欧洲文化入门复习资料第七部分
欧洲文化入门(阅读)期末复习资料
欧洲文化入门（阅读）欧洲文化入门课程期末考试为闭卷考试，考试范围为课本以下章节：古代近东、古希腊、古罗马、中世纪中期、文艺复兴和宗教改革。
考试题型为单选题和判断正误题，题库为各章后的练习选择题1、Greek myths reflect Greeks' exploration of the followings except___.C.the mysterious outer space2、The name Jesus suggests__. B.that God saves us from sin3、Odysseus___ returned to his faithful wife after the ten-year TrojanWar. C.was a Greek hero who4、In the Renaissance, the ancient myths___. A.served as sources ofinspiration for artistic creation5、According to Greek myths about creation, ____was the foundation ofall things. D.Chaos6、Common types of myths exclude___. D.myths of mortals7、No hero of Greek mythology has proved more fascinating than Oedipusfor __.A.he fulfilled the prophecy of killing his father and marrying his mother8、According to Greek mythology ___, which goes well with the idea ofDaoism in China. A.something can be produced from nothing9、The original language of the New Testament was used ___. D.in homesand marketplaces10、The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostlesfor ___. D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes11、1066 marked the__. B.Norman Conquer of England12、Overgrowth of population in Europe in the Late Middle Ages caused__. B.the shortage of food supply13、In the 13th century, many schools _. A.were organized intouniversities14、In the Carolingian time popes__. B.were regarded as models of piety15、___ were regarded as heretics in the Middle Ages. B.Those who didnot believe in Christianity16、Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainlyused in mainland Greece? A.Doric17、The Council of Constance marked B.the end of the Western Schism.18、Which of the following statements about Western Schism is NOT true? D.The emperorof Holy Roman Empire in Germany recognized Clement.19、Beginning in the 4th century, army units of German were__.C.welcomed into theRoman Empire to defend the Romans20、Which Hellenistic kingdom ruled Egypt and parts of the Middle East?A.PtolemaicKingdom21、Which is not one of the things that the Viscontis, the Sforzas and the Medicis had incommon? B.They were rulers of Milan during the Renaissance.22、Which one is not a period of Italian Renaissance Art? B.Middle Renaissance23、1066 marked the__B.Norman Conquest of England24、For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____.C.the originalme aning of Qur’an would be distorted.25、The Late Middle Ages were marked by the following features, EXCEPT? C.Rivalrybetween feudal governments led to wars, the most violent being the Hundred Years’ War fought between Germany and Italy.26、Which of the following statements about villages in the Middle Ages is NOT true? D.Fewvillages had a few artisans and traders who combined farm work with other labor.27、The second founding father of Christianity was _____.B.St. Paul28、Who was not a representative writer of Northern Renaissance? A.Giovanni Boccaccio29、Who was not a believer in the heliocentric theory? D.Francis Bacon30、Which of the following statements about ciompi is NOT true? D.They had not lost theirhold on power.31、What event marked the climax of Charlemagne’s career and the formation of westernEuropean civilization? D.Charlemagne was crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” by the Pope.32、The first city- builders in Italy were ________.C.the Etruscans33、All of the following Roman officers were produced by election EXCEPT ____.B.dictator34、Who replaced the Council of 400 with the Council of 500? C.Cleisthenes35、In the first Greco-Persian War, Greek army defeated the Persian forces and won asmashing victory in the battle of ____.B.Marathon36、Which of the following statements about the third Crusade is NOT true? D.Richardstayed longer, and took Jerusalem.37、The ethnic origin of Jesus was ____.C.Hebrew38、Major changes in Roman religious life were mainly a result of _____.C.territorialexpansion of Rome39、Which description of the Hellenistic civilization is incorrect? D.Its commercial, culturaland intellectual centre was Athens.40、Which description of the traditional Greek religion is incorrect? C.In ancient Greece, themain religious ceremony took place inside the temple.41、In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided overthe following issues EXCEPT for ______.D.baptism42、Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____.B.Both wereidealistic in world view.43、Which description of Greek democracy of the Archaic Period is not true?B.It is thesame with modern democracy.44、What was the main difference between serfs and slaves in Western Europe? C.themilitary protection provided by the lord45、Which description of the Age of Pericles is NOT true? D.It was when the nobles becamea major force in politics.46、Which of the following statements about the Crusades is NOT true? A.On the way tothe Holy Land, a crusader wore the white cross on his outfit47、Which one is NOT the reason that Justinian is considered the first great Byzantineemperor? C.He declared himself to be God’s representative on earth.48、Which of the following descriptions of pre-Islamic Arabia is not true?B.Pre-IslamicArabs showed no interest in sea trade.49、Which one does NOT indicate that Euripides was the most revolutionary dramatist inancient Greece? D.His use of graceful language and perfect form.50、During the Great Famine, starvation even drove some people to eat the following livingcreatures, EXCEPT C.snakes51、Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the Great? B.He madeChristianity the state religion.52、The gladiator show indicated Romans’ love for _____.C.violence53、The Italian Renaissance scholars did all the following things except for ____. C.refusingto accept religious teaching or read religious works.54、Which description of Petrarch is wrong? C.He valued his Italian writings more than hisLatin writings.55、Who did not belong to the Florentine School of the Early Renaissance art? D.Raphael56、Which of the following was NOT true about the early Christians? B.They accepted theidea that emperors were divine.57、In the year of ____, Constantine the Great issued Edit of Milan which officially madeChristianity legal. B.31358、Which city was NOT a prominent trading centre during the Early Middle Ages?C.Medina59、Which one of the following statements about the English Parliament in 1259 is NOTtrue? D.it was a major check on royal authority60、Christianity originated from__. B.Palestine61、Which categories of publication does Erasmus’s The Praise of Fo lly belong to? A.cleversatires to expose people’s errors62、In terms of science, what was the significant shift in thinking during the RenaissanceAge? B.the emphasis on how things happened in nature63、All the following constitute the main forms of heresy, EXCEPT D.worshipers64、Which description of the Islamic philosophy is true? B.Al-Ghazali regarded Greekphilosophy as corrupters of Islamic faith.65、Which one of the following architectural constructions was not typical Roman?D.column66、Olive trees and grapevine were introduced into Italy by ______. B.Greeks67、Britain was turned into a Roman province in ________. B.the 1st century68、Which of the following group of people did not constitute a class in Sparta? D.nobles69、What is the Central Middle Ages also called? C.“Age of Faith”70、Constantine the Great declared __. B.toleration for all religions71、For those who want to convert to Islam, which of the following pillars of Islam is of theutmost importance? A.reciting the Muslim statement of faith with conviction72、Concerning the economy of the Byzantine Empire, Islamic Empire and western Europeduring the Middle Ages, which statement is NOT true? B.Islamic economy in the 7th century was already very prosperous.73、The government of the Roman Republic included all of the following branches EXCEPT______. D.the judicial branch74、Which is the correct description of life in the Byzantine Empire? A.Peasants had a hardlife due to the high tax on land.75、Compared with Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance had the following distinctivefeatures except for ______. C.influence of classicism76、The following descriptions of the Mycenaean culture are true EXCEPT for ____. C.TheMycenaean raid on Crete was recorded in Homer’s epics.77、Which factor directly resulted in the first great split in Christianity in 1054? D.Pope LeoIX asserted the supreme authority of the papacy and clashed with the Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius78、Which factor did not facilitate the Islamic expansion? D.the influence of the strictmonotheism of Islam79、The following descriptions of the second Greco-Persian War are true EXCEPT for _____.B.All Greek city-states united to counter the Persian invasion.80、The Black Death struck a serious blow to the Catholic Church in the following ways,EXCEPT B.Many clergy stuck to their Christian duties and died.81、Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity.Which one is the exception? A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.82、All the following statements featured the Capetian kings of France, EXCEPT A.TheCapetian kings established strong royal power by conquest, as William had done in England83、Christians considered pagan gods_____. A.as demons84、Who was regarded as the “father of oil painting”?D.Jan van Eyck85、Pope Urban VI started to reform the church and wanted to abolish the following abuses,EXCEPT D.homosexual86、Which of the following statements about Byzantine classicism is true? A.The Byzantinesrevered ancient Greek literature, philosophy and historiography.87、It was during the ____ that the Romans were defeated by the famous Carthaginiangeneral Hannibal. B.the 2nd Punic War88、Which one of the following was NOT a member of the First Triumvirate? B.Sulla89、In the early days of the Roman Republic, ______ had the most important law makingpower. C.the Assembly of Curiae90、All the following statements about the medieval commune are true EXCEPT__. C.Nocommunes battled violently for rights of self-governance.91、What were the three forms of vernacular literature for town dwellers? D.fabliaux, fablesand dramas92、Which one of the following groups of the people could vote in the Roman assemblies?A.Roman generals and adult male plebians93、All of the following political ideas can be accredited to the Romans EXCEPT ____.C.democracy94、Which one does not belong to the Bronze Age civilizations of ancient Greece?C.Hellenistic civilization95、The Hundred Years’ War arose from the following causes, EXCEPT,C.Famine, plague,economic turmoil, social upheaval.96、All the following made up the basic social structure of medieval rural communitiesEXCEPT___. D.The guild97、Which is not the similarity shared by Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and Boccaccio’sDecameron? D.religious themes98、Which of the following statements about The Hundred Years’ War is NOT true?C.Horse-riding knights became more important army force than infantry.99、In Early Middle Ages, Western European civilization differed from the Byzantine andIslamic Empires in the following aspects EXCEPT for _____. C.the influence of ancient Greco-Roman civilizations.100、Which one of the following statements was NOT a factor that brought about the agricultural growth during the Central Middle Ages? D.The food price dropped drastically. 101、The Roman expansion had many consequences EXCEPT ______. B.economic gains for all Romans102、Which one of the following statements about the medieval universities is NOT true? D.A migration of scholars from Cambridge led to the establishment of the University of Oxford in England.103、Which one of the following statements about “Jacques rebellion” is NOT true?A.The peasants involved in the rebellion had a clear political program and organization.104、Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOT true? C.Charles refused her to accompany the army.105、Which of the following reform measures resulted in the moral decline of the Romans?B.selling grain at a low price to citizens106、The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by _____.B.slaves107、Who is usually regarded as the “father of history”?A.Herodotus108、Which is not one of the three great achievements of Italian Renaissance art?A.the revival of classical texts109、What were the three forms of vernacular Literature for nobles? C.lyric poetry, epic poetry and romance poetry110、Jesus lived in the __. A.early 1st century111、Which form of literature was unpopular in the medieval Islamic world? D.drama112、Which one of the following statements about the Black Death is NOT true? D.Death caused by the Black Death worsened the situation of surviving peasants and laborers.113、Which of the following Renaissance writers was not known for his sonnets? A.Dante114、Which is not true in the following about the disruptive deities?C.They were in fact mortals115、The images of gods in Greek mythology are_________. C.as emotional as those of humans;116、The history of the English Bible is the history of the formation of the English language__.A.from a mixture of French, Anglo-Norman, and Anglo-Saxon;117、 A gospel in the New Testament ___. A.is a series of individual accounts of acts or sayings118、Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the New Testament?B.the human persons119、In the New Testament Jesus was portrayed as the following figure except____. D.the almighty God120、Greek mythology relates the development of the order of the universe to_____ .C.Chaos121、The kingdom of God refers to__. B.the rule of God122、William Tyndale translated the New Testament in the 16 century from ___. B.the Greek text123、In the Middle Ages, the ancient myths___. C.were interpreted allegorically124、Roman writers like Virgil and Ovid were famous as they ___. B.created an inspiring Greco-Roman mythology125、The 19th-century interpretation of myths became more___. C.scientific126、The first complete English Bible was the work of translation by John Wycliffe from___.A.the Latin text127、According to the New Testament, the central message of Jesus was__.A.the kingdom of God128、New schools in the Central Middle Ages attracted__.C.teachers all over Europe129、Which of the following does not contribute to our knowledge of Greek mythology?D.Guesswork130、The deeds of the heroes Heracles and Theseus embody the conflict between___.D.civilization and wild savagery131、Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the Old Testament?C.the Holy Spirit132、In the Age of Enlightenment, there was emphasis on____.B.rationality133、The early Christians were against ___.D.pagan culture134、Greek mythology influenced Western culture in the following aspects except_.B.architecture135、Which of the following is not true about the Greeks? A.They produced their sacred written text like the Bible136、Which of the following is Not true about the early experience of Jesus? D.His family returned home at last137、The Spanish monarchy was __.A.set up by the Christians138、Jews in the cities were__.D.persecuted by Christians139、By myths the Greeks could do the following except____.D.replacing the roles of gods140、Greek mythology reflects the following except_____ . D.how the Greeks interpreted the world as being orderly141、Greek mythology influenced Western culture in the following aspects except_.B.architecture142、Before the First Crusade, Jews__.C.were forced into the cities143、Roman mythology is actually___.B.not purely Roman144、Greek gods resembled human beings in the following aspects except ___.D.being immortal145、The early Hebrews___.A.concentrated on the role of a supreme god146、It was ____who unified England for the first time. D.King Alfred and his successors 147、Jews in the cities were good at__.A.doing business148、Monasteries were made rich by__.D.the kings and nobles149、The Late Middle Ages almost at the same time__.A.began with the Renaissance150、Historical narrative is best represented in the New Testament by the___.C.Acts of the Apostles151、The images of Cronus and Rhea reflect ___________.C.the communal marriage in the primitive society152、Which of the following is Not true about monasteries? C.Monks did not have to work in the fields at all153、Which of the following is Not true about Jesus? B.His real father was Joseph154、The Greeks’ sense of gods is shared by __.A.the Romans155、Which of the following is Not true about the king Herod? C.He killed all the boys where Jesus lived156、According to the New Testament the Christian church __.C.spoke more of salvation判断题1、In Virgil's Aeneid,Juno was described as the wife of Zeus in Greek mythology. ×2、The historical narratives of the Old Testament are popular. √3、Jupiter was the protector of the Roman state. √4、The Greek equivalent of Jupiter was Apollo. ×5、Observing Sunday as a holy day is not included in the spiritual standards of the Old Testament.×6、The Old Testament is regarded as a book recording the past event of the Jewish people. ×7、Early Christians regarded the Old Testament as an agreement God made through Moses. ×8、Aeneas arrived in Italy with Dido. ×9、The most significant part of the Christian Old Testament lies in books on laws. √10、All the narratives in the Old Testament may be called salvation stories because they areconcerned with showing how human beings were freed from sin. ×11、Recently, scholars argue for the Hebrew cultural influence on apocalyptic literature. √12、The Birth of Venus, created in the Renaissance,was a painting inspired by Virgil's vividdescriptions. ×13、In the story of the founding of Rome,the twins Romulus and Remus were the sons of agod and a woman. √14、Early Romans began to build temples for their gods 170 years before the city wasfounded. ×15、The Old Testament is a collection of books recording oral traditions in the Near East. √16、Early Christians regarded the New Testament as an agreement God made with Adamand Eve. ×17、The exodus from Egyp is related to the earliest history of Israel. √18、The major theological theme of the Old Testament is that Yahweh is the only God in theworld. ×19、There are ten major spiritual standards in the Old Testament. √20、The common feature of Hebrew poetry is rhyming. ×21、The second law in the Old Testament refers to the book of Genesis. ×22、The Ten Commandments are statements of human behavior. ×23、In the development of the Old Testament all the books came into being after oraltraditions. √24、The word renaissance originated in the belief that Europeans had rediscoveredthe superiority of Greek and Roman culture after many centuries of what they considered intellectual and cultural decline. √25、The era preceding the Renaissance became known as the Middle Ages. √26、Participants in the Renaissance studied the great civilizations of ancient Israel andGreece. ×27、Separation of church and state remains the political practice in the western world today.√28、At the beginning of the Middle ages the eastern half of the Roman Empire began tofragment.. ×29、By the 15th century the Pope had become powerful in both the secular life of theEuropeans as well as in their religious life. √30、All city-states of northern Italy belonged to the Holy Roman Empire during theRenaissance. ×31、During the Renaissance, many Italian scholars began to learn Greek because theywanted to translate Latin works into Greek. ×32、Romanesque architecture was known by its massive quality, round arches, barrel vaults,thick walls, sturdy pillars, small windows, large towers and decorative arcading. √33、Medieval fables are regarded as forerunners of the modern short story. ×34、The Hammurabi Code is the oldest known legal document in human history. ×35、The word “tyranny” was just as derogative in ancient Greece as today.×36、After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, allother religious beliefs disappeared. ×37、Christian Humanism helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation. √38、According to Luther, the Bible was the only source of political and religious authority.√39、An important product of vernacular romance literature was the Romance of the Rose.√40、That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Roman authoritieswas a myth. √41、“Middle English” was the national language of the England during the Early MiddleAges. ×42、In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his militaryservice. √43、Legends have it that the Garden of Eden situated on the Mesopotamian plain. √44、The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law. ×45、The Greek city-states varied greatly in their governmental structures. ×46、Reading of the Bible and his theological teaching made clearer Luther’s idea about themalpractices of the Church. √47、Out of great respect for traditions, the Romans were reluctant to make reforms. ×48、Octavian kept the republican system in name in order to gain support. √49、Martin Luther first expressed his idea of reforming the Church by criticizing the sale ofindulgences. √50、Florence was the major centre of the High Renaissance Art at the early 16th century.×51、Marsilio Ficino, the first man to translate Plato’s complete works from Greek into Latin,was known as a Neo-Platonist. √52、Universities served only a limited sector of the medieval population, only for men andthe wealthy; women and the poor were kept out of education. √53、Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jewsas well to hear. ×54、Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one singlegroup of ancient people living in the region. ×55、judaism instilled a sense of individualism ａnd equality into the hebrew society. √56、Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of thenobles. ×57、In the Middle Ages, Christians in Western Europe only needed to pay one tenth of theirannual income to the Church of Rome. ×58、During the 12th and 13th centuries, Romanesque style gradually took the place ofGothic style in architecture. ×59、In his incomplete Summa of Theology, Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcilesystematically Christian doctrine and Greek philosophy. √60、During the Renaissance, all scholars and artists abandoned medieval qualities andembraced modern values over night. ×61、In the Roman Republic, citizenship was determined by blood only. In other words, onlywhen both parents were native Romans could a person become Roman citizen. ×62、The Laws of the Twelve Tables was the first written law in Rome. √63、The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government. √64、The Roman government offered free food to the poor people to achieve greaterharmony. ×65、The basic units of the first human civilization were city-states. √66、All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head. ×67、Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped atOlympia. √68、Due to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Churchof Rome lost its authority to settle all disputes among Christians. √69、According to Aristotle, Form (or Idea) exists as a higher reality than the material world.×70、To allow a person to buy God’s forgive ness and ransom his way out of hell, the Churchdeveloped the sale of indulgences. √71、The characteristic features of the Gothic style included pointed arches, ribbed vaults,flying buttresses, thinner walls, large and stained-glass windows. √72、The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions. ×73、The Italian Renaissance was largely credited to the economic success in Italy at thattime. √74、The term “dictator” did not have its present day’s derogatory meaning in the period ofthe Roman Republic. √75、Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots. ×76、Although people from different regions in the Roman Empire spoke different mothertongues, they could always communicate with strangers either in Latin or in Greek, the official languages of the Empire. ×77、The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions. ×78、Similar to all ancient agricultural societies, ancient Egyptians also divided a year intofour seasons. ×79、The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe. √80、The sales of Church offices led to low religious and personal standards of the clergymen.√81、Lyric is a poetic form so called because it was originally sung by individuals or a chorusaccompanied by a musical instrument called the lyre. √82、The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V helped the Pope in the movement of CatholicCounter-Reformation. ×83、The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northernEurope, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy. √84、It was the Romans who created the name “Africa” after they conquered the CarthageEmpire. √85、Romance combined features of both vernacular epic and vernacular lyric. √86、At the age of 30, Jesus started to preach; but he had no intention to create a newreligion. √87、It was the Sumerians who first started systematic agriculture. √88、Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very differentfrom today’s western countries.√89、In the tale of Aeneas concerning Rome's founding, Aeneas was the son of a god and agoddess. ×90、Major changes in Roman religious life were due to expansion of Roman influence. √91、The historical narratives of the Old Testament are popular. √92、Rome used to be the religious centre, which caused foreign gods to find their way intoRome. ×93、In terms of literature, the Old Testament is an anthology because it is a collection ofmyths. ×94、The most significant part of the Christian Old Testament lies in books on laws. √95、Many books in the Old Testament are narratives because they report the events in thepast. √96、The Protestant version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible only. √97、The Birth of Venus, created in the Renaissance,was a painting inspired by Virgil's vividdescriptions. ×98、Romulus and Remus decided to found a city of their own when they came to the throne.×99、The Throne Succession History of David in the Old Testament comes closer to themodern understanding of history. √100、Most of the prophetic books are Hebrew narratives in form. ×101、The thinking of the Renaissance participants was also influenced by the idea of freedom and equality, which emphasizes the worth of the individual. ×102、That you should not have sex with others beyond marriage is included in the spiritual standards of the Old Testament. √103、The apocalyptic writings concern the past events of the Jews. ×104、The early Romans cared about the human characters of gods. √105、The Old Testament tells the true history of the Jews. ×106、Etiological stories are those which explain the origin of some place, practice or name.√107、Practical advice for living a successful life is one of the general thems of the Hebrew wisdom poetry. √108、Renaissance began in Italy. √109、According to Roman mythology, the Romans originated from Asia Minor. √110、In the Jewish Bible there are 27 books in Hebrew. ×111、The word renaissance means "renewal".×112、Roman mythology involved the founding of all cities. ×113、Scholars now recognize that a number of characteristics of Renaissance art and society had their origins in the Middle Ages. √114、The early Christian church included in the Christian Bible the written records of both the Old and the New Testament because it believed in the continuity of history and of divine activity. √115、The Roman Catholic version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible and some other books. √116、Hebrew prophetic books are made up of prophetic speeches. ×117、According to the Old Testament, death is a cruel reality. ×118、According to the Old Testament, Man is a unity of life and death. ×119、Renaissance eventually expanded into Germany, France, England, and other parts of the Mediterranean Sea. ×120、More accurately, the patriarchal stories in Genesis should be called families stories. √121、That different from other creatures, man is a unity of physical matter and life is one of the major theological themes of the Old Testament. ×。
（必考）欧洲文化入门复习资料
（必考）欧洲文化入门复习资料第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________The greatest historian that ever lived. ThucydidesThe dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.“I came, I saw, I conquered.” By _______. Julius CaesarThe representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in anc ient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeksmeant only the adult male citizens.2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?答：1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history asopposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour努力: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aesc hylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become clas sics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t,except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegra ted.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land area’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West.Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and thelife of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答：Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. 1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’sversion. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, u p to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English nativealliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spreadthrough all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and tradein western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The mos t interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was animportant and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being inthe Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and noblesused them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monk s’ work on copying and tr anslating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. Theword “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did notstay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to paya good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being differentforms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.。
欧洲文化入门知识点总结
欧洲文化入门知识点总结《欧洲文化入门知识点总结》嘿，诸位！今天咱要来聊聊欧洲文化入门那些好玩的知识点，这可真是个有趣又充满魅力的领域啊！首先，咱得说说古希腊罗马文化，那可是欧洲文化的源头啊！那帮古希腊人可真是牛掰了，他们想出的那些哲学思想，到现在咱还在探讨呢！就说那苏格拉底，整天在街上和人辩论，问些稀奇古怪的问题，让人既头疼又佩服。
罗马人呢，盖起了大斗兽场，想想那时候的人在里面看角斗，得多刺激啊！这就像是咱现在看拳击比赛一样嗨呢！还有那基督教文化，可别小瞧它！整个欧洲都被它深刻影响着。
那教堂建得一个比一个宏伟壮观，让人一进去就感觉庄严肃穆。
就好像上帝在那瞪着你，让你不自觉地就挺直了腰板。
那些宗教故事也是丰富多彩，什么耶稣诞生啊，最后的晚餐啊，听得人一愣一愣的。
欧洲的文学艺术那也是杠杠的！莎士比亚的戏剧，那台词写得，就跟咱平时说话似的，特别有味道。
还有那些大画家，画出来的画简直像真的一样。
看着他们的作品，就感觉自己好像穿越到了画里的世界。
莫扎特的音乐就更不用说了，那旋律一响起来，整个人都陶醉了，感觉自己都要跟着节奏飘起来啦！再说说那欧洲的建筑，什么哥特式啊，巴洛克式啊，名字听起来就很高端大气上档次。
那些尖顶的教堂，华丽的宫殿，走在里面就跟走在童话故事里似的。
有时候都怀疑是不是有公主或者王子会突然冒出来。
不过呢，欧洲文化也不是没有奇怪的地方。
比如他们以前那贵族的礼仪，繁琐得要命，吃个饭都得比划半天，一顿饭吃完估计都饿过劲了。
还有那骑士精神，说是要忠诚勇敢啥的，感觉就是一群爱打架的人给自己找的借口。
总之呢，欧洲文化入门就是一个大坑，跳进去就出不来啦！这里面的好玩事情太多了，说也说不完。
咱要是有机会啊，可得好好去欧洲溜达溜达，亲身感受一下这些文化的魅力。
说不定还能在哪个角落里发现一些不为人知的小秘密呢！这样的欧洲文化，还真值得咱好好去探索一番呐！各位，是不是也迫不及待想去了解一。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture第一部分: 古希腊和古罗马文化Greek Culture古希腊文化I.填空1.more enduring持久的and they are element and Judeo-Christia犹太教与基督教所共有的element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 53.th公元前4世纪的后期, all Greece was brought under the马其顿王国4.攻克Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sportscompetition.奥运会由7.荷马to be the author of their epics史诗.8.The Iliad结盟，同盟of the states of the southern特洛伊9.The Odyssey奥德赛奥德赛思after the Trojan 木马war to hishome, island of Ithaca.伊萨卡poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired 赞赏by readers today:品达颂歌celebrating 庆祝the victories 胜利at the athletic games,14.Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯Agamemnon阿伽门农.15.Sophocles索福克勒斯wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King俄狄浦斯王, Electra伊莱克特拉, and Antigone.安提戈涅16.Euripides women in such plays as Andromache安德洛玛克,Medea麦迪edy喜剧also flourished繁荣in the 5阿里斯托芬, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Waspsoften called ―Father of History‖. He wrote about the wars between19.Thucydides修昔底徳and between锡拉库扎, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily西西里岛.20.was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else hadarisen出现.philosophy哲学are andwas one of the earliest philosophical哲学的materialists唯物主义者and speculated推测about the atomic原子的structure结构of matter事件.25.th26.Euclid欧几里得27.To illustrate说明told the king: ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.‖给我一个支点，我可以撬动地球。
自考英语《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)
3、Olympus mount， Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)
4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer.
5、They events of Homer‘s own time. (错)
(They are not about events of Homer‘s own time， probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)
28、The land area of Roman empire reached its climax in 2 to 3 century.
29、north： Scotland east： Armenia and Mesopotamia
30、In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions(罗马军团)
只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
※ “The greatest historian that ever lived.” (有史以来最伟大的历史学家) —→ Thucydides —→ war (Sparta， Athens and Syracuse)
14、The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.
38、Virgil Aeneid 阿尼德
39、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.
The world‘s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所
王佐良《欧洲文化入门》课后习题详解-第1~10章【圣才出品】
王佐良《欧洲⽂化⼊门》课后习题详解-第1~10章【圣才出品】第1章希腊罗马⽂化Greek CultureQuestions for Revision:1. What are the major elements in European culture?Key: There are two main elements—the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2. What were the main features of ancient Greek society?Key: In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3. What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature? Key: He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peak of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write?Key: Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece.Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, Agamemnon.Sophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone.Euripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women.5. Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Key: Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides. Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?Key: No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?Key: No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of himin the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?Key: (1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness.(2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which are not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today? Key: (1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.(2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word“Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?Key: (1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2) No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was themost famous Greek temple? Is it still there?Key: (1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity.(2) The most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens.(3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Key: (1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother.(2) In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which havethemselves become classics: Byron’s Isle of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.(3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Roman Culture1. What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?Key:(1) The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2. Explain Pax Romana.Key: In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in theNorth and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3. What contribution did the Romans make to the rule of law?Key: In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure when the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. It marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4. Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian” mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time? Key: (1) Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers.(2) Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, which has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.(3) No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5. Give an example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.Key: An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).。
欧洲文化入门笔记
欧洲文化入门笔记（汉语版）：第一章希腊罗马文化欧洲文化入门笔记（汉语版）《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史)二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。
一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。
另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。
正如，想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。
下面我们将分章节进行综述。
在每章综述的最后，会有一两道重要的问答题分析。
每章还会附有一些练习题，希望大家好好做一做。
好，下面我们开始分章讲述。
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
(完整版)欧洲文化入门复习资料
Part IDirections: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.****** 1 ******1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval.A. SophistsB. CynicsC. SkepticsD. Epicureans2. _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, andI will move the world."A. ArchimedesB. AristotleC. PlatoD. Euclid3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _________A. 395B. 27C. 1453D. 4764. The City of God was written by ________, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought.A. JesusB. AugustineC. Thomas AquinasD. Martin Luther5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist----- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word.A. MichelangeloB. RaphaelC. ShakespeareD. Leonardo Da Vinci6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.A. Don QuixoteB. HamletC. LeviathanD. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe7. The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief.A. The Praise of the FollyB. As You Like ItC. Divine ComedyD. Utopia8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West.A. MachiavelliB. DanteC. BaconD. Locke9. In The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs,________ put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus10. During the _________ century, the modern scientific method began to take shape, which emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization.A. 18thB. 15 thC. 16 thD. 17 th11. _______ said, "Knowledge is power."A.. Isaac NewtonB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. Marx12. In Faust,_______ drew on an immense variety of cultural material----theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. RousseauD. Byron13. Which of the following is not regarded as a romantic writer?A. WordsworthB. ShelleyC. PushkinD. Balzac14. The most frequent themes of Romanticism include all of the following except _________.A. the power of reasonB. individual freedomC. spontaneityD. love of nature15. "If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is the ending line of "Ode to the West Wind" by ________.A. WordsworthB. KeatsC. PushkinD. Shelley16. The composer of Swan Lake was ____, a genius in symphonic music.A. TchaikovskyB. ChopinC. BeethovenD. Mozart17. The naturalist school founded by Zola in late 19 th century intended ________.A. to attack the industrial injustice and urban evilsB. to give full play to the imagination of individualsC. to uphold the classical values such as harmony, balance, proportion and retraintD. to demonstrate the law of human conduct by a scientific study of "a slice of life"18. Which of the following novels was not written by Tolstoy?A. ResurrectionB. War and PeaceC. Crime and PunishmentD. Anna Karenina19. In his poems, Walt Whitman sang praises of all of the following value except ________.A. democracyB. the dignity of the individualC. the idyllic way of lifeD. the brotherhood of man20. Modernism was characterized by ________.A. a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventionsB. the exploration of the inner life of the individual and the psychopathology of human relationsC. its intense interest in the bizarre, the mysterious, the unpredictable and the formlessD. all of the above.****** 2 ******1. Greek culture reached a high point of development in _________.A. 1,200B.C. B. 5th century B. C.C. 4th century B.C.D. 146 B. C.2. The masterpiece of engineering in Roman architecture is _________.A. the PathenonB. the ColossseumC. She-wolfD. the Ionic style of temple3. The Old Testament of the Bible is about _________.A. GodB. the doctrine of Jesus ChristC. the Laws of GodD. A and C4. Which of the following statements is true?A. Jesus was born in Galilee.B. Jesus was born in a synagogue.C. Jesus was born into a poor ca rpenter’s family.D. Jesus was born into a merchant’s family.5. Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of _________.A. military serviceB. land holdingC. governmentD. B and C6. Which of the following statements is true about the Gothic style in architecture?A. The Gothic style flourished in the 18th century.B. The Gothic style started in France.C. Sculpture of Gothic style churches were based on the natural forces.D. Gothic style churches were solid but small.7. Renaissance means the revival of interest in _________.A. ancient Greek cultureB. ancient Roman cultureC. the BibleD. A and B8. The reasons for the decline of renaissance in Italy are _________.A. wars and class conflictsB. loss of supremacy in world trade as a result of the discovery of the new world and routes to IndiaC. the tightening of control of the Roman Catholic Church over thought, speech and publicationD. all of the above9. Which of the following died a prisoner?A. CopernicusB. NewtonC. KeplerD. Galileo10. The theory of the social contract was expounded by _________.A. Thomas HobbesB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. A and C11. In economic thought, the enlightenment thinkers favored _________.A. government interventionB. balanced developmentC. the policy of laissezfaireD. strict regulation12. The author of "The Sorrows of Young Werther" is _________.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. SchillerD. Kant13. The Lakers refer to _________.A. Wordsworth and ColeridgeB. Byron and ShellyC. William Blake and KeatsD. None of the above14. The later Romantics in music refer to _________.A. Schuman and ChopinB. Verdi and WagnerC. Beethoven and MozartD. Haydn and Bach15. In Capital, Marx, after long and careful study, discovered that _________.A. it is men’s social being that determines their consciousnessB. activity is basicC. socialism would be realized through class struggleD. surplus value is the source of the wealth of the capitalist class16. The essence of Darwin’s theory of evolution is _________.A. immutable fixity of speciesB. natural selectionC. artificial selectionD. none of the above17. "The Cherry Orchard" was written by _________.A. DostoyevskyB. GogolC. CorkyD. Chekhov18. Which of the following was not written by Charles Dickens?A. David CopperfieldB. Hard TimesC. Vanity FairD. Oliver Twist19. The author of "Sons and Lovers" is _________.A. Henry JamesB. Virginia WoolfC. T.S. EliotD. D.H. Lawrence20. One of the chief representatives of the Theatre of the Absurd is _________.A. Kinsley AmisB. John OsborneC. Allen GinsbergD. Samuel Beckett****** 3 ******1. Socrates was _________.A. the teacher of AristotleB. the student of PlatoC. the teacher of PlatoD. the student of Aristotle2. One of the contributions the Romans made to European culture was _________.A. the Roman empireB. the slave systemC. the production of the great epic writerD. the Roman law3. The Book of Daniel describes _________.A. the struggle of the Jews against the Syrian ruleB. the prisoners in BabylonC. the story of Noah’s ArkD. the rule of King Solomon4. The Old Testament was originally written in _________.A. HebrewB. Aramaic dialectC. GreekD. Latin5. Which of the following is not included in the Code of Chivalry?A. Loyalty to his lord.B. Fighting for the church.C. Protection of the people.D. Respect for women of noble birth.6. The goal of the Crusades was_________.A. to re-control JerusalemB. to open path to ByzantineC. to regain the Holy land --- PalestineD. to open trade route to the east7. The essence of Renaissance philosophy was _________.A. the emphasis on the greatness of manB. the glorification of GodC. the emphasis on the giving up of worldly pleasureD. the importance of wealth8. Leonardo da Vinci, in his lifetime, put down his observation in notebooks running up to _________ volumes.A. 1, 000B. 5, 000C. 3, 000D. 4, 0009. "Knowledge is power" is one of the quotations from _________.A. John LockeB. Francis BaconC. Isaac NewtonD. Gotffried Wilhelm yon Leibniz10. The most important point in Descartes’ philosophy is _________.A. I think therefore I amB. I use my senses therefore I amC. I doubt therefore I amD. None of the above11. The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were _________.A. V oltaire and RousseauB. Diderot and MontesquieuC. John Locke and Isaac NewtonD. None of the above12. Which of the following remarks was made by Rousseau?A. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.（The Declaration of Independence 美国的《独立宣言》）B. The thirst after happiness is never extinguished in the heart of man.（Rousseau卢梭）C. Love truth, but pardon error. (V oltaire伏尔泰)D. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else.(Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen（1789）法国的《人权宣言》)13. Romanticism was a movement in Europe _________.A. in the late 19th century and early 20th centuryB. in the 19th centuryC. in the late 17th century and early 18th centuryD. in the late 18th century and early 19th century14. The two most important works of Victor Hugo’s are _________.A. Atala and Rene（Chateaubriand夏多布里昂）B. Ivanhoe and The Heart of Mid – lothianWalter Scott的《艾凡赫》又译《撒克逊劫后英雄传》以及《中洛辛郡的心脏》C. Notre Dame de Paris and Les MiserablesD. Eugene Onegin and Boris Godunov普希金pushkin的《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》和《鲍里斯·戈都诺夫》15. The man who applied Darwi n’s evolution to society was_________.A. Yah FuB. Thomas HuxleyC. Alfred Russel WallaceD. Herbert Spencer16. According to Marx，the most important thing about Feuerbach was _________.A. he proclaimed materialismB. he supported HegelC. he supported the utopian socialistsD. he put forward the idea of class struggle17. "Sunflower" was the work of _________.A. van GoghB. Paul GauguinC. Claude MonetD. Gustave Courbet18. Which of the following works is not written by Thomas Hardy?A. Far from the Madding Crowd.B. The Return of the Native.C. Tess of the d'Urberyvilles.D. A Tale of Two Cities.19. William Butler Yeats was a(n) _________ poet.A. EnglishB. ScottishC. AmericanD. Irish20. "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" was an autobiographical novel by _________.A. Ezra PoundB. William FaulknerC. James JoyceD. Ernest Hemingway****** 4 ******1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman Empire?A. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.3. The Bible has been regarded as __________.A. a religious bookB. literatureC. record of great mindsD. all of the above4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as__________.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization.5. The Crusades were wars between __________.A. the Arabs and the Christian PilgrimsB. the Turks and the Christians in Western EuropeC. the Christians in Western Europe and the MoslemsD. the Arabs and the Turks6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works __________.A. feudal hierarchy of societyB. divine power of feudal rulersC. the Pope' s supremacy over secular rulersD. all of the above7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was __________.A. What do I know?B. I doubt therefore I think.C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.D. Only to stand out of my light.8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who __________.A. discovered the Cape of Good HopeB. discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good HopeC. explored the mouth of the AmazonD. was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti9. Which of the following laws was discovered by Newton?A. Law of buoyancy.B. Law of falling bodies.C. Law of relativity.D. Law of universal gravitation.10. In Locke' s political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government was __________.A. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy11. Which of the following is not true about the developments of the Industrial Revolution?A. The substitution of water power for human power.B. The introduction of machine.C. The beginning of the factory system.D. The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.12. "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by __________.A. V oltaireB. RousseauC. DiderotD. Moliere13. In the works of __________, one can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.A. HandelB. HaydnC. BachD. Mozart14. The poem of Byron' s that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th century is __________.A. Don JuanB. Defence of PoetryC. Ode to a NightingaleD. Isles of Greece15. Throughout his life, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music __________.A. the spirit of the French RevolutionB. the spirit of Byronic heroesC. ideas of a moral natureD. the praise of natural beauty16. __________ is considered to be the poet of the piano.A. MozartB. ChopinC.SchubertD. Schumann17. Which of the following works was not written by Charles Dickens?A. A Tale of Two Cities.B. The Mayor of Casterbridge.C. David Copperfield.D. Pickwick Papers.18. The author of the short story The Necklace was __________.A. O' HenryB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Maupassant19. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough. "The author of these lines was __________.A. William FaulknerB. Ezra PoundC. T. S. EliotD. William Butler Yeats20. __________was regarded as the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century.A. SholokhovB. TolstoyC. ChekhovD. Gorky****** 5 ******I. The contribution of ancient Greeks to world civilization is _________A. Athenian democracyB. The Olympic GamesC. The epics of HomerD. All of the above2. Which of the following is true about Herodotus?A. He is called " Father of History".B. He wrote about the wars between Athens and Sparta.C. He contributed greatly to tragic art.D. He used clever parody in his writing.3. Genesis of the Old Testament tells about __________A. the fall of manB. the creation of the worldC. Noah’s ArkD. all of the above.4. The leader of the slave uprising in 73 B. C. was _________A. NeroB. MosesC. SpartacusD. Abraham5. The great contribution of St. Jerome was __________A. the building of monasteriesB. the translation of Old and New Testaments into LatinC. the setting up of the church systemD. none of the above6. The main classes under feudalism in Western Europe were __A. monks, lords and townspeopleB. clergy, knights and peasantsC. knights, peasants and townspeopleD. clergy, lords and peasants7. Which of the following is not true about Dante?A. Dante was a great Italian poet.B. Dante wrote Beowulf.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian.D. Dante was a great political thinker.8. John Wycliffe was twice condemned as a heretic because of __________A. his teaching philosophy at OxfordB. his vigorous attack on orthodox church doctrinesC. his clerical associations and activitiesD. A&C9. Scientists in the 17th century, such as Galileo and Newton, attached great importance to ________A. deductive reasoningB. classical authorityC. direct observation and experimentD. humanist learning10. The method that Francis Bacon introduced in inquiry was _________.A. practicalB. deductive reasoningC. inductionD. experiment11. The characteristic of Dutch art in the early 17th century was ________.A. that it was still mainly religious paintingsB. that it recorded the familiar scenes and everyday life of the timeC. that it was mainly portraits of noble familiesD. that the theme was mainly court life12. Who was the first one to put forward the doctrine of separation of powers?A. LockeB. HobbesC. V oltaireD. Montesquieu13. Diderot is best known as ________.A. the author of Persian Letter s（Montesquieu）B. the author of the Origin of Human Inequality（Rousseau）C. the editor of the EncyclopedieD. the author of Philosophical Thoughts(Diderot)14. The lines "And mask in every face I meet / Masks of weakness, masks of woe" are written by _______.A. William BlakeB. SchillerC. ByronD. Keats15.B. LermontovC. ChekhovD. Turgenev16. A work jointly written by Marx and Engels is ________.A. CapitalB. The Manifesto of the Communist PartyC. Thesis on FeuerbachD. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific17. Which author won the Nobel Prize in 1925?A. Thomas HardyB. George EliotC. George Bernard ShawD. Henry James18. Which novel was acclaimed as the greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes'?.A. Leaves of GrassB. Uncle Tom's Cabi nC. The Portrait of a LadyD. Dead Souls19. _______ was the discoverer of X - rays.A. RontgenB. Madame CurieC. RutherfordD. Einstein20. The author of The Interpretation of Dreams wasA. T. S. EliotB. James JoyceC. D. H. Lawrence D. Sigmund Freud****** 6 ******1. Who were considered as people by the ancient Athens?A. Women citizensB. AdultsC. Adult male citizensD. Foreigners and children2. Which of the following is true about Dialogues?A. Dialogues was a book written by Socrates.B. Dialogues was a record of life of Plato.C. Dialogues was a record of Socrates written by Plato.D. Dialogues was a record of Socrates's sayings by his followers.3. The great deed that David performed was ____.A. he took the Hebrews back to CanaanB. he killed Goliath, the philistine giantC. he went to the top of the mountain in Sinai to receive message from (~dD. none of the above4. In the early days of Christianity, it was a religion of _____.A. the richB. the poorC. the ruling classD. all people5. Which of the following statements about knighthood is not true?A. A nobleman was born a knight.B. Knighthood had to be earned.C. One had to be trained in order to become a knight.D. After being dubbed a knight, he had to observe the Code of Chivalry.6. The Inquisition was ______A. a church court set up to try hereticsB. an organization for church investigationC. a court in many kingdomsD. the decision - making body of the church7. Art to Michelangelo was a means by which_____.A. he expressed his opposition to the despotic ruleB. he made inquiry into the realityC. he expressed his vision of manD. B and C8. Counter- Reformation means that the Roman Catholic Church _____.A. suppressed the Reformation movement by forceB. refused to accept any reformC. re-established itself as a dynamic force in European affairs by introducing reforms and improvementsD. ganged up with the Spanish monarchy to set up the Inquisition9. Kepler's contribution to astronomy isA. his discovery of the law of inertiaB. his discovery of the Ptolemaic systemC. his discovery of the three laws of planetary motionD. none of the above10. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke stated that .__A. all our knowledge sprang from experienceB. knowledge was powerC. every man was enemy to every manD. the world was made up of simple, active substances11. The symbolic event of the French Revolution in 1789 was _____.A. the issuance of the Declaration of IndependenceB. the founding of the First RepublicC. the seizure of the BastilleD. the publication of The Spirit of the Laws12. V oltaire was noted for his_____.A. witB. satireC. passionD. A and B13. In Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that________.A. knowledge is the joint product of both sense and reasonB. creation is never complete; it is ever going onC. virtue can be sustained without religious beliefD. man's greatest ills are not natural but are made by man himself14. The Lyrical Ballads was written by _________.A. ShelleyB. Wordsworth and ColeridgeC. Blake and KeatsD. Byran and Shelley15. The line "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" comes from_________.A. WordsworthB. ByronC. KeatsD. Blake16. In developing Marxist philosophy, Marx and Engels accepted _______ in German classical philosophy.A. Hegel's dialecticsB. Feuerbach's metaphysicsC. Feuerbach's materialismD. A and C17. Balzac's monumental work was ________.A. Divine ComedyB. The Human ComedyC. The Brothers KaramazovD. Les Miserables18. The author of A Doll's House was ________.A. George Bernard ShawB. ChekhovC. Henric IbsenD. Leo Tolstoy19. Which of the following works was written by William Faulkner?A. The Waste LandB. DublinersC. CantosD. The Sound and the Fury20. The poem Howl was written by ________.A. Kingsley AmisB. John OsborneC. Allen GinsbergD. Ezra Pound****** Division 1 ******Division1:1-5 DCBBC 6-10 CAACC****** Division 2 ******Division2:1-5 DCABB 6-8 BCC****** Division 3 ******Division3: 1-5 ADDBB 6-8 DDCCB****** Division 4 ******Division 4:1-5 BCCDA 6-8 CBDCC****** Division 5******Division 5:1-5 CBADC 6-8 ADBCC****** Division 6******Division 6:1-5 CBADA 6-8 DCA****** Division 7******Division 7:1-5 CDDAB 6-8 CADBA****** Division 8************ Division 9******Division 9:1-5 ACBCD 6-10 CABBA****** Division 10 ******Division 10:1-6 DADBDC 7-12 CCBBDBPart IIDirections: Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.Division One Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Iliad（《伊利亚特》）1) It is one of the two great ancient Greek epics by Homer. 2) It deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy probably in the period 1200-1100 B. C. 3) The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek side. 4) In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.2. Herodotus（希罗多德）1) He is one of great ancient Greek historians. 2) He is of ten called “Father of History”. 3) He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. 4) His works, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. 5) His object in writing was “that the great and wonderful deeds done by G reeks and Persians should not lack renown.”3. Socrates1) He was the philosopher of ancient Greece in the 5th to 4th century B.C. 2) He was considered one of the three greatest names in European philosophy. 3) He hold that philosophy took the aim to reach the conclusion of oneself and virtue was knowledge. 4) His thoughts were recorded in Dialogues by Plato. 5) He devised the dialectical method.4. Dialectical method（辩证法）1) It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. 2) It is a method of argument, by questions and answers.5. Plato1) He was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. 2) His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: the Apology, Symposium and the Republic. 3) Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy.4) His philosophy is called idealism.6. Diogenes（狄奥艮尼）1)He was one of the Cynic’s leaders in ancient Greece, who decided to live like a dog. 2) The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. 3) He rejected all conventions, advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.7. Stoics（斯多咯派）1) It was one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers in the 4th century B.C. 2) To them , the most important thing in life was “duty”. 3) It developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. 4) The chief Stoic was Zeno.8. Doric Style（陶立克柱）1) It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. 2) It is also called the masculine style. 3) It is sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers. 4) The Doric style is monotonous and unadorned.9. Pax Romana（罗马和平）1) In the year 27 B.C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the tile of Augustus. 2) Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. 3) The emperors mainly relied on a strong army---the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. 4) Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is know as Pax Romana.10. Virgil（维吉尔）1) He was the greatest of Latin poets. 2) He wrote the great epic, the Aeneid. 3) The poem opened out to the future, for Aeneas stood at the head of a race of people who were to found the first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire.Division Two The Bible and Christianity1. The Bible1) The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ.2. The Old Testament1)The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.3. The New Testament1) The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.4. Pentateuch（摩西五经）1) In the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first five books, called Pentateuch. 2) Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (创世记), Exodus (出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers (民数记), Deuteronomy (申命记).5. Genesis1) Genesis is the first one of the five books in Pentateuch in Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.6. Exodus1) Exodus is the second one of the five books in Pentateuch in the Old Testament.2) It tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt led by Moses. 3) During the period they began to receive God’s Law.7. Noah’s Ark（挪亚方舟）1) For many hundred years after Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden, the。
欧洲文化入门大纲
欧洲文化入门复习大纲Division one Greek culture and Roman cultureHomeric ageThe limitation of Greek democracyHomer’s two epicsDrama: three tragic drammatists. Who is the greatest ancient tragic dramatist, while who is the father of tragedyThe master works by A SEA( Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophane)Father of historyPhilosophy: PHDSPA( plato’s works)Contending schools of thoughtFive schools and their leaders and doctrineArchitecture styles: three stylesRoman Calendar: the source of the 12 months, from the first month to the eighthFather of ancient latin languageThe first triumvirate(三巨头)Virgil and his master epicColoseum (圆形剧场)She-wolf, the legend of RomeDivision twoThe meaning of Hebrew and of IsraelWhy 14, a lucky numberThe two forceful beliefs that separate christianity from other religionsThe two robbers who are cruxified with Jesus. Two different kinds of people they representThe great reservoirs of modern EnglishIdioms from bible. Cite examples to show your mastery of them.Division threeAncient china shaping middle age of EuropeAtila, the scourge of God(上帝之鞭)Which country in central europe can be relative of China.“my vassals’ vassals are not my vassals” shows what situation in feudal europe.Knighthood and code of chivalry, the source of western good mannersRound table culture and democracyWhat is trinity?The only English king to titled “ the great” and where is he great?Roger Bacon and his turning significance in the path of western science developmentNational epics ；two national epics.The greatest english poet and his master workDivision fourRenaissanceThe heart of Renaissance philosophyShakespeare’s summarization of Reanaissance man’s greatness(cf, Hamlet)Venetian school of arts: three representatives(三杰)Father of western paintingMatin Luther and John CalvinHenry VIII’s ReformationSpanish novel writer Cervantes and his Don QuixoteUtopian writer Thomas More and his work UtopiaShakespeare’s four great tragedies and comediesDante’s political contributio nThe father of western politics: his works and bourgeois ideasThe two leaders of English Revolution: the one of mind, the other of action.John Milton’s three epicsWhich king or queen’s age is called the gold times of England?French Moliere and his status in literature and French national characterDivison sixThe two missions of Enlightenment(两大历史使命)Montesquieu and his the Spirit of Law. Separation of powerV oltaire and his works and his mottos(名言)Rousseau and his revolutionary ideas in his works.A Copernicus in Education by which book is he given such an honor?Why the 18th England is called the Augustan Age?Daniel DefoeJonathan SwiftSamuel Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa, compare the two seemingly same yet different heroins Henry Fielding’s title and his master work; Tom JonesThe periodical essays –the Tatler and the Spectator’s contributionGerman literatureLessing and his worksGeothe and his epic Fraust’s themetic significance(分析其悲剧主题意义)English romantic trio英国浪漫主义三剑客和他们的作品。
欧洲文化入门考试内容归纳中文版
《欧洲文化入门》本作者绪论《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。
选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。
在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。
填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。
名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。
在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。
简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。
在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。
论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。
在答题时，要仔细审题，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见，要在深度，广度上下功。
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结第一篇：欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I…ll move the World”Others Diogenes（the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus（the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
欧洲文化入门复习重点
Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Home r’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan WomenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“t he greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens) 9、①Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.②ArchimedesHis work laid basis for not only geometry几何学,but also arithmetic算术, mechanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known asPax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.He developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two：The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaism and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马修福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division Three：The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade inwestern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.②Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo —— David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The Venus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、CalvinismCalvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。
欧洲文化知识要点全
欧洲文化知识要点第一——四章戏剧三个悲剧作家AeschylusHis works“Prometheus Bound”“Persians”“Agamemnon”SophoclesHis works“Oedipus the King”“Electra”“Antigone”EuripidesHis works“Andromache”“Medea”“Trojan Women”Aristotle said of Euripides ―If a bad manager in all other points, Euripides is at least the most tragic of the poets‖.喜剧作家AristophanesHis works“Frogs”“Clouds”“Wasps”“Birds”Swift said of Aristophanes: As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.历史HerodotusHe is often called ―Father of History‖, wrote about the wars between Greeks and PersiansThucydidesHe is more accurate as an historianHe told about the war between―Athens and Sparta‖―Athens and Syracuse‖Macaulay, himself an eminent historian, called Thucydides―the greatest historian that ever lived哲学和科学PythagorasHe was the founder of Scientific mathematicsTo him and his school we owe the abstract conceptions underlying mathematics--- point, line, magnitude, surface, body ----and the first theory of proportion.HeracleitusHe believed“fire”to be the primary element of the universe.He said ―all is flux, nothing is stationary‖―you can’t step twice into the same river‖DemocritusHe speculated about the atomic structure of matter,选段for all men good and truth are the same ,but pleasure is different for different me n…………哲学家Socrates:we know him chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in his famous ―Dialogues‖PlatoHis major works“The Apology”,“Symposium”《会饮篇》“ T he Republic”He built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with, among otherthings, the problem of how, in the complex, ever—changing world, men were to attain knowledge.He said: ―We look not at the things which are seen but at the things which are bit seen: for the things which are seen are temporal ―but the things which are not seen are eternal‖.His philosophy is called―Idealism‖.Shelly said: ―Plato was essentially a poet----the truth and splendor of his imagery, and the melody of his language, are the most intense that it is possible to conceive.AristotleHis major works “Ethics”“Politics”“Poetic”“Rhetoric”Dante called Aristotle the master of those who know.The difference between Plato and Aristotle (见课后题)百家争鸣①Sophists —Protagoras: ―man is the measure of all things‖②Cynics —Diogenes“◆decided to live like a dog, ◆rejected all conventions , ◆advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life, ◆proclaimed hisbrotherhood.③Sceptics —Pyrrhon④Epicureans — Epicurus : ―◆believed pleasure to be the highest good in life ,but bypleasure he meant ,not sensual enjoyment ,but freedom from pain and emotionalupheaval .⑤Stoics—Zeno : ―the most important thing in life is not pleasure but duty‖科学EuclidWell-known for his ―Elements‖ArchimedesHe discovered that when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displacedHe invented machines which greatly helped his native city Syracuse against the Romans.He said: ― give me a place to stand , and I will move the world‖建筑ParthenonAcropolis an Athens建筑风格Ⅰ.the Doric: masculine style ,sturdy ,powerful, severe-looking ,show a good sense of proportions and numbers , monotonous ,and unadorned.ⅱ.Ionic : feminine style ,graceful and elegant ,show a wealth of ornament.ⅲ.Corinthian : ornamented and luxury .雕刻1.Discus Thrower2. Venus de Milo3. Laocoon group陶器1.Black-figure paintings2.Red-figure paintings罗马文化罗马和希腊The burning of Corinth in 146B.C. marked Roman conquest of Greece.拉丁文学Marcus Tullius Cicero:⑴noted for his oratory and fine writing styl e⑵his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction⑶his eloquent, oratorical manner of writing described as ―Cieronian”(4)the good of the people is the chief law(5)The thing which is the most outstanding and the most desirable to all healthy andgood and well-off persons, is peaceful life with honor.(6)Never less idle than when wholly idle, nor less alone than when wholly aloneJulius Caesar(1)became dictator in Rome for a few years(2)his work“Commentaries”(3)models of succinct Latin(4)I came , I saw , I conquered.(5)The die is cast.(6)Man willingly believe what they wish.押韵的散文诗歌LucretiusHis work“On the Nature of Things”Nothing can be created out of nothingMatter is eternalVirgilThe greatest of Latin poetsHis work ― Aeneid”He was also the Dante’s book建筑(1)The Pantheon(2)Pont du Gard(3)The Colosseum雕刻（1）Constantine the Great（2）Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem（3）She-wolf第二章总述Christianity is by far the most influential in the west, it originated in Palestine.Some 3800years ago the ancestors of the Jews-the Hebrews ---wandered through the deserts of the Middle East .Hebrews, which means “wanders‖旧约The Bible is a collection of religious writings composing two parts :the Old testament (about God and the Laws of God)and the new testament (the doctrine of Jesus Christ) .The word ―Testament‖means―agreement”—namely, the agreement between God and Man1.The Pentateuch∕ Torah（摩西五经）Genesis : a religious account of the origin of the Hebrew people, including the origin of the world and the man ,the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph(the fall of the Man ,Noah’s Ark).Exodus: a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt ,the period when they began to receive God’s Law.Leviticus : a collection of primitive laws.Numbers: a continuation of the account of the flight from Egypt with two censuses about the Exodus.Deuteronomy: the final words of Moses to his people , restating his orders and fifty years experiences ad a leader.摩西十诫（见课后题）The Historical Books(史书)Book of JoshuaBooks of JudgesBooks of SamuelBooks of KingsBooks of the ChroniclesBook of EzraBook of NehemiahThese works were written sometimes between 800B.C. and 500B.C.,dealing with history of the Hebrew form their entry into Palestine around 1200B.C..The Poetical Booksa.Book of Jobb.Book of Psalmsc.Proverbd.Ecclesiastese.Song of Solomon选段：I am the rose of Sharon,And the lily of the Valleys.As the lily among thorns,So is my love among the daughters.The ProphetsAmos: he was the spokesman of labor class基督教的兴起Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate if from all other religion a: Jesus Christ is the Son of God. b: God gave his only begotten sonAt the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus基督教的蔓延The chief persecutions were under Nero, Diocletian.By 305Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion.Soon a war between rivals for the throne followed and was won by Constantine. He, who believed that God had helped him in winning the battle issued the Edict of Milan in 313 and made the Christianity legal.In 1932A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religionsAfter 5-th, Nestorianism reached China新约The four accounts were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark Luke and John, four of Jesus’ early followersThe last Supper and the Crucifixion is from St. John .圣经的十个版本1．Septuagint( the oldest extant)Greek2．Vulgate version(the most ancient extant by Jerome)Latin3．First English version(translated by Wycliff)4．William Tyndale’s version5．The Great Bible by HenryⅧ6．Authorized／King James version(the most important and influential of English Bible)7．American edition of Revised version8．New King James Bible9．Good News Bible10. The New English Bible第三章总述Age of faith(辅导书)庄园和教堂Feudalism(见辅导书)V assals: in 732 Charles Martel , a ruler gave his soldiers estates known ad fiefs as a reward for their service, they granted the right to govern large sections of landad fiefs to great lords ,these lords knows ad vassals.Knighthood and Code of Chivalry(见辅导书)教会组织The word ―catholic‖ meant―universal‖教父和修道院的生活St. JeromeA notable champion of early monasticismHe translate the Bible into Latin from the Hebrew and Greek originalsHis translation work, the Vulgate , became the official Latin Bible used by the Roman Catholic Church of this dayAugustine of HippoHe lived in North Africa in 5-th century.His works “the Confessions” and ―the City of God.St. BenedictHe founded Benedictine Rule about 529A.D.He gave up all his possessions before entering the monarchy.He wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foodsHe could not marry and had to obey without question the orders the abbot (男修道院院长)He had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight.天主教的权力和影响1.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes:clergy, lords and peasants.2.In the late Middle Ages only Catholics were considered members of society.3.most of Kings and nobles could not read and write, they used clergy to carry outimportant government duties.4.For centuries, the clergyman were the only teachers, as they were the best educatedmen in their day.5.People had to pay heavy taxes to their parish churches, art of which passed on to thePope in Rome.6.Nobles and kings often gave lands, crops or cattle to support the church.7.many high church officials were themselves big landowners and influential nobles8.The Church even set up a church court--- the inquisition to stamp out so calledheresy.学术与科学Charlemagne and Carolingian RenaissanceCharlemagneHe temporarily restored order in western and central Europemost important figure of the early medieval period.He encouraged interest in the Christian religion and ancient learning.功绩1.setting up monastery schools2.giving support to scholars3.setting scribes to work copying various ancient booksAlfred the GreatRuler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, contributed greatly to the Medieval European culture..Founding new monasteriesPromoting translations into the vernacular from the Latin worksInspires the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.St. ThomasAn Italian philosopher and theologianHis work ―Summa Contra Gentiles‖Roger BaconA monk, one of the earliest advocates of scientific research ,Called for observation and experimentationMain work“Opus maius” and “encyclopedia of the science of his time”Beolwulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.Song of Roland is the most well-known of a group of French epics known as La Chanson de GestsDante Alighieri and the Divine ComedyDanteThe greatest poet of Italy and Also a prose Writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher as well as political thinkersHis masterpiece “Divine Comedy‖Express humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of RenaissanceWrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin which influenced decisively the evolution of European literature away from its origins in Latin culture to a new varied expression.第四章文艺复兴和改革新文学Giovanni Boccacciohis work“ Decameron”《十日谈》Petrarchbest known for “Canzoniers”《歌集》早期复兴的艺术家GiottoHe was the forerunner of the Renaissance.His figure were massive rather than graceful and elegantHis works“Flight to Egypt”“Betrayal of Judas”DonatelloHe was a sculptorHis works“David”“T he Gattamelata Equestrian Statue”《格泰梅拉达骑马塑像》顶峰时期的艺术家da VinciHe was a man of many talents, a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word.His works“Last Supper”“Mona Lisa”选段：A good painter has two chief objects – to paint man and the intension of his soul.The former is easy, the latter hard….MichelangeloHe was the towering figure of the Renaissance.His works“David”“Sistine Chapel”“Dying Slave”“Moses”RaphaelHis work“Madonna”“School of Athens”TitianHe was the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of the western worldThe father of the modern mode of paintingHis works“The V enus of Urbino”“Sacred and Profane love”“Madonna of the Pesaro Family”“Man with the Glove”法国的文艺复兴RabelaisGargantua and PantagruelSonnets pour HeleneMontaigneHis works “Essays”“of Repentance”His famous words ―what do I know?‖西班牙的文艺复兴CervantesHe was a novelist, a dramatist, and a poet.His work “Don Quixote”艺术El Greco(格列柯)One of the outstanding artists of the Counter-ReformationHis major work“ the Burial of Count Orgaz”《奥尔加斯伯爵下葬》北方文艺复兴ErasmusHe was a great Dutch scholar and humanistHis work“The Praise of Folly”佛兰德的文艺复兴Bruegel(勃鲁盖尔)He was a Flemish painterHis works “The Land of Cockayne”《理想之逸乐乡》“Return of the Hunters”德国的文艺复兴DurerHe was the leader of the Renaissance in GermanyHis work“ Knight, Death and the Devil”《骑士，死神与魔鬼》第五章The seventeenth century总述1:These scientists abandoned the traditional reliance on authority and the accepted method of“deductive reasoning”《演绎论》2:New scientific method was developed3:Nearly all the scientific achievement that modern world were made in 17-th4:There is new understanding to the man and universe and material5:The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class ,the bourgeoisie, and other class, this set the foundation for democracy.科学Copernicus (哥白尼)The forerunner of the modern scienceChief work“The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs《天体运行论》Kepler(凯普勒)Kepler’s Laws1:Each planet moves in an ellipse ,not a perfect circle, with the sun at one focus.2:Each planet moves more rapidly when near the sun than farther from it3:The distance of each planet from the sun bears a definite relation the time period the planet took to complete revolution around the sun.Galilei （伽利略）He was the first man to use telescope to universeHe invented the first astronomical discoveryHe finally proved the Copernicus’ theory with the telescopeHe discovered Law of inertia(惯性定律)He discovered the law of falling bodiesHis main works “The starry Messenger”(天空信使) and “Sidereus Nuncius”Newton (牛顿)He invented calculusHe discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrumHis discovery of the law of the universal gravitationHis work “Mathematical Principal of Natural Philosophy”(自然哲学的数学原理) Leibniz (莱布尼兹)He was a German philosopher , scientist ,mathematician ,historian and diplomat.He opposed the Cartesian account of matterHis major works“New Essays Concerning Human Understanding”, (论人类意识新说)“New Physical Hypothesis”（物理学新假说）“Discourse on Metaphysics”（形而上学论）“New System of Nature （新自然体系）New Essays Concerning Human Understanding”（人类理解新论）哲学，政治学，文学（英国）Francis Bacon (略)Thomas Hobbes(托马斯·霍布斯)Works : Leviathan(利维坦)He argued that our knowledge comes from experienceHe believed that only material things are perceptible, and knowledge to us .He believed that man is selfish by natureHe held that man are by nature equal in bodily an mental capacitiesJohn Locke(约翰洛克)He was a English empiricistHis works“Essay Concerning Human Understanding”“Treatises of Civil Government”选段―A ll men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature .‖ Men living together according to reason without a common…….法国古典主义Descartes(笛卡尔)His major works “Discourse on Method an Meditation”《方法论》“Rules for the direction of the Mind”《指导理智的规则》“Meditations Concerning First Philosophy and Objects and Replies”《沉思录》He said ―I doubt, therefore I think ; I think, therefore I am‖Corneille(高乃依)He was the first great French neoclassical dramatistHis masterpiece“Le Cied”《熙德》Racine(拉辛)He was the greatest tragic dramatist of the French neoclassical theatreHis representative tragedies “Andromaque”《安德落玛刻》“Phaedraè”《菲德尔》Molière(莫里哀)He was the best representative dramatist of French classical comediesMajor works“Le Misanthrope”《愤世嫉俗》“L’Avare”《吝啬鬼》“Tartuffe”《伪君子》艺术Baroque Art(解释见课后题)Bernini(贝尔尼尼)He was a Italian sculptor and architect, and the prominent figure of Italian Baroque.Major works “David”“The Ecstasy of St. Theresa”《特雷萨的狂喜》Caravaggio (卡拉瓦乔)Major works “The Calling of St. Matthew”《呼唤圣马泰蒙》“The Cardsharps”《以诈术读纸牌为生者》Rubens (鲁本斯)Major works “The Raising of the Cross”《十字架的竖起》荷兰新教艺术Rembrandit (伦勃朗)Major works “Blinding of Samson”《叁孙弄瞎眼》“The Polish Rider”《波兰骑士》第六章启蒙时代Enlightenment (定义见课后题)法国的哲学和文学MontesquieuMajor works “Persian Letters”《波斯人信札》“The Spirit of the Laws”《论法的精神》Voltaire(伏尔泰)Major works“Lettres Anglaise”《哲学书简》“Candide”《老实人》Whatever you do, crush the infamous thing and love those who love you.Love truth, but pardon error.Liberty of thought is the life of the soul.I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.Rousseau(卢梭)Major works“The Origin of Human Inequality”《论人类不平等的起源》“The Social Contract”《民约论》“The Confessions”《忏悔录》Nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserableDiderot (狄德罗)Encyclopédie德国文学和哲学Lessing(莱辛)Major works“Minna von Barnhelm”《明娜封，巴尔赫姆》“Laocoon”《拉奥孔》“Hamburgische Dramaturgie”《汉堡剧评》Goethe (歌德)Major works“ The Sorrows of Young Werther”《少年维特的烦恼》A Chinese translation of it by Guo Moruo during the New Culture Movement of 1919 also moved many young Chinese to tears, a situation which draw from the translator these sentimental lines:青年男子那个不善钟情？青年女子那个不善怀春？“Faust”《浮士德》Schiller (席勒)Major works “The Robber”《海盗》“Cabal and Love”《阴谋与爱情》“ Wallenstein”《华伦斯坦》Kant (康德)Major works“Critique of Pure Reason”《纯粹理性批判》“ Critique of Practical Reason”《实践理性批判》―Critique of Judgment‖《判断力的批判》音乐BachHandel 韩德尔GermanyHe is good at oratorio古典时期Hayden海顿Austrian composerSonata（奏鸣曲）Mozart （莫扎特）Austrian composerConcerto(协奏曲)and opera第七章浪漫主义Romanticism (定义见课后题)德国的浪漫主义Goethe(见上面)Schiller (席勒) (见上面)Heinrich Heine(海涅)He was both romantic and classicist.His major work“Book of Songs”法国的浪漫主义Hugo (雨果)His major works“Notre Dame de Paris”《巴黎圣母院》“ Les Miserables”《悲惨世界》“Cromwell”《克伦威尔》Georg e·Sand (乔治·桑)俄国的浪漫主义Pushkin (普希金)He stood in the van of the Roman movement in RussianHis work“Eugene Onegin”《叶甫盖尼·奥尼金》音乐Beethoven（贝多芬）German composerHis most important contributions ―sonata‖His Symphony No.6 marked the beginning of 19th-century program musicSchubert (舒伯特)Austrian ComposerHe was the first figure in the history of the German ― Lied‖(浪漫曲) a combination of poetry and music.Chopin(肖邦)Polish ComposerHe was the poet of the pianoSchumann (舒曼)Tchaikovsky (柴可夫斯基)Russian ComposerSwan Lake《天鹅湖》现实主义法国的现实主义Stendhal (司汤达)His works “The Red and the Black”Balzac(巴尔扎克)His work“The Human Comedy”Flaubert(福楼拜)His work “Madame Bovary”《包法利夫人》MaupassantHis famous works“The Necklace”“The Piece of String”“The Umbrella”俄国的现实主义Gogol (果戈理)His work“Dead Soul”Turgenev(屠格涅夫)His work “A Hunter’s Sketches”《猎人的笔记》Dostoyevsky(陀思妥耶夫斯基)His work “Crime and Punishment”《罪与恶》Tolstoy(托尔斯泰)War and PeaceAnna Karenina《安娜·尼娜》Resurrection后印象主义Van Gogh (梵高)His works ―Starry Night‖―Sunflower‖―The Night Café11。
欧洲文化练习题(1-7章)
第一节希腊文化Greek Culture1. Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.?A.Greek CultureB.Roman CultureC.Egyptian CultureD.Chinese Culture2. In( )the Romans conquered Greece.A.1200B.C. B.700B.C. C.146B.C.D.the 5th century3. Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A.Oedipus the kingB.IliadC.OdysseyD.Antigone4. Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A.AristophanesB.EuripidesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus5. Which of the following is NOT the play written by Aeschylus?A.AntigoneB.AgamemnonC.PersiansD.Prometheus Bound6. Which of the following is NOT the play written by Sophocles?A.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the king7. Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A.AntigoneB.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea8. Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras9. Who ever said that "You can not step twice into the same river."?A.PythagorasB.HeracleitusC.DemocritusD.Aristotle10. ( )believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval.A.SophistsB.CynicsC.SkepticsD.Epicureans11. ( )is said to have told the king :"Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world."A.ArchimedesB.AristotleC.PlatoD.Euclid第二节罗马文化Roman Culture1. Who wrote "Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive."?A.SapphoB.PlatoC.VirgilD.Horace2. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in( ) A.D..A.395B.27C.1453D.4763. Who wrote "I came ,I saw,Iconquered"?A.HoraceB.Julius CaesarC.VirgilD.Marcus Tullius Cicero4. The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things is( )A.VirgilB.Julius CaesarC.HoraceD.Lucretius5. Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB.The PanthenonC.The ParthenonD.Pont du Gard True or False1. Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 6th century B.C (5th)F2. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.T3. Sappho, was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.T4. Herodotus is often called …Father of History‟ and he wrote about the wars between Greeks and Romans. ( Greeks and Persians)F5. The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle ,who were active in the 5th and 4th century B.CT6. Socrates ever said “you cannot step twice into the same river”. (Heraclitus)F7. Archimedes is ever now well-now for his Elements ,a testbook of geometry.-F第二章《圣经》与基督教1. Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A.BuddismB.IslamismC.ChristianityD.Judaism2. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called( )A.ExodusmandmentsC. AmosD.Pentateuch3. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _____.A.St.PeterB.St.PaulC.John BaptistD.John Wycliff4. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? ____.A.Augustus IB.Thedosius IC.Nero ID.Constantine I5. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions in 392 A.D.?A.TheodosiusB.AugustusC.Constantine ID. Nero Caesar6. By 1963, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _____languages.A.288B.974C.1202D.1547. When printing was invented in the 1500‟s, the ____Bible was the first complete work printed.A.EnglishtinC.AramaicD.Hebrew8. When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? ____A.1885B.1611C.1901D.1979第三章中世纪第一节庄园与教堂1. In the latter part of the 4th century, which of the following tribles swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes? ____A.the MongoliansB.the HunsC.the TurkishD.the Syrians2. The Middle Ages id also called the ____.A. "Age of Christianity"B. "Age of Literature"C. "Age of Holy Spirit"D. "Age of Faith"3. In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? ___A.Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St.Benedict, an Italian ruler4. According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight? _____A.to be loyal to his lordB. B.to fight for the churchC. to obey without question the orders of the abbotD. to respect women of noble birth5. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church? _____A.after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4766. Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe? ____A.clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC.clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs7. By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusaders and ruled all the territory in Palestine that crusaders had fought to control? _____A.1270B.1254C.1096D.1291第二节学术、科学、文学艺术与建筑8. Which of the following was crowned "Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?__A. St.Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James9. Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the medieval European culture? ____A.Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great10. Which country‟s epic does Song of Roland belong to? ____A.EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD.French第四章文艺复兴与宗教改革第一节意大利文艺复兴1. Where did the Renaissance start with the following of paintings, sculpture and architecture? _____A.in Greece and RomeB.in Florence and VeniceC.in Milan and FlorenceD.in Italy and Germany2. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance? ____A.in the 11th centuryB.in the 15th centuryC.in the 16th centuryD.in the 17th century3. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _____A.DecameronB.CanzoniersC.DavidD.Moses4. Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? _____A.TempestaB.Sacred and Profane LoveC.Flight into EgyptD.The Return of the Hunters5. Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ____A.GiottoB.BrunelleschiC.DonatelloD.Giorgione6. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for hisMadona(Virgin Mary)? ____A.TitianB.da VinciC.MichelangeloD.Raphael7. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting? _____A.RaphaelB.TitianC.da VinciD.Michelangelo第二节宗教改革与反宗教改革8. who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? _____A. Jan HusB. John WyclifC. Martine LutherD. John Calvin9. who is the author of Institutes of the Christian Religion(基督教要义)? _____A. John WyclifB. Jan HusC. John CalvinD. Erasmus第三节其他国家的宗教改革10. which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of life and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?___A. Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia11. who put down this world-famous motto “what do I know?” in his essays?_____A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD.Shakespeare12. in _____ , Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.A. Don QuixoteB. HamletC.LeviathanD. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe13. which of the following is NOT French writer or poet?_____A. CervantesB.Pierre de RonsardC.RabelaisD. Montaigne14. in 1516, who published the first Greek edition of the new Testment?_____A. BruegelB. ErasmusC.El GrecoD. Rabelais15. “ To be, or not to be, --that is the question” is from whose works?_____A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. Shakepeare16. in The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs, put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe. ____A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus17._____, author of Prince, is called “Father of political science” in the west.A. MachiavelliB. DanteC. BaconD. Locke第五章17世纪第一节科学1. The first major advance of modern science occurred in .A. anatomyB. astronomyC. printingD. geographical discoveries2. The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is .A. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newton3. In The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs, put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus4. Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescope magnified objects .A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. ten-thousand timesD. five-hundred times5. which of the following about Galileo is NOT true?A. He invented the telescope and was the first to apply the telescope to the study ofthe skies.B. He discovered the law of inertiaC. He discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics.D. He was the first to establish the law of falling bodies.6. which of the following statements about Newton‟s contribution to the science is NOT true?A. He discovered the law of the universal gravitation.B. He invented calculus.C. He discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum.D. He discovered the law of relativity.7. and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler第二节英国的哲学、政治学和文学8. said, “ Knowledge is power.”A. ShakespeareB. Francis BaconC. Thomas HobbesD. John Locke9. Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon?A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlantisD. The Advancement of Learning10. Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature?A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes11. Which of the following works is NOT written by John Milton?A. Paradise LostB. AreopagiticaC. Samson AgonistesD. Andromaque12. In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree reimposing complete censorship of the press. This was his best-known prose .A. AndromaqueB. AreopagiticaC. Paradise Lost13. Which of the following philosophers ever said “ I think, therefore I am”?A. Francis BaconB. Pierre GassendiC. Descartes14. Which of the following philosophers believed that knowledge of the universe andcertain principle and laws of physics is innate?A. John LockeB. Pierre Gassendi D. Descartes15. “ I walk, therefor I am” is whose slogan?A. John LockeB. Pierre Gassendi D. Francis Bacon16. Which of the following works displays the grand style of Corneille‟s work?A. Le CidB. AndromaqueC. TartuffeD. Le Misanthrope17. Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravggioD. Bernini18. Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe?A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Bernini19. In the middle of the 17th century, which country was the richest and the mostpowerful country in Europe?A. FlanderB. the NetherlandsC. EnglandD. France第六章启蒙时期1.whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution？A. John LockeB. RousseauC. MontesquieuD. V oltaire2. Which of the following works is the most famous of V oltaire‟s novels?A. CandideB. The New HeloiseC. EmileD. Laocoon3. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. ”A re whose most famous world?A. MontesquieuB. RousseauC. V oltaireD. Diderot4. Who ever said that “nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserable”?A. DiderotB. V oltaireC. MontesquieuD. Rousseau5. Who is NOT famous for his theory of social contract?A. HobbesB. BaconC. LockeD. Rousseau6. Which of the following works is a classic of modern aesthetics?A. LaocoonB. FaustC. The RobberD. Wallenstein第7章浪漫主义1. Which of the following two poets called the “lakers”?A. Wordsworth and ColeridgeB. Goethe and SchillerC. Byron and KeatsD. Pushkin and Lermontov2. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is from the ending line of “Ode to the West Wind” by .A. WordsworthB. KeatsC. PushkinD. Shelley3. Which of the following writers wrote Ode to a Nightingale and died very young?A. ByronB. KeatsC. ShelleyD. Wordsworth4. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel?A. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. PushkinD. Walter Scott5. which of the following works was introduced to China at the end of the 19th century through Lin Shu‟s translation, which bore the romantic title《撒克逊劫后英雄略》?A. The Heart of Mid-LothianB. Boris GodunovC. The BetrothedD. Ivanhoe6. Who is the author of Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables on which there have been many films based?A. George SandB. Daniel DefoeC. Victor HugoD. Henry Fidlding7. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women‟s freedom in love and marriage?A. George SandB. ChateaubriandC. Victor HugoD. Taylor Coleridge8. In which of the following works did Pushkin create a character, who was the first “superfluous man” in Russian literature?A. Eugene OneginC. Ruslan and LiudmilaD. A Hero of Our Time9. Which of the following is not regard as a romantic writer?A. WordsworthB. ShelleyC. Pushkin10. Which of the following musicians was NOT from Germany?A. MendelssohnB. BrahmsC. Schumann11. The composer of Swan Lake was , a genius in symphonic music.A. TchaikovskyB. Chopin D. Mozart。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
一．细节知识点（一）Greek ＆Roman1.drama●Aeschylus埃斯基洛斯：Prometheus Bound被束缚的普罗米修斯,Persians波斯人，Agamennon●Sophcles索发克里斯：（tragic art）Oedipus the king, Electra，Antigone●Euripides欧里庇得斯：“problem plays”，Andromache，Medea，Trojan Women●Aristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，Birds2.Historian●Herodotus：*“father of history”* from Greek to Persians*full of anecdotes and dialogues ,interesting●Thucydides: *younger than Herodotus *Athens to Sparta andAthens to Syracuse希拉库萨 *style is imagination and power*the greatest historian that ever lived3.philosophy and science●Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯： *bold thinker *believe everything isnumbers* scientific mathematics----point，line ，magnitude震级，surface，body，first proportion●Heracleitus赫拉克里克：*fire is the primary element ofuniverse*sayings: all is flux，nothing stationary/you cannot steptwice into the same river/fresh waters are ever flowing inupon you/ the sun is new every day.*believe mingling of opposites ,opposites produce harmony(二) Bibletranslation●Latin version：383-405AD by St .Jerome●English version：1382 John Wycliff(三)Middle ages/ Medieval1. AD 476 Roman power was gone2. after 1054 Church was divided into Roman Catholic and EasternOrthodox Church3.The Crusades: 1096－1291 last for about 200 years4.learning：● Charlemagne查理曼大帝：*western and central Europe*father of Europe .Emperor of Romans in 800*Carolingian Renaissance加洛林*encourage Christian religion and ancient learning by settingmonastery schools● Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：*ruler of Anglo Saxon of Wessex*Encourage teacher and scholars , Wessex center of learning*Anglo Saxon chronicles英国编年史● St .Thomas Aquinas*Italian philosopher ,scholasticism经院哲学*Summa Contra Centiles , Summa Theologiae 《神学大全》*building a society of “God’s rule””God’s will”，Pope is“Christ’s plenipotentiary基督的全权代表” above secular rulers● Roger Bacon罗杰培根*a British monk ,one of the earliest advocates of experimentalscientific research and observation*works :Opus maius ,encyclopedia of the sciences of his time5．Literature●Beowulf :an Anglo Saxon epic● Song of Roland ，La Chanson de Gestes: French● Dante：the divine of comedy神曲 greatest poet of Italy●Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：English poet ：canterbury tales坎特伯雷故事集，（first short story teller, first modern poet in Englishliterature ）（四）Renaissance1.started in Florence and Venice， Italy2.heart of Renaissance philosophy is greatness of man ，humanism3.masterpieces :● Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈（the greatestachievement of prose fiction 散文小说in the middle ages）● Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克：*discover Cicero’s Oration Oro Arochia,a Roman defense of poetry*Works： Canzoniers（lyrical）, Africa，Metrical Epistles，OnContempt for the Worldly Life，On Solitude，Ecologues， The Letters●Giotto乔托：*forerunner of Renaissance，led the way to humanism，realistic depiction of space*works: Flight into Egypt ,Betrayal of Juda s●Giorgione乔尔乔捏：Tempesta , Sleeping Venus（use of colour schemes to unify picture and most revolutionary result in this sphere)●Leonardo da Vinci:*painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer,inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.*12 paintings 5000 books ,Renaissance man in the true sense of word.*Last Supper(most famous religious pictures), Mona Lisa(most portrait)●Michelangelo Buonarroti:* an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer* David ，Sistine Chapel ，Dying Slave ,Moses●Raphael：Madonna（Virgin Mary）各种圣母画，school of Athens● Rabelais拉伯雷： French ，Gargantua and Pantagruel《巨人传》● Pleiade 七星诗社：French ,leader is Pirre de Ronsard(Sonnet PourHelene) ，发扬保卫法兰西语言●Cervantes塞万提斯：Spanish，Don Quixote 1062● Erasmus：Dutch， Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, teacher,and theologian，Greek edition of New Testament ,Praise ofFolly《愚人颂》●Durer : German ,follower of Martin Lutherthe four horsemen of apocalypse 天启四骑士knight ，death and the devil●Thomas more：英国人，Utopia乌托邦，conclusion●Shakespeare：英国人Twelfth night ，As you like it ，Hamlet，Othello，King Lear ，Macbeth，Antony andCleopatra，Sonnets, King Henry 5，6二 .名词解释1.RenaissanceRenaissance is a period of western civilization between 14-17thcentury. The word Renaissance means revival .it also means therevival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture，whichstarted in Florence and Venice ，Italy . the heart of~is humanism.2 . Reformation~ was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement ,which began with Martin Luther’s 95 theses in1517. The Reformation began as an attempt to reform the RomanCatholic Church.3．Middle ages ：~is also called Medieval ,”the year of faith”* or the thousand-year period following the fall of the western roman empire in the 5thcentury .it came between ancient times and modern times .During thisperiod Germanic kingdom grew into nations such asEngland ,French ,Spain, Italy, Germany.4 . Feudalism~is a system of holding land in exchange for military service .the word~was derived from the Latin “feudum” , a grant of land.5 Catholic~Means” universal”. ~church was a highly centralized and disciplinedinternational religious organization .in the middle ages ,almostevery Europeans belonged to it.6. old testament~is one of the two parts of the Bible ,which is about the God and the laws of God. Testament means agreement—the agreement between Godand man.7. Pentateuch 摩西五书The oldest first five parts of the Bible includingGenesis ,Exodus，Leviticus, Numbers， Deuteronomy8. doric ：one of Greek architecture styles，~is also called masculine style .it’s sturdy坚定的，powerful，severelooking ，showing sense ofproportions and numbers.Ionic：feminine style graceful and elegant，showing wealth of ornament装饰三.问答1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance优势, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, and Germany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years.2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000?Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.3.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded.In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.4.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval tr aditions?The Italian Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medi eval methods of representing the visible pared with the latter,the fo rmer has the following distinct features:⑴Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church became a separate strata doing noble and crea tive work⑵Themes of painting and architecture changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible,of God and Mary to an appreciation of all a spects of nature and man;⑶The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of theprinciples of ancient civilization into their works;⑷Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求⑸。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
论述题1、人文主义人文主义一词也可译作“人道主义”，但在西方思想史上，人文主义特指人道主义的最初历史形态，是文艺复兴时期人文学者的世界观。
人文主义是文艺复兴运动的旗帜，是文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级在反封建反教会斗争中形成的思想体系。
它主张一切以人为本，反对神的权威，把人从中世纪的神学枷锁下解放出来，对“人”的肯定成了人文主义思想的核心。
其主要内容表现在：1、用人权反对神权；2、用个性解放反对禁欲主义；3、用理性反对蒙昧主义；4、用户中央集权，反对封建割据。
2、古希腊罗马文化繁荣的条件古典时代希腊文化出现空前繁荣并非偶然，而是希腊奴隶制城邦充分发展的必然结果。
首先，希腊各城邦奴隶制经济的发展是雅典古典文化繁荣的物质基础，早在古风时代，随着城邦的形成和海外殖民，希腊对外经济交流不断增强，城邦的工商业有了长足的发展，并造就了一个崇尚民主与自由的新工商业奴隶主阶层。
他们领导了城邦的民主政治建设，大力发展工商业经济，为文化发展创造了条件。
公元前5世纪上半叶希波战争的胜利，进一步有力推动了雅典等城邦的工商业发展，使希腊奴隶制经济达到了空前的繁荣，这就为文化的繁荣奠定了物质基础。
其次，希腊城邦制度及其民主政治与公共生活，激发了城邦公民的文化创造力，同时又为文化发展提供了宽松的政治环境。
古代希腊在城邦制度下，各城邦总的来说都是共和政体，但民主的程度却很不一样，从而使各城邦的民主制度呈现出多样化。
这种政治多元性为城邦之间互相比较、互相影响、互相学习和竞争提供了条件，开阔了各城邦政治家、思想家和普通公民的政治视野，产生了各种政治学说。
城邦的公共生活培养了公民的公共意识，使他们能更好的为城邦服务。
再次，古希腊的文化成就，为古典时代文化的繁荣铺垫了浓厚的文化背景。
《荷马史诗》是希腊文学的渊源，古典时代的文学作品无一不受到它的影响。
《神谱》是希腊自然哲学的思想渊源，其中包含的理性思维，促成了哲学思维的诞生。
抒情时代的诗歌是希腊戏剧产生的基础。
西南大学《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题及答案
西南大学《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题及答案（0174）《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer.1.____ culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C..a. Greekb. Romanc. Egyptiand. Chinese2. Two major elements in European culture are ____.a. the Greek and Romanb. the Judaism and Christianityc. the Greco-Romand. a and b3. ____ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).a. The Odysseyb. The Iliadc. Prometheus Boundd. Persians4. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.a. Aeschylusb. Aristophanesc. Euripidesd.Sophocles5. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.a. Euripidesb. Aristophanesc. Sophoclesd. Aeschylus6. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .a. Athens and Spartab. Athens and Syracusec. Athens and Persiansd. Greeks and Persians7. _____ e ver said that “ You can not step twice into the river?”a. Homeb. Heracleituec. Democritusd. Socrates8. _____ by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.a. Dialoguesb. The Apologyc. The Republicd. Symposium9. Dante called _____ “ the master of those who know”.a. Aristotleb. Platoc. Socratesd. Archimedes10. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.a. Elementsb. Poeticsc. Ethicsd. Politics11. The theory of ____ is that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.A. the Epicurans b. the Stoics c. the Sceptics d. the Cynics12. ____ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.a, Discus Throwe r b, Venus de Milo c, Laocoon group d, Parthenon13. It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.a. Heracleitusb. Aristotlec. Socratesd. Pythagoras14. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus in ______.a. 146 B.C.b. 27 B.C.c. 27 A. D.d. 30 B.C.15. In _____ the West Roman Empire ended when the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths.a. 27 B. C.b. 395c. 476d. 145316. After the 27 B. C. the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years . It is known as _____.a. the Roman Lawb. the Roman roadsc. the Roman Empired. the Pax Romana17. ____by Julius Caesar are models of succinct Latin.a. The Aeneidb. Poeticsc. Commentariesd. Elements18. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.a. Lucretiusb. Virgilc. Julius Caesard. Cicero19. ____ wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.a. Lucretiusb. Crassusc. Julius Caesard. Pompey20. ____ is not Roman architecture.a. The Colosseumb. Pont du Gardc. The Parthenond. The Panthenon21. ____ is a statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Rome.a. The Colosseumb. Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalemc. Constantine the Greatd. She-Wolf22. _____ is by far the most influential in the West.a. Buddismb. Islamismc. Christianityd. Judaism23. _____ was the land promised by God to Abraham.a. Canaanb. the Middle Eastc. Egyptd. the Garden of Eden24. The word “Testament” means _____.a. Jesus Christb. God and Manc. the agreement between God and Mand. God and Christ25. The first five books, called ______, are the oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 booksa. Deuteronomyb. Exodusc. the Pentateuchd. Genesis26. Around 1300 B. C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt. With this began_____.a. Genesisb. Leviticusc. Numbers d the Exodus27. ____ is a collection of 150 poetic pieces.a. Book of Psalmsb. Proverbc. Book of Jobd. Ecclesiastes28. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).a. 169 B. C.b. 586 B. C.c. 536 B. C. d, 721 B.C.29. In Babylon the Hebrews formed ____ to practice their religion.a. synagoguesb. lawsc. Paradised. the Law of Torah30. In ____, Emperor ____ made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.a. 313, Constantineb. 305, Diocletianc. 64 A. D., Nero Caesard. 392, Theodosius31. Towards the end of ____ four accounts ( Gospels ) were accepted as part of the New T estament, which tells the beginning of ____.a. the 4th century, Christianityb. the 1st century, Jesus Christc. the 3rd century, Crucifixiond. 392, Christianity32. Revelation is the last book of ____.a.the Bibleb. Jesusc. the Old Testamentd. the New Testament33. Juses went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the ____ , but was betrayed by Juda and caught at ____.a. Easter, Templeb. Passover, the Last Supperc. Big Day, the Last Supperd. high day, supper34. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1611.a. The Septuagintb. The Vulgatec.Wycliff’s versiond. Authorized version35. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of t he Old Testament.a. The Septuagintb. The Vulgatec. Wycliff’s versiond. Authorized version36. The standard American edition of the Revised Version appeared in ____.a. 1539b. 1885c. 1901d. 197937. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.a. the Bibleb. the English Biblec. the New Testamentd. the Old Testament38. In European history, the period between ancient times and modern times is also called ____.a. The Germanic Agesb. the Age of Faithc. Medievald. Scholasticism39. Under feudalism, ______ were the three classes of people of western Europe.a. clergy, knights and serfsb. Pope, bishop and peasantsc. clergy, lords and peasantsd. knights, nobles and serfs40. A knight was not pledged to ____.a. be loyal to his lordb. fight for the churchc. respect women of noble birthd. collect taxes41. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.a. Christianityb. the Roman Churchc. the Roman Catholic Churchd. the Western Catholic42. _______, ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.a. St. Thomas Aquinasb. Alfred the Greatc. Charlemagned. Roger Bacon43. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.a. Summa Theologicab. Summa Contra Gentilesc. Opus maiusd. Beowulf44. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.a. Song of Rolandb. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.c. Beowulfd. the Divine Comedy45. Dante Alighieri’s masterpiece , _____, is one of the landmarks of world literature.a. Song of Rolandb. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.c. Beowulfd. the Divine Comedy46. _____ were Ch aucer’s most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.a. Beowulfb. The Canterbury Talesc. Song of Rolandd. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.47. The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, and it flourished during ____.a. the 11th and 12th centuriesb. the 12th and 13th centuriesc. the 12th and 14th centuriesd. the mid-12th and the end of 15th centuries48. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.a. the 13th and 15th centuriesb. the 14th and mid-17th centuryc. the 15th and 16th centuriesd. the 14th and 16th centuries。
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon,Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活) In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
(0174)《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题
（0174）《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer.1.____ culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C..a. Greekb. Romanc. Egyptiand. Chinese2. Two major elements in European culture are ____.a. the Greek and Romanb. the Judaism and Christianityc. the Greco-Romand. a and b3. ____ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).a. The Odysseyb. The Iliadc.Prometheus Boundd. Persians4. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.a. Aeschylusb. Aristophanesc. Euripidesd.Sophocles5. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.a. Euripidesb. Aristophanesc. Sophoclesd. Aeschylus6. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .a. Athens and Spartab. Athens and Syracusec. Athens and Persiansd. Greeks and Persians7. _____ ever said that “ You can not step twice into the river?”a. Homeb. Heracleituec. Democritusd. Socrates8. _____ by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.a. Dialoguesb. The Apologyc. The Republicd. Symposium9. Dante called _____ “ the master of those who know”.a. Aristotleb. Platoc. Socratesd. Archimedes10. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.a. Elementsb. Poeticsc. Ethicsd. Politics11. The theory of ____ is that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.A. the Epicurans b. the Stoics c. the Sceptics d. the Cynics12. ____ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.a, Discus Throwe r b, Venus de Milo c, Laocoon group d, Parthenon13. It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.a. Heracleitusb. Aristotlec. Socratesd. Pythagoras14. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus in ______.a. 146 B.C.b. 27 B.C.c. 27 A. D.d. 30 B.C.15. In _____ the West Roman Empire ended when the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths.a. 27 B. C.b. 395c. 476d. 145316. After the 27 B. C. the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years . It is known as _____.a. the Roman Lawb. the Roman roadsc. the Roman Empired. the Pax Romana17. ____by Julius Caesar are models of succinct Latin.a. The Aeneidb. Poeticsc. Commentariesd. Elements18. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.a. Lucretiusb. Virgilc. Julius Caesard. Cicero19. ____ wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.a. Lucretiusb. Crassusc. Julius Caesard. Pompey20. ____ is not Roman architecture.a. The Colosseumb. Pont du Gardc. The Parthenond. The Panthenon21. ____ is a statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Rome.a. The Colosseumb. Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalemc. Constantine the Greatd. She-Wolf22. _____ is by far the most influential in the West.a. Buddismb. Islamismc. Christianityd. Judaism23. _____ was the land promised by God to Abraham.a. Canaanb. the Middle Eastc. Egyptd. the Garden of Eden24. The word “Testament” means _____.a. Jesus Christb. God and Manc. the agreement between God and Mand. God and Christ25. The first five books, called ______, are the oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 booksa. Deuteronomyb.Exodusc. the Pentateuchd. Genesis26. Around 1300 B. C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt. With this began_____.a. Genesisb. Leviticusc. Numbers d the Exodus27. ____ is a collection of 150 poetic pieces.a. Book of Psalmsb.Proverbc. Book of Jobd. Ecclesiastes28. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).a. 169 B. C.b. 586 B. C.c. 536 B. C. d, 721 B.C.29. In Babylon the Hebrews formed ____ to practice their religion.a. synagoguesb. lawsc. Paradised. the Law of Torah30. In ____, Emperor ____ made Christianity the official religion of the empire andoutlawed all other religions.a. 313, Constantineb. 305, Diocletianc. 64 A. D., Nero Caesard. 392, Theodosius31. Towards the end of ____ four accounts ( Gospels ) were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of ____.a. the 4th century, Christianityb. the 1st century, Jesus Christc. the 3rd century, Crucifixiond. 392, Christianity32. Revelation is the last book of ____.a.the Bibleb. Jesusc. the Old Testamentd. the NewTestament33. Juses went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the ____ , but was betrayed by Juda and caught at ____.a. Easter, Templeb. Passover, the Last Supperc. Big Day, the Last Supperd. high day, supper34. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1611.a. The Septuagintb. The Vulgatec.Wycliff’s versiond. Authorized version35. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of t he Old Testament.a. The Septuagintb. The Vulgatec. Wycliff’s versiond. Authorized version36. The standard American edition of the Revised Version appeared in ____.a. 1539b. 1885c. 1901d. 197937. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.a. the Bibleb. the English Biblec. the New Testamentd. the Old Testament38. In European history, the period between ancient times and modern times is also called ____.a. The Germanic Agesb. the Age of Faithc. Medievald. Scholasticism39. Under feudalism, ______ were the three classes of people of western Europe.a. clergy, knights and serfsb. Pope, bishop and peasantsc. clergy, lords and peasantsd. knights, nobles and serfs40. A knight was not pledged to ____.a. be loyal to his lordb. fight for the churchc. respect women of noble birthd. collect taxes41. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.a. Christianityb. the Roman Churchc. the Roman Catholic Churchd. the Western Catholic42. _______, ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.a. St. Thomas Aquinasb. Alfred the Greatc. Charlemagned. Roger Bacon43. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.a. Summa Theologicab. Summa Contra Gentilesc. Opus maiusd. Beowulf44. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.a. Song of Rolandb. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.c. Beowulfd. the Divine Comedy45. Dante Alighieri’s masterpiece , _____, is one of the landmarks of world literature.a. Song of Rolandb. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.c. Beowulfd. the Divine Comedy46. _____ were Ch aucer’s most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.a. Beowulfb. The Canterbury Talesc. Song of Rolandd. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.47. The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, and it flourished during ____.a. the 11th and 12th centuriesb. the 12th and 13th centuriesc. the 12th and 14th centuriesd. the mid-12th and the end of 15th centuries48. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.a. the 13th and 15th centuriesb. the 14th and mid-17th centuryc. the 15th and 16th centuriesd. the 14th and 16th centuries49. ____ is the essence of the Renaissance.a.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureb.Attempts to get rid of conservatismc.The flowering of paintings, sculpture and architectured.Humanism50. With ____ by Boccaccio the courtly themes of medieval literature began to give way to the voice and mores of early modern society.a. the Decameronb. Canzoniersc. Davidd. Sleeping Venus51. Fracesco Petrarch, the author of ____, is known as Father of Humanism.a. the Decameronb.Canzoniersc. Davidd. Sleeping Venus52. ____ , Father of political science in the West, wrote Prince and Discourses.a. Fracesco Petrarch,b. Dantec. Niccolo Machiavellid. John Calvin53. ____ , one of the creators of modern painting, was a close friend of Dante.a. Petrarchb. Giottoc. Boccacciod. Da Vinci54. Which one of the following is Da Vinci’s painting?a. The Ssistine Madonnab.Betrayal of Judasc. Sleeping Venusst Supper55. Which one is NOT true about Michelangelo?a. A Florentine painterb. A poetc. A towering figure of the Renaissanced. A musician56. Raphael was best known for his _____.a. Virgin Maryb. portrait paintingc. eleganced. short life57. The Reformation happened in the _____ century.a. 14thb. 15thc. 16thd. 17th58. The main idea of ____ was to make open protests against the indulgences.a.Martin Luther’s 95 Theseb.Wycliff’s Version of Whole Biblec. Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religiond. the Hus War59. The head of the Church of England is _____ .a. the Popeb. the king or queenc. the Archbishopd. Juses60. After Reformation, _____ came into being.a. Christianityb. Calvinismc. Lutheranismd. Protestantism61. “ What do I know?” is ____’s world-famous motto.a. Montaigneb. Ronsardc. Descartesd. Francis Bacon62.With the publication of Miguel de Cervantes’s _____ in 1602, the European novel entered a new stage.a. the Praise of Follyb. the Decameronc. Canzoniersd. Don Quxiode63. ____, a great Dutch scholar and humanist, published the first Greek edition of the New Testament.a. El Grecob. Erasmusc. Bruegeld. Durer64. Which was NOT true about Durer?a, The leader of the Renaissance in Germanyb, A master of woodcutc, Never being to Italyd, A follower of Martin Luther65. _____ discovered the Cape of Good Hope.a. Nicolaus Copernicusb. Bartholomen Diasc. Vasco Gamad. Amerigo Vespucci66. Father of modern astronomy is ____.a. Da Vincib. Amerigo Vespuccic. Nicolaus Copernicusd. Marchiavelli67. Andreas Vesalius’s work _____ marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy.a. Fabricab. Lives of the Artist sc. the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbsd. Prince68. Vasari was best known for his entertaining biographies of _____.a. Fabricab. Princec. the Divine Comedyd. Lives of the Artist s69. _____’s laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of _____ .a.Kepler , heliocentric theoryb. Kepler , the laws of gravitationc. Galileo , the colors of the spectrumd. Copernicus, the laws of gravitation70. _____’s theories have given rise to important developments of modern science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.a. Galileo Galileib. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnizc. Sir Isaac Newtond. Johannes Kepler71. In the first _____ , Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.a.the Advancement of Learningb.the New Atlantisc. Essay Concerning human Understandingd. Treatise of Civil Government72. Thomas Hobbes’s _____ is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.a.Leviathanb.the Advancement of Learningc. Essay Concerning human Understandingd. Treatise of Civil Government73. The theme of _____ is the fall of men.a.New Methodb.Treatise of Civil Governmentc.Essay Concerning human Understandingd.Paradise Lost74. _____ was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.a. Corneilleb. Racinec. Molièred. Descartes75. Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?a. Rubensb. Berninic. Borrominid. Caravaggio76. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution? ______a. John Lockeb. Rousseauc. V oltaired. Montesquieu77. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? ______a. Philosophical Thoughtsb. Rameau’s Nephewc. Elements of Physiologyd. Encyclopedia78. _____ , novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.a. Walter Scottb. Henry Fieldingc. Samuel Johnsond. Samuel Richardson79. Which of the Lessing’s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German drama?_____a. Minna Von Barnhelmb. Laocoonc. Hamburgische Dramaturgied. Nathan the Wise80. In _____ , Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.a. the Sorrow of Young Wertherb. Faustc. Wilhelm Meister’s Travelsd. Poetry and Truth81. Among Schiller’s works, _____ was a play best known to the Chinese audience.a. The Robbersb. Wallensteinc. Cabal and Loved. Wilhelm Tell82. Kant’s years of his philosophical studies are crystallized in three difficult books; among them ,_____ was the most important single book by any modern philosopher.a.General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavensb.Critique of Practical Reasonc.Critiquue of Judgementd.Critique of Pure Reason83. It has been said that “ the world had waited centuries for _____ and he was only to remain here a moment”.a. Beethovenb. Haydnc. Mozartd. Bach84. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel? ______.a. Goetheb. Victor Hugoc. Daniel Defoe d Walter Scott85. Romanticism, which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, started from the ideas of ______ in France and from _____ movement in Germany.a.Rousseau, the Storm and Stressb. V oltaire, Hamburgischec. Diderot, Pantheismd. Montesquieu, Lyric Songs86. In 1798, _______, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.a. Songs of Experienceb. Lyrical Balladsc. Isles of Greeced. Ode to the West Wind87. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage? _____a. George Sandb. Victor Hugoc. Daniel Defoed. Henry Fielding88. ______ stood in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia, ______ is generally recognized as his masterpiece.a. Lermontov, A Hero of Our Timeb. Pushkin, Luslan and Liudmilac. Pushkin, Boris Godunovd. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin89. The publication of Mickiewicz’s _____ is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature.a. Sonnets from the Crimeab. Konrad Wallenrodc. Ballads and Ramancesd. Pan Tadeusz90. _____ was among the first ones in European art history to comment in his art onthe events of the day.a. Goyab. Davidc. Delacroixd. Gericault91._____ was the foremost painter of the romantic movement in France.a. Goyab. Davidc. Delacroixd. Gericault92. Beethoven’s _____ is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller’s Ode to Joy.a. Symphony No. 3b. Symphony No. 5c. Symphony No. 6d. Symphony No. 993. _____ sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.a. Berliozb. Chopinc. Wagnerd. Verdi94. Based on _____ , Marx and Engels developed their own dialectical materialism.a.the German classical philosophyb.the English classical political economyc.the Utopian Socialismd.the Manifesto of the Communist Party95. After his long and careful study, Marx discovered that _____ was the source ofprofit, the source of the wealth of the capitalist class.a. capitalb. surplus valuec. remunerationd. property96. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of _____, so Marx discovered the law of development of _____.a.the survival of the fittest, the communist partyb.the natural selection, the scientific socialismanic nature, human historyd.natural species, historical societies97. _____, a French naturalist, developed the ideas on the evolution of animals 50 years before Darwin.a. Lamarckb. Lyellc. Marxd. Henslow98. In 1858 Darwin received a letter from _____, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.a. John Stevens Henslowb. Charles Lyellc. Thomas Huxleyd. Alfred Russel Wallace99. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, the evolution of species is the result of _____.a. survival of the fittestb. natural selectionc. all animal lifed. super-organic evolution100. In Europe, the realist movement arose in _____ of the 19th century and had its origin in _____.a. the 30s, Britainb. the 40s, Francec. the 50s, Franced. the 60s, Britain101. Zola defined the theory of _____ and illustrated it in his great work entitled _____.a.naturalism, Les Rougen-Macquartsb.naturalism, Madame Bovaryc.realism, the Human Comedyd.realism, the Charterhouse of Parma102. ____ was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.a. Nikolai Gogolb. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenevc. Fyodor Dostoyevskyd. Count Leo Tolstoy103. ____ was the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West.a. Nikolai Gogolb. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenevc. Fyodor Dostoyevskyd. Count Leo Tolstoy104. ____ by Fyodor Dostoyevsky is another study of criminal psychology.a. The House of Deathb. The Brothers Karamzovc. Crime and Punishmentd. Idiot105. _____ holds an important position in his own country’s cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.a. Nikolai Gogolb. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenevc. Fyodor Dostoyevskyd. Count Leo Tolstoy106. Among Ibsen’s masterpieces, _____ is a plea for the emancipation of women. a. Ghosts b. A Doll’s Housec. the Wild Duckd. Hedda Gabler107. August Strindberg’s first significant play was _____ which is considered Sweden’s first great drama.a. the Son of Servantb. A Fool’s Defensec. Master Olafd. the Dance of Death108. Among Ch arles Dickens’s works, _____ has the most intricate, complicated plot.a. Oliver Twistb. Hard Timesc. David Copperfieldd. Bleak House109. _____, George Eliot’s masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century.a. Middlemarchb. The Mill on the Flossc. Adam Beded. Silas Marner110. _____, Whitman’s best known poem, expresses his grief over the death of Lincoln.a. Song of Myselfb. When Lilacs Last in the Dooeyard Bloom’dc. I sit and Look Ou td. Leaves of Grass111. _____ was noted for his great psychological subtlety and devotion to the art of fiction and was hailed as “ the Master beyond all masters”.a. Walt Whitmanb. Mark Twainc. Henry Jamesd. George Eliot112. Millet’s works, such as _____, generally depict one or two peasant figures quietly engaged in earthly or domestic toil.a. the Sowerb. the Stonebreakersc. the Portrait of a Ladyd. Burial at Ornans113. The term “ impressionism” was taken directly from the title of _____ Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).a. Renoir’sb. Pissarro’sc. Manet’sd. Monet’s 114. _____ was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.a. Renoirb. Degasc. Monetd. Pissarro115. ______ reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emotion and temperament.a. Paul Cézanneb. Paul Gauguinc. Vincent van Goghd. Auguste Rodin116. _____ led sculpture into the realm of Art for Art’s Sake , and was the first sculptor of genius since Bernini in Renaissance Italy.a. Paul Cézanneb. Paul Gauguinc. Vincent van Goghd. Auguste Rodin117. _____ has been described as the founder of modern musical impressionism.a.Claude Deussyb. Antonín Dvorákc. Sibeliusd. R. Strauss118. _____ was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.a. Realismb. Naturalismc. Modernismd. Impressionism119. _____ discovered X-rays in 1895.a. Becquerelb. Roentgenc. Soddyd. Einstein 120. In Freudian system, _____ is the container of the instinctual urges.a. Idb. Oedipus Complexc. Superegod. Ego 121. T.S. Eliot’s long poem _____ is his major contribution to English poetr y.a.the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockb. Four Quartetsc. the Waste Landd. imagism122. _____ by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.a. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Manb. Dublinersc. Finnegans Waked. Ulysses123. The major theme of Thomas Mann’s novel _____ is the psychological effect of isolation.a. the Buddenbrooksb. the Magic Mountainc. the Counterfeitersd. Remembrance of Things Past124. Sholokhov established an international reputation for his monumental novel of Cossack life, _____ , written between 1925 and 1940.a. My Apprenticeshipb. The Strangerc. The Quiet Dond. Remembrance of Things Past125. The term “ Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of _____ play Look Back in Anger (1956).a. John Osborne’sb. Kingsley Amis’sc. Allen Ginsberg’sd. Jack Kerouac’s126. _____ poem Howl, written in 1956, was regarded as an important development in American poetry.a. John Osborne’sb. Kingsley Amis’sc. Allen Ginsberg’sd. Jack Kerouac’s127. _____ is kno wn as the first “ cubist” novel: in his novels , one finds a precise, neutral description of things, registered with a camera’s eye.a. Samuel Beckettb. Nathalie Sarrautec. Jean-Paul Sartred. Alain Robbe-Grillet128. _____ masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot(1952), which was remembered as one of the most famous Absurd Drama.a. Nathalie Sarraute’sb. Samuel Beckett’sc. Jean-Paul Sartre’sd. Alain Robbe-Grillet’s129. _____ drew mustache upon Mona Liza, a photograph of Mona Liza, as if defacing a attack upon those who had betrayed the humanist idea of the Italian Renaissance.a. Marcel Duchampb. Umberto Boccionic. Salvador Dalid. Jackson Pollock130. _____ by Igor Stravinsky is among the most famous and most important compositions written in the 20th century.a.Symphony No. 7 in C major, Op.60 (Leningrad)b. A Survivor From Warsaw, Op.46 (chorus and orchestra)c.The Rite of Springd.The FirebirdII, Match the names of Column A with the appropriate items of Column B.Part OneColumn A Column B1. Sophocles a. the founder of the inductive method2. Democritus b. Don Giovanni3. Virgil c. one of the earliest exponents of the atomictheory4. Thomas Aquinas d. a universal genius5. Da Vinci e. The Execution of the Third of May6. John Calvin f. Eugene Onegin7. Andreas Vesalius g. the Oedipus complex8. Giorgio Vasari h. The Aeneid9. Goya i. Fabrica10. Percy Bysshe Shelley j. Prometheus Unbound11. Alessandro Manzoni k. Critique of Pure Reason12. Aleksander Pushkin l. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs13. Immanuel Kant m. Encyclopédie14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau n. the first to use the term Renaissance15. René Descartes o. Institutes of the Christian Religion16. Francis Bacon p. the supreme figure in scholasticism17. Nicolaus Copernicus q. The Betrothed18. Jean Racin r. The Social Contract19. Diderot s. Phaèdra20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart t. the founder of analytical geometryPart TwoColumn A Column B1. Karl Marx a. Symphony in E Major(“From the NewWorld”)2. Charles Darwin b. The Portrait of A Lady3. Stendhal c. The Charterhouse of Parma4. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov d. The German Ideology5. George Bernard Shaw e. Remembrance of Things Past6. Henry James f. Catch-227. Édouard Manet g. The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems8. Auguste Rodin h. Man and Superman9. Antonín Dvorák i. The Thinker10. Joseph Conrad j. Symphony No.7 in C Major( Leningrad )11. William Butler Yeats k. Portrait of A Man Unknown12. William Faulkner l. Lord Jim13. Marcel Proust m. The Luncheon on the Grass14. Jack Kerouac n. On the Origin of Species15. Nathalie Sarraute o. As I Lay Dying16. Jean-Paul Sartre p. The Man in the Shell17. Joseph Heller r. Being and Nothingness18. Max Beckmann s. On the Road19. Pablo Picasso t. The Dream20. Dmitry Shostakovich q. Three DancersIII. Decide the following statements true or false.1. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.2.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measure of all things.”3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920.4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law inmany Western countries.5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them. Andbesides being profound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed little originality.6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to aweapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history,literature, philosophy and record of great minds8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in apopular form of Latin.9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. Theonly organization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism.10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whosework is generally considered orthodox.11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient timesand e ventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800.12.Dante’s the Divine Comedy while itself is the greatest Christian poem with aprofound vision of the medieval Christian world, expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.13.The Gothic style started in France, quickly spread through all parts of westernEurope and flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 17th .14.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it wasliterature and in England it was philosophy and drama.15.After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into being different formsof Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.16.Pierre de Ronsard wrote the first literary history criticism in the literary history ofFrance.17.Chritopher Columbus was discoverer of the New World and the Americancontinent was named after him.18.It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon inEngland and with René Descartes in France.19.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: “ I doubt, therefore I think: Ithink , therefore I am.”20.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramatic intensity andsentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color.21.The designing and building of St. Paul’s Cathedral is the landmark in Frencharchitecture.22.The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two 17th centuryEnglishmen Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton.23.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are knownas the Viennese School.24.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner,Verdi, Brahms, and Tchaikovsky.25.As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the laws。
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欧洲文化入门复习资料第七部分2006-4-28 16:6自考365社区【大中小】【我要纠错】第七章1、Romanticism名词解释Romanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement （狂飙运动）in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations （灵感）above those of society. As a reaction （反应）to the industrial revolution （工业革命），it looked to （承上启下）the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature （与大自然的直接接触）for inspiration （灵感）。
Romanticism gave impetus （动力支持）to the national liberation movement （民族解放运动）in 19th century Europe.2、The literary and philosophical trend （倾向）in the Romantic philosophywas represented by Transcendentalism.（先验论）3、the theoretical （理论上的）groundwork （基础）for capitalism was AdamSmith…s the wealth of Nations.4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出，惠特曼的草叶集也提到5、French revolution with its slogans （口号）of liberty （自由），equalityand universal brotherhood.6、Blake —→Songs of Innocence （清白之歌）happy world—→Songs of Experience （经验之歌）bitter world （苦涩）7、The Laker poets （The Lakers）①Wordsworth —→Lyrical Ballads （抒情民谣）与Coleridge 合写—→The Prelude （序曲）②Coleridge —→Kubla Khan （忽必烈汗）exotic culture （外来文化）—→The Rime of the ancient Mariner （古舟船泳）8、Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of the Romantic literature.9、Coleridge…s works possessed the characteristic of exotic culture. （外来文化）10、Byron —→Isles of Greece （希腊诸岛）—→Don Juan （唐璜）莫扎特改编成歌剧（选择）⊙Byron 是浪漫主义时期中国最熟悉的⊙两个战役hence （战役）the mention （提到的）of Marathon （马拉松）andThermopylae⊙Byronic hero 对中国影响最深的是鲁迅11、Byron created a typical hero which is call The Byronic hero.12、Byron mentioned two important wars of Marathon and Thermopylae inIsles of Greece.13、Byronic hero名词解释Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. The Byronic hero is characterized by bravery and hard working spirit，such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero.14、Shelly —→Ode to the West Wind （西风颂）（If Winter comes，can Springbe far behind？）—→Prometheus Unbound The Lyrical drama 抒情戏剧15、“If Winter comes，can Spring be far behind？” was written in Ode to theWest Wind by Shelly.16、Shelly wrote a Lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound which is a parodyPrometheus bound written by Aeschylus17、Keats —→Ode to a Nightingale （夜莺赋）—→Ode on a Grecian Urn （希腊古瓮颂）Beauty is truth，truth beauty.—→sonnets （伤籁十四行诗）只有真理才是永恒的美18、“Beauty is truth，truth beauty，”was written in Ode on a Grecian Urn byKeats.19、（略）Scott —→The Heart of Mid-lothian （密德罗安市的监狱）—→Ivanhoe （撒克逊劫后英雄传）20、The death of Scott marked the end of Romanticism in England. 他的死标志着浪漫主义结束21、Victor Hugo —→Cromwell （介于浪漫主义与古典主义之间）—→Notre Dame de Paris （巴黎圣母院）—→Les Miserables （悲惨世界）主人公：Jean Valjean22、Victor Hugo was a best representative writer of Romanticism in France.23、George Sand —→Indiana （印第安纳州）misunderstook woman没受到公正待遇的女性24、Russian Romantic literature was against The Tzarist rule.（沙皇统治）25、The representative writers of Russia Romanticism were Pushkin andLermontov.26、Pushkin —→Ruslan and Liudmila （罗斯兰与雷尔达米拉）与leaves of grass相似—→Boris Godunov （布达耶夫）It is people，not the Tzar that could change history.不是沙皇改变了历史而是人—→Eugene Onegin （奥涅金）based on Byron…s model Don Juan.⊙Pushkin was himself a “Byronic hero”27、Lermontov （雷蒙托夫）—→The death of a Poet 主人公（poet）是：Pushkin—→A Hero of Our Time （时代英雄）28、Romantic Music名词解释承前启后的年代音乐家是重点The Romantic Movement in music dominated （统治）the period about 1830 to about 1900. It was merely part of a general movement，which，all over Europe，especially in Germany and France，affected （感染着）all arts. The Romantic Music is divided into two periods：The early Romantic Music represented by Beethoven，Schubert，Chopin，Schumann，and the later Romantic Music represented by Brahms and Tchaikovsky.29、Beethoven —→Fate （命运交响曲）German —→Pastoral （田园交响曲）30、Beethoven…s most important contributions to the musical world were in those musical forms associated with （伴随着）the growth of the sonata.（把奏鸣曲放入钢琴去中）31、His treatment of the piano.32、Schubert —→Lied （art song）艺术歌曲是由Schubert创的Austrian （奥地利）Music came to him as naturally as breathing. （像呼吸一样顺畅）是形容Schubert的33、Chopin （肖邦）Polish （波兰）⊙piano music的奠基者⊙He stood in the same relation to piano music that handle did to the oratorio （清唱剧），Mozart to the concerto （协奏曲）and opera，Beethoven to the symphony （交响乐），and Schubert to the lied （艺术歌曲）。
34、Schumann German⊙His works were full of imagination. （充满幻想力）⊙He went a good deal further than most towards individualization （个性化）and program music （标题音乐）。