form you, and thy by your.
e.g. inept; horrify; salvation
Morphemes such as ept; horr; salv are called bound roots. They will reserve for root morphemes that cannot be used as words.
• Draw a tree diagram for blackened •V •V • A Af Af • Black en ed
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V+-tion=N De-+V=V Adj+-ize=v N+-al=adj
N
V
V de
Adj
N
al
de
nation
al
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-tion
-ize
ize
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e.g. inept; horrify; salvation
Morphemes such as ept; horr; salv are called bound roots. They will reserve for root morphemes that cannot be used as words.
• Draw a tree diagram for blackened •V •V • A Af Af • Black en ed
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V+-tion=N De-+V=V Adj+-ize=v N+-al=adj
N
V
V de
Adj
N
al
de
nation
al
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-tion
-ize
ize
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语言学导论-第3章Morphology ppt课件
go, goes, going, gone
discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability
lovely, lovelier, loveliest
inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize
Derivation 派生法 Compounding 合成法 Blending 拼缀法 Clipping 截短法 Acronyms 首字母缩略法 Onomatopoeia 拟声 Back formation 逆成法 Borrowing 借用 Coining 新造 ……
Opiemnpocslsaibslesto add)
Closed class
开放e.性g.词: P类ro, Prep, Conj, Art.封(fu闭nc性tio词n类words)
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Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
Definition: must be attached to another morpheme
Many words can be divided into smaller parts,
E.g.: dogs walking blackens player dog-s walk-ing black-en-s play-er
the parts also occur in other words:
A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function
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Morpheme词素
2
Free
自由词素
Free root
自由词根
MORPHEMES
词素
Bound
黏着词素
Bound root
黏着词根
derivational affixes 派生词缀
词缀 inflectional
屈折词缀
prefix suffix
Morpheme词素
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Free morphemes（自由词素）
Free morphemes are those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves.
E.g. bed dog dance nation
Such words are called mono-morphemic words（ 单语素词）.All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.
Morpheme词素
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In contrast, -s in cups, -al in national,
dis- in disopen, cannot alone. These
must appear with at least one different morpheme, and called bound morphemes（黏着词素）.
root or stem of a word.
Morpheme词素
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Inflectional affix（屈折词缀）:
Affix that attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional affix Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes
ache 痛 earache 耳痛
MoБайду номын сангаасpheme词素
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A root may also be free or bound.
First, free root（自由词根） morphemes are those that can stand by themselves and are the base forms of words, such as bookish
Second, there are relatively a few bound root （ 黏着词根）morphemes in English.
Such as :pseudo-
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An affix（词缀） is the collective term for the
type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), so affix is naturally bound.
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The root（词根） is the primary lexical unit
of a word, and carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents
E.g: cups asked faster
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Derivational affix（派生词缀）
are affixes which are added to other morphemes to create new words
E.g: react debone
Derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffix.
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Morpheme
Morpheme词素
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Definition
The smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
poly-morphemic words（多语素词）：Words consist wholly of free morphemes.
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E.g.
distempered
It has three morphemes, namely, dis-, temper, and –ed, of which temper is a free morpheme, dis- and –ed are two bound morphemes.
Affixes in a language are limited in number, and
are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix（前缀）, suffix（后缀） and infix （中缀）, depending on their position around the