嵌入式英语

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软考中级嵌入式系统需掌握的英语词汇

软考中级嵌入式系统需掌握的英语词汇

软考中级嵌入式系统需掌握的英语词汇一、嵌入式系统基础1. 嵌入式系统:Embedded System2. 硬件:Hardware3. 软件:Software4. 固件:Firmware5. 系统软件:System Software6. 应用软件:Application Software7. 实时操作系统:Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)二、微控制器原理1. 微控制器:Microcontroller2. 中央处理器:Central Processing Unit (CPU)3. 存储器:Memory4. 输入/输出接口:Input/Output Interface5. 时钟系统:Clock System6. 中断:Interrupt7. 外设:Peripheral三、ARM架构与编程1. ARM架构:ARM Architecture2. ARM指令集:ARM Instruction Set3. ARM汇编语言:ARM Assembly Language4. ARM链接器:ARM Linker5. ARM工具链:ARM Toolchain6. ARM Cortex系列:ARM Cortex Series7. ARM内存管理单元:ARM Memory Management Unit (MMU)四、实时操作系统1. 实时操作系统:Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)2. 任务调度:Task Scheduling3. 信号量:Semaphore4. 消息队列:Message Queue5. 内存管理:Memory Management6. 中断处理:Interrupt Handling7. 时间管理:Time Management五、低功耗设计1. 低功耗设计:Low Power Design2. 待机模式:Standby Mode3. 休眠模式:Sleep Mode4. 唤醒机制:Wake-up Mechanism5. 能效比:Energy Efficiency Ratio6. 功率优化:Power Optimization7. 低功耗电路设计:Low Power Circuit Design六、传感器与信号处理1. 传感器:Sensor2. 模拟信号:Analog Signal3. 数字信号:Digital Signal4. 信号调理:Signal Conditioning5. 采样率:Sampling Rate6. 滤波器:Filter7. 数据转换器:Data Converter8. 信号处理算法:Signal Processing Algorithm9. 特征提取:Feature Extraction10. 信号分析:Signal Analysis11. 噪声抑制:Noise Suppression12. 数据融合:Data Fusion13. 动态范围:Dynamic Range14. 量程:Range of Measurement。

专业英语嵌入式检索报告

专业英语嵌入式检索报告

The retrieval report on the embedded IntroductionWith the development of information technology, we've gone through the PC era, experiencing the network era, which faces the so-called post-pc Generation to generation.At present, due to the family network and Internet, make consumer electronics, computer, communications (3c) tend to be more integrated, from the people in life to use a mobile phone, PDA, TV, refrigerators and other civil electronic and communication products, to missile, satellite communications, submarines and other military control core, all marked by ES (Embedded system).While in the post-pc era, information home appliances, a new generation of mobile phones and intelligent building more indispensable new applications such as the core technology.This article from the basic concept of embedded type system, key technologies and development prospect of the three parties face embedded type system were introduced.1 The basic concept of embedded system1.1 The definition of embedded systemThe British association of electrical engineers for embedded system is to define like this: "embedded type system to control, monitor, or auxiliary equipment, machines, and even the factory operating device".Embedded type system must meet the following four characteristics: perform a specific function;Based on the microprocessor and its peripheral;Strict timing and high stability;Fully automatic cycle operation.It is a comprehensive computer software and hardware, and special emphasis on the principle of "tailored", that is, based on a kind of special purpose, for the purpose to develop a specific system, the so-called customization.In the emerging of embedded type system products, common has a mobile phone, PDA, GPS, Set a top box or embedded type server and thin terminals , etc.1.2 The typical composition of the embedded systemEmbedded system is a set of software and hardware can be independent at an organic whole, meet the specific application of firmware.1.2.1 Hardware systemThe diversity of the hardware platform of embedded type system, some small system only 1 K of data space, 16 K application empty, and some high-performance systems such as working frequency up to 1 GHz 64 - bit systems, the FLASH MEMORY of 32 M, 128 M SRAM, it shall be decided by the particular application goal.But the typical embedded system hardware part includes microprocessor, memory, and peripheral devices and 1/0 port, the graphics controller, etc.Is different with general computer systems, it is generally not as large as a hard disk capacity of the storage medium, and often use an EPROM, EEPROM or flash memory as a storage medium.1.2.2 Software systemEmbedded type software system is mainly composed of embedded operating system (EOS) of type and embedded application of type two parts.One type of the operating system is still a difference of filling-in hardware, unified system for each application interface, memory management, renService scheduling control.And we know the general operating system (such as MS - window series) is different, because of limited capacity itself with ROM, usually do is small, a minimum of 10 a 20 K.Embedded type application is on the basis of the EOS application specific task, operation and behavior of the control system.However, the embedded type system itself does not have the ability to develop bootstrap, users to realize the secondary development must have a set of development tools and environment.2 The characteristics of embedded system2.1 Characteristics of embedded systemCompared with general computer technology industry presents the phenomenon of monopoly, embedded system is different, it is a highly fragmented industry not monopoly, there is no a series of processor and operating system can all monopoly market.Even if there is major in architecture, but the diversity of applications made impossible to have a few companies, a few products all monopoly market.So products and technologies in the field of embedded system, and small and medium-sized high-tech companies for various industries development space is very large.2.2 the characteristics of the embedded system productsEmbedded system and the concrete application is close together, it's upgrading is a synchronization carry on, and the specific products.The embedded type system once products into the market, has a longer life cycle.Embedded type system of software, usually curing in read-only memory, rather than on disk as the carrier, can be replaced, so the application of embedded type system software life cycle and embedded type also as long as the product.Software of embedded type system more emphasis on inheritance and bridging technology, relatively stable development.The development of embedded processors also reflects the stability of a system should exist commonly 一10 8 years.A system structure and its associated peripherals, development tools, library functions, embedded application products is a complex knowledge system, users and semiconductor manufacturers will not easily give up a processor.2.3 The characteristics of embedded system softwareOne type of processor is key to realizing the function of the embedded system application software, the embedded processor system software and should be Using software requirements are different and the general computer.Main features are: software requirements solid-state storage;High quality, high code Reliability;High real time capability of the system software;Need real-time multitasking operating system development platform.3 The key technology of embedded systemThe key technologies of embedded systems including chip technology, software technology, communication, computer network technology and fieldbus technology And so on, these technologies to promote the development of the embedded system upgrading, to raise the level of intelligence, popularize application of breadth, depth of evolution.3.1 chip technologyThe core component of embedded type system are the various types of embedded processors, at present, according to incomplete statistics, decay processors, microcontrollers and DSP embedded people all over the world has more than 1000 kinds of varieties of total popular architecture have thirty several series, one type of processor addressing space generally from 64 KB to 16 MB, MIPS processing speed from 0.1 to 2000 MIPS, commonly used packaging from 8 pins to 144 pins.AMD X86 series, for example, Intel Pentium, strong Ann series, Texas Instruments of TMS320 series and Motorola DSP56000 series, etc.3.2 Embedded software technologyIn order to satisfy the application upgrade function, the designers on the one hand, a more powerful embedded type processor, such as making a, 64 a RLSC or signal processor DSP chip to enhance processing capacity;Also USES the real-time multitasking programming technology and cross development tools to control the functional complexity, simplify application design, ensuring software quality and shorten the development cycle, namely for embedded software technology.Mainly including embedded operating system, embedded database, embedded Web browser, embedded software development platform and tools.One of the most core is embedded real-time operating system (RTOS).(WIN9x) with PC operating system, embedded operating system does not require one type all-powerful, but must be able to according to the system design specifications, effectively perform the computing power of hardware, to achieve optimal efficiency and low cost products and most complete set system will require full automatic, such as factories or bank system in addition to the original cultivated for a long time in the field of embedded people type VxWORK, QNX, Nucleus, and so on, the emerging of its main products include Palm OS, Windows CE, Linux, etc.4 The embedded system development prospects4.1 NetworkIn order to adapt to one type distribution processing structure and application of the Internet, the embedded type system requirements of the 21st century is equipped with one or more network communication interface standard.Requirements for external network, embedded devices must be equipped with communication interface, corresponding to the TCP/IP protocol suite software support;Because the householdelectrical appliances (such as interconnected anti-theft alarm, lighting energy control, film and television equipment and information exchange information terminal) field instrument and the coordination work requirements, such as the new generation of embedded type equipment also need to have the IEEE 1394, USB, CAN, Bluetooth or IrDA communication interface, at the same time also need to provide the corresponding communication network protocol software and the physical drive software.4.2 Small size, low-power and low costEmbedded micro controller processor as the core of information home appliances products, the demands of portability and wireless, makes people in the exam Quantity, more focused on embedded people declined the processor's power consumption rather than performance.Now already not to evaluate treatment with speed Machine but with the power to evaluate processor time, at the same time, power transmission and energy consumption has become a performance and integration.The major limitation.In order to meet the demands on the one hand, embedded type product designers corresponding degrade the performance of the processor, limited memory capacity and reuse interface chip.On the other hand, the progress of the integrated circuit process and the development of the hardware itself, makes this possible.But software technology progress than hardware, it's appropriate to improve the technical requirements for embedded software design.4.3 humanizedIn today's information age, how to deal with huge amounts of information, allow the user to obtain the needed information, because the simplified operation is one of the challenges faced by embedded devices.People and information interaction terminal GUI screen centered multimedia interface.Handwritten text input, voice dial-up Internet access, email and color graphics, images have already achieved initial results.At present, some advanced PDA has Chinese characters on the display screen writing, voice short message posted, but there is a great distance from palm language simultaneous translation.These depend on people of artificial intelligence and the further research in the field of biological science and technology information.All in all, try to reduce to the threshold of the user, to making a fool of.。

嵌入式专业英语

嵌入式专业英语

P PROM(可编程只读存储器) Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM that can be written (programmed) with a device programmer. These memory devices can be programmed only once, so they are sometimes referred to as write-once or one-time programmable devices. 可编程只读存储器。能被设备编程器写的一种ROM。这种内存设备可以被编程一次,所以它们有时被作为写一次或一次性编程设备来看待。
Multitasking (多任务)The execution of multiple software routines in pseudo-parallel. Each routine represents a separate "thread of execution" and is referred to as a task. The operating system is responsible for simulating parallelism by parceling out the processor"s time. 伪并行运行的多个软件程序。每一个程序表现得像分开的“执行的线程”并且被看作是一个任务。操作系统通过分配处理器时间来模拟并行方式。
N NVRAM Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory. A type of RAM that retains its data even when the system is powered down. NVRAM frequently consists of an SRAM and a long-life battery. 非易失的随机访问存储器。一种能在系统关机的情况下保持它的数据的RAM。NVRAM常常由SRAM和长寿命电) A hardware debugging tool that allows you to view the voltage on one or more electrical lines. For example, you might use an oscilloscope to determine if a particular interrupt is currently asserted. 一种硬件调试工具,它让你能观察到一个或更多电路上的电压。例如:如果一个特殊的中断发生,你可以用一个示波器去检测它。

嵌入式常用英语词汇

嵌入式常用英语词汇

嵌入式常用英语词汇English: Some common terminology used in embedded systems include:1. Microcontroller: A small computer on a single integrated circuit that contains a processor core, memory, and programmableinput/output peripherals.2. Firmware: Software that is embedded in a hardware device to control its operation and functionality.3. Real-time Operating System (RTOS): An operating system that is designed to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without buffering delays.4. Embedded Software: Software that is written to control the functions of a specific hardware device.5. Bootloader: A small program that loads the operating system into the computer's memory during the boot-up process.6. Debugging: The process of finding and fixing errors or bugs withina software program or system.7. Embedded System Design: The process of creating a system that is implemented in electronic hardware and software.8. Sensor: A device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment.9. Actuator: A component of a machine that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system.10. I/O Interface: The point of connection between a computer and other devices, such as input/output devices or a network.中文翻译:嵌入式系统中常用的术语包括:1. 微控制器:一种集成了处理器核心、内存和可编程输入/输出外围设备的单一集成电路上的小型计算机。

自动化专业常用英语词汇

自动化专业常用英语词汇

自动化专业常用英语词汇一、Automation专业概述Automation:自动化Automation engineering:自动化工程Automatic control:自动控制Control system:控制系统Intelligent control:智能控制Digital control:数字控制Analog control:模拟控制Control theory:控制理论Control engineering:控制工程Control algorithm:控制算法Programmable logic controller (PLC):可编程逻辑控制器Distributed control system (DCS):分布式控制系统Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA):监控与数据采集系统Human-Machine Interface (HMI):人机界面二、传感器与测量技术Sensor:传感器Transducer:传感器/电传换器Measurement:测量Measurement accuracy:测量精度Measurement range:测量范围Calibration:校准Pressure sensor:压力传感器Temperature sensor:温度传感器Flow sensor:流量传感器Level sensor:液位传感器Light sensor:光线传感器Force sensor:力传感器Torque sensor:扭矩传感器Accelerometer:加速度传感器Gyroscope:陀螺仪Encoder:编码器三、执行器Actuator:执行器Pneumatic actuator:气动执行器Hydraulic actuator:液压执行器Electric actuator:电动执行器Step motor:步进电机Servo motor:伺服电机Linear motor:线性电机Solenoid valve:电磁阀Directional valve:方向控制阀Pneumatic cylinder:气动缸Hydraulic cylinder:液压缸Four、机器视觉Machine vision:机器视觉Image processing:图像处理Image analysis:图像分析Pattern recognition:模式识别Optical character recognition (OCR):光学字符识别Optical mark recognition (OMR):光学标志识别Bar code recognition:条形码识别Two-dimensional code recognition:二维码识别Inspection system:检测系统Five、工控机和嵌入式系统Industrial computer:工控机Embedded system:嵌入式系统Real-time system:实时系统Single board computer:单板计算机Fieldbus:现场总线PROFIBUS:工业场总线CAN bus:控制器局域网Modbus:通用ModbusEthernet:以太网Wireless sensor network (WSN):无线传感器网络Six、软件工程Software engineering:软件工程Development process:开发过程Requirement analysis:需求分析Design:设计Implementation:实现Testing:测试Maintenance:维护Programming language:编程语言C++:C++Java:JavaPython:PythonLabVIEW:LabVIEWConfiguration management:配置管理Version control:版本控制Seven、自动化应用领域Industrial automation:工业自动化Building automation:建筑自动化Home automation:家居自动化Smart grid:智能电网Intelligent transportation system (ITS):智能交通系统Robotic automation:机器人自动化Process automation:过程自动化Power automation:电力自动化Medical automation:医疗自动化Eight、其他专业术语Artificial intelligence (AI):人工智能Internet of things (IoT):物联网Big data:大数据Cloud computing:云计算Cybersecurity:网络安全Human factors engineering:人因工程Maintenance engineering:维修工程Reliability engineering:可靠性工程Safety engineering:安全工程System integration:集成系统Technological innovation:技术创新。

嵌入式系统中英文翻译

嵌入式系统中英文翻译

6.1 ConclusionsAutonomous control for small UAVs imposes severe restrictions on the control algorithmdevelopment, stemming from the limitations imposed by the on-board hardwareand the requirement for on-line implementation. In this thesis we have proposed anew hierarchical control scheme for the navigation and guidance of a small UAV forobstacle avoidance. The multi-stage control hierarchy for a complete path control algorithmis comprised of several control steps: Top-level path planning,mid-level pathsmoothing, and bottom-level path following controls. In each stage of the control hierarchy,the limitation of the on-board computational resources has been taken intoaccount to come up with a practically feasible control solution. We have validatedthese developments in realistic non-trivial scenarios.In Chapter 2 we proposed a multiresolution path planning algorithm. The algorithmcomputes at each step a multiresolution representation of the environment usingthe fast lifting wavelet transform. The main idea is to employ high resolution closeto the agent (where is needed most), and a coarse resolution at large distances fromthe current location of the agent. It has been shown that the proposed multiresolutionpath planning algorithm provides an on-line path solution which is most reliableclose to the agent, while ultimately reaching the goal. In addition, the connectivityrelationship of the corresponding multiresolution cell decomposition can be computed directly from the the approximation and detail coefficients of the FLWT. The path planning algorithm is scalable and can be tailored to the available computational resources of the agent.The on-line path smoothing algorithm incorporating the path templates is presentedin Chapter 3. The path templates are comprised of a set of B-spline curves,which have been obtained from solving the off-line optimization problem subject tothe channel constraints. The channel is closely related to the obstacle-free high resolutioncells over the path sequence calculated from the high-level path planner. Theobstacle avoidance is implicitly dealt with since each B-spline curve is constrainedto stay inside the prescribed channel, thus avoiding obstacles outside the channel.By the affine invariance property of B-spline, each component in the B-spine pathtemplates can be adapted to the discrete path sequence obtained from thehigh-levelpath planner. We have shown that the smooth reference path over the entire pathcan be calculated on-line by utilizing the path templates and path stitching scheme. The simulation results with the D_-lite path planning algorithm validates the effectivenessof the on-line path smoothing algorithm. This approach has the advantageof minimal on-line computational cost since most of computations are done off-line.In Chapter 4 a nonlinear path following control law has been developed for asmall fixed-wing UAV. The kinematic control law realizes cooperative path followingso that the motion of a virtual target is controlled by an extra control input to helpthe convergence of the error variables. We applied the backstepping to derive theroll command for a fixed-wing UAV from the heading rate command of the kinematiccontrol law. Furthermore, we applied parameter adaptation to compensatefor theinaccurate time constant of the roll closed-loop dynamics. The proposed path followingcontrol algorithm is validated through a high-fidelity 6-DOF simulation of a fixed-wing UAV using a realistic sensor measurement, which verifies the applicabilityof the proposed algorithm to the actual UAV.Finally, the complete hierarchical path control algorithm proposed in this thesis isvalidated thorough a high-fidelity hardware-in-the-loop simulation environment usingthe actual hardware platform. From the simulation results, it has been demonstratedthat the proposed hierarchical path control law has been successfully applied for pathcontrol of a small UAV equipped with an autopilot that has limited computational resources.6.2 Future ResearchIn this section, several possible extensions of the work presented in this thesis are outlined.6.2.1 Reusable graph structure The proposed path planning algorithm involves calculating the multiresolution cell decomposition and the corresponding graph structure at each of iteration. Hence, the connectivity graph G(t) changes as the agent proceeds toward the goal. Subsequently, let x 2 W be a state (location) which corresponds to nodes of two distinct graphs as followsBy the respective A_ search on those graphs, the agent might be rendered to visit x at different time steps of t i and t j , i 6= j. As a result, a cyclic loop with respect to x is formed for the agent to repeat this pathological loop, while never reaching the goal. Although it has been presented that maintaining a visited set might be a means of avoiding such pathological situations[142], it turns out to be a trial-and-error scheme is not a systemical approach. Rather, suppose that we could employ a unified graph structure over the entire iteration, which retains the information from the previous search. Similar to the D_-lite path planning algorithm, the incremental search over the graph by reusing the previous information results in not only overcoming the pathological situation but also reducing the computational time. In contrast to D_ orD_-lite algorithms where a uniform graph structure is employed, a challenge lies in building the unified graph structure from a multiresolution cell decomposition. Specifically, it includes a dynamic, multiresolution scheme for constructing the graph connectivity between nodes at different levels. The unified graph structure will evolveitself as the agent moves, while updating nodes and edges associated with the multiresolutioncell decomposition from the FLWT. If this is the case, we might be ableto adapt the proposed path planning algorithm to an incremental search algorithm, hence taking advantages of both the efficient multiresolution connectivity (due tothe FLWT) and the fast computation (due to the incremental search by using the previous information).6.1个结论小型无人机自主控制施加严厉限制控制算法发展,源于所施加的限制板载硬件并要求在线实施。

单片机英语词汇

单片机英语词汇

1.microcontroller 微控制器2.microprocessor 微处理器3.integrated circuit 集成电路4.processor core 内核5.peripheral 外围设备6.chip 芯片7.embedded application/system 嵌入式应用/系统8.Mixed signal 复合信号9.analog 模拟ponent 元件;组成11.power consumption 功耗、能耗12.interrupt 中断13.external 外部的14.internal 内部的15.package 封装16.flash memory 闪存17.semiconductor 半导体18.interrupt service routine (ISR) 中断例程19.overflow 溢出20.h ardware 硬件21.software 软件22.i nterface 接口23.g eneral purpose input/output (GPIO) 通用输入/输出24.s ensor 传感器25.a nalog-to-digital converter (ADC) 模数转换器26.t imer 计时器、定时器27.r egister 寄存器28.S erial Interface (SI) 串行接口29.P arallel Interface (PI) 并行接口30.b us 总线 网络32.c ircuit 电路33.C entral Processing Unit (CPU) 中央处理器34.d iscrete 分立元件;离散的35.c lock generator 时钟发生器36.c rystal oscillator 晶振37.c ompiler 编译器38.s imulator 模拟器,仿真器39.I nterrupt latency 中断延迟40.b uffer 缓冲器41.interrupt nesting 中断嵌套42.p riority level 优先级43.a ccumulator 累加器44.s ynchronous 同步的45.a synchronous 异步的46.s hift register 移位寄存器47.c onfiguration 配置48.c lock frequency 时钟频率49.I ntegrated Development Environment (IDE) 集成开发环境50.e xecutable 可执行的51.instruction 指令,用法说明52.b uilt-in 内置,嵌入的53.r eset 复位54.b ootstrap loader 引导程序55.c omparator 比较器56.i n-circuit debugging 仿真调试57.i nterrupt resource 中断源58.i nstruction set 指令集59.a ddressing mode 寻址方式60.d ivision 除法61.multiplication 乘法62.s ubtraction 减法63.a ddition 加法64.R educed Instruction Set Computer (RISC) 精简指令集65.e ncode 编码,编码器66.d ecode 译码,解码67.o perand 操作数,运算对象68.l oad 加载69.m ainframe 主机70.o ffset 偏移量71.parameter 参数,系数72.i mmediate addressing 立即寻址73.d irect addressing 直接寻址74.r egister addressing 寄存器寻址75.r egister indirect addressing 寄存器间接寻址76.i ndexed addressing 变址寻址77.r elative addressing 相对寻址78.d ecrement (DEC) 渐减79.i ncrement (INC) 渐加80.b inary 二进制81.octal system 八进制82.d ecimal 十进制83.h exadecimal 十六进制84.E xclusive-or (XOR) 逻辑异或85.X NOR 逻辑同或86.r otate 循环87.c omplement 补集,补码88.B oolean 布尔89.s ubroutine 子程序90.b ranch 分支bel 标号92.i nput 输入93.o utput 输出94.a rray 数组,阵列95.l atch 锁存器96.l ow-order 低位97.h igh-order 高位98.p eripheral device 外围设备99.l ow end 低端100.h igh end 高端101.low power 低功耗102.h igh power 大功率103.i ntegrated circuit (IC) 集成电路104.o scilloscope 示波器105.L east Significant Bit (LSB) 最低有效位106.M ost Significant Bit (MSB) 最高有效位107.a ctive high 高电位有效108.a ctive low 低电位有效109.c apacitor 电容110.resistor 电阻111.inductor 电感112.variable resistor 可变电阻113.full-duplex 全双工114.half-duplex 半双工115.on-chip 片上116.off-chip 片外117.Variance 方差(还没有整理完全,希望大家还有什么关于单片机的词汇再补充上去,然后方便的话上传到网上,分享分享更健康!!!)。

嵌入式英语词汇表

嵌入式英语词汇表
微处理器
Monitor
临视器
Multiprocessing
多处理
Multitasking
多任务
Object file
目标文件
Operating system
操作系统
Parallel processing
并行进程
Peripheral
交叉编译器
Compiler
编译器
bootable disk
引导盘
boot failure
引导失败
optical disk
光碟[盘] (同compact disk)
terminal
终端
portable
可移植
library
(程序)库,库
share
共享
remote access
远程访问
localhost
本(主)机
DDR SDRAM
上升延和下降延都可以进行数据传输
LCD
Liquid Crystal Display (液晶显示器)简称
GPIO
(General Purpose Input Output)通用输入输出。
Output
输出
Input
输入
Keypad
小键盘
RTC
可提供时间(通常也提供日期)的时钟器件.
RAM
双的,双重的;
Void
空的,空虚的;没有…的;无效的
typedef
类型定义
struct
结构(上)的,构架(上)的
union
联盟
enum
枚举
define
定义
sizeof
...的大小
func
函数,功能(=function)

嵌入式系统(英文版)

嵌入式系统(英文版)

Embedded systems with limited power resourcesThis paper deals with the design approach for embedded systems with limited power re-sources. The focus is on embedded systems powered purely by energy harvested from the surroundings. Realtime operation and power consumption are critical design aspects of these systems. A number of design problems are discussed and solutions are presented. Selected products are looked at as examples of successful implementation of the solutions.Attila Strba, Research & Development, EnOcean GmbH1. INTRODUCTIONSignificant advances in microelectronics technology made the increasing miniaturization of embedded systems possible. This trend to miniaturization began in the late 1960s and, as stated by Moore’s Law [3] that the power of microprocessors doubles about every 18 months, has held true with astonishing accuracy and consistency until the beginning of the 21st century. An announcement like that by IBM concerning the use of 29.9 nm technology to print circuits [7] indicates that this trend will continue for a number of chip generations.The trend is leading to and will result in the development of tiny embedded systems, integrated into more and more everyday objects. And will create a world of smart devices surrounding us. For exam-ple, parents will no longer lose track of their children, even in the busiest crowds, when location sen-sors and communication modules are sewn into their clothes. Similar devices attached to timetables and signposts could guide blind or foreign people in unknown environments by talking to them [6]. Another interesting possibility offered by such technology would be the creation of intelligent homes where a refrigerator can detect old food, a washing machine can query the instructions for dirty clothes, or window and door handles indicate whether they are open or closed. This concept called ambient intelligence, where humans have computing and networking technology embedded in their surroundings, was developed by the ISTAG advisory group [4], [5], [6].While this vision may sound utopian when you first hear about it, current technology is already at a stage where it is possible to realize it. Ambient intelligence requires that there be thousands of tiny embedded devices in the environment. Each of these devices require some source of power for it to function. While power can be sent to them through cables or batteries, neither of these possibilities offers an effective and longterm solution. The large number of these devices makes it highly desirable that they be fully self-sustaining and service-free. This can be achieved by harvesting energy from the environment.Energy harvesting is a way of using the omnipresent sources of energy in our surroundings, like from moving objects, vibrating machine parts, temperature changes, electromagnetic waves such as light, radio or infrared [8], [9]. The idea is not new, but successful and low-cost realization in embedded systems calls for the right expertise. A specific design approach is needed for embedded systems fulfilling the concept of ambient intelligence.EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH LIMITED POWER RESOURCES2. EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN WITH LIMITED POWER RESOURCESEach system design has to begin with a specification. Focusing on devices for an ambient intelligence application, we will look at the design problems of embedded systems expected to satisfy the following requirements:self-sustaining and service-freeenergy harvesting from the environmentseamless wireless communication interfaceinteraction with realtime eventsunobtrusive hardwareThe first step to take when designing an embedded system is to build its architecture. An architecture model of an embedded system with limited power resources is shown in Figure 1. To understand the design problems of such systems, you must first understand their functional concept.The energy harvested from the environment – which can be a single pulse or a continuous flow from a solar cell, thermoelectric or electrodynamic energy converter – is temporarily stored and then used to power a microcontroller for a short period of about several milliseconds. During this time the con-troller receives data from associated sensors and transmits the data wirelessly together with an iden-tification code. After transmission the circuit turns off completely and can be started again when en-ergy is available. Or if there is a continuous flow of energy (for example from a solar cell or thermo energy converter) the circuit enters a sleep mode with low energy consumption [8].There are three critical design constraints with such systems:energy managementcomputing resourcesprice aspectAll these parameters are tied together and for a successful design they must be properly balanced. Changing one of them could influence another. They are looked at below and possible solutions are pointed out.Figure 1 Architecture model of embedded system with limited power resourcesEMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH LIMITED POWER RESOURCES2.1Energy managementOnce the requirements and architecture of the power limited system are defined, the next important part of the design process is to determine how much energy is available. This can be done through an energy budget analysis that determines energy availability and consumption during the period of time. It is essential to validate energy budget calculations with simulations, although building up a simulation model of the system is not a trivial task. There are several software tools available on the market that can help here, for example Matlab Simulink or P-Spice. All following system design steps must be based on the energy budget calculations.Energy converters deliver a certain amount of energy in the form of voltage and current that is stored in capacitors. From the time delivery aspect you can characterize energy converters as follows: converters delivering energy periodicallyconverters delivering short energy burstsThe first group of converters can power a system seamlessly and continuously by storing the energy when available for a longer time. In such a scenario the time for completing the tasks does not play a critical role. Examples of converters belonging to this group are solar panels, thermo converter based on a Peltier element, windmills and dynamos. The concept of efficient energy management in such systems is to switch on the circuit for as short a time and as infrequently as the application allows, and for the rest of the time the circuit should idle with very low power consumption.With the second group of energy converters the time aspect is critical. An example of such a con-verter is a piezo or an electrodynamical element. The greatest energy savings in such systems can be achieved by starting a system and completing the required processing tasks within the shortest pos-sible time.An important requirement for a successful design is to minimize the power consumption factors. Based on the embedded system architecture shown in Figure 1, the following are domains where you can apply power saving strategies. It is important to understand that most of the optimization factors spoken of here can interact, and wrong combination can cancel the energy saving benefit.2.1.1 Microcontroller power saving strategiesSupply voltageIn the case of a microcontroller, power consumption is proportional to the square of the supply volt-age. So the lower the supply voltage of the microcontroller, the better are the power perspectives [10]. There are three types of power consumption relevant to microcontrollers and digital circuits: Internal power, switching power and leakage. Internal power and switching power are referred to as dynamic power and leakage as static power [18]. When choosing the microcontroller for a system it is important to consider these values.Startup timeThe startup time of a microcontroller also plays also a very important role. It is usually influenced by oscillator delay. Mechanical resonant devices such as crystals and ceramic resonators can take several milliseconds to stabilize. RC oscillators, by contrast, provide fast startup but generally suffer from poor accuracy over temperature and supply voltage [19]. To save time it is advisable to use a micro-controller that can start with an RC oscillator and subsequently switch to a crystal oscillator.EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH LIMITED POWER RESOURCESPower featuresMicrocontrollers offer several power saving features like adjustable clock frequency, voltage scaling, different sleep modes. Many embedded processors now include features such as run-time power modes that are used to scale power consumption:Static power management: this approach does not depend on CPU activity. An example of this style is user-activated power-down modes.Dynamic power management: this approach is based on CPU activity. An example of this ap-proach is disabling functional units.It is important to consider how much energy saving can be achieved by which features in the de-signed system.Software power saving strategiesOne of the ways to reduce system power consumption by software is with energy-efficient source code transformation. There are several high-level software optimization techniques of performance such as loop unrolling, procedure in-lining [20]. Better software performance reduces execution time, therefore energy is saved.Another way of saving energy is to use operating systems that support energy-constrained RT sched-uling [10] or dynamic power management (DPM) [21]. DPM strategies are strategies that attempt to make power-mode-related decisions based on information available at runtime.Besides sophisticated software methods, much energy can be saved by sticking to few simple rules: More CPU activity means more power.The software should put the microcontroller to sleep when waiting for an event.One thing to consider when waking a CPU is the oscillator startup time.There are also power down costs. Power down costs include factors such as the time to enter and exit the mode and the energy consumed by doing this.Avoiding flash, EEPROM and other memory writes.Simplicity of software means efficiency, resulting in energy saving.2.1.2 RF transmission power saving strategiesMost energy in an embedded system defined by the architecture shown in Figure 1 is consumed by radio communication. It is caused by the power consumption of each RF block like LNA, down-converter, synthesizer, etc. This leads to the conclusion that power limited embedded systems should use RF transmitters with a minimal number of active components. Another important fact of minimiz-ing power drained by the RF block is to minimize the time the transmitter is turned on [22].Saving energy during RF transmission is also possible by using an energy optimized transmission protocol with small data overhead and strategies such as not transmitting empty data (e.g. leading zeros). An important consideration during energy optimized RF design is the transmission rate and modulation type.2.2 Computing resourcesEmbedded systems with limited power resources have limited functionality time given by the circum-stance that all tasks must be executed during the time period while energy is available. Therefore the correctness of the computations depends not only on the logical correctness of a computation but alsoEMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH LIMITED POWER RESOURCESon the time in which the result is produced. Based on this fact all embedded systems with limited power resources are considered to be realtime.To ensure that all required tasks are completed in time, there must be enough computing resources available. This requirement could be fulfilled by using a powerful microcontroller. On the other hand the more powerful and complex the microcontroller, the more energy is required for its functionality. What makes the design of the system even more difficult is that the time period during which enough operational energy is available varies. This is caused by the fact that the amount of energy delivered by the energy converter is not constant. It is important to calculate with the worst case time period when the least energy is available in the system.To determine what computing resources are needed for correct functionality of the system, it must be classified from the perspective of the application. According to the timeline aspect you can classify realtime embedded systems in the following way [23], [24]:Hard: a late response is incorrect and implies a system failure. An example of such a system is medical equipment monitoring vital functions of a human body, where a late response would be considered a failure.Soft: timelines requirements are defined by using an average response time. If a single com-putation is late, it is not usually significant, although repeated late computation can result in system failures.Weakly hard: this is a combination of both hard and soft timelines requirements. A weakly hard system is one in which few late responses will not lead to a total failure, but missing more than a few may lead to complete and catastrophic failure. For example, if a smoke de-tector after detecting smoke starts the alarm few seconds later or earlier it is not functionally critical. But delaying the alarm by several minutes can lead to serious damage.The second classification criteria is to determine whether the system is fail-safe or fail-operational. For example, if a temperature sensor powered by a thermo converter skips several measurement data caused by lack of energy, it is not critical. In the case of the smoke detector powered by a solar cell, such a situation is not allowed to happen.Another important design step is to list and analyze each task that the system must perform during its function. The typical tasks of the system based on the architecture shown in Figure 1 are: self-test (memory, program check)power management (sleep mode/wake-up timing, available energy measurements)data processing (data acquisition from sensors and evaluation, radio protocol preparation, CRC calculation, encryption)data transmission (transmission timing, listen before talk, repetitive transmission, frequency hopping to assure failure safe transmission)2.3 Price aspectThe total cost of ownership for embedded systems powered by ambient energy must compete with battery powered solutions or even with wired solutions. Ambient energy powered systems become economically feasible if the cost of the devices together with energy converters will be comparable to battery costs – for similar performance of the whole system. In this case service-free systems will ensure wide acceptance [8].EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH LIMITED POWER RESOURCESTable 1 Energy converters overview from the price and delivered energy aspectThe price of the energy converters is not the limiting factor. Currently electrodynamic converters and solar cells are already products in mass production, for an acceptable price. For an overview of the amount of energy a list of energy converters and their amount of delivered energy is shown in Table 1. The only possible way to achieve low-cost embedded systems is to reduce the number of compo-nents the system is composed of and to set the aim to a high level of integration [22].Light energy Piezoelectric ele-mentElectrodynamic ele-mentThermocouplesPhotovoltaic solar cell 20x6x1 mm 33x22x10 mm5x5x2 mm10x20x2 mme.g. button push 3mm x 5 Ne.g. button push 2 mm x 5 NTemp. differenceof 5 KLight 400 lux200 µWs per opera-tion – efficiency 1%230 µWs per operation – efficiency 60%20 µW permanently20 µW perma-nentlyEMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH LIMITED POWER RESOURCES3. APPLICATION EXAMPLEOver the past decades several experiments tried to make the vision of ambient intelligence an every-day reality. Several projects and prototypes were realized but there is still a lack of such embedded systems on the market. Today, thanks to a few breakthrough companies, ambient intelligence is gradually becoming a reality. What follows is a successful implementation of an embedded system with limited power resources that is already available on the market.Figure 2 Electrodynamically powered radio transmitter device; the top picture shows the module con-struction, and in the bottom pictures two applications implemented with this module are illustratedThe product shown in Figure 2 is a transmitter device called PTM 200 from the company EnOcean that enables the implementation of wireless remote controls without batteries. Power is provided by a built-in electrodynamic energy converter. When the energy bow is pushed down, electrical energy is created that powers up a microcontroller and the RF transmitter. The microcontroller reads the status of the contact nipples and after that a radio telegram is transmitted to the air at 868 MHz in Europe or at 315 MHz in North America. The transmission range is approximately 300 meters in a free field. Key applications of this device are wall-mounted flat rocker switches as well as handheld remote con-trols [25].4. CONCLUSIONThere are a large number of design requirements with power limited embedded systems, making the design process a complicated procedure. The most efficient way to handle all the design problems is to develop an integrated system on chip solution in the form of an ASIC. At present there is an ongo-ing ASIC development that should offer an effective cost optimized solution to most of the design problems mentioned in this paper.EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH LIMITED POWER RESOURCESReferences[1] Sam Siewert: Real-Time Embedded Components and Systems[2] Last access 3.2.2007/[3] The Origin, Nature and Implications of “Moore’s Law”Last access 18.2.2007/~gray/Moore_Law.html[4] Ubiquitous Computing: An Interesting New ParadigmLast access 18.2.2007/classes/cs6751_97_fall/projects/say-cheese/marcia/mfinal.htmlIntelligence[5] AmbientLast access 18.2.2007/definition[6] J. Bohn, V. Coroama, M. Langheinrich, F.Mattern, M. Rohs: Social, Economic and Ethical Im-plications of Ambient Intelligence and Ubiquitous Computing, published in:W. Weber, J.M. Rabaey, E. Aarts: Ambient Intelligence, Netherlands: Springer, 2005čip vyrobený 29,9nm technologiía[7] IBMLast access 3.2.2007http://www.svethardware.cz/art_doc-46D82534D2E94655C125711C0045AF52.html[8] F. Schmidt, M. Heiden: Wireless Sensors Enabled by Smart Energy – Concepts and Solutions[9] Energy-harvesting chips: The quest for everlasting lifeLast access 18.2.2007/ART_8800378146_765245_1fe14900_no.HTM[10] Energy-Constrained Scheduling for Weakly-Hard Real-Time Systems[11] Thomas A. Henzinger, Joseph Sifakis: The Embedded Systems Design Challange[12] Language Design: LustreLast access 18.2.2007, http://www-verimag.imag.fr/~synchron/index.php?page=lang-design[13] EstrelLast access 18.2.2007,http://www-sop.inria.fr//[14] SystemCLast access 4.2.2007/EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH LIMITED POWER RESOURCES[15] AADLLast access 4.2.2007/[16] Daniel Gajski, Frank Vahid, Sanjiv Narayan, and Jie Gong: Specification and Design of Em-bedded Systems, Prentice Hall, 1994[17] F. Schmidt, Wolfgang Heller: Radio sensors powered by ambient energy: from strange ideas to mass market products[18] Ronald J. Landry: Low-power microcontroller design techniques for mixed-signal applications Last access 24.2.2007/articles/article9822.html[19] Microcontroller Clock - Crystal, Resonator, RC Oscillator or Silicon Oscillator?[20] Eui-Young Chung, Luca Benini, Giovanni De Micheli: Energy Efficient Source Code Transforma-tion Based on Value Profiling[21] S. Irani, S. Shukla and R. Gupta: Online Strategies for Dynamic Power Management in Sys-tems with Multiple Power Saving States[22] J. Ammer, F. Burghardt, E. Lin, B. Otis, R. Shah, M. Sheets, J.M. Rabaey: Ultra-Low Power Integrated Wireless Nodes for Sensor and Actuator Networkspublished in: W. Weber, J.M. Rabaey, E. Aarts: Ambient Intelligence, Netherlands: Springer, 2005 [23] Real time and embedded systemsLast access 3.2.2007/company/realtime_perspective/embedded_systems.aspx[24] Dave Stewart: Introduction to real timeLast access 3.2.2007/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=9900353[25] User manual: Pushbutton Transmitter Device PTM200Last access 25.2.2007/php/upload/pdf/MAN_ENG2.pdf。

嵌入式常见英文缩写和英文词汇

嵌入式常见英文缩写和英文词汇

嵌入式常见英文缩写和英文词汇(搜集中)英文缩写ARM:Advanced RISC MachineAAPCS:ARM Architecture Process callstandard ARM体系结构过程调用标准RISC:ReducedInstruction Set Computer精简指令集计算机RTOS:Real Time OperatingSystem 实时操作系统DMA:Direct MemoryAccess存储器直接访问EXTI: External Interrupts 外部中断FSMC: Flexible static memory controller可变静态存储控制器FPB:flash patch andbreakpoint FLASH 转换及断电单元HSE:Hign speed externalHSI: High speed internalLSE:LowSpeed externalLSI: Low Speed InternalLSU: loadstore unit存取单元PFU:prefetchunit预取单元ISR:Interrupt Service Routines 中断服务程序NMI: Nonmaskable Interrupt不可屏蔽中断NVIC:Nested VectoredInterrupt ControllerMPU: MemoryProtection UnitMIPS:million instructions per second每秒能执行的百万条指令的条数RCC:Resetand clock control复位和时钟控制RTC:Real-Time Clock实时时钟IWDG:independent watchdogWWDG:Window watchdogTIM:timer定时器端口AFIO:alternate function IO复用IO端口GPIO:general purpose input/output通用IO端口IOP(A-G):IO port A- IO portG (例如:IOPA:IO portA)CAN:Controller area networkFLITF:The Flash memoryinterface闪存存储器接口I2C:Inter-integrated circuitIIS:integrate interface of sound集成音频接口JTAG:joint test action group 联合测试行动小组SPI:Serial Peripheral InterfaceSDIO:SD I/OUART:Universal Synchr./Asynch. Receiver TransmitterUSB: Universal Serial Bus寄存器相关CPSP: CurrentProgramStatus Register 当前程序状态寄存器SPSP:saved program status register程序状态备份寄存器CSR:clock control/status register 时钟控制状态寄存器LR:link register链接寄存器SP:stack pointer 堆栈指针MSP:main stack pointer 主堆栈指针PSP:process stack pointer进程堆栈指针PC: program counter 程序计数器调试相关ICE:in circuit emulator 在线仿真ICE Breaker 嵌入式在线仿真单元DBG:debug 调试IDE:integrated development environment 集成开发环境DWT:data watchpoint and trace数据观测与跟踪单元ITM:instrumentation trace macrocell 测量跟踪单元ETM:embedded trace macrocell 嵌入式追踪宏单元TPIU:traceport interface unit 跟踪端口接口单元TAP:test access port测试访问端口DAP: debug access prot 调试访问端口TP: traceport 跟踪端口DP:debug port 调试端口SWJ-DP:serial wireJTAG debugport 串行-JTAG 调试接口SW-DP: serial wiredebugport 串行调试接口JTAG-DP:JTAGdebug port JTAG 调试接口系统类IRQ: interrupt request 中断请求FIQ: fast interrupt request快速中断请求SW:software软件SWI:software interrupt 软中断RO:read only 只读(部分)RW:read write 读写(部分)ZI:zero initial零初始化(部分)BSS:Block Started by Symbol 以符号开始的块(未初始化数据段)总线Bus Matrix 总线矩阵BusSplitter总线分割AHB-AP:advancedHigh-preformanceBus-accessport APB:advanced peripheral busAPB1: low speed APBAPB2: high speed APBPPB:Private PeripheralBus 专用外设总线杂类ALU:Arithmetic Logical Unit算术逻辑单元CLZ:countleadingzero 前导零计数(指令)SIMD:single instruction stream multiple datastream 单指令流,多数据流VFP:vectorfloating point 矢量浮点运算词汇/词组Big Endian大段存储模式Little Endian小段存储模式context switch 任务切换(上下文切换)(CPU寄存器内容的切换)task switch 任务切换literal pool 数据缓冲池词汇类/单词arbitration仲裁access 访问assembler汇编器disassembly反汇编binutils连接器bit-banding 位段(技术)bit-band alias 位段别名bit-bandregion 位段区域banked分组buffer 缓存/ceramic 陶瓷fetch取指decode 译码execute 执行Harvard哈佛(架构)handler 处理者heap 堆stack 栈latency延时load(LDR) 加载(存储器内容加载到寄存器Rn)store (STR)存储(寄存器Rn内容存储到存储器)Loader装载器optimization优化process 进程/过程thread线程prescaler预分频器prefetch 预读/预取指perform 执行pre-emption 抢占tail-chaining尾链late-arriving迟到resonator共振器指令相关instructions 指令pseudo-instruction 伪指令directive 伪操作comments注释FA fullascending 满栈递增(方式)EA empty ascending空栈递增(方式)FD full desending 满栈递减(方式)ED empty desending 空栈递减(方式)翻译1.number of waitstates foraread operationprogrammed on-the-fly动态设置(programmedon-the-fly)的读操作的等待状态数目参考文章1.BSS的参考:BSS是Unix链接器产生的未初始化数据段。

Led灯的专业英语词汇

Led灯的专业英语词汇

Led灯的专业英语词汇低压灯/灯工艺灯/灯镜画灯/灯吊灯轨道灯/线灯/灯柱头灯喷水灯/灯水下灯/灯室外壁灯/灯组合灯组合灯/灯太阳灯/灯节日灯/灯彩虹灯/灯烟花灯/灯照明英语词汇:室内灯住宅灯/灯树吊灯/灯半吊灯/灯台灯台灯/灯壁灯/灯落地灯/灯天花板灯/灯水晶灯199低压灯/光工艺灯/光石灯/光羊皮纸灯/光镜大灯/光镜前灯/光吊灯轨道/线灯/格栅灯/水珍珠灯/光轨灯轨道灯/光柱灯/光蒂芙尼灯/光风水灯水喷泉灯/光室外灯/光路灯/光筒灯/光投影聚光灯/光庭院灯/光草坪灯/光草坪灯/光草坪灯/光草坪灯/光草坪灯199组合灯组合灯组合灯/灯太阳能灯/灯灯笼灯/灯彩虹灯/灯焰火灯/灯节日灯/灯圣诞灯/灯椰子灯/灯卤素灯卤素灯白炽灯灯泡整体开关专业照明舞台灯应急灯/灯嵌入式灯/嵌入式灯/埋地灯/灯汽车灯头灯头灯聚光灯/灯线灯线形灯烟花灯/灯节灯/灯圣诞灯/灯圣诞灯/灯椰灯/灯卤素灯/卤素灯白炽灯泡组合开关整体开关专业照明舞台灯应急灯/灯嵌入式灯/嵌入式灯/灯车灯汽车灯头灯头灯头灯聚光灯/灯路由灯线性泛光灯/灯景观灯/灯电子感应灯/灯灭蚊灯电灯泡节能灯紧凑型荧光灯(CFL)紧凑型荧光灯荧光灯日光灯/灯架荧光灯灯具手电筒/手电筒灯/灯杯灯杯金属卤化物灯/卤素灯溴钨灯汞灯钠灯钠灯卤钨灯卤钨灯碘钨灯氖灯/霓虹灯石英灯倍照明旗帜照明公司卤素灯卤素灯配件灯具灯罩灯座灯座灯座灯座灯座灯座灯座气体放电灯荧光灯导电亚克力配件塑料配件陶瓷配件五金配件玻璃配件压铸压铸开关电线/ 插座电感镇流器磁镇流器电子镇流器适配器变压器启动器整流器整流器感应器感应器调光器端子端子端子端子端子荧光灯管线性荧光灯管三色三磷稀土荧光粉三磷荧光粉三磷灯管三磷灯管三磷LEDS伪彩色发光二极管显示器全彩色发光二极管显示器全彩色发光二极管显示器发光二极管面板光和辐射光强度单位:坎德拉、坎德拉、CD照度、E照度单位:勒克斯、lx照度、L照度单位:坎德拉每平方米cd/㎡色温co1或温度色温单位:绝对温度开尔文。

技术英语em开头

技术英语em开头

技术英语em开头
"Em"在技术英语中通常用作缩写词或标识符的一部分,以下是一
些技术术语以"Em"开头的例子:
1. Embedded system(嵌入式系统):一种以特定功能为目的设
计的计算机系统,被嵌入到其他设备或系统中,用于控制和管理设备
的操作。

2. Ethernet(以太网):一种常见的局域网技术,用于在计算机
网络中传输数据,并支持多种不同的传输速率。

3. E-commerce(电子商务):指在互联网上进行商业交易的活动,包括网上购物、网上支付和在线金融等。

4. Encryption(加密):一种将数据转换为无法直接阅读的形式,以保护数据安全的方法。

5. Emulator(仿真器):一种软件或硬件工具,用于模拟或复制
其他系统、设备或软件的行为,以便进行测试、开发或学习。

6. Error handling(错误处理):指在程序中检测、识别和处理错误的过程和方法,以确保程序的正常运行。

请注意以上的解释仅为参考,并可能因上下文和具体领域而有所不同。

embedding通俗的解释

embedding通俗的解释

embedding通俗的解释嵌入式通俗的解释嵌入式系统(Embedded System),简称嵌入式,是集成了处理器、存储器、软件以及各种传感器和执行器等功能模块的系统。

这些系统通常被嵌入在其他设备中,以完成特定的功能或任务。

举几个简单的例子来解释嵌入式系统的应用:数码相机、智能手机、微波炉、智能手表等都属于嵌入式系统的范畴。

在这些设备中,嵌入式系统负责控制和管理设备的各项功能,使设备能够正常运行并提供给用户所需的功能。

嵌入式系统中有一个重要的概念,那就是嵌入式系统的核心——嵌入式处理器(Embedded Processor)。

嵌入式处理器是嵌入式系统的中央处理器,负责处理各种输入信息,控制设备的操作,以及与外部环境进行交互。

嵌入式处理器通常采用低功耗、高性能的设计,以适应嵌入式系统对功耗和性能的要求。

除了嵌入式处理器外,嵌入式系统还包括存储器、输入输出接口、各种传感器和执行器等模块。

存储器用于存储程序代码和数据,输入输出接口用于与外部设备进行通信,传感器用于采集环境信息,执行器用于控制设备的执行动作。

这些模块协同工作,使嵌入式系统能够完成各种复杂的功能。

嵌入式系统的软件是嵌入式系统的灵魂,它负责控制硬件模块的操作,实现系统的各项功能。

嵌入式系统的软件通常包括操作系统、驱动程序、应用程序等不同层次的软件模块。

操作系统用于管理硬件资源,提供应用程序运行的环境;驱动程序用于控制硬件模块的操作;应用程序则实现了系统的具体功能,满足用户的需求。

总的来说,嵌入式系统是一种集成了处理器、存储器、软件以及各种传感器和执行器等功能模块的系统,用于完成特定的功能或任务。

嵌入式系统在日常生活中广泛应用,使各种电子设备变得更加智能和便捷。

通过嵌入式系统的技术解释,希望读者对嵌入式系统有了更加清晰的认识。

计算机专业英语_unit05嵌入式系统

计算机专业英语_unit05嵌入式系统



中国水利水电出版社
Text 1 Introduction of Embedded Systems
• Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for the network to mobile phones at the end-user. Computer networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data. Consumer electronics include personal digital assistants (PDAs), mp3 players, mobile phones, videogame consoles, digital cameras, DVD players, GPS receivers, and printers. Many household appliances, such as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, are including embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features. Advanced HVAC systems use networked thermostats to more accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and season. Home automation uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and controlling.

嵌入式英语

嵌入式英语

A ASIC(专用集成电路)Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. A piece of custom-designed hardware in a chip.专用集成电路。

一个在一个芯片上定制设计的硬件。

address bus (地址总线)A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripherals withwhich itcommunicates. The address bus is used by the processor to select aspecific memory location or register within a particular peripheral. If the address bus contains n electrical lines, the processor can uniquely address up to 2^n such locations.一个连接处理器与所有外设的,用来通讯的电子线路集。

地址总线被处理器用来选择在特定外设中的存储器地址或寄存器。

如果地址总线有n条电子线路,处理器能唯一寻址高达2^n的地址空间。

application software(应用软件)Describes software modules specific to a particular embedded project. Theapplication software is unlikely to be reusable across embedded platforms, simplybecause each embedded system has a different application.用来描述一个特定的嵌入式项目中的某一软件模块。

嵌入式英语单词

嵌入式英语单词

嵌入式英语单词In the world of technology, the term "embedded" is a buzzword that often finds its way into conversations about the latest gadgets. It refers to the integration of a computer system within a larger system to perform specific functions.Embedded systems are everywhere, from the tiny microcontroller in a digital watch to the complex software that powers a car's engine management system. These systems are designed to be efficient, reliable, and often operate in real-time, responding to inputs and controlling outputs without the need for a user's intervention.The language used to program these systems is known as "embedded programming," and it requires a different set of skills compared to traditional software development. Developers must be adept at working with limited resources and ensuring that the system operates within strict constraints.As technology advances, the demand for embedded systems is only set to grow. They are the backbone of the Internet of Things (IoT), where everyday objects are connected to the internet and can communicate with each other. This interconnectedness is made possible by the seamless integration of embedded systems.Learning the art of embedded programming opens up a world of possibilities. It's a field that requires a deep understanding of both hardware and software, and the ability to think creatively about how to solve complex problemswithin the confines of a small, often power-constrained device.In essence, the world of embedded systems is afascinating blend of engineering, computer science, and creativity. It's a domain where the smallest details can have the biggest impact, and where the quest for efficiency and reliability is paramount.。

嵌入式中一些常见的单词

嵌入式中一些常见的单词
DMA 传输将数据从一个地址空间复制到另外一个地址空间。当 CPU 初始化这个传输动作,传输动作本身是由 DMA 控制器 来实行和完成。
13. G-sensor中文是重力传感器的意思(英文全称是Gravity-sensor),它能够感知到加速力的变化,加速力就是当物体在加速过程中作用在物体上的力,比如晃动、跌落、上升、下降等各种移动变化都能被G-sensor转化为电信号,然后通过微处理器的计算分析后,就能够完成程序设计好的功能,比如MP3能根据使用者的甩动方向,前后更换歌曲,放进衣袋的时候也能够计算出使用者的前进步伐。个别高端笔记本例如IBM高端系列也内置了G-sensor,在感知发生剧烈加速度时(如开始跌落),立即保护硬盘,避免硬盘损害。简单的说,G-Sensor是智能化重力感应系统,应用在硬盘上可以检测当前硬盘的状态,当发生意外跌落时,会产生加速度,硬盘感应到加速度,磁头就会自动归位,使盘体和磁头分离,防止在读写操作的时候受到意外的冲击,从而有效的保护硬盘。
a:如果你要用某个引脚控制一个东东,如让它高电平或低电平,则这个引脚就得设置为输出。如果你想知道某个引脚是高电平或低电平,则这个引脚就得设置为输入。还有如果作为AD转换,相应的引脚就得做为输入。
设置引脚是输出或输入,就是把对应的TRISx的寄存器的位设为0为1,这个容易记住:0象OUTOUT的第一个字母,它就是输出;1象INPUT的第一个字母,它就是输入。
光学与电特性
7.reliability
n. 可靠性
8.outgoing quality control specifications
出厂质量控制规范
9.capacitor 英[k?'p?s?t?] 美[k?'p?s?t?]

IT高级英语词汇

IT高级英语词汇

IT高级英语词汇·CPU3D Now(3D no waiting)ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit,算术逻辑单元)AGU(Address Generation Units,地址生成单元)BGA(Ball Grid Array,球状矩阵排列)BHT(Branch Prediction Table,分支预测表)BPU(Branch Processing Unit,分支处理单元)Brach Pediction(分支预测)CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor,互补金属氧化物半导体)CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computing,复杂指令集计算机)CLK(Clock Cycle,时钟周期)COB(Cache On Board,板上集成缓存)COD(Cache On Die,芯片内集成缓存)CPGA(Ceramic Pin Grid Array,陶瓷针型栅格阵列)CPU(Center Processing Unit,中央处理器)Data Forwarding(数据前送)Decode(指令解码)DIB(Dual Independent Bus,双独立总线)EC(Embedded Controller,嵌入式控制器)Embedded Chips(嵌入式)EPIC(Explicitly Parallel Instruction Code,并行指令代码)FADD(Floationg Point Addition,浮点加)FCPGA(Flip Chip Pin Grid Array,反转芯片针脚栅格阵列)FDIV(Floationg Point Divide,浮点除)FEMMS(Fast Entry/Exit Multimedia State,快速进入/退出多媒体状态)FFT(Fast Fourier Transform,快速热欧姆转换)FID(Frequency Identify,频率鉴别号码)FIFO(First Input First Output,先入先出队列)Flip-Chip(芯片反转)FLOP(Floating Point Operations Per Second,浮点操作/秒)FMUL(Floationg Point Multiplication,浮点乘)FPU(Float Point Unit,浮点运算单元)FSUB(Floationg Point Subtraction,浮点减)GVPP(Generic Visual Perception Processor,常规视觉处理器)HL-PBGA(表面黏著高耐热、轻薄型塑胶球状矩阵封装)IA(Intel Architecture,英特尔架构)ICU(Instruction Control Unit,指令控制单元)ID(identify,鉴别号码)IDF(Intel Developer Forum,英特尔开发者论坛)IEU(Integer Execution Units,整数执行单元)IMM(Intel Mobile Module,英特尔移动模块)Instructions Cache(指令缓存)Instruction Coloring(指令分类)IPC(Instructions Per Clock Cycle,指令/时钟周期)ISA(instruction set architecture,指令集架构)KNI(Katmai New Instructions,Katmai新指令集,即SSE)Latency(潜伏期)LDT(Lightning Data Transport,闪电数据传输总线)Local Interconnect(局域互连)MESI(Modified,Exclusive,Shared,Invalid,修改、排除、共享、废弃)MMX(MultiMedia Extensions,多媒体扩展指令集)MMU(Multimedia Unit,多媒体单元)MFLOPS(Million Floationg Point/Second,每秒百万个浮点操作)MHz(Million Hertz,兆赫兹)MP(Multi-Processing,多重处理器架构)MPS(MultiProcessor Specification,多重处理器规范)MSRs(Model-Specific Registers,特别模块寄存器)NAOC(no-account OverClock,无效超频)NI(Non-Intel,非英特尔)OLGA(Organic Land Grid Array,基板栅格阵列)OoO(Out of Order,乱序执行)PGA(Pin-Grid Array,引脚网格阵列,耗电大)PR(Performance Rate,性能比率)PSN(Processor Serial numbers,处理器序列号)PIB(Processor In a Box,盒装处理器)PPGA(Plastic Pin Grid Array,塑胶针状矩阵封装)PQFP(Plastic Quad Flat Package,塑料方块平面封装)RAW(Read after Write,写后读)Register Contention(抢占寄存器)Register Pressure(寄存器不足)Register Renaming(寄存器重命名)Remark(芯片频率重标识)Resource Contention(资源冲突)Retirement(指令引退)RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computing,精简指令集计算机)SEC(Single Edge Connector,单边连接器)Shallow-Trench Isolation(浅槽隔离)SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Data,单指令多数据流)SiO2F(Fluorided Silicon Oxide,二氧氟化硅)SMI(System Management Interrupt,系统管理中断)SMM(System Management Mode,系统管理模式)SMP(Symmetric Multi-Processing,对称式多重处理架构)SOI(Silicon-On-Insulator,绝缘体硅片)SONC(System On A Ahip,系统集成芯片)SPEC(System Performance Evaluation Corporation,系统性能评估测试)SQRT(Square Root Calculations,平方根计算)SSE(Streaming SIMD Extensions,单一指令多数据流扩展)Superscalar(超标量体系结构)TCP(Tape Carrier Package,薄膜封装,发热小)Throughput(吞吐量)TLB(Translate Look ide Buffers,翻译旁视缓冲器)USWC(Uncacheabled Speculative Write Combination,无缓冲随机联合写操作)VALU(Vector Arithmetic Logic Unit,向量算术逻辑单元)VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word,超长指令字)VPU(Vector Permutate Unit,向量排列单元)VPU(vector processing units,向量处理单元,即处理MMX、SSE等SIMD指令的地方)Ali(Acer Lab,宏棋实验室)ASF(Applied Science Fiction)AMD(Advanced Micro Device,超微半导体)AMI(American Megatrends Incorporated)EAR(Extreme Audio Reality)HP(Hewlett-Packard,美国惠普公司)IBM(International Business Machine,国际商业机器)IDG(International Data Group,国际数据集团)IMS(International Meta System)MLE(Microsoft Learning and Entertainment,微软教学与娱乐公司)MS(Microsoft,微软)NAI(Network Associates Incorporation,前身为McAfee)NS(National Semiconductor,国家半导体)PMI(Pacific Magtron International)SCE(Sony Computer Entertainment,索尼计算机娱乐部)SGI(Silicon Graphics)SiS(Silicon Integrated Systems,硅片综合系统公司)UMC(United Microelectronics Corporation,台湾联华电子公司,半导体制造商)WD(Western Digital,西部数据)ZD(Ziff-Davis出版公司)3DPA(3D Positional Audio,3D定位音频)AC(Audio Codec,音频多媒体数字信号编解码器)Auxiliary Input(辅助输入接口)CS(Channel Separation,声道分离)DS3D(DirectSound 3D Streams)DSD(Direct Stream Digital,直接数字信号流)DSL(Down Loadable Sample,可下载的取样音色)DLS-2(Downloadable Sounds Level 2,第二代可下载音色)EAX(Environmental Audio Extensions,环境音效扩展技术)Extended Stereo(扩展式立体声)FM(Frequency Modulation,频率调制)FIR(finite impulse response,有限推进响应)FR(Frequence Response,频率响应)FSE(Frequency Shifter Effect,频率转换效果)HRTF(Head Related Transfer Function,头部关联传输功能)IID(Interaural Intensity Difference,两侧声音强度差别)IIR(infinite impulse response,无限推进响应)Interactive Around-Sound(交互式环绕声)Interactive 3D Audio(交互式3D音效)ITD(Interaural Time Difference,两侧声音时间延迟差别)MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface,乐器数字接口)NDA(Non-DWORD-aligned ,非DWORD排列)Raw PCM(Raw Pulse Code Modulated,元脉码调制)RMA(Real Media Architecture,实媒体架构)RTSP(Real Time Streaming Protocol,实时流协议)SACD(Super Audio CD,超级音乐CD)SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio,信噪比)S/PDIF(Sony/Phillips Digital Interface,索尼/飞利普数字接口)SRS(Sound Retrieval System,声音修复系统)Surround Sound(环绕立体声)Super Intelligent Sound ASIC(超级智能音频集成电路)THD+N(Total Harmonic Distortion plus Noise,总谐波失真加噪音)QEM(Qsound Environmental Modeling,Qsound环境建模扬声器组)WG(Wave Guide,波导合成)WT(Wave Table,波表合成)IT高级英语词汇·CPU3D Now(3D no waiting)ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit,算术逻辑单元)AGU(Address Generation Units,地址生成单元)BGA(Ball Grid Array,球状矩阵排列)BHT(Branch Prediction Table,分支预测表)BPU(Branch Processing Unit,分支处理单元)Brach Pediction(分支预测)CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor,互补金属氧化物半导体)CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computing,复杂指令集计算机)CLK(Clock Cycle,时钟周期)COB(Cache On Board,板上集成缓存)COD(Cache On Die,芯片内集成缓存)CPGA(Ceramic Pin Grid Array,陶瓷针型栅格阵列)CPU(Center Processing Unit,中央处理器)Data Forwarding(数据前送)Decode(指令解码)DIB(Dual Independent Bus,双独立总线)EC(Embedded Controller,嵌入式控制器)Embedded Chips(嵌入式)EPIC(Explicitly Parallel Instruction Code,并行指令代码)FADD(Floationg Point Addition,浮点加)FCPGA(Flip Chip Pin Grid Array,反转芯片针脚栅格阵列)FDIV(Floationg Point Divide,浮点除)FEMMS(Fast Entry/Exit Multimedia State,快速进入/退出多媒体状态)FFT(Fast Fourier Transform,快速热欧姆转换)FID(Frequency Identify,频率鉴别号码)FIFO(First Input First Output,先入先出队列)Flip-Chip(芯片反转)FLOP(Floating Point Operations Per Second,浮点操作/秒)FMUL(Floationg Point Multiplication,浮点乘)FPU(Float Point Unit,浮点运算单元)FSUB(Floationg Point Subtraction,浮点减)GVPP(Generic Visual Perception Processor,常规视觉处理器)HL-PBGA(表面黏著高耐热、轻薄型塑胶球状矩阵封装)IA(Intel Architecture,英特尔架构)ICU(Instruction Control Unit,指令控制单元)ID(identify,鉴别号码)IDF(Intel Developer Forum,英特尔开发者论坛)IEU(Integer Execution Units,整数执行单元)IMM(Intel Mobile Module,英特尔移动模块)Instructions Cache(指令缓存)Instruction Coloring(指令分类)IPC(Instructions Per Clock Cycle,指令/时钟周期)ISA(instruction set architecture,指令集架构)KNI(Katmai New Instructions,Katmai新指令集,即SSE)Latency(潜伏期)LDT(Lightning Data Transport,闪电数据传输总线)Local Interconnect(局域互连)MESI(Modified,Exclusive,Shared,Invalid,修改、排除、共享、废弃)MMX(MultiMedia Extensions,多媒体扩展指令集)MMU(Multimedia Unit,多媒体单元)MFLOPS(Million Floationg Point/Second,每秒百万个浮点操作)MHz(Million Hertz,兆赫兹)MP(Multi-Processing,多重处理器架构)MPS(MultiProcessor Specification,多重处理器规范)MSRs(Model-Specific Registers,特别模块寄存器)NAOC(no-account OverClock,无效超频)NI(Non-Intel,非英特尔)OLGA(Organic Land Grid Array,基板栅格阵列)OoO(Out of Order,乱序执行)PGA(Pin-Grid Array,引脚网格阵列,耗电大)PR(Performance Rate,性能比率)PSN(Processor Serial numbers,处理器序列号)PIB(Processor In a Box,盒装处理器)PPGA(Plastic Pin Grid Array,塑胶针状矩阵封装)PQFP(Plastic Quad Flat Package,塑料方块平面封装)RAW(Read after Write,写后读)Register Contention(抢占寄存器)Register Pressure(寄存器不足)Register Renaming(寄存器重命名)Remark(芯片频率重标识)Resource Contention(资源冲突)Retirement(指令引退)RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computing,精简指令集计算机)SEC(Single Edge Connector,单边连接器)Shallow-Trench Isolation(浅槽隔离)SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Data,单指令多数据流)SiO2F(Fluorided Silicon Oxide,二氧氟化硅)SMI(System Management Interrupt,系统管理中断)SMM(System Management Mode,系统管理模式)SMP(Symmetric Multi-Processing,对称式多重处理架构)SOI(Silicon-On-Insulator,绝缘体硅片)SONC(System On A Ahip,系统集成芯片)SPEC(System Performance Evaluation Corporation,系统性能评估测试)SQRT(Square Root Calculations,平方根计算)SSE(Streaming SIMD Extensions,单一指令多数据流扩展)Superscalar(超标量体系结构)TCP(Tape Carrier Package,薄膜封装,发热小)Throughput(吞吐量)TLB(Translate Look ide Buffers,翻译旁视缓冲器)USWC(Uncacheabled Speculative Write Combination,无缓冲随机联合写操作)VALU(Vector Arithmetic Logic Unit,向量算术逻辑单元)VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word,超长指令字)VPU(Vector Permutate Unit,向量排列单元)VPU(vector processing units,向量处理单元,即处理MMX、SSE等SIMD指令的地方)J / S Jam to Signal 信号干扰JA Job Analysis 作业分析JA John Atanasoff 约翰·安塔纳索夫(1937年开始建造人类历史上第一台电子数字计算机)JA Jump Address 转移地址JA Jump Address 转移地址〖指令〗JA Jump if Above 大于则转移〖指令〗JAB Job Analysis and Billing 作业分析与开列清单JABS Joint Automated Booking System 联合自动订票系统JACC Joint Automatic Control Conference 自动控制联合讨论会JACM Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 计算机协会会刊(美国)JAEC Japan Aero – Electronic Company 日本航空电子工业公司,日航电JANET Joint Academic NETwork 大专院校联合网(英国)JAPATIC JApan PATent Information Center 日本专利信息中心JAPIB Joint Air Photographic Intelligence Board 航空摄影联合情报局JAR Jump Address Register 转移地址寄存器.jar 压缩文件〖后缀〗JAS Journal Automation System 日志自动化系统.jas 图形文件格式〖后缀〗jasmines “茉莉之窗”: 中文搜索引擎(域名)JAT Job Accounting Table 作业记账表.jav “爪哇”语言的源码文件格式〖后缀〗Java “爪哇”语言环境(美国SUN公司设计的解释执行语言),爪哇程式(台湾用语)JavaRMI Java Remote Method Invocation “爪哇” 语言远程方法启用JAWT Java Abstract Windows Toolkit “爪哇”抽象窗口工具箱JB Java Booster “爪哇助推器”(Innovative Software GMBh公司1997年出品的网页加速器)〖软件名〗JB Jeffrey Bezos 杰弗里·贝佐斯(1995年创办世上最大的网上书店亚玛逊)JB John Backus 约翰·巴库斯(Fortran 语言之父)JB Junction Box 接线盒.jbd SigmaScan的数据文件格式〖后缀〗JBE Jump if Below or Equal 小于或等于则转移〖指令〗JBIG Joint Bi – level Image Group 联合双态成像组JBIEG Joint Bi – level Image Expert Group 二值图像联合专家组JBOD Just a Bunch Of Disks 一组磁盘而已(RAID的戏称)Jbond 捷邦主板〖品牌〗JBPC Java – Based Pipeline Configurator 基于“爪哇”语言的流水线配置器JBS Japan Broadcasting System 日本广播系统.jbx Project Scheduler 4的投影文件格式〖后缀〗JC Jack Connection 插座连接JC Job Control 作业控制JC Jump if Carry set 进位则转移〖指令〗JC Jump on Carry 按进位转移〖指令〗JC JunCtion 连接(点),中继线,中心站JCA Java Component Architecture “爪哇”语言组件体系结构JCAE Joint Committee on Atomic Energy 原子能联合委员会JCALS Joint Computer – aided Acquisition and Logistics Support联合式计算机辅助采购与后勤支持JCB Job Control Block 作业控制块JCC Job Control Card 作业控制卡JCC Joint Communication Center 联合通信中心JCC Joint Computer Conference 计算机联合会议JCC Joint Consultative Committee 联合咨询委员会(英国)JCCL Java Coffee Cup Logo 爪哇咖啡杯标识JCCOMNET Joint Coordination center COMmunications NETwork 联合协调中心通信网JCG Joint Coordinating Group 联合协调组JCI Johnson Controls Inc. 约翰逊控制公司(美国,出品楼宇自动化系统)JCI Joint Communication Instruction 联合通信指令JCL Job Control Language 作业控制语言JCM Job Cylinder Map 作业磁道柱面映像JCN Justice Consolidated Network 司法统一网JCSAN Joint Chiefs of Staff Alerting Network 参谋长联席会议报警网JCSE Joint Communications Support Element联合通信系统支持单元JCSEL Jump Condi t ion SELector 转移条件选择器JCT Job Control Table 作业控制表JDBC Java DataBase Connectivity “爪哇” 语言数据库连通性JDC Japanese Digital Cellular 日本数字式蜂窝JDC Job Description Card 作业说明卡JDK Java Development Kit “爪哇”开发工具包JDL Job Descriptor Language 作业描述符语言JE Jump if Equal 等于则转移〖指令〗JEAC Japan Electric Association Code 日本电气协会编码JEAN Jordan Extended for Adaptive Neurocontrol 用于自适应神经控制的约当范式扩展JECC Japan Electronic Computer Co. 日本电子计算机公司JECF Java Electronic Commerce Framework “爪哇” 电子商贸框架JEDEC Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council 电子设备工程联合委员会JEIDA Japanese Electronic Industry Development Association 日本电子工业发展(振兴)协会JEL Java Event List “爪哇” 语言的事件列表JEPI Joint Electronic Payment Ini t iative 联合电子转账,共同使用的主动支付电子系统JEPIA Japan Electronic Parts Industry Association 日本电子元件产业协会Jerusalem “耶路撒冷病毒”,又称“黑色星期五病毒”(第一个PC机文件型病毒,1987年发现,13号星期五发作)JES Japan Electronics Show 日本电子展览JES Job Entry System 作业登录系统JESA Japanese Engineering Standards Association 日本工程标准协会JESI Joint European Standards Institute 欧洲联合标准局.jet Hybrid JetFax的传真文件格式〖后缀〗JFC Java Foundation Classes “爪哇” 语言的基类JFCB Job File Control Block 作业文件控制块JFET Junction type Field Effect Transistor 接合型场效应晶体管.jff 使用JPEG文件交换格式存储的位图图形文件格式〖后缀〗JFS Journaled File System 日志文件系统JFS Jumbogroup Frequency Supply 巨群频率供给JG Jump if Greater 大于则转移〖指令〗JGE Jump if Greater or Equal 大于或等于则转移〖指令〗JGFET Junction – Gate Field Effect Transistor 结型栅场效应晶体管JICST Japan Information Center of Science and Technology 日本科技信息中心JIDL Java Interface Definition Language 爪哇界面定义语言JIEE Japanese Institute of Electrical Engineers 日本电气工程师学会JIEO Joint Interoperability and Engineering Organization 互操作性与工程学联合组织JIPDEC Japan Information Processing Development Center 日本信息处理开发中心JIPNET Japan Information Processing Network 日本信息处理网JIS Japanese Industrial standards 日本工业标准JIS Job Information System 作业信息系统JISC Japanese Industrial standards Committee 日本工业标准委员会JIT compiler Just – In – Time compiler 运行时的编译执行程序〖JAVA〗JIVA Joint Intelligence Virtual Architecture 联合式智能虚拟体系结构JK John Kemeny 约翰·科姆尼(Basic语言的发明者之一,1964)JL Jump if Less 小于则转移〖指令〗JL Jumming Locator 干扰定位器JLE Jump if Less than or Equal 小于或等于则转移〖指令〗JM J. Mauchly 莫齐利(1907-1980,世界第一台通用电子计算机ENI AC的设计者之一)JM Job Manipulation 作业处理JM Jump on Minus 按负转移〖指令〗jm Jamaica 牙买加(域名)JMA Japan Management Association 日本管理协会JMAPI Java Management Application Programming Interface “爪哇”语言管理应用程序编程接口JMCIS Joint Maritime Command Information System 海上联合指挥信息系统JMF Java Media Framework “爪哇” 语言媒质架构JMP JuMP 转移〖指令〗JMTSS Joint Multichannel Trunking and Swi t ching System 联合式多信道中继线切换系统JN Jump on Nonzero 非零转移〖指令〗JNA Jump if Not Above 不大于则转移〖指令〗JNAE Jump if Not Above or Equal 不大于或等于则转移〖指令〗JNB Jump if Not Below 不小于则转移〖指令〗JNBE Jump if Not Below or Equal 不小于或等于则转移〖指令〗JNDI Java Naming and Directory Interface “爪哇” 语言的命名和目录接口JNF Job Networking Facility 作业网络设施JNG Jump if Not Greater 不大于,则转移〖指令〗JNGE Jump if Not Greater or Equal 不大于,或等于,则转移〖指令〗JNLE Jump if Not Less or Equal 不小于或等于则转移〖指令〗JNNS Japanese Neural Network Society 日本神经网络协会JNO Jump if Not Overflow 没有溢出则转移〖指令〗JNWPU Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit 联合数值天气预报中心JO Job Order 作业顺序jo Jordan 约旦(域名)JOBLIB JOB LIBrary 作业库JOBQD JOB Queue Dump program 作业队列转储程序JOC Joint Operation Center 联合操作中心JOE Java Objects Everywhere “爪哇”语言对象处处有JOL Job Organization Language 作业组织语言JOMO JOb Mix Optimization 作业混合优化JON Job – Order Number 作业顺序号JOP Joint Operating Procedure 共同操作规程.jor 结构化查询语言的日记文件格式〖后缀〗JORB Java Object R equest Broker “爪哇”语言对象请求代理JOS Java Operating System “爪哇” 语言操作系统Joshua “约书亚”处理器(威盛电子产品)JOT Job – Oriented Terminal 面向作业的终端.jou VAX Edt editor的日记备份文件格式〖后缀〗JOVI AL Jules Own Version of the International Language 国际代数语言的朱尔斯特有版本,朱氏国际代数语言JOVI AL Jules Own Version of the International Algebraic Language国际代数语言的朱尔斯特有版本jp Japan 日本(域名)JP Java Platform “爪哇” 语言平台JP Job Processing 作业处理JP Job Program 作业程序JPA Job Pack Area 作业组装区JPA JumP Absolute 绝对跳转JPC Joint PASCAL Committee Pascal 语言联合委员会.jpc 日本PIC的图形文件格式〖后缀〗JPE J. P. Eckert 艾克特(1919-1995,世界第一台通用电子计算机ENI AC的设计者之一)JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合图像专家组规范(图形文件格式,最多可支持16.8M种颜色).jpeg 使用JPEG格式存储的图像文件格式〖后缀〗.jpg 联合摄影专家组的图像文件格式,美国斯高柏科技有限公司开发的位图文件格式〖后缀〗JPO Jump if Parity Odd 校验为奇数则转移〖指令〗JPU Job Processing Unit 作业处理装置JPW Job Processing Word 作业处理字JRCY Jamming Radar Coverage Indicator 干扰雷达覆盖范围指示器JRE Java Runtime Environment “爪哇” 语言运行环境JRL Jump Relative 相对转移〖指令〗JRP Jordan Radio Paging 约当范式无线寻呼JS Jerry Sanders 杰里·桑德斯(AMD的创始人)JSAS Japan SAtellite System 日本卫星系统JSB Jump Subroutine 跳转子程序JSC Johnson Space Center 约翰逊航天中心JSCB Job Step Control Block 作业步控制块JSI Job Step Index 作业步骤索引JSIA Japan Software Industry Association 日本软件行业协会JSL Job Selection Lists 作业选定列表JSL Job Specification Language 作业说明语言JSP Jackson Structured Programming 杰克逊结构化编程技术JSR Jump and Set Return 转移并设定返回地址JSS Job Shop Simulation 作业工作室模拟JSS Joint Surveillance System 联合监视系统JSSST Japan Software Science Society 日本软件科学协会JST Jamming STation 干扰台JST Japan Standard Time 日本标准时间JST Java Server Toolkit “爪哇” 语言服务器工具包JST Job Summary Table 作业一览表JSWAPM Job SWAPping Memory 作业转储存储器JTA Job Task Analysis 工作任务分析JTAPI Java Telephony Application Programming Interface “爪哇” 语言电话应用编程接口JTC Joint Technical Committee 联合技术委员会JTDS Joint Track Data Storage 联合跟踪数据存储体JTE Junction Tandem Exchange 接点串连交换机.jtf Hayes JT Fax的传真文件格式〖后缀〗.jtf 位图图形文件格式(属于JPEG的标记交换格式)〖后缀〗JTG Joint Task Group 联合作业组JTM Job Transfer and Manipulation 作业传送与操作JTMP Job Transfer and Manipulation Protocol 作业传送与操作协议JTMP Job Transfer and Manipulation Protocol 作业传送与操纵协议JTONET Java Telecom Object NETwork “爪哇” 语言电信对象网络JTP Job Through – Put 作业通过量JTS Java Transaction Services “爪哇” 语言上网处理业务JTSCC Joint Telecommunications Standards Coordinating Committee 远程通信标准联合协调委员会JTSIN Joint Transmission Services Information Network 联合传输服务信息网JUB Job Unit Block 作业单元块JUG Joint Users Group 联合用户组JUGACM Joint Users Group of Associates for Computer Machinery 计算机协会会员联合用户组JUI Java Unit Interface “爪哇” 语言设备接口JVA John V. Atanasoft 约翰·阿塔纳索夫(1903-1995,电子计算机之父)JVC Victory Company of Japan 日本胜利公司(著名电子产品厂家)JVM Java Virtual Machine “爪哇”虚拟机JVMDI Java Virtual Machine Debugger Interface “爪哇”虚拟机调试界面JVN J. Von Neumann 冯·诺依曼(1903-1957,微电脑之父)JVOS JaVa Operating System “爪哇” 语言操作系统JW Jamming War 电子干扰战.jw JustWri t e的文本文件格式〖后缀〗JWC Junction Wire Connector 交叉线连接器.jwl JustWrite的库文件格式〖后缀〗JWN Japan Wideband Network 日本宽带网络JXT Job Execution Table 作业执行表。

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Purpose In the first half year, under the vigorous support of my teacher and the enthusiastic students in our laboratory, I have learned embedded system which is widely used in more and more industries, such as transportation, medical treatment, communication and so on. To adapt this fast-paced society, I’d like to transform myself into expert in the field in embedded system.
Learning content Firstly I’d like to explain what is embedded system. Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as is the case of an anti-lock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose computer. Secondly I’d like to introduce Visual evoked potential acquisition system what I have learned Last semester. VEP is short for visual evoked potentials which is used to detect diseases of the nervous system. We used to collect visual evoked potential through three lead. Acquisition signal will displayed on the upper machine after two series magnifying and filter.
Progress and plan After a semester's work, and the help of my classmates, we have extract the visual evoked potential successfully. The next step my partner and I plan to try to extract auditory evoked potentials, which is a part of the whole project too.
Conclusion As the intelligentialize of the society, embedded system increasingly become more and more important .It have more potential in the future market, and it is a key to the developing of technology especially in developing countries. Because of the limited capabilities of myself I just can’t master it very well. But I will not give up, because I know the time I spent and every efforts I have made will fruit eventually.。

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