小托福阅读模拟测试练习题(附词汇难度解析)

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小托福考试阅读真题及训练方法分享

小托福考试阅读真题及训练方法分享小托福阅读对于中国考生来说是一个难题，很多考生在这里失去了宝贵的分数，其实考生可以通过练习小托福考试阅读真题，来提升自己的阅读能力，特此，小编给同学们整理了小托福考试阅读真题，大家赶快来看看吧！Passage Excerpt:段落摘录：“...In fact, what we perceive as taste often involves smell more than the tasteexperienced through the tongue. This is why foods with strong tastes often seembland to people who, due to a stuffy nose, cannot smell them.For example,cinnamon tastes quite mild to people who cannot enjoy its fragrant smell. Thesame is true of drinks, like hot coffee or tea, which taste best when they canbe smelled as well as tasted...?“...其实，我们认为味道往往涉及的味道比通过舌头经历的味道更多。

这就是为什么味道浓烈的食物往往会被那些由于鼻塞而闻不到的人所感染。

例如，肉桂味道对于不能闻到香味的人来说是相当温和的。

同样的饮料也是如此，比如热咖啡或者茶，当它们闻起来味道好时，它们的味道最好。

What does the author imply about cinnamon?作者对肉桂的含义是什么？(A) It can relieve a stuffy nose它可以缓解鼻塞(B) It can have a very strong taste它可以有一个非常强烈的味道(C) It should be kept in a cool place应该保存在阴凉的地方(D) It tastes better in large qunantities味道好多了答案：B福利：答案解析作者一开始提到，食物的气味会影响味道。

小托福阅读模拟练习题及词汇类型

小托福课堂 |小托福阅读模拟练习题及词汇类型TOEFL Junior，中文名称"初中托福"或者也叫"小托福"。

小托福考试中大家最关心的就是阅读题了，考生想要在小托福中取得高分，需要多多练习，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟练习题：材料分享：气象卫星在预报天气中所发挥的重要作用。

如今，许多国家的气象站都是在接收到卫星云图后，由气象学家进行研究分析，然后预报天气的。

在卫星的帮助下，人们可以预测未来三五天或更长时间内的天气状况。

Now satellites are helping to forecast(预报) the weather. They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world. The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere (大气), because this is where the weather forms (形成). They send these pictures to the weather stations. So meteorologists(气象学家) can see the weather of any part of the world. From the pictures, the scientists can often say how the weather will change.Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures. When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare them with earlier ones. Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours. This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too. In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this.So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists. Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24or 48 hours. Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days. Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead (提前).1. Satellites travel __________.A. in spaceB. above spaceC. above the groundD. in the atmosphere答案：A解析：本题属表层理解题。

小学托福测评试题及答案

小学托福测评试题及答案一、听力部分（共30分）（一）听录音，选择正确的图片。

每个录音将播放两遍。

（共5小题，每小题1分）1. A. B. C.2. A. B. C.3. A. B. C.4. A. B. C.5. A. B. C.（二）听录音，选择正确的答案。

每个录音将播放两遍。

（共5小题，每小题1分）6. What does the boy want to be when he grows up?A. A doctor.B. A teacher.C. A scientist.7. What is the weather like today?A. Sunny.B. Rainy.C. Cloudy.8. Who is Tom's best friend?A. Peter.B. Lucy.C. Kate.9. Where did the girl go last weekend?A. To the park.B. To the zoo.C. To the museum.10. What time does the train leave?A. At 7:30.B. At 8:00.C. At 8:30.（三）听录音，填入所缺的单词或短语。

每个录音将播放两遍。

（共5小题，每小题1分）11. Sam _______ basketball on the playground every afternoon.12. Linda is _______ a storybook in the library now.13. There are _______ seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.14. The _______ is bigger than the moon.15. My father usually _______ the newspaper after dinner.（四）听问句，选择正确的答句。

托福模拟考试及答案解析(11)

托福模拟考试及答案解析（11）(1~12/共51题)阅读理解THE TRICKSTER FIGURE IN MYTHOLOGY 1 In the study of mythology, the character known as the trickster is a god, spirit, human, or animal who breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously but usually with results that are positive. The rule breaking often takes the form of mischief or thievery. The trickster is usually male but occasionally disguises himself in female form. He can be cunning or foolish, or both, and often very humorous. His curiosity leads him into trouble, but he rescues himself with his sly wit. When he plays tricks, he performs important cultural tasks that benefit humans, and for this reason the trickster is a significant figure in world mythology.2 In different cultures, the trickster and the hero are combined in various ways. In Greek mythology, Prometheus steals fire from the gods and gives it to humans, a feat making him more of a hero than a trickster, and he is usually portrayed as an intellectual. In many Native American stories, Coyote also steals fire from the gods, but Coyote is usually more of a jokester or a prankster than an intellectual.3 The trickster is both creator and destroyer, giver and taker, one who tricks others and is tricked in return. The pranks of the trickster are compulsive and uncontrollable. He does not act consciously; he acts out of passion and impulse. He knows neither good nor evil, yet he is responsible for both. He possesses no morals, yet through his behavior morality comes into being. According to psychologist Carl Jung, the trickster is "a primitive cosmic being of divine-animal nature, on the one hand superior to man because of his superhuman qualities, and on the other hand inferior to him because of his unreason and unconsciousness."4 In Native American mythology, the majority of trickster myths concern the creation or transformation of the earth. Such stories have a trickster who is always wandering, who is always hungry, who is not guided by normal ideas of good and evil, and who possesses some magical powers. In some stories he is a deity, and in others he is an animal or human that is subject to death. Several of these myths feature Raven or Coyote as the trickster-hero.5 In many creation myths of the Pacific Northwest, Raven illustrates the transformational nature of tricksters. Raven is the greatest shapeshifter of all and can change into anything to get what he wants. In one story, there is darkness at the beginning of the world, so Raven decides he will find light. He flies far from the earth, searching in the darkness, until he spots a glimmer of light coming from a window in the house of the gods. Raven knows the gods are protective of their possessions, so he devises a trick. He perches on a pine branch next to the house and watches each day as the chief god's daughter draws water from a nearby lake. He magically transforms himself into a pinyon seed and falls into the girl's drinking cup. The girl swallows the seed, which grows within her body, and she eventually gives birth to a boy. The child delights his grandparents, and his laughter tricks the elder gods into revealing where they hide a shining ball of light. The gods give the child the ball to play with, and then Raven transforms back to a bird and flies off carrying the ball of light in his beak. He hangs the ball—the sun—in the sky, thereby bringing light to the world.6 Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles. In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death. He often teaches through negativeexample by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing. His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world. Coyote shows us that at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.Glossary:mischief: tendency to play tricks or cause minor troublethievery: the act of theft; stealingpinyon seed: the seed of a pine tree; pine nut第1题The word maliciously in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.destructivelyB.falselyC.bravelyD.mistakenly第2题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.In world mythology, every important aspect of human culture is the result of the trickster's behavior.B.The trickster develops human culture by tricking people into performing dangerous cultural tasks.C.When the trickster wants to be helpful, he devises a trick that will teach people what is important.D.The trickster is an important mythological character because his tricks contribute positively to human culture.第3题The author discusses Prometheus and Coyote in paragraph 2 in order toA.illustrate two different views of the trickster-heroB.explain how humans received the gift of fireC.argue that the trickster is an intellectual heroD.encourage readers to study world mythology第4题The word pranks in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.funny storiesplex plansC.mischievous actsD.divine traits第5题All of the following are traits of the trickster EXCEPTA.a desire to break the rulesB.the ability to disguise himselfC.superhuman powersD.awareness of good and evil第6题Native American stories with a trickster-hero are usually aboutA.the victory of good over evilB.the creation or transformation of the worldC.the struggle to control one's natureD.the punishment of humans by the gods第7题The word spots in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imaginesB.transformsC.locatesD.destroys第8题The author tells a story about Raven in which the tricksterA.gives humans the gift of fireB.changes into a young girlC.steals the sun from the godsD.causes a destructive flood第9题The word savior in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.one who wants total powerB.one who rescues others from harmC.one who causes terrible sufferingD.one who cares about only himself第10题It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which statement about the trickster?A.The trickster is responsible for many serious problems in the world today.B.The trickster shows us that there is no difference between good and evil.C.The trickster serves as an explanation for creation, change and renewal.D.The trickster teaches children that lying and stealing are acceptable behavior.第11题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Like Raven, Coyote is a master transformer whose mischievous power is responsible for events that benefit humanity.Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles.A In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death.B He often teaches through negative example by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing.C His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world.D Coyote shows usthat at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.第12题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the trickster that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. Answer ChoicesA. Introduces sickness, sorrow, and death to make life more interestingB. Transforms into various shapes to achieve his purposesC. Appears as an intellectual hero in stories of good and evilD. Creates a ball of silver light that becomes the moonE. Changes into a seed to gain entrance to the house of the godsF. Causes a great flood and then leads humans to a better worldG. Brings light to the world by playing a trick on the godsRaven●●●Coyote●●下一题(13~25/共51题)阅读理解DADA AND POP ART 1 Dada was a subversive movement in the arts that flourished mainly in France, Switzerland, and Germany from 1916 to 1923. Dada was based on the principles of deliberate irrationality, disorder, and anarchy. Dada protested all forms of authority and convention. It rejected laws of beauty and social organization and attempted to discover authentic reality through the destruction of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. In Dada there was only one rule: Never follow any established rules. There was no predominant medium; however, assemblage, collage, and photomontage were techniques frequently employed. Dadaist art was nonsensical, impulsive, and often playful. The movement's founders included the French artist Jean Arp and the writers Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball. At a meeting of young artists in 1916 in Zurich, one of them inserted a paper knife into a French-German dictionary. The knife pointed to the word dada, a French baby-talk word for a hobby-horse, which the group saw as an appropriate term for their anti-art.2 Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1913 created his first "ready-made," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—mades—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. In the United States themovement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.3 Fifty years after the Dadaists, another generation of artists reacted to the standards and values of society. However, instead &rejecting ordinary things, the young artists of the Pop movement of the 1960s embraced them. Pop artists were curious about the commercial media of ads, billboards, newsprint, television, and all aspects of popular culture. Thus, the barrier between "high" and "low" art collapsed, which the Dadaists had aimed for and the Pop artists attained with an energy not seen before.4 Pop art received its name from critic Lawrence Alloway, who considered Pop to be the culture of the mass media, photographs, and posters—a style that must be popular, transitory, and witty. The subject matter of Pop art was derivative, depicting something that had already been published or produced, such as comic strips, soft-drink bottles, and photographs of movie stars. Pop art caught on quickly; it was art about mass consumption that was eagerly consumed by the masses.5 The most popular of the Pop artists was the painter Roy Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein painted enlarged copies of the least "arty" things he could find: romance and adventure comic strips. He was the first American artist to react to comic strips, finding beauty in these crude designs, along with a distinct sense of style. Lichtenstein also painted other pictorial styles, including blowups of other artists' brushstrokes and parodies of Cubism and Art Deco.6 Andy Warhol, more than any other Pop artist, took on the mind-numbing overload of American mass culture. Warhol began his career as a commercial illustrator, and in 1962 he had his first exhibition in an art gallery, where he showed his 32 Campbell's Soup Cans. The thirty-two soup cans are about sameness: same brand, same size, same paint surface, and same fame. They mimic the condition of mass advertising. All of Warhol's work flowed from one central insight: mass culture is filled with images that become meaningless by being repeated again and again, and in this glut of information is a role for art. Warhol felt this and embodied it. He conveyed a collective state of mind in which celebrity—a famous brand name or the image of a famous person—had completely replaced sacredness in art.Glossary:aesthetic: relating to beauty; artistic第13题According to the passage, the main goal of the Dada movement was toA.stimulate public interest in artB.change the goals of art educationC.destroy traditional standards of artD.make mass media the subject of art第14题The author mentions a hobby-horse in paragraph 1 in order toA.explain the origin of the name "Dada"B.illustrate how Dadaists created artpare art to a children's gameD.give an example of a "ready-made"第15题According to the passage, one way in which the Dadaists mocked society was byA.refusing to fight in the First World WarB.writing plays about social classing "found" objects in works of artD.criticizing the commercial media第16题The word forerunner in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.leading writerB.earliest artistC.main criticD.fastest runner第17题The passage gives all of the following as examples of "ready-mades" EXCEPTA.a bicycle wheelB.a bottle rackC.a soup canD.a comb第18题The word embraced in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.mockedB.ignoredC.welcomedD.defended第19题It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the Pop artistsA.reacted against the Dada movementB.were more popular than the DadaistsC.criticized art for being too commercialD.succeeded in changing ideas about art第20题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Pop art could be produced and consumed more quickly than any other mass media.B.The public enthusiastically accepted Pop art, which portrayed commercial culture.C.The mass media quickly reached large audiences, thus influencing attitudes about art.rge numbers of people bought Pop art, even though they could not understand it.第21题Which artist created works based on other styles and the work of other artists?A.Marcel Duchampwrence AllowayC.Roy LichtensteinD.Andy Warhol第22题The phrase took on in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.hatedB.was afraid ofC.inventedD.responded to第23题The word glut in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.excessB.definitionC.fearD.absence第24题. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Whereas the visual arts had previously ignored current events, Dadaists reacted to the crisis and accused society of allowing it to happen.Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. A Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. B The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1 9 1 3 created his first "readymade," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—made—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. C The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. D In the United States the movement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.A.AB.BC.CD.D第25题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the art movement that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer ChoicesA. Reflected the mass media of advertising, newsprint, and televisionB. Was an anti-art movement in the visual arts, literature and musicC. Focused on transitory impressions and the changing effects of lightD. Depicted things that had already been produced in other mediaE. Originated as a protest against the First World WarF. Found beauty in comic strips and other images from popular cultureG. Emphasized the act of creating art over the finished work of artH. Used "found" objects and "ready-mades" in works of artI. Created art out of famous brand names and images of famous peopleDada●●●Pop Art●●●●上一题下一题(26~38/共51题)阅读理解DEFORESTATION IN NORTH AMERICA 1 The land area of the United States and Canada is just over 4.8 billion acres. When large numbers of Europeans began to arrive in the eighteenth century, almost one-third of that area was covered with old-growth forests. In the eastern half of the continent, nearly 90 percent of the land was thick with forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory. By the end of the nineteenth century, after several decades of intensive deforestation, only half of the original forests remained.2 During the first two centuries of European colonization, settlement was concentrated along the East Coast, having almost no effect on the vast forests covering the continent. Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture expanded and settlers began to move westward in search of land for new farms. Land for agriculture came almost exclusively from clearing forests. The demand for farmland and timber continued to soar, and by 1850, more than 100 million acres of old-growth forest had been cut or burned off in the Northeast, the Southeast, the Great Lakes region, and along the St. Lawrence River.3 Along with agriculture, industrialization was a major cause of deforestation. The Industrial Revolution was fueled by North America's abundance of wood, as iron makers relied on charcoal, or charred wood, to fire their furnaces. Hardwoods such as oak produced the best charcoal, which charcoal burners made by slowly burning logs in kilns until they were reduced to concentrated carbon. It took eight tons of wood to make two tons of charcoal to smelt one ton of iron. Thus, the toll on the forests was high, as countless acres were cut to feed the furnaces of the iron industry.4 The transportation technology of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to deforestation. The river steamboats that came into operation after 1830 had a voracious appetite for wood. To keep their wheels turning, steamboats typically took on fuel twice a day. The wood was supplied by thousands of "wood hawks" along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi with stacks of cut firewood. Annual consumption of wood on riverboats continued to increase until 1865. Consequently, river valleys that had the heaviest traffic were stripped of their forests.5 After 1860, immigration and westward expansion surged, and railroads swept over the continent. Clean-burning hardwood was the preferred fuel of the "iron horses," which required the cutting of 215,000 acres of woodland to stay in operation for one year. Not only did wood fuel the steam engines, but enormous amounts of oak and locust also went into the manufacture of railcars, ties, fencing, bridges, and telegraph poles. Railroads in the United States and Canada stretched from coast to coast by 1885, and each additional mile of railroad meant at least two more miles of fencing and 2,500 ties.6 Other major consumers of forest products included ordinary homeowners. More than four out of five of the houses constructed in the early nineteenth century—from log cabins to clapboard cottages—were built mainly of wood and roofed with wooden shingles. All were filled with wooden furniture. Two-thirds of all households in North America were heated by open, wood-burning fireplaces, and it took between 10 and 20 acres of forest to keep a single fireplace burning for one year.7 Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet. This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market. These innovations had their greatest impact on the Great Lakes region. By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第26题The word thick in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.flatB.denseC.humidD.open第27题What point does the author make about deforestation in North America?A.It occurred mostly within a single century.B.It changed how people thought about trees.C.It provided jobs in several related industries.D.It caused an economic crisis in two countries.第28题According to the passage, all of the following contributed to deforestation EXCEPTA.the expansion of agricultureB.an increase in forest firesC.the use of charcoal as a fuelD.steamboat transportation第29题Why does the author use the word toll in discussing the iron industry in paragraph 3?A.To show that the process of smelting iron was expensiveB.To illustrate the impact of forest fires on the iron industryC.To point out that the iron industry had to pay high taxesD.To emphasize that large areas of woodland were eliminated第30题The word voracious in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.varyingB.greedyC.strangeD.moderate第31题The phrase "wood hawks" in paragraph 4 describesA.a type of riverboatB.a species of treeC.people who sold woodrge woodland birds第32题The word surged in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.stoppedpetedC.fluctuatedD.increased第33题It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that "iron horses" wereA.machines that made ties and fencingB.railroad company executivesC.steam engines that moved trainsD.animals that helped build railroads第34题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Most of the houses in the nineteenth century were log cabins or clapboard cottages with simple roofs.B.There were four or five main house styles in the early nineteenth century, and all were built of wood.C.In the nineteenth century, wood construction was popular because wood could be used in a number of ways.D.Wood was the primary construction material of the vast majority of houses built in the early nineteenth century.第35题It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that in the early nineteenth centuryA.wooden houses were more popular than they are todayB.the construction industry dominated the economyC.more people owned homes than they do todayD.home heating was a major reason for cutting trees第36题According to paragraph 7, the tremendous increase in the production of lumber was primarily due toA.the availability of landB.an increase in the labor supplyC.innovations in technologyD.timber industry leadership第37题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?No other industry or consumer of wood could match the timber industry itself for the exploitation of North America's forests.A Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet.B This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market.C These innovations had their greatest impact in the Great Lakes region.D By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第38题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors contributed to the deforestation of North America in the nineteenth century.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Dense forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory covered most of the eastern half of the continent.B. Several million acres of forest were cut to meet the growing population's demand for farmland and wood.C. The iron, steamboat, railroad, and construction industries required huge amounts of wood.D. Each mile of railroad required two miles of fencing and 2,500 ties, which were made of oak and locust.E. After 1890, the timber industry moved into the West and South, cutting another 125 million acres of forest.F. Innovations in the timber industry greatly increased wood production but led to the depletion of forests.上一题下一题(39~51/共51题)阅读理解THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION 1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago. Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population. A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are deprived of sleep because they work toohard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.2 Studies show that the brain is adversely affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subject's brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in others. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjects who had gone for prolonged periods with no sleep.3 Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment—thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.05 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.4 There are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills and judgment. Drivers who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, may take unnecessary risks, or may express rage toward other drivers. These dangers affect not only drivers but also people who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel and other emergency workers. The dangers of sleep deprivation go far beyond the obvious risks and can, in fact, undermine all areas of an individual's physical and mental health.5 Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making an individual more prone to diseases such as the common cold and diabetes. Without sleep, the number of disease-fighting white blood cells within the body decreases, as does the activity of the remaining white blood cells. Sleep deprivation has been linked to a decrease in the body's production of hormones such as insulin. Results of a recent study suggested that healthy young adults who regularly got under 6.5 hours of sleep a night had greater insulin resistance than people who got 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sleep. Insulin resistance is a silent condition in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present. Thus, the muscle and liver cells cannot metabolize the sugar called glucose. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, setting the stage for diabetes and heart disease.。

托福模拟试题题型及答案

托福模拟试题题型及答案一、听力部分1. 根据所听对话，选择正确的答案。

A. 学生在图书馆寻找资料。

B. 学生在食堂讨论课程。

C. 学生在办公室咨询教授。

答案：A2. 根据所听讲座，以下哪项是教授提到的主要观点？A. 气候变化对农业的影响。

B. 城市化进程中的环境问题。

C. 科技发展对教育的影响。

答案：B二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下段落，选择最佳标题。

"In recent years, the advancement of technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. The internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, providing us with a wealth of resources and opportunities."A. The Impact of Technology on Daily LifeB. The History of the InternetC. The Benefits of Online Resources答案：A2. 根据文章内容，以下哪个选项是作者支持的观点？A. 社交媒体对青少年有害。

B. 社交媒体是现代社会不可或缺的一部分。

C. 社交媒体应该受到更严格的监管。

答案：B三、口语部分1. 描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。

参考答案：我最喜欢的季节是秋天。

秋天的天气凉爽宜人，树叶的颜色变化多端，给人一种宁静和舒适的感觉。

此外，秋天也是收获的季节，我喜欢看到田野里金黄色的麦浪。

2. 讨论科技在教育中的作用。

参考答案：科技在教育中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

它不仅提高了教学效率，还为学生提供了丰富的学习资源。

例如，在线课程和教育软件可以帮助学生随时随地学习，而互动白板则可以提高课堂的互动性。

小托福阅读模拟测试题分享(附备考词汇)

小托福阅读模拟测试题分享（附备考词汇）阅读作为小托福不容忽视的一部分内容，考生需要多多练习来提高自己的阅读能力!下文提供的就是小托福阅读模拟测试题及词汇，考生们快来练习下吧~——小托福阅读模拟测试题阅读材料：A simple piece of clothesline hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and their neighbors.On one side stand those who see clothes dryers (干衣机) as a waste of energy and a major polluter of the environment. As a result, they are turning to clotheslines as part of the “what-I-can-do environmentalism (环境保护主义).”On the other side are people who are against drying clothes outside, arguing that clotheslines are unpleasant to look at. They have persuaded Homeowners Associations (HOAs) access the U.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, because clothesline drying also tends to lower home value in the neighborhood. This has led to a Right-to-Dry Movement that is calling for laws to be passed to protect people’s right to use clotheslines.So far, only three states have laws to protect clothesline. Right-to-Dry supporters argue that there should be more.Matt Reck, 37, is the kind of eco-conscious (有生态意识的) person who feeds his trees with bathwater and reuses water drops from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But on July 9, 2007, the HOA in Wake Forest, North Carolina, told him that a dissatisfied neighbor had telephoned them about his clothesline. The Recks paid no attention to the warning and still dried their clothes on a line in the yard. “Many people say they are environmentally friendly but they don’t take matters into their own hands,” says Reck. The local HOA has decided not to take any action, unless more neighbors come to them.North Carolina lawmakers are saying that banning clotheslines is not the right thing to do. But HOAs and housing businesses believe that clothesline drying reminds people of poor neighborhoods. They worry that if buyers think their future neighbors can’t even afford dryers, housing prices will fall.Environmentalists say such worries are not necessary, and in view of global warming, that idea needs to change. As they say, “The clothesline is beautiful. Hanging clothes outside should be encouraged. We all have to do at least something to slow down the process of global warming.”阅读赏析：这篇阅读理解的主题非常有趣，切入角度很独特：我们是否应该立法禁止用晾衣绳来晾晒衣服。

托福模拟考试及答案解析(12)

托福模拟考试及答案解析（12）(1~14/共54题)阅读理解Neutron StarsWhile the largest star known to man is roughly 2,000 times the diameter of the Earth's sun, there are also stars so tiny that they are no larger than a small metropolitan area. These are neutron stars. A neutron star is extremely dense and is essentially the corpse of a giant star which collapsed after going supernova. Despite its small size, a neutron star has a mass greater than one and a half times that of the sun, is among the hottest stars in the galaxy, and has one of the strongest magnetic fields of any object in existence. Whenever a neutron star forms, it begins spinning rapidly, which causes the electromagnetic energy it emits to appear to blink, or pulse, to observers on the Earth. Astronomers call these spinning, blinking neutron stars pulsars.A star must reach a certain size—roughly four to eight times the size of the sun—to be able to form a neutron star. Stars smaller than that typically become white dwarfs when they collapse while those larger than that normally transform into black holes upon collapsing. The formation of a neutron star occurs when a supernova destroys a star's outer layer yet leaves the dense core intact. The center of the star is usually comprised of iron, but other elements may be present in smaller amounts. With the star's outer layers gone, nuclear fusion is no longer possible, which results in gravity having no counterbalancing outward force. Therefore, gravity acts strongly on the core and makes it extremely dense. As this density grows in strength, the electrons and protons in the core's atoms are forced together to form a core of neutrons and neutrinos. The neutron star forms a structure with different layers, much like other bodies in the universe. If the neutron star is relatively young, it is still very hot, so its surface may be more liquid than solid while its inner core is much denser and more solidified.A neutron star's temperature is at its height soon after its birth, but the star gradually begins cooling off as it becomes older on account of the loss of neutrinos, which start flying off the star as soon as it is created. Over time, these neutrinos carry away a great amount of the star's energy, so its temperature falls to a level approximately half of what it was at its genesis. Nevertheless, even after this loss of temperature, a neutron star ranks as one of the hottest stars in the universe. In addition, when it forms, a neutron star spins at an extremely high rate—somewhere between sixty and 600 times per second. This high rotation is explained by the law of conservation of angular momentum, which points out that an object rotates at a faster rate the more it is drawn in on itself. This is similar to the way that a figure skater begins spinning faster the moment that she pulls her arms toward her body.The extreme density of a neutron star creates a very strong electromagnetic field, which is most often observed in the X-ray band. This magnetic field is aligned along a different axis than the spinning motion of the star, so it is like a lighthouse beam rotating in space. If the star is aligned in the right way with the Earth, astronomers using radio telescope arrays can observe this spinning magnetic field. Astronomer Jocelyn Bell first observed this phenomenon in 1967, and such stars were soon called pulsars. Most pulsars emit electromagnetic energy in the X-ray band, but some emit it in the visible light band as well as the gamma ray band.These observations led to the discovery of more neutron stars—almost all of them pulsars—in the following decades. Some are called millisecond pulsars because of the fact that they rotate as many as 700 times per second. At present, astronomers have discovered nearly 2,000 neutron stars; however, it is believed that the number of neutron stars is far greater since all of themcannot be observed from the Earth because their rotating magnetic fields are misaligned with the planet. In addition, as neutron stars age, the speed of their rotation decelerates, preventing them from being discovered as easily as more swiftly rotating neutron stars.*Glossarynuclear fusion: a reaction in which the nuclei of light atoms unite to form the nuclei of heavier atomsneutrino: a massless or nearly massless lepton, an elementary type of particlemillisecond: one thousandth of a second第1题Neutron StarsWhile the largest star known to man is roughly 2,000 times the diameter of the Earth's sun, there are also stars so tiny that they are no larger than a small metropolitan area. These are neutron stars. A neutron star is extremely dense and is essentially the corpse of a giant star which collapsed after going supernova. Despite its small size, a neutron star has a mass greater than one and a half times that of the sun, is among the hottest stars in the galaxy, and has one of the strongest magnetic fields of any object in existence. Whenever a neutron star forms, it begins spinning rapidly, which causes the electromagnetic energy it emits to appear to blink, or pulse, to observers on the Earth. Astronomers call these spinning, blinking neutron stars pulsars.The word corpse in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.kernelB.bodyC.propellantD.remains第2题In paragraph 1, all of the following questions are answered EXCEPT: ______A.What causes a pulsar to behave in its particular manner?B.What are some of the unique features possessed by a neutron star?C.For what reason do some giant stars suddenly become supernovas?D.How much bigger than the Earth's sun is the biggest known star in the galaxy?第3题A star must reach a certain size—roughly four to eight times the size of the sun—to be able to form a neutron star. Stars smaller than that typically become white dwarfs when they collapse while those larger than that normally transform into black holes upon collapsing. The formation of a neutron star occurs when a supernova destroys a star's outer layer yet leaves the dense core intact. The center of the star is usually comprised of iron, but other elements may be present in smaller amounts. With the star's outer layers gone, nuclear fusion is no longer possible, which results in gravity having no counterbalancing outward force. Therefore, gravity acts strongly on the core and makes it extremely dense. As this density grows in strength, the electrons and protons in the core's atoms are forced together to form a core of neutrons and neutrinos. The neutron star forms a structure with different layers, much like other bodies in the universe. If the neutron star is relatively young, it is still very hot, so its surface may be more liquid than solid while its inner core is much denser and more solidified.*Glossarynuclear fusion: a reaction in which the nuclei of light atoms unite to form the nuclei of heavieratomsneutrino: a massless or nearly massless lepton, an elementary type of particleThe word counterbalancing in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.acceleratingB.offsettingC.viableD.positional第4题In paragraph 2, the author implies that the Earth's sun ______A.is probably going to become a pulsar billions of years in the futureB.has a core that is comprised of iron and other similar heavy elementscks the size that is necessary for it to become a supernovaD.will stop undergoing nuclear fusion at some time in the future第5题According to paragraph 2, a neutron star is very compact because of ______A.the manner in which gravity affects itB.the various layers that are found in itC.the actions of the protons and neutrons in its atomsD.the lack of nuclear fusion in its core第6题A neutron star's temperature is at its height soon after its birth, but the star gradually begins cooling off as it becomes older on account of the loss of neutrinos, which start flying off the star as soon as it is created. Over time, these neutrinos carry away a great amount of the star's energy, so its temperature falls to a level approximately half of what it was at its genesis. Nevertheless, even after this loss of temperature, a neutron star ranks as one of the hottest stars in the universe. In addition, when it forms, a neutron star spins at an extremely high rate—somewhere between sixty and 600 times per second. This high rotation is explained by the law of conservation of angular momentum, which points out that an object rotates at a faster rate the more it is drawn in on itself. This is similar to the way that a figure skater begins spinning faster the moment that she pulls her arms toward her body.The word genesis in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.varianceB.averageC.appearanceD.birth第7题In paragraph 3, why does the author mention a figure skater? ______A.To argue that astronomers do not fully understand the actions of neutron starsB.To make a comparison between the actions of that individual and a neutron starC.To provide a mathematical proof of the law of conservation of angular momentumD.To explain why neutron stars do not always rotate at such great speeds第8题According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of a neutron star? ______A.The constant loss of neutrinos is what induces the star to spin at such an extremely fast rate.B.Even though it can gain energy over the course of its life, it will never attain the high temperatures it initially had.C.Despite seeing its temperature decrease by half, it is still hotter than almost anything else in the universe.D.It can rotate at speeds much greater than planets, moons, asteroids, or other celestial bodies can achieve.第9题The extreme density of a neutron star creates a very strong electromagnetic field, which is most often observed in the X-ray band. This magnetic field is aligned along a different axis than the spinning motion of the star, so it is like a lighthouse beam rotating in space. If the star is aligned in the right way with the Earth, astronomers using radio telescope arrays can observe this spinning magnetic field. Astronomer Jocelyn Bell first observed this phenomenon in 1967, and such stars were soon called pulsars. Most pulsars emit electromagnetic energy in the X-ray band, but some emit it in the visible light band as well as the gamma ray band.The word it in the passage refers to ______A.this magnetic fieldB.a different axisC.the spinning motionD.the star第10题In paragraph 4, the author's description of pulsars mentions which of the following? ______A.The individual credited with identifying their unique behaviorB.The strength that their electromagnetic fields can attainC.The reason that they emit energy on up to three different bandsD.The manner in which people on the Earth can identify them by using telescopes第11题These observations led to the discovery of more neutron stars—almost all of them pulsars—in the following decades. Some are called millisecond pulsars because of the fact that they rotate as many as 700 times per second. At present, astronomers have discovered nearly 2,000 neutron stars; however, it is believed that the number of neutron stars is far greater since all of them cannot be observed from the Earth because their rotating magnetic fields are misaligned with the planet. In addition, as neutron stars age, the speed of their rotation decelerates, preventing them from being discovered as easily as more swiftly rotating neutron stars.*Glossarymillisecond: one thousandth of a secondWhich of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about millisecond pulsars? ______A.Most of the pulsars that have been discovered are millisecond pulsars.B.Astronomers believe there are at least 2,000 of them in the Earth's galaxy.C.They rotate at such quick speeds because their magnetic fields are misaligned.D.They are a rare kind of neutron star that rotate faster than normal.第12题Select the TWO answer choices from paragraph 5 that identify why astronomers have difficulty finding pulsars. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers. ______A.They are hidden behind larger stars so cannot be seen from the Earth.B.The slowness of their rotation makes them hard to identify.C.Their magnetic fields do not line up properly with the Earth.D.They pulse on the X-ray band, which makes them difficult to see.第13题A star must reach a certain size—roughly four to eight times the size of the sun—to be able to form a neutron star. Stars smaller than that typically become white dwarfs when they collapse while those larger than that normally transform into black holes upon collapsing. The formation of a neutron star occurs when a supernova destroys a star's outer layer yet leaves the dense core intact. The center of the star is usually comprised of iron, but other elements may be present in smaller amounts. ❶With the star's outer layers gone, nuclear fusion is no longer possible, which results in gravity having no counterbalancing outward force. ❷ Therefore, gravity acts strongly on the core and makes it extremely dense. ❸As this density grows in strength, the electrons and protons in the core's atoms are forced together to form a core of neutrons and neutrinos. ❹The neutron star forms a structure with different layers, much like other bodies in the universe. If the neutron star is relatively young, it is still very hot, so its surface may be more liquid than solid while its inner core is much denser and more solidified.*Glossarynuclear fusion: a reaction in which the nuclei of light atoms unite to form the nuclei of heavier atomsneutrino: a massless or nearly massless lepton, an elementary type of particleLook at the four squares [●] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This is the reason that the star has gotten its particular name.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [●] to add the sentence to the passage.第14题Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on VIEW TEXT.While neutron stars are small, they are both very dense and hot, and they blink on account of their rapid spinning.图片ANSWER CHOICES①Only stars of a particular size will ever become neutron stars when their lives come to an end.②Astronomers have only identified around 2,000 neutron stars because of the difficulty involved in finding them.③A neutron star forms when a star larger than the Earth's sun becomes a supernova but keeps its core intact.④Some neutron stars spin very quickly, and the resultant blinking can be seen from the Earth at times.⑤Neutron stars have only been known about since 1967, when an astronomer first noticed one of them.⑥The force of gravity makes neutron stars quite dense, and their temperature remains very high over the course of their lives.下一题(15~28/共54题)阅读理解FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TIDES 1 Tides are a natural phenomenon involving the alternating rise and fall in the earth's large bodies of water caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and the sun. The combination of these two variable forces produces the complex recurrent cycle known as the astronomical tides. Tides occur in oceans and seas, to a limited extent in large lakes and the atmosphere, and, to a very minute degree, in the earth's solid crust.2 The force that generates tides is the interaction of two different forces: the gravitational attraction of the moon acting upon the earth's waters and the centrifugal force produced by the revolution of the earth around the center of gravity of the earth-moon system. Although the moon is only 384,395 kilometers from the earth, compared with the sun's much greater distance of 149,598,181 kilometers, the moon's closer distance outranks its much smaller mass, and thus the moon's tide-raising force is twice more than that of the sun.3 The tide-generating forces of the moon and sun cause a maximum accumulation of the ocean waters at two opposite positions on the earth's surface. This means that at any given time there are two high tides on the planet. One is the direct tide on the side facing the moon; the other is the indirect tide on the opposite side. At the same time these two high tides occur, compensating amounts of water are drawn from all points that are 90 degrees away from these bulges. As the earth rotates, a sequence of two high tides and two low tides is produced each day. Successive high tides occur about 12.4 hours apart. The direct high tide at any given location occurs when the moon is overhead; low tide occurs when the moon is at either horizon.4 The highest and lowest levels of high tide, called spring tide and neap tide, each occurs twice in every lunar month of about 27.5 days. A spring tide occurs at the new moon and at the full moon, when the moon and earth are aligned with the sun, and thus the moon's pull is reinforced by the sun's pull. At spring tide, the difference between high and low tides is the greatest. A neap tide, the lowest level of high tide, occurs when the sun-to-earth direction is at right angles to the moon-to-earth direction. When this happens, the gravitational forces of the moon and sun counteract each other; thus, the moon's pull is at minimum strength, and the difference between high and low tides is the least. Spring and neap tides at any given location have a range of about 20 percent more or less, respectively, than the average high tide.5 The vertical range of tides—the difference between high and low—varies according to the size, surface shape, and bottom topography of the basin in which tidal movement occurs. Typically, the tidal range in the open ocean is less than it is near the coasts. For example, in the open water of the central Pacific, the range is no more than 0.3 meters, but in the relatively small, shallow North Sea, it is about 3.6 meters. Along the narrow channel of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, the difference between high and low tides may reach 16 meters under spring tide conditions—the world's widest tidal range. At New Orleans, which is at the mouth of the Mississippi River, the periodic rise and fall of the tides varies with the river's stage, being about 0.24 meters at low stage and zero at high stage. In every case, actual high or low tide can vary considerably from the average.6 Several physical factors influence tidal ranges, such as abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure, prolonged periods of extreme high or low pressure, the density and volume of seawater, and variations in ocean-current velocities. Any of these factors alone can alter sea level; however,in combination with earthquakes, hurricanes, or other phenomena, they are particularly forceful. Hurricane winds, for instance, can heap ocean water into powerful storm surges that increase the impact of the astronomical tides. When a storm surge coincides with the astronomical high tide, the resulting storm tide may reach up to six meters or more above the normal high tide. The greater and more rapid the change of water level, the greater the erosive effect of the tidal action. Currents created by storm tides combine with the waves to erode beaches, coastal highways, and foundations of buildings.第15题The word recurrent in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.repeatingB.mysteriousC.simultaneousD.interrupted第16题The force that controls tides on the earth isA.the gravitational pull of the planet's coreB.the same force that generates tides on the moonC.abrupt changes in atmospheric pressureD.a combination of gravity and centrifugal force第17题According to the passage, the moonA.has a greater density than the sunB.is closer to the sun than the earth isC.exerts a gravitational pull on the sunD.affects tides more than the sun does第18题The word bulges in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.currentsB.intervalsC.increasesD.waves第19题What can be inferred from paragraph 3?A.The direct high tide is higher than the indirect high tide.B.When it is high tide in some places, it is low tide in other places.C.When the moon is directly overhead, the water is at its lowest level.D.At any given location, low tide occurs about 12 hours after high tide.第20题A spring tide occurs at the time of the lunar month whenA.the moon's gravitational pull is at its strongestB.the moon appears as a crescent or half-circleC.the sun does not exert any gravitational forceD.the vertical range of the tides is very narrow第21题The word counteract in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.enhanceB.signalC.opposeD.avoid第22题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The spring tide anywhere is around 20 percent higher than the normal high tide; the neap tide is 20 percent lower.B.In some places, there has been a 20 percent change in the number of spring tides and neap tides.C.If the location of a spring tide is known, then a neap tide in the same location will be 20 percent less.D.The spring tide in one location is always 20 higher than the neap tide in another location.第23题The author mentions the Bay of Fundy in paragraph 5 in order topare the Bay of Fundy with larger bodies of waterB.explain why a narrow channel is dangerous for shipsC.give the most extreme example of a tidal rangeD.show how rivers can affect the rise and fall of tides第24题The word prolonged in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.extendedB.surprisingC.predictedD.dangerous第25题All of the following are mentioned as influences on the vertical range of tides EXCEPTA.the size and shape of the water surfaceB.sudden changes in atmospheric pressureC.rising levels of ocean water pollutionD.abnormal water levels due to storms第26题In paragraph 6 the author makes the point thatA.spring tides and storm surges are interrelatedB.storms enhance the height and strength of tidesC.ocean currents rarely change in speed or directionD.the greatest impact on tides is global warming第27题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?This abnormal rise in water level can cause extreme flooding and erosion in coastal areas.Several physical factors influence tidal ranges, such as abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure, prolonged periods of extreme high or low pressure, the density and volume of seawater, and variations in ocean-current velocities. A Any of these factors alone can alter sea level; however, in combination with earthquakes, hurricanes, or other phenomena, they are particularly forceful. B Hurricane winds, for instance, can heap ocean water into powerful storm surges that increase the impact of the astronomical tides. C When a storm surge coincides with the astronomical high tide, the resulting storm tide may reach up to six meters or more above the normal high tide. D The greater and more rapid the change of water level, the greater the erosive effect of the tidal action. Currents created by storm tides combine with the waves to erode beaches, coastal highways, and foundations of buildings.第28题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors influence tides, the alternating rise andfall in the earth's large bodies of water.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Tides occur in the earth's atmosphere and within the earth itself.B. Humans have always been interested in the moon's influence on tides.C. The combined gravitational forces of the moon and the sun produce the cycle of tides.D. The level of the high tide varies throughout the lunar month.E. The stage of the Mississippi River determines the level of tides at New Orleans.F. The character of the basin and various physical phenomena affect the vertical range of tides.上一题下一题(29~40/共54题)阅读理解POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a monarch, whose fight to rule is generally hereditary and lifelong. At the start of the twentieth century, monarchs ruled over most of the world, but by the middle of the century, only a handful remained. A series of revolutions in the preceding centuries had weakened the European monarchies, and while monarchs remained symbols of national unity, real power had passed to constitutional assemblies. Monarchy survived as a form in Europe only where the king or queen functioned as the symbolic head of a parliamentary state, as in Britain, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia. It lasted longer in the few small states of Asia and Africa that had never come under direct colonial rule. By the 1960s, autocratic monarchy had become an outdated form of government. Throughout most of the world, people were considered citizens, not subjects, and the totality of the people were seen as constituting the state.2 In most states where monarchical authority was removed, some form of liberal democracy took its place. A liberal democracy is a state where political authority rests in the people acting through elected representatives and where an elected executive is responsible to the will of thepeople as a whole. The term applies to a broad group of states with a parliamentary or representative political tradition. Liberal democracies differ from the communist states known as people's democracies, in which the Communist party holds the ultimate authority. Generally, liberal democracies follow the parliamentary pattern, with the executive power vested in a cabinet responsible to the parliament and drawn from the majority party or combination of parties. In the United States, an independently elected executive, the president, functions separately from the legislative authority, the congress.3 The doctrine that all of the people had effective authority, or sovereignty, became the basis for the functioning of democratic states. This doctrine of popular sovereignty became all-inclusive as citizenship rights were extended to classes formerly excluded and to women. The liberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect of human life according to the will of the people, except where limits on state control were directly stated in a bill of rights in a democratic constitution and recognized in practice.4 All democratic states, both parliamentary and presidential, changed in form during the twentieth century. To meet the needs of an urban industrial society, states generally enlarged their scope of activity to control economic power and to provide common services to the people. The expansion of state activity and extension of state services involved a new view of legislation and its role in society. The passing of laws came to be seen as a way to promote the well being of the people. With this new concept of legislation, the number of new laws increased immensely, particularly in the areas of social welfare, education, health and safety, and economic development.5 The trend toward liberal democracy continued throughout the century, but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival of authoritarian rule. In a number of states, democratic governments could not cope with the crises of the time. In these cases, some form of totalitarian dictatorship emerged, replacing popular sovereignty with the total power of the state. In some instances, monarchy gave way directly to dictatorship. In others, dictatorial regimes took over democratically organized states, notably in Eastern Europe in the years between the two world wars, in new states of Asia and Africa in the 1950s, and sporadically in Central and South America.6 Authoritarian governments showed three principal characteristics. First, there was a head of state or leader with exceptional powers, with a party to support him. Second, the legislative body was elected by a system that prohibited parties opposed to the regime, and third, there was a bureaucratic administration that was in no way subject to popular control. The most extreme position on these points was taken by Hitler's totalitarian National Socialist State in the 1930s.第29题What point does the author make about monarchs in the twentieth century?A.Monarchs did not allow the people to vote in democratic elections.B.Monarchs did not have real power but were symbols of national unity.C.The monarch in most countries was a king rather than a queen.D.Monarchs were responsible for starting many popular revolutions.第30题The word survived in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.remainedB.developed。

托福阅读考试模拟试题附答案

托福阅读考试模拟试题附答案2017年托福阅读考试模拟试题附答案读书忌死读，死读钻牛角。

下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年托福阅读考试模拟试题附答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “color –adding” or “color” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post-event evaluation. Color commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, un seen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen…and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar notonly in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Anot her example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the li stener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.1.Which of the following statements is true of color commentary?A.It narrates the action of the event in real time, using the present tense.B.It is a monologue given to an audience that does not respond to the speaker.C.It is steady and fluent because it must keep up with the action of the event.D.It gives background on the event, and interprets and evaluates the event.2.Why does the author quote a linguist in paragraph 2?A.To describe the uniqueness of radio play-by-playB.To show how technical sports commentary isC.To give examples of play-by-play commentaryD.To criticize past trends in sports commentary3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author mostlikely agrees with which of the following statements about sports commentary?A.Color commentary is more important than play-by-play commentaryB.Sports commentators do not need special knowledge of the sport.mentary enhances the excitement and enjoyment of sports.D.Sports commentators should work hard to improve their grammar.答案:1. D2. A3.C。

小托福考试阅读模拟题及备考技巧分享

小托福考试阅读模拟题及备考技巧分享在小托福考试中，阅读是考生最容易得分的部分了。

因此，考生一定要多多练习，以下为考生分享的就是小托福考试阅读模拟题和备考技巧了，一起来涨知识吧!——小托福考试阅读模拟题：阅读材料（Reading material）：Can you remember the first time you learned to ride a bike or drive a car? Learning these skills changed your life forever and opened up new horizons. Learning about computers can be like learning how to ride a bike or drive a car. Once you have invested the time to master the skills, you will never go back to the old days. The new technology is simply too convenient and too powerful.Technological developments through the years have enabled us to do more with less effort. We have continuously looked for better ways of doing things. Each invention and new development has allowed us to extend our capabilities. Today we see one of the most dramatic technologies ever developed—the computer. It extends the capabilities of our minds.Computers have saved organizations millions of dollars. Furthermore, these same computer systems have opened up new opportunities that would have gone undiscovered or neglected. The computer may multiply what we can do, and the return on investment is high. The growth of computer usage is surprising. On the other hand, the computer can do serious damage. Invasion of privacy, fraud, and computer-related mistakes are just a few shocking examples.The computer is like a double-edged sword. It has the ability to cut us free from some activities, but it can also cut deep into profits, personal privacy, and our society in general. How it is used is not a function of technology. It is strictly a function of how people decide to use or misuse this new technology. The choice is yours, and only through a knowledge of computer systems will you be able to avoid the dangers while enjoying the many, many benefits of the computer age.Background Information(背景信息)：计算机(computer)俗称电脑，是一种用于高速计算的电子计算机器，可以进行数值计算，又可以进行逻辑计算，还具有存储记忆功能。

小托福阅读预测题及常考词汇

小托福阅读预测题及常考词汇小托福针对的是初中生的考试，但是初中生的阅读能力还是比较欠缺的，那么如何在小托福阅读题中找到解题的技巧呢？下面，大家就来看看这道小托福阅读预测题如何解答吧。

小托福阅读预测题Paragraph 1:Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.生活将我们置于复杂的人际关系网络中。

我们的人性是在社会交往过程中产生的。

此外，我们的人性必须通过社会交往来维持，而且必须不断地保持。

当一种关联持续的时间足够长，两个人通过一套相对稳定的期望联系在一起时，它就被称为一种关系。

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?根据第1段，以下哪一个是正确的关系?A、It is a structure of associations with many people.这是一种与许多人交往的结构。

B、It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.研究的是社会交往的过程。

托福模拟考试及答案解析(14)

托福模拟考试及答案解析（14）(1/53)阅读理解第1题The Formation of CivilizationThe criteria for a body of people to be considered a civilization includes the construction of permanent settlements, the use of agriculture for food, the emergence of a leadership class, the worship of one or more deities, and the development of art and writing. For most of human history, these features were beyond the reach of the roving bands of hunter-gatherers whose primary concern was obtaining food. Some tribes may have settled in areas to hunt, fish, or gather fruits or nuts for short periods, but their shelters were not permanent, and they inevitably moved on when their food supplies became exhausted.This changed once humans discovered how to farm. Agriculture developed at different times around the world, but sometime around 8000 B.C., people in the Middle East learned how to sow wild grains to produce crops. Since raising crops takes time, these individuals built permanent shelters and stood guard over their plants to protect them from other people and wild animals. This required a degree of organization and specialization, so people began doing various tasks. Some worked the land, others protected the settlements, and others raised animals or made crafts such as pottery and woven baskets. Hunter-gatherer groups had always had leaders; therefore, it was natural for them to emerge in these permanent settlements. Because agriculture depended upon good weather and timely rain or floodwaters, people started worshipping deities and praying for sunshine and rain.Over time, the practice of agriculture led to population explosions and the founding of civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and the Indus Valley. The leaders became kings, the protectors became soldiers, the shamans who prayed to deities became priests in organized religions, and the majority of people became peasants who farmed the land and worked on massive construction projects in honor of their kings and gods. Craftsmen also began creating beautiful works of art, and, in some places, writing was developed to record history and to communicate with others. In these places, civilization was born.*hunter-gatherer: a human that has no permanent home but wanders the land while hunting, fishing, and gathering wild fruits, grains, and vegetables*shaman: a person that acts as an intermediary between the real world and the spirit worldAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Thousands of years ago, hunter-gatherers learned to farm the land and then developed civilizations based around the permanent settlements they established.ANSWER CHOICES①There are still some groups of people in the world who can be said not to have established civilizations yet.②Once people started settling down in one place, individuals began taking on roles such as those of king, soldier, shaman, and peasant.③Some of the first civilizations were established in China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley.④Having organized religions, creating art, and developing writing systems are three of the characteristics of human civilizations.⑤It was necessary for people to learn how to raise crops by farming the land for them to start establishing civilizations.⑥Most of the people in the earliest civilizations were peasants who had to farm the land and serve their masters.下一题(2/53)阅读理解第2题The Expanding Universe TheoryThe Big Bang Theory, which posits that the universe began from a single point of incredibly dense matter, is the most widely accepted theory regarding the creation of the universe. According to it, roughly fourteen billion years ago, this matter exploded and expanded to form the present-day universe. This theory is based upon observations of the universe suggesting that it is not static but is instead continually expanding outward.For centuries, astronomers believed that the universe was fixed and that Earth was located at its center. By the early twentieth century, the notion that Earth was at the center of the universe had been dispelled, but the static universe theory was still the prevailing model. Even Albert Einstein was a great believer in it. Then, in 1917, he had a revelation. His general theory of relativity did not precisely agree with the static universe model, yet he could not reconcile his strong belief in a static universe with his theories, so he concluded that some unknown force was preventing the universe from expanding. Simultaneously, other astronomers were discovering that Earth and the sun belonged to a large collection of stars they called a galaxy. In 1925, American astronomer Edwin Hubble proved other galaxies existed in addition to Earth's galaxy, which had been dubbed the Milky Way.Hubble made further observations that had a profound effect on the static universe theory. In 1929, he realized that the light coming from the galaxies he was observing had a distinctive red shift on the light spectrum. This was due to the Doppler Effect, which makes an object moving away from an observer appear red in color. This meant that the galaxies were moving away from one another and that the universe was expanding outward. There was resistance to Hubble's theory, but Einstein accepted it, and others soon agreed with the expanding universe theory as well. From it, astronomers concluded that if the universe was expanding, then it must have been much smaller at some point. That led to the Big Bang Theory becoming the accepted model for the creation of the universe.*static: stationary; unmoving*Doppler Effect: a shift in the frequency of the radiation emitted by a source that is moving relative to an observerAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Thanks to discoveries made by astronomers in the twentieth century, the expanding universe model replaced the static universe model as accepted science,ANSWER CHOICES①Edwin Hubble made a discovery that showed that the galaxies in the universe were spreading apart from one another.②The theory of relativity showed Albert Einstein that his notion that the universe was static was incorrect.③Most people throughout history have believed that the universe is static and that Earth can be found at its center.④The belief in the expanding universe model indicated to astronomers that the universe was probably started due to the Big Bang.⑤Albert Einstein and Edwin Hubble worked together to come up with the expanding universe model.⑥The Doppler Effect is what makes an object appear red when it is moving away from another object.上一题下一题(3~11/共53题)阅读理解Prions and IllnessPrions are proteins responsible for several infectious diseases that can affect both humans and animals. In humans, prions cause a number of neurological diseases which result in a decrease in cognitive functions and that almost always end in death. Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease—often called mad cow disease because of its debilitating effect on bovines—is one such prion disease that strikes the human brain. Some others are fatal familial insomnia, kuru, and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease (GSS).These diseases, while different, share some similarities, particularly their cause. Prion proteins are attached to cell surfaces and are usually not harmful; however, in each of the aforementioned diseases, a prion protein in the brain assumes a wrong shape, disrupting the cell it is attached to. This signals nearby prion proteins to form improper shapes, too. The process slowly spreads across the brain as it destroys neurons, builds up plaque-like matter, and makes holes in brain tissue. It is slow moving, so it may take several years before the first symptoms are recognized.There are three main forms of prion diseases: acquired, genetic, and sporadic. People get acquired prion diseases through infections by bad prions, typically through food. Kuru, a prion disease that was once common in New Guinea, was caused by cannibals eating the brains of people with bad prions, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease, which humans get from ingesting infected beef, is another example. Genetic prion diseases are passed from parents to children through genes as an error causes the genes that code prion proteins to make mutant prion proteins that, as the children age, attach to cells in the wrong shapes. Fatal familial insomnia, which is found in a few families worldwide, causes people to be unable to sleep, and eventually leads to death, is one such example. As for sporadic prion diseases, they have no definitive causes. Experts believe they manifest because of mutant genes but are not certain why people acquire the diseases. Roughly 85% of prion diseases are sporadic as their victims are not exposed to infected food and have no family history of prion diseases.*bovine: an animal such as a cow or buffalo*neuron: a specialized cell that is a part of the nervous system第3题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of thepassage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Prions are proteins that can cause various types of diseases to infect the brains of their victims. ANSWER CHOICES①Sporadic prion diseases are not caused by infected food or genetics, so their causes are a complete mystery.②Medical researchers believe that they can cure some of the best-known prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease.③Sporadic prion diseases are the most common, but there are also acquired and genetic prion diseases.④When prions take the wrong shape, they cause other prions to do the same thing, and this can spread through the brain.⑤When a person is infected by a prion disease, that individual's thinking processes are weakened, and the disease is nearly always fatal.⑥Only a few families around the world are affected by the genetic prion disease that is called fatal familial insomnia.第4题MappingThe following chart shows the structure of the passage. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.图片第5题SummaryThe following is a summary of the passage. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.Prions are 5 that can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. The diseases they cause in humans, such as Creutzfeldt-Jacobs Disease, fatal familial insomnia, kuru, and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease, almost always 6 the infected people. What happens is that a prion protein in the brain assumes the wrong 7 , and then it causes nearby prion proteins to do the same thing. This spreads across the brain, destroys neurons, builds up plaque-like matter, and creates 8 in brain tissue. Prion diseases can be acquired, genetic, or sporadic. 9 prion diseases are typically gotten from food. 10 prion diseases are passed from parents to children, and 11 prion diseases have no known causes.第6题第7题第8题第9题第10题第11题上一题下一题(12~19/共53题)阅读理解Humanism and Renaissance ArtHumanism is the idea that human life and its natural surroundings are more important than a religious-centered view of the world. Its origins lie in ancient Greece and can be seen in Greek art,which depicts humans with anatomically correct proportions. The notion of humanism spread to other parts of the ancient world but then declined when the Roman Empire fell. Gradually, humanism was replaced by religion as the primary focus of life as well as art. Artwork produced in the Middle Ages, which began roughly after the fall of Rome, is almost entirely focused on religion while human aspects are secondary concerns. For instance, saints and other religious figures are depicted in medieval paintings as having halos, and the holy people themselves are much larger than normal humans. In addition, the mathematical precision with which the ancients showed both scale and depth in their works became a lost art.It was not until the late fourteenth century in Florence, Italy, that a revival of humanistic thinking began. At first, it was mostly scholarly and literary in form, but over time, this rediscovered philosophy spread and had a profound influence on establishing the era known today as the Renaissance. Humanism had a particularly powerful effect on artists then. Slowly, artists moved away from religion being the focal point of their work as they began showing humans in a more realistic manner. In artwork in which religious figures were depicted, they were no longer wearing halos or looming over other humans. They were instead drawn or painted on the same scale. In Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, for instance, Jesus and his disciples are represented naturally as real people rather than as iconic figures of Christianity.Nature became prominent in Renaissance art, too, as humans were placed in natural scenes, and nature was represented more realistically. The rediscovering of the ancient mathematical method of drawing humans and the using of depth in artwork led the way to paintings showing people more realistically. Painters learned the art of foreshortening, which gave paintings an illusion of depth not found in prior periods. The depth and lifelike aspect of Renaissance art was further enhanced by the invention of oil paints, which enabled artists to work in more detail and to include more naturalism in their works. ? Furthermore, artists of that time embraced the human body as a work of art. ?They accomplished this by showing the body nude more often than clothed and by putting the beauty of the human body on full display. ?Michelangelo's sculpture David is the prime example of this as it shows a nude human body in perfectly chiseled proportions.?Art patrons, such as the Medici family of Florence, also encouraged the influence of humanism on art. Not satisfied only with artwork with religious themes, individuals of wealth and social standing sought artists who could provide more secular views in their art and commissioned works with humanist aspects. A final way in which humanism affected Renaissance art concerned how people perceived artists. At one time, artists were regarded as craftsmen rather than specialists, which is why hardly any artists from the Middle Ages are known today. However, people recognized the true genius of men such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Raphael, so they—and many others—are remembered today for the brilliance of their work.*anatomically correct: properly representing the human body*halo: a disc or circle of light around the head of a divine or holy individual第12题Vocabulary______=exactness第13题______=carved第14题______=to improve; to make better第15题______=to think of; to consider第16题Vocabulary QuestionThe word art in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.skillB.replicaC.paintingD.work第17题Negative Factual Information QuestionIn paragraph 2, all of the following questions are answered EXCEPT: ______A.What changes in the representation of religious figures in art did humanism cause?B.How influential was on other art produced in the Renaissance?C.How important was the idea of humanism to the Renaissance?D.When and where did humanism start to become prominent again?第18题Insert Text QuestionLook at the four squares [●] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The paints that had been used previously had dried more quickly and been less vivid, which made them produce works of inferior quality.Where would the sentence best fit?第19题Prose Summary QuestionAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.The notion of humanism had a great impact on the artwork that was produced during the Renaissance.ANSWER CHOICES①Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is considered one of the greatest works of humanism in the Renaissance.②Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Raphael could not have created the artwork they made without the influence of humanistic ideas.③The relearning of artistic techniques from ancient times enabled Renaissance artists to portray their figures more realistically.④Renaissance artists influenced by humanism began portraying religious figures as normal-sized humans lacking halos.⑤The desire of rich individuals to possess artwork of a secular nature induced many artists to abandon painting pictures with religious themes.⑥The ancient Greeks were among the first people to develop various notions of humanism andto implement those ideas in their artwork.上一题下一题(20~27/共53题)阅读理解The Wilderness RoadFor the first century and a half following their founding, the American colonies—as well as the American people—were mainly confined to the Eastern Seaboard along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. West of the Appalachian Mountains, the land was too rugged for easy travel, and it was also the territory of numerous Native American tribes that contested attempts at westward settlement with violence. It was not until 1775 that a route to the west was established when frontiersman Daniel Boone cut a trail from Tennessee northwest through the tail end of Virginia and then through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky. Called the Wilderness Road, this trail, which eventually stretched more than 300 kilometers, became the principal route westward for the next fifty years.The Wilderness Road was not entirely hacked out of the forests as it followed long-used animal and native trails. Previous expeditions into Kentucky had followed these paths, but the explorers had been harassed by bands of Cherokee and Shawnee Indians. Daniel Boone tried to lead a group of settlers into the region in 1773 but was turned back by an attack during which his oldest son was captured and later killed. Two years later, a group of wealthy investors from North Carolina who were led by Richard Henderson, a prominent judge, formed the Transylvania Company for the purpose of making a trail into Kentucky to settle in the region and to create a new colony, which they intended to name Transylvania. To lead the expedition, the investors hired Daniel Boone, who was reputed to be the man who knew the most about Kentucky and the way west. Before Boone set out, he and Henderson negotiated peace with the local tribes, but not all of their members were willing to abide by the terms of the settlement.On March 10, 1775, Boone led a large party of men wielding axes to begin cutting a trail from Tennessee. Their starting point was the Holston River near Kingsport. The men made good progress by following existing trails when they could and by crossing rivers at shallow fords. They passed through a notch in the Appalachians that was known as the Cumberland Gap and went down into Kentucky. Boone and his men suffered some losses when they were attacked by hostile natives in violation of the peace settlement, but the attacks failed to deter them, and they reached the Kentucky River in April. There, Boone founded a settlement that was named Boonesborough after him. Arriving later were Henderson and a larger body of men and wagons as they had followed Boone, widened the trail, and brought along plenty of provisions for the new settlement.The way west was now open, but the Wilderness Road was not much more than a muddy path barely wide enough for wagons to traverse in its first few years. It was also dangerous since warfare with the natives that would last for twenty years erupted. Travelers went well armed, and attacks were frequent. Nevertheless, the lure of land attracted many westward, and it is estimated that 300,000 settlers had moved into Kentucky by 1810. Henderson's attempts to form the colony of Transylvania were opposed by Virginia, which laid claim to the region. When the American Revolution broke out in 1775, Henderson appealed to the Continental Congress for statehood, but the representatives refused to recognize Transylvania as a state. Eventually, in 1792, the American government admitted Kentucky as the fifteenth state in the United States.*Eastern Seaboard: the land in the American colonies, and later the United States, alongsidethe Atlantic Ocean*hack: to cut with an axe*ford: a place where a river, stream, or other body of water is shallow enough to be crossed by walking第20题Vocabulary______=rough; rocky第21题______=to follow; to obey第22题______=to challenge; to attempt to stop第23题______=to hold and use a tool or weapon第24题Rhetorical Purpose QuestionIn paragraph 1, why does the author mention Daniel Boone?A.To point out that he discovered the existence of the Cumberland GapB.To blame him for the hostilities settlers faced from Native AmericansC.To argue that he was responsible for the colonizing of the land west of the AppalachiansD.To give him credit as the person who created the Wilderness Road第25题Factual Information QuestionIn paragraph 2, the author's description of Transylvania mentions which of the following? ______A.Why the founders of it decided to give the colony that particular nameB.The general area that the colony was intended to be established inC.The individuals who were supposed to have executive positions in itD.The number of people who were hoping that they could settle in it第26题Reference QuestionThe word them in the passage refers to ______A.Boone and his menB.some lossesC.hostile nativesD.the attacks第27题Prose Summary QuestionAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Daniel Boone was the person mostly responsible for the making of the Wilderness Road, which opened the interior of America to colonists.ANSWER CHOICES①The application of the colony of Transylvania for American statehood was rejected by theContinental Congress.②In 1775, a group of men under the leadership of Daniel Boone cut a path through the Appalachian Mountains from Tennessee to Kentucky.③The creating of the Wilderness Road was difficult because Native Americans often attacked and even destroyed some parts of the trail.④The Wilderness Road was utilized by hundreds of thousands of settlers heading west in the half century after it was created.⑤Richard Henderson was the man who hired Daniel Boone to make the Wilderness Road since he wanted to found a new American state.⑥Once Daniel Boone's men made it to Kentucky, they founded Boonesborough for the larger group that was following them.上一题下一题(28~41/共53题)阅读理解Pacific Island Plant and Animal MigrationThe Pacific Ocean is covered by a vast archipelago of islands that are spread out in long chains covering thousands of kilometers with some close to large landmasses and others much farther away. When European explorers chanced upon these islands, almost all of them were inhabited, and most had significant amounts of vegetation as well as large populations of various species of animals. Because nearly all of these islands were created by volcanic activity, such life—both plant and animal—would have been absent from them when they rose above the ocean's surface. The plants and animals living on them migrated from elsewhere by both air and sea. In many cases, they accomplished this on their own, but some of them got helping hands from humans.Plant life on the desolate volcanic Pacific islands most likely initially arrived due to the wind. Small seeds such as thistle seeds and the spores of ferns are lightweight enough to have been carried aloft great distances whereas heavy seeds would have had more difficulty being transported that way, especially to remote, isolated islands such as Easter Island and the Galapagos Islands. The latter group has many lichens, ferns, and mosses, which all grow from light spores, yet it has few vascular plants, which have heavier seeds. As for vascular plant life, it could have arrived on other islands through two ways: by water or birds. The coconut tree is widespread throughout the Pacific islands in spite of its enormous seeds being too heavy to be carried by the wind, yet it is light enough to float, so it has moved all across the ocean in that way. Birds may have also consumed various heavy seeds, flown to islands, and then defecated the seeds onto these new lands, whereupon they then began to grow. There may not have been suitable soil for seeds to grow in on these volcanic islands at first, but, over time, as new plant life arrived, the soil was sufficiently broken up and filled with nutrients, thereby allowing many plant species to take root.Similarly, animals arrived by air and sea. The birds that first arrived on the Pacific islands indisputably flew from nearby larger landmasses. Over many generations, they could have island-hopped from one place to another. Small insects—and possibly tiny invertebrates—may have been light enough to be windblown to various islands. Certainly, sea creatures such as turtles and penguins arrived on the islands by swimming to them. Small mammals and reptiles may have arrived on them by water, most likely after floating on rafts of dense vegetation that were blown out to sea during strong storms. Some species of mice have been known to do this, and lizards have also been found on rafts far from their native homelands.Today, many Pacific islands are home to a wide variety of plants and animals that reside throughout the rest of the world. The reason is that they were brought to the islands as a result of human migration. Over thousands of years, people spread from mainland Asia into the Pacific islands as they reached as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far north as Hawaii. During these great migrations, people took their plants and animals with them. One example is the chicken, which is found virtually everywhere in the Pacific today because it was transported in large canoes from island to island. The pig was also widespread throughout the Pacific and became an important source of protein for Pacific islanders. Some animals, such as mice, were most likely stowaways on islanders' canoes. Furthermore, people took their staple plants, such as taro and yams, which they planted on the islands as they slowly made their way across the Pacific Ocean.The Pacific natives were not the only ones who contributed to animal and plant migration as Europeans also played a role of their own. Unfortunately, European explorers brought many animals that caused disruptions on the islands. ?Dogs, rats, snakes, and cats, for instance, hunted many species of small mammals and birds to extinction. ?Plant eaters such as goats and sheep had negative effects on small islands' vegetation as well. ?Nevertheless, these new animals provided some benefits. ?Goats and sheep, for instance, became important to the settlements of Europeans on New Zealand.第28题in paragraph 1, the author implies that many of the Pacific islands ______A.contained plants and animals despite having active volcanoesB.had civilized tribes of humans living on themC.were discovered accidentally by European explorersD.were larger than the islands in other oceans on the planet第29题According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the islands in the Pacific Ocean? ______A.Most of them have volcanoes that went extinct many years ago.B.Virtually all of them are found close to large masses of land.C.The majority of them have never had humans living permanently on them.D.They lacked both plant and animal life when they were first created.第30题The word desolate in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.promisingB.destroyedC.barrenD.fertile第31题Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.The coconut tree is widespread throughout the Pacific islands in spite of its enormous seeds being too heavy to be carried by the wind, yet it is light enough to float, so it has moved all across the ocean in that way. ______。

TOEFLJunior阅读模拟练习题及提分技巧

TOEFLJunior阅读模拟练习题及提分技巧本文主要为考生提供了TOEFLJunior阅读模拟练习题和TOEFLJunior阅读题提分技巧。

小托福考试中难度最大的就是阅读了，阅读的分值也占到了整体的三分之一。

因此，阅读部分是不容忽视的。

考生们赶紧往下做题练习吧~——TOEFLJunior阅读模拟练习题——习题一Memory is important for learning language skills. Education specialists in England want to help people improve their reading abilities. They want students to remember the books and articles they read. The specialists found something to help: facial expressions.They gave ten students a happy article to read. Five of the students read the happy article while smiling. Five students read the happy article while frowning.Then they answered comprehension questions. The smiling students remembered more of the happy article than the frowning students.1)hy does the speaker mention the two experiments made by the specialists(A) To prove that memory is important for learning for learning language skills.(B) To suggest that memory is closely related to facial expressions.(C) To illustrate that smiling students have better memory than frowning students.(D) To show that the specialists have already found the reason why facial expressions help memory.解析：在这个段落中我们发现作者用了科学家所做的一个实验作为例子，例子中提到五个学生在阅读令人开心的文章时笑着读，还有五个皱着眉读，结果那五个笑着读的学生理解的更好。

小学托福测评试题及答案

小学托福测评试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. 听以下对话，选择正确的答案。

A. 他们正在讨论天气。

B. 他们正在讨论作业。

C. 他们正在讨论即将到来的考试。

录音内容：男孩说：“明天的数学考试，你准备好了吗？”女孩回答：“我复习了一整天，应该没问题。

”答案：C2. 听以下对话，选择正确的答案。

A. 他们正在计划去公园。

B. 他们正在计划去图书馆。

C. 他们正在计划去电影院。

录音内容：女孩说：“我们去图书馆吧，那里安静，适合学习。

”男孩回答：“好的，我也需要借几本书。

”答案：B二、阅读理解（共30分）1. 阅读以下短文，回答问题。

短文：Tom和Jerry是好朋友。

他们经常一起玩耍。

今天，他们决定去公园放风筝。

问题：Tom和Jerry是什么关系？答案：好朋友2. 阅读以下短文，回答问题。

短文：今天是母亲节。

小明决定给妈妈做一张贺卡。

他画了一朵花，并写上“妈妈，我爱你”。

问题：小明做了什么礼物给妈妈？答案：贺卡三、词汇与语法（共20分）1. 选择正确的单词填空。

A. 一个B. 一些C. 很多句子：我喜欢吃______水果。

答案：B2. 选择正确的单词填空。

A. 他B. 她C. 它句子：______是我的老师。

答案：A四、写作（共30分）1. 写一篇短文，描述你的周末活动。

答案：我的周末活动非常丰富。

周六，我去了图书馆阅读。

周日，我和朋友们去公园踢足球。

我非常喜欢周末，因为它让我有时间放松和享受生活。

五、口语表达（共30分）1. 描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。

答案：我最喜欢的季节是春天。

因为春天天气温暖，万物复苏，我可以和家人一起去郊外野餐，享受大自然的美丽。

TOEFL模拟测试题1-2

TOEFL模拟测试题1-2TOEFL模拟测试题（1-2）READING COMPREHENSIONAs many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe -- sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes lookedremarkably like modem apartment houses. Some were four stories high and contained quartersfor perhaps thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. Thesebuildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defenseagainst enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must haverealized since they called them "pueblos", which is Spanish for town.The people or the pueblos raised what are called "the three sisters" -- corn, beans, andsquash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they couldhold water. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi andZuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Waterwas so important that it played a major role in their religion. They developed elaborateceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain.The way of life of less-settled groups was simpler and morestrongly influenced by nature.Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands betweenthe Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animalssuch as rabbits and snakes.In the Far North the ancestors of today s Inuit hunted seals, walruses,and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocksof packed snow. When summer came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou.The Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on thegrasslands between the rocky mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted biso。

小托福模拟题

小托福模拟题作为小托福的考生，模拟题是提高考试准备水平的重要环节之一。

模拟题能够帮助我们熟悉考试的题型、提升解题技巧，并且预估自己在考试中的表现。

下面将介绍一道小托福的模拟题并提供详细的解答过程。

题目：请根据下面的对话，选择正确的答案。

John: Hey Mary, are you free this weekend?Mary: Not really, I have a lot of homework to do.John: How about meeting up on Sunday evening?Mary: That sounds good. Where would you like to meet?John: How about the new café downtown?Mary: Sorry, I can't go there. I don't have a car.John: No problem. I can pick you up.根据对话选择正确答案：1. What is Mary's reason for not being free this weekend?a) She has a lot of homework to do.b) She has plans with someone else.c) She is not feeling well.2. When does John suggest they meet up?a) Saturday evening.b) Sunday morning.c) Sunday evening.3. Why can't Mary meet at the new café downtown?a) She doesn't like the café.b) She is busy on Sunday evening.c) She doesn't have a car.解答：1. 答案是a) She has a lot of homework to do. 根据对话，Mary说她有很多作业要做，这是她不能有空的原因。

你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里

你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里！小托福的词汇量和语法难度相当于大学英语四级的水平，如果考生想要考一个好成绩，一定要多多练习，下文分享的就是小托福考试阅读模拟题，一起阅读下吧~在阅读部分，文章会涉及到人文学科、科学、社会科学等内容，学生要注意掌握文章主要内容，抓住关键点，了解作者意图并进行推理。

同时，阅读部分的文章形式也十分多样，如电子邮件、信件、新闻、学生写作、广告、日程表等，学生需要在平时积累一些关于习惯用语的表达。

小托福考试阅读模拟题：模拟题1：Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed. Question: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.答案：C解析：题干问的是原文关于“outflow channels”的描述。

小托福阅读模拟测试题及高频词汇分享

小托福阅读模拟测试题及高频词汇分享小托福阅读是小托福考试里面除听力外最难的部分，其中一部分原因就是阅读文章里面往往会出现很多看不懂的词汇，影响对正篇文章的理解，为了让考生巩固练习，下文为大家分享了小托福阅读模拟测试题，一起阅读下文吧~——小托福阅读模拟测试题：Language learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word "obey" is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the children. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises. Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves as particularly expressive as delight, pain, friendliness, and so on. But since these can't be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new words to their store. This self-imitation(模仿) leads on to deliberate(有意的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech. It is a problem we need to get our teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation; and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world. Thus the use, at seven months, of "mama" as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaning-less sound simply because he also uses it at another time for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself. I doubt, however, whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds.1. Before children start speaking.A. they need equal amount of listeningB. they need different amounts of listeningC. they are all eager to cooperate with the adults by obey spoken instructionsD. they can't understand and obey the adult's oral instructions答案：B解析：细节题。

托福阅读模拟练习题及答案

托福阅读模拟练习题及答案The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers'attention was fixed on craters and their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.2. The word "undergone经历" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved3. According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of(A) age(B) manner of creation(C) size(D) composition4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon'scraters were incorrect.(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) special(B) known(C) varied(D) great6. All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:(A) They have small craters.(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.(C) They have a rough texture.(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.7. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Moon (line 1)(B) reflectivity (line 3)(C) regolith (line 16)(D) Maria (line 2)8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions(B) a characteristic of large craters(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon9. According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon(B) the lunar regolith(C) cataloging various land formations(D) craters and their origins10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study(B) the different shapes small craters can have(C) some features of large craters(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formedBCDAD CACDC。

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小托福阅读模拟测试练习题（附词汇难度解析）
小托福是中小学生留学美国必须参加的一项语言测试考试。

TOEFL Junior考试中，阅读题占的分值最大，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟测试练习题，一起阅读下文吧!
——小托福阅读模拟测试练习题
材料分享：
CARDIFF, Wales Poets, singers and musicians from across the globe gathered in Wales to celebrate the tradition of storytelling.
“It might seem strange that people still want to listen in age of watching television, but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again,” said David Ambrose, director of Beyond the Border, an international storytelling festival in Wales.
“Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old. So our storytellers have come from distant lands to connect us with the distance of time,” he said early this month.
Two Inuit women, both in their mid 60s, are among the few remaining who can do Kntadjait, or throat singing, which has few words and much sound. Their art is governed by the cold of their surroundings, forcing them to say little but listen attentively.
Ambrose started the festival in 1993, after several years of working with those reviving (coming back into use or existence) storytelling in Wales.
“It came out of a group of people who wanted to reconnect with traditions. and as all the Welsh are storytellers, it was in good hands here.” Ambrose said.
1. Ambrose believes that the art of storytelling _______.
A. will be more popular than TV
B. will be popular again
C. started in Wales
D. are in the hands of some old people
答案：B
解析：推断题。

根据…but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again 可以推断这种讲故事的传统会再度受到欢迎。

2. From the tales told by the Inuit, people can learn _______.
A. about their life as early as thousands of years ago
B. why they tell the stories in a throat-singing way
C. how cold it has been where the Inuit live
D. how difficult it is to understand the Inuit
答案：A
解析：细节题。

根据 Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old 可推知此题答案为 A。

3. According to the writer, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Storytelling once stopped in Wales.
B. Storytelling has a long history in Wales.
C. Storytelling is always well received in Wales.
D. Storytelling did not come back until 1993 in Wales.
答案： D
解析：细节题。

文中说Ambrose started the festival in 1993，Ambrose1993年创办了这个节，但并不等于说讲故事的传统1993年才恢复的，这是两码事。

故选D。

4. The underlined phrase in good hands means _______.
A. controlled by rich people
B. grasped by good storytellers
C. taken good care of
D. protected by kind people
答案：C
解析：词义猜测题。

从 as all the Welsh are storytellers 可以推断出 in good hands 是“照顾得好或举办得好”的意思，故选 C。

background information(背景信息)：
当昼短夜长，渐入深冬之时，还有什么比在听故事的时候来上一杯可可——或者更浓郁的饮料——更能够放松的呢?传统的说故事可以让你一下子从寒冷的黑夜来到另一个世界和时空。

神话和魔法、民间故事和传说、游记和冒险，或者仅仅是伴随几声大笑的喧闹嬉戏，都可以让人们尽情放松自我。

十月份的爱丁堡将迎来一年一度、为期十天的说故事节，这是延续口述故事传统和感受多元文化的盛事，为苏格兰人带来其他国家的故事讲述者和音乐家。

爱丁堡国际说故事节的主要举办场地是位于皇家英里大道的Netherbow剧场，这里是爱丁堡老城区的核心地带。

说故事节的活动给成年人和儿童提供许多参与机会，并受到苏格兰同乐会传统的影响，希望通过分享故事、音乐、歌曲和民谣的方式把人们团结在一起。

词汇：
govern ：管理，掌管
revive：复活，再生
——小托福词汇难度解析：
小托福的整体文章难度还是比较简单的，整篇文章不到100个词，其中绝大多数是初高中词汇，而在四级词汇表中出现的单词有gymnasium，feature，variety，professional，performer，permission，guardian共7个，约占7%。

可以看出，真正帮助考生理解文章内容的单词是这93%的中学词汇，这就说明了中学词汇对于Toefl Junior的重要性。

对于TOEFL Junior的考生而言，可能这93%中大部分单词都不认识，或者见过但不知道意思，所以词汇学习内容是先以中学词汇为主，打好基础后再学习其余分类学科单词。

小托福阅读模拟测试练习题(附词汇难度解析)

小托福考试阅读真题及训练方法分享

小托福阅读模拟练习题及词汇类型

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