Article III – The Judicial Branch
英美概况生词
第一章1.historical 历史的prehistoric 史前的historian 历史学家2.heroic 英雄的heroine 女英雄3.conqueror 征服者4.warlike 好战的5.forefather 祖先6.regain 重新获得7.reestablish 重新建立8.reformation 改革9.recall 召回10.restore 恢复11.colonization 开拓殖民地colonial 殖民地的colonist 殖民地开拓者12.descendant 后裔13.migration 移民migrant 移民者Celt(n) 凯尔特人reject(v) 反对warlike (adj) 好战的intermittently (adv) 间歇地civilization (n) 文明inspiration(n) 灵感territory (n) 领土monument (n) 纪念碑，标石the Continent 欧洲大陆contribute (v) 贡献rival (n) 对手mountainous (adj) 多山的badge (n) 徽章，象征fierce (adj) 残忍的，凶猛的throne (n) 王位radiate (v) 辐射，向周围扩展capitalism(n) 资本主义Hadrian’s Wall 哈德良长城Anglo-Saxon (n) 盎格鲁-撒克逊人Church of England 英国国教magical (adj) 有魔力的behead (v) 斩首，砍头ruthless (adj) 残忍的，无情的Viking (n) 北欧海盗Westminster Abbey 威斯敏斯特教堂sacrifice(v) 牺牲Norman Conquest 诺曼征服dismiss (v) 解散striking (adj) 显著的，突出的reign (n) 君主的统治execution (n) 处决Tower of London 伦敦塔abolish (v) 废除fortress (n) 堡垒，要塞witness (v) 见证imperialism (n) 帝国主义oppress (v) 压迫supremacy (n) 至高权力feudalism (n) 封建主义overtake (v) 追上，赶上claim (v) 声称investment (n) 投资Atlantic (adj) 大西洋的solemnly (adv) 庄严地descendant (n) 后代surrender (v) 投降Mongoloid (n) 蒙古人intense(adj) 强烈的Bering Strait 白令海峡slavery (n) 奴隶制度migrate (v) 迁移plantation (n) 大农场adapt (v) 使适应abolish (v) 废除the Caribbean islands 加勒比群岛federal (adj) 联邦的permanent (adj) 永久的discontent (adj) 不满的race (n) 种族resolve (v) 解决conflict (n) 冲突fundamental (adj) 重要的act (n) 法令semi-independent (adj) 半独立的lodge (V) 提供临时住宿debtor (n) 债务国creditor (n) 债权国slogan (n) 口号disguise (v) 伪装unparalleled (adj) 前所未有的militia (n) 民兵neutral (adj) 中立的confront (v) 遇到fascist (adj) 法西斯的第二章1.mostly 多半，主要地2.collectively 共同地3.geographically 地理上，地理学上Confusing (adj) 令人困惑的changeable (adj) 可改变的，多变的abbreviate (V) 缩写，简略headquarter (n) 总部square kilometer 平方公里extensive (adj) 广泛的，大规模的population (n) 人口，全体居民destination (n) 目的地colonial power 殖民国家domestic (adj) 本国的，国内的monarchy (n) 君主统治，君主国flagpole (n) 旗杆highland zone 高地lowland zone 低地forecourt (n) 前庭，前院administrative (adj) 行政的，管理的territory (n) 领土stunning (adj) 令人惊奇的，漂亮的independent (adj) 独立的architecture (adj) 建筑学，建筑式样populous (adj) 人口众多的picturesque (adj) 风景如画的mountainous (adj) 多山的specialist (adj) 专业的plateaus (n) 高原rugged (adj) 崎岖的，多岩石的temperate (adj) 温和的combination (n) 结合maritime (adj) 海洋的sparsely (adv) 稀少地instable (adj) 不稳定的federal (adj) 联邦的chilly (adj) 寒冷的volcanic (adj) 火山的eclectic (adj) 折中的vacationland (n) 度假胜地cosmopolitan (adj) 世界性的headquarter (n) 总部ling-established (adj) 历史悠久的embassy (n) 大使馆significantly (adv) 意义深远的institution (n) 制度，机构venue (n) 场所residence (n) 居住，住处prominent (adj) 突出的principal (adj) 主要的(n)负责人executive (adj) 行政的(n)主管downtown (adj) 商业区的，闹市区的ancillary (adj) 附属的，辅助的complex (n) 综合体premiere (n) 初次公演commercial (adj) 商业的release (n) 发布，发行financial (adj) 财政的，金融的boulevard (n) 大街transportation (n) 运输sidewalk (n) 人行道manufacturing (n) 制造round-trip (adj) 往返的exert (v) 尽力，发挥permanent (adj) 永久的entertainment (n) 娱乐rimmed (adj) 边上环绕的borough (n) 行政区bronze (n) 青铜unique (adj) 独一无二的honoree (n) 领奖人mass transit 大众交通municipal (adj) 市政的diversity (n) 多样性honorary (adj) 荣誉的，名誉上的immigrant (n) 移民ceremonial (adj) 仪式的primarily (adj) 主要地wildlife (n) 野生动物corporate (adj) 公司的第三章1.traditional 传统的2.formal 形式上的3.ceremonial 礼仪上的4.symbolic 象征性的5.exemplary 模范的6.privatise 使私有化Privatization 私有化7.nationalise 使国有化nationalization 国有化8.distributive 分配的distribution 分配9.resignation 辞职10.proposal 建议11.approval 赞同，同意12.arrival 到达ernmental 政府的14.constitutional 符合宪法的monarchy (n) 君主制度sovereign (n) 君主，国王crown (v) 加冕heir (n) 继承人govern (v) 统治，治理executive branch 行政机构monarch (n) 君主exemplary (adj) 值得仿效的successor (n) 继承人extramarital (adj) 婚外的squander (v) 挥霍，浪费parliament (n) 议会baron (n) 男爵，贵族House of Commons 下议院House of Lords 上议院the legislative 立法机构scrutinize (v) 仔细检查Lords Spiritual 宗教贵族Lords Temporal 世俗贵族inherit (v) 继承life peer 终身贵族constituency (n) 选区supervise (v) 监督，管理general election 大选residence (n) 公馆，住宅the Cabinet 内阁originate (v) 起源于Whig Party 辉格党Tory Party 托利党Liberal Party 民主党conserve (v) 保护，保留individualism (n) 个人主义nickname (n) 绰号，昵称distribution(n) 分配redistributive (adj) 再分配的National Health Service 国民医疗服务体系financial (adj) 财政的，金融的resignation (n) 辞职Chancellor of the Exchequer 财政部长article (n) 条款Congress (n) 国会provide (n) 规定federal (adj) 联邦的checks and balances 三权分立the legislative branch 立法机构the executive branch 行政机构the judicial branch 司法机构coin (v) 制造硬币regulate (v) 控制，管理republican (adj) 共和的guarantee (n) 保证，担保amendment (n) 修正案assemble (v) 集合，集会property (n) 财产fundamental (adj) 基础的，基本的veto (v) 否决Capitol 美国国会The Senate 参议院Levy(v) 征收the House of Representatives 众议院Supreme Court 最高法院senator (n) 参议员resident (n) 居民exclusive (adj) 专有的，独立的consent (v) 同意confirmation (n) 确认prestigious (adj) 有声望的，有威信的issue (v) 发表，发布administration (n) 管理，行政部门appoint (v) 任命ambassador (n) 外交大使commander-in-chief 总司令secretary (n) 部长presidency (n) 总统职位presidential (adj) 总统的mansion (n) 宅邸，公馆Court of Appeals 上诉法庭constitutional (adj) 合乎宪法的unconstitutional (adj) 违反宪法的interpret (V) 解释，说明logo(n) 标识clear-cut (adj) 清晰的Democratic Party 民主党Republican Party 共和党ideology (n) 思想advocate (v) 提倡，主张terrorist (n) 恐怖主义者invasion (n) 入侵privileged (adj) 有特权的minority (n) 少数depression (n) 经济萧条时期Franklin Roosevelt’s New-deal 罗斯福新政conviction (n) 坚定的信仰devastate (v) 毁坏transparency (n) 透明度第四章1.spiritual 精神上的2.national 国家的3.traditional 传统的4.personal 个人的5.historical 历史的6.numerous 无数的7.famous 著名的8.religious 宗教的9.harmonious 和谐的10.dangerous 危险的11.far-reaching 深远的12.far-seeing 有远见的13.far-ranging 广泛的14.long-lasting 持久的15.long-standing 长存的16.long-suffering 长期受苦的17.self-improvement 自我完善的17.self-reliance 自立18.self-study 自学19.self-confidence 自信20 .self-sufficiency 自足fundamental(adj) 基本的resident (n) 居民denomination (n) 教派census (n) 人口普查archbishop (n) 大主教reformation (n) 改革landmark (n) 标志worship (n) 礼拜heritage (n) 遗产conquest (n) 征服object (v) 反对persecution (n) 迫害roller coaster 过山车hatred (n) 憎恨glorify (v) 赞美prayer (n) 祈祷sermon(n) 布道witness(v) 见证respectively (adv) 分别地baptism (n) 洗礼funeral (n) 葬礼interpretation (n) 诠释impress(v) 留下印象architecture (n) 建筑contrast (n) 对比dome(n) 穹顶admit (v) 录取salvation (n) 救赎obligation (n) 义务handicapped (n) 残疾人talent (n) 才华creativity (n) 创造力tolerance (n) 宽容anniversary (n) 周年accountability (n) 有责任endow (v) 捐赠unalienable (adj) 不可剥夺的awareness(n) 意识eagerness(n) 渴望multinational (adj) 多民族的survey (n) 调查Judaism (n) 犹太教inaugural speech 就职演说patchwork (n) 接凑物phenomenon (n) 现象kaleidoscope (n) 万花筒Eastern Orthodox Church 东正教Easter (n) 复活节stable (n) 马厩choir (n) 唱诗班crucify (v) 用十字架钉死betrayal (n) 背叛disciple (n) 门徒，弟子depict (v) 描写clergy (n) 神职人员impact (n) 影响procedure (n) 程序patriotism (n) 爱国主义disaster (n) 灾难victim (n) 受难者achievement (n) 成就consistently (adv) 一贯地persistent (adj) 持久的accumulation(n) 积累conservative (adj) 保守的destiny (n) 命运outstanding (adj) 杰出的，显著的superiority (n) 优越性assume(v) 推测，假想confidentiality (n) 机密，保密individual (n) 个人contribute (v)contribute (v) 奉献，贡献volunteerism (n) 志愿精神deduction (n) 扣除accomplish (V) 完成第五章1.co-educated 混合教育的2.co-produced 合作生产的cation 教育4.preschool 学前的5.equipment 装备ernment 政府7.intermediate 中间的8.extracurricular 课外的9.specialized 专业化的10.weakness 弱点state school 国立学校independent school 私立学校private school 私立学校public school 贵族学校，私立学校nursery school 幼儿园compulsory (adj) 强制的，义务的obligation （n）义务facility (n) 设施financial (adj) 财政的primary school 小学equipment (n) 设备stationery (n) 文具league table 学校等级表truancy (n) 逃学academic year 学年hygiene (n) 卫生学handicraft (n) 手工艺secondary school 中学comprehensive school 综合学校grammar school 文法学校potential (n) 潜力recruit (v) 招聘certify (v) 证明admittance (n) 进入权higher education 高等教育maintenance grant 助学金implement (V) 执行Oxford University 牛津大学Cambridge University 剑桥大学alumni (n) 校友entity (n) 实体the University of London 伦敦大学federation (n) 联盟Open University 开放大学degree offered 授予的学位Bachelor’s degree 学士学位Master’s degree 硕士学位Doctor’s degree 博士学位dissertation (n) 专题论文exhaustive （adj）全面的thesis (n) 论文local government 地方政府elementary education 小学教育secondary education 中学教育higher education 高等教育compulsory (adj) 义务的undergraduate 本科生kindergarten 幼儿园curriculum (n) 课程academic year 学年intermediate (adj) 中间的scope (n) 范围supervision (n) 管理stadium (n) 体育场gymnasium (n) 体育馆competitive (adj) 有竞争力的obtain (v) 获得specialized (adj) 专业化的vocational training 职业培训critical-thinking 批判性思维acquire (v) 获得reflection (n) 反映maximum (adj) 最大程度的moral (adj) 道德的singular (adj) 突出的entrance exam 入学考试category (n) 分类trustee (n) 理事layman (n) 业余人士freshman (n) 大学一年级sophomore (n) 大学二年级junior(n) 大学三年级senior (n) 大学四年级（毕业班）credit (n) 学分Harvard University 哈佛大学Yale University 耶鲁大学Princeton University 普林斯顿大学Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 麻省理工学院benefactor (n) 捐助者elite (n) 精英。
【珍藏】美国政府结构名称中英文对照
【珍藏】美国政府结构名称中英文对照GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES美国政府CONSTITUTION宪法一、LEGISLATIVE BRANCH立法部门Congress国会Senate参议院House of Representatives众议院Architect of the Capitol国会大厦Congressional Budget Office国会预算办公室General Accounting Office总会计署Government Printing Office印刷局Library of Congress美国国会图书馆Office of Technology Assessment国会技术评估办公室Stennis Center for Public Service ：Stennis公众服务中心二、EXECUTIVE BRANCH行政部门President总统Vice President副总统Executive Office of the President总统行政办公室Council of Economic Advisers总统经济顾问委员会Council on Environmental Quality总统环境质量委员会National Economic Council国家经济委员会National Security Council国家安全委员会Office of Management and Budget管理与预算办公室Office of National AIDS Policy国家艾滋病政策办公室Office of National Drug Control Policy国家麻醉品控制政策办公室Office of Science and Technology Policy科技政策办公室President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Boa rd总统国外情报顾问委员会U.S. Trade Representative美国贸易代表White House Office for Women’s Initiatives and Out reach 白宫妇女办公室Department of Agriculture农业部Department of Commerce商业部Department of Defense国防部Department of Education教育部Department of Energy能源部Department of Health and Human Services卫生和公共事业部Department of Housing and Urban Development住宅与城市发展部Department of the Interior内务部Department of Justice司法部Department of Labor劳工部Department of State国务院Department of Transportation交通部Department of the Treasury财政部Department of Veterans Affairs退伍军人事务部Independent Establishments, Government Corporations, and Quasi-official Agencie s独立机构、政府法人社团和半官方中介机构Advisory Council on Historic Preservation历史保护咨询委员会Central Intelligence Agency中央情报局Commission on Civil Rights民权委员会Commodity Futures Trading Commission商品期货贸易委员会Consumer Product Safety Commission消费者产品安全委员会Corporation for National Service国家服务团Environmental Protection Agency环保局Equal Employment Opportunity Commission平等就业机会委员会Export-Import Bank of the United States美国进出口银行FarmCredit Administration农业信贷管理局Federal Communications Commission联邦通讯委员会Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation联邦储蓄保险公司Federal Election Commission联邦选举委员会Federal Emergency Management Agency联邦紧急事务管理局Federal Labor Relations Authority联邦劳工关系局Federal Maritime Commission联邦海事委员会Federal Reserve System联邦储备银行系统Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board联邦退休储蓄和投资委员会Federal Trade Commission联邦贸易委员会General Services Administration总务管理局Merit Systems Protection Board功绩制保护委员会National Aeronautics and Space Administration国家航空航天局National Archives and Records Administration国家档案局National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities国家艺术人文基金会National Labor Relations Board国家劳工关系委员会National Railroad Passenger Corporation国家铁路客运公司National Performance Review国家绩效评估委员会National Science Foundation国家科学基金会National Transportation Safety Board国家交通安全委员会Nuclear Regulatory Commission核管理委员会Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission职业安全与健康管理局Office of Government Ethics政府道德办公室Office of Personnel Management人事管理办公室Office of Special Counsel特别检察官办公室Overseas Private Investment Corporation海外私人投资公司Peace Corps和平队Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation养老金受益担保公司Postal Rate Commission邮政费率委员会Railroad Retirement Board铁道职工退休委员会Securities and Exchange Commission证券交易委员会Selective Service System义务兵役管理部Small Business Administration小企业主利益保护局Smithsonian Institution史密森学会Social Security Administration社会保障部Tennessee Valley Authority田纳西州河谷授权委员会U.S. Agency for International Development美国国际开发署U.S. International Trade Commission美国国际贸易委员会U.S. Postal Service美国邮政服务局U.S. Trade and Development Agency美国贸易及发展署Voice of America美国之音三、JUDICIAL BRANCH司法机构Supreme Court最高法院U.S. Courts of Appeals美国地区法院U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit美国联邦巡回地区法院U.S. District Courts联邦地方法院U.S. Court of Federal Claims联邦申诉法庭U.S. Court of International Trade国际贸易法院U.S. Tax Court税务法院U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces武装部队地区法院U.S. Court of Veterans Appeals退伍军人地区法院Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts美国法院行政管理办公室Federal Judicial Center联邦司法中心。
法律英语教学大纲
《法律英语》教学大纲一、序言（一）课程发展的历史沿革西北政法学院于20世纪90年代中期开设法律英语课程，是我国是较早开设该课程的高等院校之一。
当时开设此类课程的院校只有中国政法大学、西南政法大学。
由于学校和学院的高度重视，个别教师的积极参与，法律英语课程一直是我院的特色课程，并成为法律英语专业的核心课程。
经过十几年的教学实践，除了积累了较丰富的经验外，还培养出了一支集科研与教学为一体，职称比例、年龄结构合理的教师队伍。
其科研成果和教学经验在我国的西北五省区处领先地位，并在全国仍具有一定的影响力。
早在1993年，由谢立新任主编、范小玲、樊林波任副主编出版的《法学英语教程》（中国政法大学出版社）是我国最早的法律英语教材之一。
通过一定量的教学实践并在总结前书成功编写经验的基础上，由谢立新、马庆林共同完成的《新编法学英语教程》(2000年12月由上海外语教育出版社出版)，除了作为西北政法大学外国语学院法律英语专业和全校法学专业的指定教材外，还被其他院校广泛使用，如，中南财经政法大学、中山大学、海南大学、解放军政治学院、西北大学、西安科技大学、宁夏大学等，并受到教师和学生的普遍好评。
在教学过程中，为了使学生的学习更具有针对性、更能适应社会对法律+英语复合型人才的需求，我们曾经于1999年和2003年就法律英语课程的课时安排、教学内容、教学手段等在学生中进行过实际调查（主要采用问卷调查的形式）。
根据调查结果和师生们的反馈意见，我们及时撤换掉了一些稍显陈旧的内容，与此同时也加大了部门法和案例法的教学比例以强调学生的社会实践能力，尤其是突出了当今社会与法律密切相关的话题。
另外，为了改变学生知识结构单一这一现状，我们还增加了英美司法文书、法律翻译、法律语言学、英美法概论等选修课程以丰富学生的专业知识和文化背景知识。
2004年法律英语课程被西北政法大学正式确定为精品课程建设项目。
经过2年多时间的相互合作和共同努力，课程组成员顺利完成该课程所需的课程大纲、教案、学习参考文献目录、试题库、实践教学指导计划、教学辅助资料阅读、国外经典案例分析等分项内容的建设工作，其中法律英语教学课件还于2006年分别获得“西北政法大学首届青年教师多媒体课件比赛”一等奖，“第六届全国多媒体课件大赛优秀奖”。
英语notetaking范文
英语notetaking范文Effective note-taking is a crucial skill for students and professionals alike. Whether you are attending a lecture, participating in a meeting, or conducting research, the ability to capture key information concisely and accurately can have a significant impact on your academic or professional success. In this essay, we will explore the importance of note-taking, discuss various techniques and strategies, and provide a sample of an effective note-taking format.Importance of Note-takingNote-taking serves several important functions. First and foremost, it helps you actively engage with the material being presented. By actively listening and recording key points, you are more likely to retain the information and better understand the concepts being discussed. This is particularly important in educational settings, where the ability to recall and apply the knowledge learned can directly impact academic performance.Moreover, effective note-taking allows you to create a personalized record of the information, which can be invaluable for futurereference. Whether you are preparing for an exam, reviewing for a presentation, or simply need to revisit a topic, having a well-organized set of notes can save you time and effort, and ensure that you have access to the essential information when you need it.In a professional context, note-taking is equally important. During meetings, conferences, or client discussions, being able to capture the key points, action items, and decisions made can help you stay on top of your responsibilities, communicate effectively with colleagues, and ensure that important information is not lost.Note-taking Techniques and StrategiesThere are various approaches to note-taking, and the most effective method may vary depending on the individual, the subject matter, and the context in which the notes are being taken. However, there are some general principles and strategies that can be applied to enhance the effectiveness of your note-taking.One widely recognized note-taking technique is the Cornell method. This method involves dividing the page into three sections: a note-taking area, a cue column, and a summary section. The note-taking area is used to record the main points, while the cue column is used to jot down keywords, questions, or ideas that can be used to review and recall the information later. The summary section, located at the bottom of the page, is used to summarize the key takeaways fromthe notes.Another popular method is the outlining approach, which involves organizing the information in a hierarchical structure, using headings, subheadings, and bullet points to create a clear and logical flow. This method can be particularly effective for capturing the overall structure and relationships between different concepts.The mindmapping technique is another useful note-taking strategy. This involves creating a visual representation of the information, using a central topic or idea as the starting point and then branching out with related concepts, ideas, and connections. This can help you see the big picture and identify patterns and relationships that may not be as evident in a linear note-taking format.In addition to these structured approaches, there are also more flexible note-taking techniques, such as the use of abbreviations, symbols, and shorthand. These can help you capture information more quickly and efficiently, especially in situations where the paceof the presentation or discussion is fast.Regardless of the specific technique you choose, it is important to experiment and find the approach that works best for you. The key is to develop a note-taking system that allows you to capture the essential information in a way that is easy for you to understand andreference later.Sample Note-taking FormatTo illustrate an effective note-taking format, let us consider a sample note-taking exercise for a lecture on the history of the United States Constitution.I. Introduction to the US ConstitutionA. Purpose and significance1. Establish a framework for government2. Protect the rights and freedoms of citizensB. Historical context1. Drafting and ratification2. Amendments and revisionsII. Structure of the ConstitutionA. Preamble1. Outlines the purpose and principles2. Sets the tone for the documentB. Articles1. Article I - Legislative branch2. Article II - Executive branch3. Article III - Judicial branch4. Remaining articlesIII. Key Principles and ConceptsA. Separation of powers1. Checks and balances2. Preventing concentration of powerB. Federalism1. Division of power between federal and state governments2. Roles and responsibilitiesC. Individual rights and liberties1. Bill of Rights2. Amendments and expansionsIV. Ongoing Debates and InterpretationsA. Originalism vs. living document1. Strict interpretation2. Evolving interpretationB. Contemporary issues and challenges1. Balancing individual rights and government power2. Addressing societal changes and technological advancementsV. ConclusionA. Enduring significance of the ConstitutionB. Importance of civic engagement and understandingThis sample note-taking format demonstrates the use of headings, subheadings, and bullet points to organize the information in a clearand logical manner. The use of the Cornell method is also evident, with the cue column on the left-hand side and the summary section at the bottom of the page.By following this structured approach, you can ensure that your notes are comprehensive, easy to review, and effectively capture the key information presented. Of course, you may need to adapt and personalize this format to suit your own learning style and the specific requirements of the subject matter or context.In conclusion, effective note-taking is a vital skill that can have a significant impact on your academic and professional success. By understanding the importance of note-taking, exploring various techniques and strategies, and practicing a structured approach, you can develop a note-taking system that works best for you and helps you to actively engage with and retain the information you encounter.。
三权分立的英文名词解释
三权分立的英文名词解释Three Separation of PowersIntroduction:The concept of separation of powers is a fundamental principle in modern democratic governance. It ensures that power is not concentrated in the hands of a single individual or entity, thereby preventing the abuse of power and promoting checks and balances within a government system. In this article, we will delve into the meaning and significance of the three separate powers: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.The Executive Branch:The executive branch is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws. It is headed by the President or Prime Minister, and their role is to execute the will of the government. This branch is responsible for making important decisions, such as foreign policy, national security, and day-to-day governance. Its power lies in the ability to make final decisions, veto legislation, and appoint key officials. By having an independent executive branch, the system ensures that the head of state or government can act decisively without interference from other branches.The Legislative Branch:The legislative branch is responsible for making laws. It consists of the Parliament, Congress, or any other legislative body, and its primary function is to debate, propose, and pass legislation. This branch represents the will of the people and serves as a check on the executive branch. It has the power to initiate investigations, impeach officials, approve budgets, and make amendments to existing laws. The legislative branch ensures that the government acts in accordance with the interests and needs of its citizens.The Judicial Branch:The judiciary branch is responsible for interpreting and applying laws. It consists of judges and courts, which are independent of the executive and legislative branches. Thejudiciary acts as a neutral arbiter, ensuring that laws are applied fairly and in accordance with the constitution. Its role is to settle disputes, protect individual rights, and uphold the rule of law. The judiciary exercises the power of judicial review, which allows it to declare laws or executive actions unconstitutional. This power ensures that no branch of government becomes too powerful.Importance of Separation of Powers:The separation of powers is vital for the functioning of a democratic system. It prevents the concentration of power in a single entity and provides a system of checks and balances. Firstly, it safeguards individual liberties by ensuring that no single branch of government has unchecked power. By dividing power, it limits the potential for abuse and tyranny. Secondly, it promotes accountability and transparency. Each branch acts as a check on the others, ensuring that no branch acts beyond its authority. This accountability ensures that government actions are open to scrutiny and public debate. Thirdly, separation of powers maintains the stability of a democracy. It minimizes the risk of a power struggle between branches, as each branch has its own sphere of influence and responsibilities.Conclusion:The concept of separation of powers is a cornerstone of modern democratic governance. It ensures that power is not concentrated and abused, and promotes a system of checks and balances. The executive, legislative, and judicial branches each play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and integrity of a democracy. Through an independent executive, a representative legislature, and an impartial judiciary, the separation of powers fosters accountability, protects individual rights, and ensures the rule of law.。
US Political System
• The constitutions and laws of any state must not conflict with the laws of the federal constitution.
Successful Amendments
• The Constitution has twenty-seven amendments. The first ten, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified simultaneously by 1791. The following seventeen were ratified separately over the next two centuries.
• The great weakness of the system is that it makes government slow and complicated which is a huge disadvantage in a world of fast-moving political and economic developments.
• This is also known as 'checks and balances‘.
Terms of Office
• The President has a term of 4 years. • Members of the Senate serve for 6 years. • Members of the House of Representatives
美国概况政治地理
美国概况政治地理美国概况-政治习题(2008-10-12 15:29:05)Political System1. The Judicial Branch is headed by _____.A. the Supreme CourtB. CongressC. President2. The general election in America is held every _____ years.A. 5B. 4C. 6D. 33. The symbol of the US Democratic Party is _____.A. donkeyB. elephantC. eagle4. _____ has the sole right to interpret the Constitution.A. The CabinetB. The Supreme CourtC. PresidentD. Congress5. The symbol of the US Republic Party is _____.A. tigerB. elephantC. donkey6. The political system of the US is based on the following except _____.A. federalismB. the constitutional monarchyC. the separation of powersD. respect for the constitutionE. the rule of law7. The US Federal Government is composed of the following except _____.A. the legislativeB. the standing committeeC. the judicialD. the executive8. The number of Congressmen from each state varies depending on _____.A. the size of the areaB. the size of the populationC. the traditionD. the wealth9. The Democratic Party of America was founded in _____.A. 1845B. 1828C. 178710. There are _____ departments in American Government.A. 13B. 14C. 1511. The law-making or the legislative body in the government is _____.A. the Supreme CourtB. the CongressC. the CabinetD. the president's committee12. All states in America have the legislative branch of two houses except the state _____.A. NebraskaB. NevadaC. Oregon13. In each state there are about _____ counties on average.A. 30B. 50C. 6014. The members in the Senate must be at least _____ years old and those in the Representative _____ years old.A. 40, 30B. 30, 26C. 30, 2515. The tenure of office of federal judges is _____ years long.A. 8B. for lifeC. 516. The Democratic and the Republican Parties gradually lost their differences after _____.A. 1865B. 1860C. 187017. There are _____ presidential electors for all the states.A. 535B. 100C. 538D. 43518. The Federal Government and the states governments are supposed to _____ each other.美国概况政治地理A. guideB. controlC. keep independence from19. If the president wants to put a treaty into effect, he has to get the approval by two thirds of the _____.A. SenateB. CabinetC. CongressI. Fill in the Blanks1. Only the _____ _____ has the right to interpret the constitution.2. There are _____ voting members in the House of Representatives.3. Each of the fifty states of US elects _____ senators.4. There are _____ judges in the Supreme Court of America.5. The first ten amendments added to the constitution in 1791 was called the _____ _____ _____.6. The Federal Constitution consists of _____ articles and _____ amendments.7. The balance is always kept among the three branches of the power of the government and this is called the “System of _____ and _____”.8. The _____ determines the government and divides the power of the government into three branches.9. The official presidential residence is the _____ _____.10. _____ is the only way in which the president can legally be removed from office.11. In 1974 President _____ was impeached and he resigned his office before a trial could take place.12. The parties in the US choose all their candidates for election, except for president, as “_____ _____”.13. In American history _____ presidents have been assassinated.14. The president who was first assassinated in 1865 was _____ _____.15. The American Congress is made up of two houses: the _____ and the House of _____.16. In the US the chief function of _____ is to make laws.17. The Democratic Party grew out of the _____.18. There are _____ persons in the Jury.19. There are _____ members in the Senate.20. The head of he House of Representatives is called the _____.21. According to the _____, the president should be a citizen born in the US territory.22. The two main parties are the Democratic and the _____ Party.II. Explain the Following Terms1. FBI2. The President-electIII. Answer the Following Questions1. What is the role of the US congress? What is the criticism of the Congress in the American Press?2. What are the main features of the State government?美国概况-地理习题(2008-10-12 15:30:39)1. The _____ part of America consists of high plateaus and mountains formed by the Great Cordillera Range.A. easternB. westernC. northeastern2. In eastern _____ lies Death Valley, 85 metres below sea level.C. ArizonaB. Utah A. California美国概况政治地理3. In the west of the _____ lie the Colorado Plateaus and the Columbia Plateaus.A. Rocky MountainB. Coast RangeC. Cascades Mountains4. The _____ lies between the Colorado Plateaus and Columbia PlateausA. Great BasinB. Colorado ValleyC. Great Plains5. The famous Yellowstone National Park is situated in northwestern part of _____.A. CaliforniaB. ArizonaC. Wyoming6. The world-known Colorado Valley lies in northern _____, which is cut by the Colorado River.A. ArizonaB. UtahC. Montana7. Among the five Great Lakes, only _____ is wholly within the United States.A. ErieB. SuperiorC. Michigan8. Only the climate in the southern part of _____ is tropical.A. FloridaB. GeorgiaC. Virginia9. Washington, the capital of the US, is on the _____ river.A. PotomacB. DelawareC. St. Laurence10. The width of the Niagara Fall is about _____ metres and the drop average _____ metres.A. 1650, 50B. 1240, 49C. 1540, 4911. _____ part is the most densely populated region in America.A. The southernB. The northeasternC. The western12. The Great Salt Lake lies in northern _____.A. IdahoB. ArizonaC. NevadaD. Utah13. _____ has been called the “cradle of American Liberty”.A. PhiladelphiaB. PlymouthC. Boston14. About _____ of the world's annual agricultural products come from the United States.A. halfB. one thirdC. two thirds15. The highest mountain in the U.S. is Mount _____.A. AppalachianB. MekinleyC. Rocky16. Mount Mekinley lies in the _____ Range.A. Sierra NevadaB. CascadesC. Alaska17. The two largest Chinatowns are located in the following cities except _____.A. New YorkB. San FranciscoC. Miami18. The world's largest freshwater lake is Lake _____.A. SuperiorB. OntarioC. Victoria19. The world-famous Niagara Falls lie between lakes of _____.A. Erie and MichiganB. Erie and OntarioC. Superior and Haron20. _____ of the America's territory is covered with forests.A. 1/4B. 1/5C. 1/321. Texas, having belonged to _____, was annexed by the U.S. in 1845.A. FranceB. RussiaC. Mexico22. Hawaii is in the _____ Ocean.A. AtlanticB. IndianC. Pacific23. The American black population consists of _____ of the total population.A. 1/10B. 1/5C. 1/924. _____ is the largest state in area in the U.S.A.C. AlaskaB. Louisiana A. Florida美国概况政治地理25. The United States today is the _____ largest country in size in the world.A. thirdB. fifthC. fourth26. About half of the total population is concentrated in the following areas except _____.A. Atlantic CoastB. Pacific CoastC. NorthwestD. around the Great LakesE. Gulf of Mexico27. There are _____ river systems in the U.S.A.A. 8B. 3C. 628. Detroit is famous for the production of _____.A. automobileB. timberC. bamboo29. The City St. Louis in America is called the gateway towards the _____.A. EastB. WestC. NortheastD. Southwest30. The city _____ is given the nickname “Space City of U.S.A.”.A. BostonB. HoustonC. San Francisco31. The _____ were the original inhabitants in America.A. blacksB. IndiansC. Puerto Ricans32. The steel and iron industries are mainly distributed around the city of _____, providing _____ percent of the total output each year.A. Pittsburgh, 60B. Chicago, 50C. New York, 6033. The largest industrial city in America is _____.A. ChicagoB. BostonC. Houston34. Only the climate in the southwestern part of Florida belongs to _____.A. subtropicalB. continentalC. tropical35. ?_____ is famous for many stores and shops.A. Wall StreetB. BroadwayC. Fifth Avenue36. In _____ people can find the historical spot, the Independence National Historical Park.A. PhiladelphiaB. St. LouisC. San Francisco37. Boston is situated in Boston Bay, _____.A. MaineB. MassachusettsC. Connecticut38. The Columbia River and the Colorado River belong to the system of _____.A. the GulfB. the AtlanticC. the PacificI. Fill in the blanks1. The United States is situated in the _____ part of _____ America.2. The U.S. is bounded by _____ on the north and by _____ and the Gulf of Mexico on the south.3. To the west of America lies the _____ Ocean.4. To the east of America lies the _____ Ocean.5. The seat of the American Federal Government is the District of _____.6. The _____ part is made up of the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range.7. The famous _____ National Park is located in the northwestern part of Wyoming.8. The western part of the central plain is also called the “_____ _____”.9. The Mississippi River flows from the _____ lakes to the Gulf of _____.10. The lowest point in the whole of North America is _____ _____.11. The world-known _____ _____ lies in northern Arizona, which is cut by the Colorado River.12. The largest island salt lake in North America is the _____ _____ Lake.13. The United States includes _____ states and a _____ district, the District of Columbia.美国概况政治地理14. The Declaration of Independence was first read on July 4th, _____.15. The two main tributaries of the _____ River are the Missouri River and the Ohio River.16. The five Great Lakes lie between the boundary of _____ and the United States.17. Through the middle of the country, north and south, runs a line which is known as the _____ _____ _____ _____.18. The South region in America has in general, a warm climate. People often call it the “_____ _____”.19. The largest state, _____, is famous for its glacier, waterfall and ripples.20. There rises the tendency of shifting the centre of industries from the _____ to the _____.21. The famous _____ _____ is known as the financial centre, the symbol of the American monopoly capitalism.22. _____ is the centre of theatres in America.23. The nickname of Pittsburgh is the _____ and _____ City.24. _____ is the second largest in population in the U.S.25. The two youngest states are _____ in the northeastern part of America and _____ in the central Pacific.26. Most of the inhabitants in the U.S. are of _____ origin.27. Negro slaves were first brought to America at the beginning of the _____ century.28. The Death Valley is _____ metres below sea level.29. The population of the United States is about _____ million.30. The Statue of Liberty Island in _____ _____ harbour.31. _____ _____ is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A.32. _____ _____ is the smallest state in size and the most densely populated state of the U.S.A.33. From a geographical point of view, the fifty states are grouped into _____ regions.34. The nickname of Houston City is _____ _____.35. _____ became the fiftieth state of the United States in 1959.36. _____ _____ is the longest and the most important river in the system of Gulf.37. The Library of Congress is in the city of _____.38. New England is located in the _____ corner of the country.39. The area of the Pacific coast is known for its growth of fruits, vegetables and wheat, especially in _____.40. The Middle Atlantic Region is marked by its industry. It is often called the _____ Northeast. II. Explain the Following Terms1. “The backbone of the continent”2. melting pot。
第三节 美国宪法的产生和发展
对马萨诸塞州宪的评价
“If I were called upon to select a single fact or enterprise which more nearly than any other single thing embraced the significance of the American Revolution . . . I should choose the formation of the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780. . . ."
——制宪会议提交给国 会的通函
宪法的批准
宪法草案
国会
各州选举 人民代表 组成制宪 会议批准
宪法的批准
最初的宪法草案被交由各州批准才能获得生效，这需 要13州中的9个州的同意。 宪法存在着两个方面的问题致使其在一些州的通过受 到了阻碍： 1. 宪法虽然平衡了大小州的利益，但是并不可能做到
完全平衡，宪法中参议院的规定对小州非常有利； 2. 宪法没有《权利法案》，有部分州认为强大的中央
Life Liberty Pursuit of happiness
பைடு நூலகம்
Purpose of gov’t To secure rights
Measure of Justice
Right of revolution Limits to the right of revolution
Consent of the governed
--John Adams, in a letter to Abigail Adams
《独立宣言》摘录
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
《英美概况》教学大纲
《英语国家概况》课程教学大纲课程编号：B0715110课程名称：英语国家概况总学时：32适用对象：英语专业本科三年级学生先修课程：基础英语，英语口语，英语听力，英语语音，英语写作后续课程：英美文学一、课程性质、目标与任务1.课程类型：必修课√□选修课□公共课□专业基础课□专业课√□集中实践教学环节□2.课程性质：纯实践课□纯理论课□实践为主课□理论为主课√□理实一体化□3.课程目标及任务《英语国家概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化入门的一门课程。
开设本课的目的在于使学生通过学习，了解英美国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育等方面的情况及其文化传统，内容庞杂、信息量大。
培养学生正确分析有关英美等国问题的能力，并能以正确的眼光看待世界上所发生的问题，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。
把学生培养成为高素质的人才，同时又能爱祖国、热爱社会主义，致力为祖国的繁荣、发达而努力的人才，培养学生树立正确世界观。
同时，通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，达到提高英语水平的目的。
通过比较学习不同文化中具有特殊文化涵义的词语与表达式，可以促使学生掌握一些特殊词语的深层次意义，是对词汇的学习以及翻译水平的提高的有益补充；通过开展中外文化的比较，让学生切身感受到成功的交际仅有语言是远远不够的，文化方面的因素有时所起的作用远远大于语言本身，必将为英语学习者成功地参与国际商务活动，更有效地进行国际合作与交流打下坚实的文化基础。
二、课时分配三、教学组织Unit One Introduction to the UK[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 geographical features, climate2 characteristics of the UK3 history of the UK4distribution of the UK’s population[本章主要内容]：1 geographical features, climate2 characteristics of the UK3 history of the UK4distribution of the UK’s population[本章重点]：1 features of invasion of the UK2 the Great Empire, gentleman[本章难点]：Troubles in the Northern Ireland[本章思考题]：1．What is gentleman?2．The influences of the Great EmpireUnit Two The government of the UK[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 Constitutional Monarchy2 British parliament and its functions3 British government[本章主要内容]：1 Constitutional Monarchy2 British parliament and its functions3 British government[本章重点]：1 Constitutional Monarchy2 British parliament and its functions[本章难点]：Constitutional Monarchy[本章思考题]：1．How long do you think the royal family can exist?Unit Three Politics, class and race[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 understanding of the general election of the UK2 social class3 races[本章主要内容]：1 understanding of the general election of the UK2 social class3 races[本章重点]：1 the general election of the UK2 multiracial society[本章难点]：the general election of the UK[本章思考题]：1．The system of general elections and its influence in the worldUnit Four The UK economy[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 understanding the position of the UK after the WW II2. the reason of the decline3 characteristics of British agriculture and industry[本章主要内容]：1 understanding the position of the UK after the WW II2. the reason of the decline3 characteristics of British agriculture and industry[本章重点]：1 the reasons for the decline2.the trends for the British economy[本章难点]：the reasons for the decline he general election of the UK[本章思考题]：1．The privatization and reform in the economic developmentUnit Five British literature[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 the history of British literature2 writers3 schools4 divisions of literal periods[本章主要内容]：1 the history of British literature2 writers3 schools4 divisions of literal periods[本章重点]：1 the history of British literature2 well-known writers[本章难点]：divisions of literal periods[本章思考题]：1．Describe a writer/ a school/work you are most familiar with?Unit Six British education system[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 the history of education2 education systems3 higher education[本章主要内容]：1 the history of education2 education systems3 higher education[本章重点]：1 the history of education2 education systems[本章难点]：higher education[本章思考题]：1．Compare British and Chinese higher educationUnit Seven British Foreign Relations[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 UK foreign policies and their makings2 Britain and international institutions3 Britain and the United States[本章主要内容]：1 UK foreign policies and their makings2 Britain and international institutions3 Britain and the United States[本章重点]：1 UK foreign policies and their makings2 Britain and the United States[本章难点]：Britain and the United States[本章思考题]：1．The change of British image in international world from Iraqi warUnit Eight the British Media[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 British newspapers2 broadcast media3 television media[本章主要内容]：1 British newspapers2 broadcast media3 television media[本章重点]：1 British newspapers2 broadcast media[本章难点]：British newspapers[本章思考题]：1．The functions of media in cultural acquisitionUnit Nine American beginnings[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 a new land2 the settlement in Virginia3 Puritan New England4 Catholic Maryland5 Quaker Pennsylvania6 American revolution[本章主要内容]：1 a new land2 the settlement in Virginia3 Puritan New England4 Catholic Maryland5 Quaker Pennsylvania6 American revolution[本章重点]：1 A new land2 American revolution[本章难点]：American revolution[本章思考题]：1．How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?Unit Ten Political system in the United States[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of :1 legislative branch2 executive branch3 Judicial branch4 political parties[本章主要内容]：1 legislative branch2 executive branch3 Judicial branch4 political parties[本章重点]：1 Checks and balance2 Political parties[本章难点]：checks and balance[本章思考题]：Compare the political systems between the UK and the USAUnit Eleven American economy[教学目标与要求]：understanding of:1.industry revolution2.free enterprise3 . American agriculture[本章主要内容]：1.industry revolution2.free enterprise3. American agriculture[本章重点]：1 free enterprise2. the roots of affluence[本章难点]：the roots of affluence[本章思考题]：The influences of American economy on the worldUnit Twelve Religion in the USA[教学目标与要求]：understanding of:1 religious liberty2. protestants in the USA3. Catholics in the USA[本章主要内容]：1 religious liberty2. protestants in the USA3. Catholics in the USA[本章重点]：1 religious liberty2 religious diversity[本章难点]：American character of religion[本章思考题]：The effects of religion on American culture and everyday lifeUnit Thirteen American literature[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 the history of American literature2 writers3 schools4 divisions of literal periods[本章主要内容]：1 the history of American literature2 writers3 schools4 divisions of literal periods[本章重点]：1 the history of American literature2 well-known writers[本章难点]：divisions of literal periods[本章思考题]：Describe a writer/ a school/work you are most familiar with?Unit Fourteen Education system in the United States[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 the history of education2 education systems3 higher education[本章主要内容]：1 the history of education2 education systems3 higher education[本章重点]：1 the history of education2 education systems[本章难点]：higher education[本章思考题]：1．Why American schools have more international students than any other countries?Unit Fifteen Social problems in the USA[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 racial problems2 drug abuse3 crimes4.abuse of power by government and corporation[本章主要内容]：1 racial problems2 drug abuse3 crimes4.abuse of power by government and corporation[本章重点]：1 racial problems2 drug abuse[本章难点]：racial problems[本章思考题]：Why is it perceived as a major threat to American society?Unit Sixteen Post-WWII American foreign policy[教学目标与要求]：understanding of:1 the beginning of the cold war2 arm races3 the engagement and expansion[本章主要内容]：1 the beginning of the cold war2 arm races3 the engagement and expansion[本章重点]：1 the cold war2 the engagement and expansion[本章难点]：the cold war[本章思考题]：The current international relationships and the role America plays in it四、课程考核学生总评成绩取决于学生的出勤情况、课堂参与、学期论文、课后作业和期末考试成绩。
Essay question
Essay question1.Distinguish differences between the stewardship and the constructionistapproaches to the presidency. Understand how historic circumstances, presidential personality, and public expectations have influenced Presidents in either approachThe stewardship prefers the expanded presidential power, while the constructionist prefers the restricted presidential power. Theodore Roosevelt articulated the stewardship approach to presidential power based on the presidencies of two of his predecessors, Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Jackson.Roosevelt believed that the president had a moral duty to serve as popular interests and did not need specific constitutional or legal authorization to take action. The stewardship held and expansionist view of presidential powers and interpreted the constitution loosely. In contrast to this stewardship view of the executive power is the constructionist view espoused by William Howard Taft.Taft believed that the president could exercise no power unless it could be traced to or implied from an express grant in either the constitution or an act of congress.The president’s personality, like the style, worldview, and character will influence the president. For example, FDR was skilled at using rhetoric, direct bargaining and intense analysis of details of policy to pass his preferred policies. Presidents who see human nature as inherently evil, for example, will probably have a hard time working or bargaining with others. Character is the way a person orients himself toward life. Like Wilson, he was probably a little too full of himself. The historic situation is also an important element to let a president whether fail or success. For example, Lincoln and FDR faced a world of strife but had a lot of support in congress, while Madison and Wilson opposition in the political system.There are always lot expectations of all presidents. However, some presidents certainly face more or less expectations when they entered office. Obama, he is expected to save the economy, fix the health care system and so on. However, George W Bush, people just expected he to uphold the status quo of the previous administration.2．Explain the process of presidential appointment and confirmation for federal court judges and justices.In general, the process begins with the collection of names and creations of a short list of candidates. When a vacancy occurs, suggestion for the new appointment comes into the white house and the justice department from policians, senators, governors and so on. Then, there will be a member of the white house staff oversees an information-getting process that involves a background check by the federal bureau of investigation to determine suitability and to uncover any potentially damaging information. A short list of candidates is then forwarded to the president for consideration and selection of a candidate. Finally, the senate confirms Supreme Court appointments by majority vote.3．Why the Judicial Branch was called the “least dangerous branch.”First of all, the judiciary is the least defined of the three branches, and although Article III of the constitution vests the judicial power in one supreme court, the actual structure of the courts was left open to be defined by congress. Second, the courts have no explicitly political or representative role, it just merely judgment. 4．Explain the evolution of American bureaucracySince George Washington took office, he developed the fitness of character test. Merit and political neutrality were the two values for him to consider, an elite group of white, wealthy, well-educated males. This system was free of corruption and it was efficient. However, it was lack of representativeness. When Andrew Jackson took place, he developed the spoil system. It’s patronage, which means a newly elected official could fire some or even most the people working under him and replace those workers with people who had supported him during his election campaign. It is good for party loyalty but have a lot of corruption and inefficient.Since the president Garfield was assassinated in 1881, congress passed the Pendleton Act of 1883, which created a civil service to hire and fire bureaucrats based on merit rather than polices. In 1939, the Hatch Act was passed by congress to de-politicize the bureaucracy. Federal employees were prohibited from participating in partisan politics, including running for office or contribution funds to parties or campaigns. 1978, civil service reform act was issued. President carter established the office of personnel management, which administers a merit system for federal employment. He also established the merit system protection Board, which is a watchdog agency to oversee the function of the OPM.5．Define political socialization. Discuss the social variables which determine and influence it.Political socialization refers to the process by which we learn about the world of politics and develop our political beliefs. Some social variables determine and influence it. The first one is the class and income. When an individual comes to be identified with an economic class such as a businessman or a worker he acquires specific interests and loyalties. For example, programs dealing with welfare and minimum wage increase will be more popular among the lower income groups.However issues emphasizing work over welfare, will find favor with the higher income groups who are concerned with high taxes and their payment. Second one is the race and ethnicity. Generally, racial and ethnic minority groups such as African Americans and Hispanic groups, tend to support programs promoting equality of opportunity in education, employment, contracting and other similar affirmative action programs. Religion also plays an important role. People are influenced by sermons and symbols in Church. Region is one of the elements. For example, the large number of military installations in the South found large support to the strong defense policy in the region. Also, there are gender here. For example, issues such as gun control find greater support among women. However, men and women hold almost similar views regarding abortion.。
美国宪法概述和介绍
Warm-Up Questions
1. What is the US Constitution?
2. Why do you feel it is important in your life?
What is the US Constitution?
• The supreme law of te United States.
• • • •
May 25th to September 17th, 1787 Philadelphia Intention was to revise Articles of Confederation Ended up replacing the Articles and creating a new government • Called the “Constitutional Convention.”
• Elected by the Electoral College
Article III: Judicial Branch
– At least 35 years old – 14 year resident of the US – Natural born citizen
• Important powers:
– – – – – Commander-in-Chief Grant pardons Make treaties Appoint federal officers Ensure laws are executed
– – – – – – Make laws Set taxes Declare war Override Vetoes Borrow money Regulate international and national trade – Print money
美国宪法讲解 The Constitution of the United States of America
Article V - Formal Amendment Process
Step 1 – Must Be Proposed (happens at the national level) Step 2 – Must Be Ratified (happens at the state level) This is a reflection of federalism
The Six Basic Principles of the Constitution
1. Popular Sovereignty – supreme power rests with and only with the people Some parts of the Constitution mitigate popular sovereignty Electoral College chooses the president, not popular vote State Legislatures chose the Senate, not popular vote Later changed to direct popular election by 17th Amendment
The Six Basic Principles of the Constitution 3. Separation of Powers U.S. uses a presidential government, where the executive and legislative branches are chosen separately Each branch has its own powers and responsibilities
法律英语考试复习：Judicial-最新范文
法律英语考试复习：JudicialAs with the other branches,the U.S. judiciary possesses only those powers the Constitution delegates.The Constitution extended federal jurisdiction only to certain kinds ofdisputes.Article III,Section 2 lists them.Two ofthe most signi？cant are cases involving a question offederal law （all Cases i Law and Equity,arising under this Constitution,the Laws ofthe United States,and Treaties made） and versitycases,or disputes between citizens oftwo different states.Diversity jurisdiction allows each party to avoid litigating his case before the courts of his adversarys state.A second judicial power emerged in the Republics early years.As explaine in Chapter 2,the e Court in the case of Marbury v.Madison （1803） interpreted its delegated powers to include the authority to determine whether a statute violated the Constitution and,ifit did,to declare such a law invalid.A law may be unconstitutionalbecause it violates rights guaranteed to the people by the Constitution,or because Article I did not authorize Congress to pass that kind oflegislation.The power to interpret the constitutional provisions that describe where Congress may legislate is thus very important.Traditionally,Congress has justified many statutesas necessary to regulate commerce among the several States,or interstat commerce.This is an elastic concept,difficult to describe with precision.Indeed,one might for nearly any statute devise a plausible tie between its objectives and the regulation ofinterstate commerce.At times,the judicial branch interpreted the “commerce clause” narr owly.In 1935,for instance the Supreme Court invalidated a federal law regulating the hours and wages ofworkers at a New York slaughterhouse because the chickens processed there all were sold to New York butchers and retailers and hence not part ofinterstate commerce.Soon after this,however,the Supreme Court began to afford President Franklin D.Roosevelts New Deal programs morlatitude,and today the federal courts continue to interpret broadly the commerce power,although not so broadly as to justify any legislation that Congress might pass.。
《美国宪法》教学大纲
《美国宪法》教学大纲汪庆华编写法学专业选修课程教学大纲808 目录PART ONE Separation of Powers (809)PART TWO Individual rights (816)美国宪法PART ONE Separation of PowersI.THE JUDICIAL POWERNo Advisory OpinionsEg .: Declaration about the constitutionality of a proposed statute Æ Ct. won’tdecide.Î There must be specific present harm or threat of specific future harm.(1) When legislation is not yet law (2) court cases where the court is notthe final authority.Ripeness: RQ: Actual harm or immediate threat of harm – consideration after the claims have been resolvedMootness – consideration before claims developed1.Moot cases are:a.Overripeb.Dismissed whenever they become moot:i.If issue becomes moot during the trial, dismissed at trial,.ii.If issue becomes moot during appeal, judgment below is vacated and the appeal is dismissed.2.Exception:Controversies capable of repetition yet evading review are not moot, even thoughthey look like moot.a.Cases always involve disputes w/ an internal time limit (issues that won’t lastlong enough for the judicial system to decide them).Eg. restrictions on abortion – challenge on restriction on abortion by a809法学专业选修课程教学大纲810pregnant woman will not be moot by deliberation of a baby: it will bechallenged over and over again b/c it is capable of repetition but will notbe resolved. = not dismissed as moot.class actions – Mootness doesn’t depend on the named orrepresentative party. A class action remains live so long as itis live as to any of the class members.B.Standing1.RQ: Injury + Causation + Redressability (ct. can give relief)2.Injury *a.Virtually anything can constitute injury, particularly if congress says so.- doesn’t have to be economic. past or future.b.Generally NOT INJURY:i.Mere ideological objectionii.Injury to someone elseBUT, IF you have suffered (or will suffer) actual injury and IF you and thesomeone are related by exchange or transaction.Eg. Doctor sues to demand medicare compensation for performingabortions can raise the woman’s rights, (3rd party standing).The doctor does not have a constitutional right to get paid buthe can raise patient’s right. (But Doctor’s claim will berejected on the merits, b/c patient has no right to abortionfunding.anization s have standing to challenge injury to their members, IF.i.* the members would have standing (actual injury);ii.their injury is related to the purpose of the organization; andiii.there’s no reason that requires the presence of individual members in the suit. (mere objection of the member = no standing)d.Taxpayersi.Have standing to challenge their tax liability (how much you pay). –spending power must be involvedHave no standing to challenge how the gov. spends its money after taxes arecollected (b/c it doesn’t affect you, money is gone no matter what.),EXCEPT for Establishment Clause challenges to gov. funding.3.Causation – never tested on bar exam, b/c factual issue. Essentially factual: did the美国宪法government’s conduct cause or will it cause plaintiff’s injury?4.Redressibilitya.Ct. can do something about the injury.b.the injury is past Æ the remedy is money damage.c.the injury is threatened Æ the remedy is injunction.E.g. Company A applies for a license and is turned down. Company B applies for a licenseand is accepted. Company A sues to bar the government from giving a license to CompanyB. Does company A have standing to seek that relief? Î No. If A is alleging “give melicense,” then A has standing, but here, A is seeking to deny B’s license = there is mismatch of injury and remedy.Political Questions5.Non-judiciable (ct. won’t decide)6.Examplesa.the Republican Form of Government Clauseb.true foreign affairs or military command decisionseg. Whether the President fires a general, recalls an ambassador, chooses to attend a summit, sending troops to state.c.seating of delegates at a national political conventiond.impeachment procedureseg. Senate’s procedures for trying impeachment and who they impeach.C.11th Amend. (not related to the provision itself)ARTICLE III JUDGE – ENJOY THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRANT OF LIFE TENUREII.The Legislative POWER* source of power and limitationA.Enumerated Powers811法学专业选修课程教学大纲812 1. In theory, fed. gov. has limited power.In fact, fed. gov. can do anything that doesn’t violate the Bill of Rights.a.power over fed. Property – congress has power to dispose of all propertybelonging to the federal government (e.g. wild animals wandering ontofederal lands are within the ambit of this power) - no express limits on thispower.b.Regulation of federal land (Article 4)c.power over citizenshipd.bankruptcy, patent, copyright powere.war powerf.power to raise an army and a navy, etc.2.Taxing power – if there is tax. E.g. tax and spend to provide for the general welfare.OK if it bears some reasonable relationship to revenue production or if Congress has the power to regulate the taxed activity.3.Spending power – if they spend federal money.Congress may investigate only matters upon which it can legislate, but it is not limited to matters as to which it has made appropriations of money.merce powerFed. gov. can regulate:a.any product or activity in interstate commerce (something across state-lines)b.even intrastate activity having a substantial effect on interstate commerce.(almost everything)i.“substantial effect” is judged in the aggregate. Answer is always yes.- It doesn’t matter whether your act causes substantial effect. It doesmatter whether everyone’s act causes substantial effect in total.c.The S.Ct. has been increasingly reluctant to allow Congress to regulate activitythat is both local / non-commercial on grounds of its effect on interstatecommerce. In the future, the regulation of intrastate activity having a substantialeffect on interstate commerce will be limited to intrastate commercial activity.5.13th Amend- broad (legislative) power against any and all racial discrimination, public or private.美国宪法6.14th Amend*a.broad but not limitless power to remedy violations of individual rights, as thoserights have been defined by the cts (equal protection, due process, civil liberty).b.14th Amend. rights exist only AGAINST GOV. So, Congress’s 14th Amendenforcement power is similarly limited to rights against Gov. (14A does notprotect rights against private actor)7.Necessary and Proper Clausea.It grants Congress the power to make all laws necessary and proper forcarrying into execution any power granted to any branch of the fed. gov. (e.g. toregulated commerce, maintain army, to prevent racial discrimination)b.It is not itself a basis of power. Æ never pick this clause on exam unless anotherenumerated fed. power is linked to it.8.Promote the general welfareÆ It is not Congress’s power by itself. E.g. congress to tax and spend for the generalwelfareFederal government can tax and spend for the general welfare; it cannot directly legislate for it. Thus, nonspending regulations cannot be supported by the general welfare clause.B.Delegation1.Delegation of legislative power to administrative agencies is PERMITTED, so long asCongress provides standards for the exercise of the delegated power. (e.g. by creationof FDA etc)C.Congressional Veto Æ UNCONSTITUTIONAL1.Congressional veto provision authorizes Congress to override individual executiveaction by simple resolution, it is UNCONSTITUTIONAL.b/c: Legislation can control executive actions by changing laws. For that change, itmust follow the prescribed rule by Fed. Con. (vetoes in 2 Houses + President’s sign/veto). Congressional veto would skip these procedures. (The president is themain player in the executive action)813法学专业选修课程教学大纲814 III.T HE EXECUTIVE P OWER *P OWERS AND LIMITATIONS,ESPECIALLY EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGESA.Domestic Power Generally1.Power to enforce the law, not to make it and not to break it.Eg. impoundment of funds: when Congress unambiguously orders funds tobe spent on a certain project or in a certain way, the President cannotreject to obey that statute even if he thinks it is wasteful).B.** Exclusively Executive Powers (Congress cannot control the following powers)1.Power to prosecuteIt may be done by independent counsel appointed by ct. to prosecute publicofficial (ie. special prosecutor)2.Power to pardon-President’s pardon power cannot be controlled by Congress.-Pardon applies to all “offenses against the US,” except in cases of impeachment.3.Power to hire/fire executive officers (other than impeachment of high level officers,eg. President, Cabinet members)a.“Executive officers” – very broad. Anyone who takes actions on behalf of USwhether it is high or low.b.Congress can hire/fire legislative staff: its own staff and others who performstaff-like functions. Congress can hire and fire those who advice them,monitor/audit/watch what they are doing(Congress cannot hire/fire an executive officer, and Congress cannot giveexecutive power to anyone it can hire/fire.)C.External Powers of the President1.No power to declare war, but power to act militarily as commander in chief evenw/o Congressional approval. But, subject to Congress’s power to enact a militaryappropriation. Congress can also control the money spent on army.D.Impeachment1.Bills of Impeachment is an accusation, on a vote of majority of the House ofRepresentatives.美国宪法2.Trial is in the Senate, w/conviction on a vote of 2/3.3.Remedy on conviction is removal from office. (one and only remedy)4.Until removed from office, only President is absolutely immune for all official acts.815法学专业选修课程教学大纲816PART TWO Individual rightsI.S TATE A CTION* ANALYZE FIRSTSince Con. Law generally applies only to gov. action (eg. 14th Amend), state action must beinvolved to show constitutional violation. Constitutional right is a right against gov’t.A.State action = Gov. action, whether state or localEg. municipal ordinance, sheriff’s decision to fire a deputy, county zoningvarianceB.Not facilitating private discrimination – mere acquiescence not enough.. cannot encourage/facilitate private discrimination.. cannot profit from (i.e. be a financial partner in) private discrimination.3.Constitution forbids discriminatory state action, not private bias Æ federal legislationthat prohibits private discrimination is not constitutionally mandated, and state may aidanyone as long as it does not violate a specific constitutional restriction.ernment is not required to prevent private discrimination constitutionallyGenerally, Gov. is acting constitutionally WHEN it is acting evenhandedly, even though aprivate person is discriminated. (Treating all alike is OK even if private person discriminates)Eg. 1. It is constitutional for Gov. to enforce trespass laws when the landownerrefuses to allow access on the basis or race. (so long as Gov’t isregulating even-handedly on behalf of all the land-owner)2.It is constitutional for Gov. to issue a liquor license to a raciallyexclusive private club, AS LONG AS Gov. treats all applications in thesame way.D.* Distinguish anti-discrimination statutesWhen there is anti-discrimination statutes, the existence of state action is IRRELEV ANT.Eg. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits racial discrimination byemployers.1) Is there state action when a private company refuses to hire blacks?Æ No state action.2) Is it illegal for a private company to refuse to hire blacks?Æ Yes. It is ILLEGAL under the statute, not Con.817P ROCEDURAL D UE P ROCESSBasic Principles:Right to Notice & Hearing before Intentional Deprivation of Life, Liberty, or Property by Gov.2 Qs:1) Is Life, Liberty, or Property being Taken?2) If so, What Process is Due?E.Life, Liberty, Property1.Life - death penalty2.Libertya.Confinement (parole, probation)b.Physical punishmentc.Curtail of legal right3.Propertya.Property = Entitlement, not mere expectation.b.Entitlement to a gov. job/benefit is created WHEN they say so.Eg. 1. County attorney is hired at will. 3 months later she is fired, w/onotice or explanation. Is she entitled to notice and a hearing?Æ No, she is no entitlement in that right.2. County attorney is hired for 5 yrs, and told that she won’t bedischarged before that time except for cause. 3 months later she isfired. Is she entitled to notice and hearing?Æ Yes, she had entitlement for 5 yrs term job security.F.DeprivationDue process is triggered by INTENTIONAL deprivation, not accidents. (C.f. tort claim)Eg. City garbage truck hit a person to death. Æ although it is a deprivationof life/liberty, No due process problem (can be a tort problem)G.What process is due?1.Balance 3 factors:a.Importance of interest at stakeb.Value of procedure in protecting the interest (includes any kind of trial type818procedure)c.What’s the cost (Gov’s interest and efficiency)2.Timing of hearings – before, but sometimes after- especially for discharge of public employeesa.Generally, a tenured public employee* is entitled to some opportunity to beheard prior to discharge. (* “tenured” employee = anyone who needs “for cause”to be discharged.)b.Exception: When there is a significant reason not to keep the employee on thejob, discharge first, then hearing.That hearing must:i.be promptii.offer complete relief (if wrongfully discharged, the employee can get paid)c.Eg. Police officer charged w/felony1) Normal procedure: Suspend w/pay Æ Hearing Æ Discharge2) Felony case: Discharge first Æ HearingA CCESS TO C OURTS FOR I NDIGENTS. has to waive filing fees for divorce but NOT for bankruptcy. (timely issue!)Waiver of filing fees for indigents is constitutionally required WHEN charging the fees would deny a fundamental right.Bankruptcy is just a statutory scheme, not a fundamental right.Ù marriage and divorce are fundamental rights – 8th Amend.Eg. Indigent cannot be required to bear the cost of a transcript in order to appeal a termination of parental rights, b/c parental rights arefundamental.T AKING AND J UST C OMPENSATION –5TH A MEND.Private property shall not be taken for public use, w/o just compensation.“Private property”“Public use” = whatever Gov. wants to do“Just compensation” = FMV at the time of taking Ù regulation under police power not requiring just compensation819I NTRODUCTION TO THE 14TH A MEND.I.Privileges and Immunities of National Citizenship“No state shall enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the US” = applies only to attributes peculiar to US citizenship, such as right to petition congress.”Æ means nothing!Ù Article 4 of privileges and immunities: provides that citizen of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens of other states w/regard to “fundamental rights,” i.e., those involving important commercial activities or civil liberties.J.Federal and State distinguished1. 2 due process clauses:a.5th Amend. Æ National Gov.b.14th Amend. (which makes many of bill of rights provisions applicable to states).Æ States / localities2. 1 equal protection clause:a.14th AmendÆ States / localities (NOT to federal gov’t)b.Technically, no equal protection clause for national gov. But, they have to obeythe principle of equal protection clause, but by different standard. (usually by 5A)K.Standard of Review1.STRICT SCRUTINY– Is the law necessary achieve a compelling governmentalinterest?a.Burden of proof – on Gov.b.Applies when the law involves a suspect classification / fundamental right.2.INTERMEDIATE SCRUTINY - Is the law substantially related to an importantgovernmental interest?a.Burden of proof – on Gov.b.Applies to legitimacy and gender.8203.RATIONAL BASIS– Is the law rationally relates to a legitimate governmental interest?a.Burden of proof – on plaintiffb.Applies to everything else.821E QUAL P ROTECTIONL.Suspect Classifications: Race or Ethnicity1.Checkpoints:a.When is a law a racial/ethnic classification?b.Î When there is proof of discriminatory purpose (intended to treat persons basedon race, ethnicity). The purpose does not have to appear superficiallydiscriminating.2.School desegregationa.De jure segregation (segregation on purpose) is Uncon.b.De facto segregation is OK.c.Remedy is limited by the geographical area of violation.Eg. Busing remedy may be ordered only w/i the city guilty.IF the suburbs are also involved, busing may be ordered to the suburbs.3.Affirmative action “racial preference in favor of minority– unsettled issuea.Test: Strict scrutiny b/c racial classification.b.Results: Cts split (some uphold, others struck down).c.Always valid WHERE it specifically corrects past discrimination againstminorities.general, social concern Æ Not good enoughspecifically redress misconduct in the agency Æ OKM.Suspect classifications: Alienage**N.Quasi-Suspect classifications: Legitimacy Æ Intermediate scrutinyO.Quasi-Suspect classifications: Gender Æ Intermediate scrutinyP.Rational basis test: Everything else-If no constitutional concern is found in a Q, use this test and uphold it.822FUNDAMENTAL R IGHTSQ.Substantive Due process / Equal protectionSame strict scrutiny and same fundamental rights under both.If not fudamental right Æ rational basis test.R.RIGHT TO PRIV ACY1.Marriage/Divorce - B asically Æ Rational basis test (eg. Can you marry your cousin?)At the core Æ Strict scrutiny (b/c fundamental right)2.Contraception - everyone has the right to buy and use them.3.Abortion – 2 conflicting interests (Mother’s right to decide v. Protection of mother’sbody and fetus)2 rules:a.pre-viability rule(Terminate pregnancy for any reason until when the baby can live outside(viability of fetus test)Procedural regulations are valid ONLY IF they impose NO undue burden to thewoman’s right to terminate her pregnancy.rmed consent RQ Æ OKii.24-hour waiting RQ Æ OK (to prevent hasty action)iii.Parental notification (for under-age female) Æ OKiv.Parental consent RQ (for under-age female) Æ NO, unless there isjudicial bypass (= abotion w/judge’s consent).v.Spousal consent RQ Æ NOvi.30 days residence RQ to obtain abortion rights – likely to be unconst.b.post-viability ruleRegulation is OK, unless the woman’s health is threatened.Cf. Gov. financing Æ Never required (no gov. obligation to finance abortion)4.Obscenity in the home Æ fundamental right. But, you cannot sell, buy, distribute,receive or transport it.5.Certain family relationship s Æ fundamental righta.right to raise/educate childrenb.right to live together w/close relatives (if they want you to)823c.no right to outside family6.No right to homosexual relations / sodomy7.No right to hide – Gov. can investigate you, your personal data.Voting rightsVoting fact pattern w/due process Q+ discrimination Î always equal protection basis.8.One person/one vote (each district must have the same size of voters) applies to: House of Rep.b.both houses of a state legislaturec.local gov., if a ward systemd.NOT elections for mayor of each city or a judge of each countye.NOT election of persons to serve on a special purpose gov. unit: if the gov. unithas a special impact on the class of enfranchised voters.Eg. “water storage districts”9.Gerrymandering : Racial/PoliticalYou can take race into account so long as you don’t go too far.Æ Race can be a factor, but not the predominant factor.IF the district looks funny, it is Uncon.a.Racial gerrymandering to disadvantage minorities (e.g. vote dilution = spread outblacks so that they are all margin of each district)Æ Uncon. unless Gov. has acompelling interest.b.Racial gerrymandering to advantage minorities (e.g. voting rights act; bringing allthe minority in one district and creating them a majority in that district)Æ OKc.Political gerrymandering ÆIn theory, violates equal protection.In fact, commonly occurs b/c proof RQ is almostnever met.S.RIGHT TO TRA VELÆ fundamental1.Long-term residency RQs (e.g. for citizenship) burden the fundamental right ofinterstate travel ÆViolates equal protection.a.How long is too long?- 2 yrs for welfare Æ too long- 1 yr Æ too long for most purposes- as long as 1 yr Æ has been upheld for in-state tuition / divorce jurisdiction824- 30 days to promote the compelling interest of assuring that only bona fideresidence only = has been held OK.2.Right to travel interstate = right to migrate from state to stateT.No other fundamental rights – Don’t add the above list!1.right to Wealth? Æ Not fundamental2.right to Education Æ Not fundamental(Some basic public school opportunity Æ maybe fundamental)3.right to Inherent Æ Not fundamental4.right to control own body Æ Not fundamental5.man’s right to have short hair – may be an equal protection issueF REEDOMS OF S PEECH AND P RESSU.Vagueness / Overbreadth1.Vagueness – If law gives no clear notice of what is prohibited, it is vague.2.Overbreadth – If law burdens substantially more speech than necessary for acompelling interest, it is overbroad.V.Freedom not to speakGov. cannot force you to endorse any symbol or slogan.Eg. “Live Free or Die”Eg. Statements from anti-nuclear power activists.W.Fundamental distinction: Content-neutral v. Content-based-First, distinguish one from another.-Content neutral regulation = common/usually not so controversial/usually valid-Content based restriction on speech = rare/intensely controversial/usually invalidX.CONTENT-NEUTRAL REGULATION1. 3 RQs: Time, Place, Manner of speech Æ not content-based reg.a.Must be Content-neutrali.As administered, as well as on its face.ii.* No executive discretion: If there is discretion, risk of content-based reg.exists.Eg. DC anti-picketing ordinance for 500-feet area around a foreign825embassy Æ Not content-neutralEg. Parade permit ordinance requires everyone to apply for a permit24 hours in advance and to avoid routes used by emergencyvehicles. Permits are given first-come, first-served.Æ OK (b/c evenhanded, no executive discretion)If permits are issued when the chief of police finds it in the publicinterest, uncon. b/c the chief of police is given discretion.b.Substantial other opportunities for speech to take placeEg. City bans soundtrucks in residential neighborhoods bet. 11pm and7am. Æ OKIf bans at all times and places, uncon.w must narrowly serve a significant state interest.- not “compelling” “Significant” means everything that makes sense.2.Public forum doctrinea.“Public forum” = Gov. property traditionally open to a wide range of speechactivities- In public forum, ONLY content-neutral reg. of time or manner are allowed.i.streetsii.parksiii.public sidewalksiv.NOT airportsb.Non-public forum = Gov. property not traditionally open to speech activities(public school, public hall)- Relaxed scrutiny applies even to content-based reg. Any reasonable reg. onspeech is OK. (reasonableness depends on the purpose)Eg. Prison can prevent public access for security. Court house andits groundY.CONTENT-BASED REGULATIONGenerally, require a compelling state interest and are invalid. Subject to strict scrutiny,usually struck down)Eg. flag desecration (burning) Æ struck down b/c content-based1.Exception 1: INCITEMENTSpeech intended to incite immediate violence Æ Can be restricted even beforeviolence2.Exception 2: FIGHTING WORDS / HATE SPEECHa.In theory, not protected speech. Fighting words = words that are so insulting that 826the person who heard it might hit back or breach peace)b.In practice, all laws banning fighting words / hate speech are unconstitutionallyvague or overbroad. Often cts say: “fighting words are not protected, but thisstatute is too broad”Eg. “words tending to a breach of the peace”“offensive or abusive language”speech”“hate3.Exception 3: OBSCENITYa.Material must be:i.S exy (erotic, itchy, appeals to prurient interest – bloodshed is insufficient)ii.S ickening – grossly (patently) offensive to average member ofcommunity (community can be whole US, state or city, but has to be judgeby ordinary person in the community)iii.S tandards – average US citizen If the rule doesn’t have standard – then it is too broad.ck of S erious value – educational/political (if good reviews, noobscenity)Eg. Can the law prohibit as obscene material that “excites lust”?Æ No, b/c “lust” is overbroad.Eg. Can a city impose a tax on all films that show frontal nudity?Æ No, b/c overbroad. Some are obscene, some are not.Eg. Communications Decency Act (federal ban on “indecent”/”patently offensive” but not legally obscene internet communications to minors)Æ Struck down, b/c no practical way to assure that communications sentthrough the internet would not be received by minors.b.Seven dirty words – although not obscene, broadcasting during hours whenchildren might hear CAN be BANNED.c.Child pornography – CAN be BANNED, whether or not it is legally obscene.d.Zoning adult theaters – CAN be BANNED.But, “adult film” cannot be banned, b/c overbroad4.Exception 4: DEFAMATION (covered in torts)5.Exception 5: COMMERCIAL SPEECHMust be allowed if truthful and informational.Can be subject to significantly more regulation than non-commercial speech.E.g. advertisement827Can be suppressed in 3 circumstances:a.Misleading attention cannot ban political misleading speech.Eg. Marijuana- commerce: cannot advertise- political: can advocate to legalize itb.Pertaining to illegal productc.If the law directly advances a substantial *state interest and the degree ofsuppression is no greater than is reasonably necessary.Has to be narrowly tailored to serve the substantial interest.The law must be well-crafted.(More and more cts. are likely to strike down commercial speech reg.)*Substantial interest - not compelling “substantial” is a buzz word, thisword is only here in speech area.inclu. alcohol, tobacco, gamblingEg. Can US Postal Service prohibit mailings of unsolicitedadvertisements on the ground that many recipients would findthe ads offensive? Æ NO b/c ads are not misleading,condoms are legal/no substantial interest in limitingcontraception.Z.FREEDOM OF THE PRESS – generally, the freedom of the owner/publisher The press have no greater nor smaller 1st Amend. freedom than private citizen’s.AA.ELECTORAL PROCESS (campaign, ads, etc.)1.Contributions (& coordinated expenditures) Æ Can be limited (eg. $10000 to 1 party)2.Expenditures (if direct) Æ Cannot be limited.3.Regulation of the electoral process: if the law regulates “core political speech” ratherthan the surrounding election Æ strict scrutiny applies.e.g. state law prohibiting any campaigning on election day – invalid.BB.SPEECH BY GOV. EMPLOYEES1.General rule: Public employees cannot be HIRED/FIRED based on political party,political philosophy, any act of expression.2.Exception – High-level policymakers / their confidential advisersCan be fired for Not Doing the Job – Consider the impact on the job (if it affects the 828。
福州大学法律英语单词
AA Judicial branch司法权arraignment传讯abuse滥用，侮辱，虐待arson纵火罪acquit释放，宣告无罪assailant攻击者，袭击者action诉讼assault恐吓，侵犯，殴击actual damages实际损害赔偿asserted见assart垦荒actus reus犯罪行为1assertion垦荒adduce举证，引证assistance of counsel辩护律师的协助admissible可采纳的assumption of risk自愿承担风险Admission.(承认)assurance保证，担保adversarial system对抗制，辩论式的诉讼制度attempt企图；犯罪未遂affirmed维持原判attincta有罪裁定，控告alleged指控attorney general总检察长Amendment修正案attorney代理人，律师An executive branch行政权aura(听录)anonymous无名的，匿名的automobile汽车aphrodisiacs春药Appeals上诉appellate上诉的applicable适合的，可适用的apprehend逮捕apprehended the suspect逮捕嫌疑人apprise通知，报告Arraignment on the Information or Indictment根据起诉书传讯Bbail hearing保释听证Booking登记bail保释bookmaking赌彩业battery非法侵犯；殴击罪（刑法）breach of contract违约battery殴击罪breaking and entering闯入/夜盗和进占Bench Trial法官审判breed引起；造成biased jurors有偏见的陪审员burglary夜盗罪；恶意侵入他人住宅罪Ccannibalism食人罪contradictory矛盾的capital cases资本案件contravene违反case-by-case basis个案的，逐案的contributory negligence共同过失caseload待处理案件的数量convene召集，集会，起诉（大陆法系）castle exception城堡例外规则conversion侵占动产causation因果关系convict定罪，宣判....有罪challenge申请（法官或陪审员）回避copyrighted版权法charges指控，指控的犯罪corrections矫正child-custody子女监护counsel劝告，出庭律师circuit巡回审判区court-appointed指定法庭circumscribe限制courtrooms法庭，审判庭circumstantial evidence情况证据；间接证据credibility可信性，可靠性circumvent防止....发生criminal justice system刑事司法系统Civil Procedure criminal prosecution刑事诉讼程序claim（有权）请求criterion判断的标准；衡量某事物价值的准则clarify澄清；使明白cross-examination交叉询问，反询问clause法案条款crystallize使变得明确Closing Arguments终结辩论custodial interrogation羁押询问clues线索，提示cocaine可卡因co-defendant共同被告人coerce强迫某人（服从）coercive conduct胁迫行为comparative negligence相对过失compelled强迫compensation补偿，赔偿Complaint控告书compliance顺从；听从；依从Confession(坦白)，认罪供述，供述，陈述conform使相似，适应confrontation clause对质条款consent被害人同意consent同意，赞同conspiracy同谋，共谋Ddeadly force致命武力disband解散decidendi判决理由discarded weapon遗弃的武器defect缺陷，不足discretion裁量权；判断能力，辨别能力defective有缺陷的，有毛病的discretion自由处理Defendant’s right to a speedy trial被告人要求迅速审判的权利Defendants被告人dismiss the indictment驳回公诉（控告）defense of infancy未成年辩护disproportionate不成比例的，不相称的defer to服从disprove反驳，驳斥，证明....为虚假defines阐述，解释，下定义dissent分歧；异议delegates授权doctrine信条deliberately审慎的，蓄意的，有目的的documentation证据材料deliberation（陪审团）审议；（刑事案件）预谋，蓄谋Deliberation and Verdict陪审团评议和裁决domestic relations court家庭关系法院demeanor行为；举止；风度double jeopardy双重危险；双重追诉demonstrates证明，展示，论证Due Process Clause正当程序条款deprived剥夺，使丧失due process of law法律的正当程序derogation（法律、合同、条约）部分废除，废止，取消dwelling住处deter阻碍做某事deterrence（通过威慑来）阻却（违法行为）device发明，设计；诡计，计谋dicta法官个人意见；附带意见direct victim直接受害人Eelectronic wiretap电子窃听evaluation评价，评估elicit a confession引出供罪陈述evidentiary证据的，根据证据的elicit抽出，引出examiner检查人，审阅人eliminate消除，排除EXCLUSIONARY RULE非法证据排除embezzlement侵占罪exculpatory or inculpatory免责的或可指控的enabling act权利授权法excuse可宽恕enacted制定，通过；颁布，发布exempting(免除)encroach(败坏)侵占，侵害Expectation of Privacy隐私期待ends-of-justice公正合理的目的expedient有用的，有利的enforcement法律的实施；强制执行Expert witness testimony专家证人证人证言entrapment警察圈套(钓鱼执法)expert witness专家证人enumerates枚举，列举equitable remedies衡平救济Ffacsimile signature复制签名felony重罪fact finder事实调查人Filing the Complaint控告factual testimony事实证言fireams枪支，火器false imprisonment非法限制人身自由foreperson陪审团主席falsity篡改；伪造；证明....为虚假forfeiture没收federal district court联邦地区法庭forseeability可预见性felonious homicide重罪杀人frivolous不庄重的；不重要的Ggood behavior廉洁行为granted certiorari调卷令Grand Jury Review大陪审团guise伪装，装束，外观Hhabeas corpus petition人身保护令请求higher court上级法院hail欢呼；拥立HOLDING AND DECISION判决headquarters总部，司令部holster手枪皮套Hearsay传闻证据house arrest软禁Iidiosyncrasy性格，癖好Information起诉书（检察官）impeach控告检举，弹劾initial charge初步指控Implicit暗示injunction禁令implied assertions默示声明injurious falsehood污蔑，诋毁impose加（税，义务等）于intended有意的‘有计划的，预谋的imprisoned监禁，囚禁intent目的，意图，打算imprisonment监禁interim当时，同时；暂时，过渡期间improperly obtained evidence不正当的收集证据interpose提出（异议，否决等）in the militia全体民兵，民兵组织，军役interpreted解释，说明inadmissible不采纳的，不可采信的interrogation（刑事）讯问inappropriately不适当的，不相称的intoxication醉态incarceration关押invalid病人（无康复希望的）incriminating admission对犯罪事实的承认invalidated失去法律效力的incrimination of self自证其罪inviolable神圣不可侵犯indication指示，表示invoke祈求，调用indicative evidence指示性证据involuntary intoxication非自愿醉态indictable attempt可被提起公诉的犯罪未遂indictable可被控诉的Indictment起诉书（大陪审团）indigent defendant贫困被告人infirmity身体虚弱inflict强加于informant检举人，告发人，线人Jjeopardy（刑事追究）（判刑的）危险jurisprudence法律体系Judiciary司法部，法官，司法制度jurors陪审员July Instruction指示陪审团Jury Trial陪审团审判jurisdiction司法管辖权juvenile offense未成年犯罪Kkidnapped绑架Llarceny偷盗罪lewd淫荡的，猥亵的law enforcement officer执法人员libel书面诽谤Law of Family and Succession limb for a limb同态复仇lawsuit诉讼liquidated damages预定损害赔偿金legal person法人；法律拟制人litigation诉讼，起诉legislators立法者MMagistrate Court治安法院mayhem重伤罪main branches主要分支menacing胁迫malice恶意mens rea犯罪意图malicious prosecution恶意控诉，诬告misdemeanor轻罪mandatory命令的；强制的modus operandi作案手段，作案特点manslaughter非预谋杀人molesting干扰，骚扰，性骚扰marginal边际的municipal court市镇法院Materiality物质性，重要性murder谋杀Nnarcotics act毒品法non-judicial punishment非司法性惩罚national origin家世，血统，出生国，祖籍国nonverbal非口语naval court海军海事法庭notification of rights通知，通报的权利naval forces海军notwithstanding尽管necessity紧急避险nuisance滋扰；妨碍negate取消；使无效nullify使无效negligence过失侵权，过失oobiter dicta附带意见original evidence原始证据obligated使受约束，责任约束oral口头的Opening Statement开场陈述out-of-court庭外overriding撤销，废除，驳回overrule否决或推翻（下级法院的判决）Pparole officers假释官员Pretrial Motions审前动议party（诉讼）当事人prevailing party胜诉当事人penal action惩罚性诉讼Prior decision判例原则penalty刑罚prior to居先，在前pending未定的，待决的prison escape逃狱percipient witness有洞察力的证人privately retained counsel私人律师perennial长久的，持久的privilege特权，特惠perjury作伪证；伪证罪probable cause合理依据petit jury小陪审团probation officers缓刑官员petition诉状，诉请probative有证明力的phone booth公用电话亭Procedural Posture诉讼程序情形physical examination身体检查procedural safeguards诉讼程序安全保障plea辩护；抗辩Procedure程序Post—Arrest Investigation逮捕后侦查products liability产品责任Post--conviction Remedies定罪后的救济proffer出示，提供（证据）Post—trial Motions审判后动议proponent提议者，提出者powers doctrine权利主义/学说/教条prosecuting attorneys公诉律师practical matter实际事实prosecutions事实，执行，刑事诉讼Pre--arrest Investigation逮捕前侦查public prosecutor公诉人preclude阻止做某事pursuant追赶的，追求的，追随的predicate断言，断定prejudice偏见，侵害Pre-liminary Hearing预审prerogative(特权)Presentation of Evidence提交证据presentment起诉报告Rradio transmitter无线传输remedy救济、补偿rape强奸罪render正式宣布ratify批准，追认，认可reported Crime报告犯罪rationale基本理由；理论基础resolution解决reasonable person（法律上）理性人retain雇佣；聘请rebuttable可以反驳的revealing揭示recourse权力的行使Reversed撤销原判redressable可获得救济的Rigid严格的referee公断人，审断人robbery抢劫reluctant不愿的，勉强的Ssanction处罚satellite追随者scheme计划，组合schools流派scope of authority代理权范围；授权范围scope范围，余地screen out筛选出search warrant搜查令secret trials秘密审判，不公开审理seizures拘留，逮捕self-defense自身防卫，自卫权self-incrimination自证其罪Sentencing量刑sexual assault性侵sheriffs行政司法官shoot out射出sit mute默默而坐smuggler走私speedy trial迅速审判stare decisis遵循先例State court System（Tial courts初审法院；courts of appeals 上诉法院；state supreme courts最高法院）statutes制定法，章程，规约stemming from起源于stipulated规定约定subject matter争议事项subjugate使屈服；使服从subjugate(压制)substantially实质性suppressed排除suspicion character可疑之人sympathetic strike同情罢工sodomy 反自然性行为sovereign power 主权Ttake into account 考虑；重视tangible 可触摸的，有形的testified 证明testimony 证据；证人证言The bicameral legislative branch 立法权the Decision to Charge 决定指控The defendant’s right a jury trial The defendant’s right to a public trial The defendant’s right to confront witnesses The defendant’s right to remain silentThe federal court system(U.S district courts 联邦地区法院；U.S courts of Appeals 联邦上诉法院；The United States Supreme Court 最高法院)Uunanimous decision 一致裁决unanimously 全体一致同意undercover agent 内线，线人Vvalid 有效的verdict 裁断vessel 船舰vetting 彻底审查Wwaiver 弃权；权利放弃warrant of commitment 拘押令warrant 保证，担保，令状wrap up 注意力完全集中于....writ of certiorari 调案复审令状The First Appearance 初次到庭The Philadelphia Convention The Right for Attorney 律师帮助权throw out 驳回起诉；驳回请求tortfeasor 侵权行为人Torts 侵权trepass to chattel 侵犯动产trespass on the case 间接侵害行为trespass to land 对土地的侵犯trial court 初审法院triggered 引发，触发true bill 大陪审团认可的起诉书undue delay 不当延迟unscathed 未受损失的utility 有用，实用，效用vicarious liability 替代责任victim 受害人，牺牲品vindicate 辩护；证明有理visible 明显的，看得见的。
美国政府预算结构和体制(中英文)
Parliament and the King 议会和国王
The King of England and the Parliament often disagreed on the budget 英格兰国王和议会常常对预算产生分歧 Because of this, the U.S. Constitution incorporated what are called the “separation of powers” with three branches of government each having its own responsibilities and powers 因此，美国宪法中体现出所谓的三权分立，政府的 三大机关各自被赋予了不同的责任和权力。
10
The Four Stages of the Budget Cycle 预算周期的四个阶段
Phase 1: Executive Preparation第一阶段：行政准备 Phase 2: Congressional Consideration第二阶段：国会审议 Phase 3: Budget Execution第三阶段：预算执行 Execution Phase 4: Budget Audit/evaluation第四阶段：预算审计/ 评估
1
What is a Government Budget? 什么是政府预算？
A government’s budget is an itemized summary of estimated or intended expenditures for a given period along with proposals for financing them 政府预算是特定时期内的预计开支或计划开支， 及提议为这些开支提供资金的分类科目。
Government and Politics in the__ United States
• 1. The president agrees with it, signs it, and it becomes law. • 2. The president disagrees with it, vetoes it, and sends it back to Congress with his reasons for refusing to sign it. If two-thirds of both the House and the Senate vote to override the president’s veto, the bill becomes law. • 3. The president may take no action and after 10 days, the bill becomes law without his signature. • 4. If Congress adjourns before the 10-day period is over, and president has neither signed nor vetoed the bill, it is defeated. This is called a pocket veto. Presidents sometimes do this with bills they do not like but do not want to go on record as having vetoed.
II. The Organization of the American Government
• The provisions of the Constitution are more concerned with keeping the government from doing evils than with enabling it to do good. • The national government is divided into three separate branches based on the belief that if any one branch has all, or even most of the power, it will become a threat to the freedom of individual citizens.
美国大选选金改革
Bill of RightsAmendment ICongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 国会不得立法建立宗教，不得立法禁止宗教活动自由；不得立法剥夺言论自由和出版自由；不得剥夺人民以和平方式集会或者向政府请愿要求申冤的权利。
----------Amendment XConstitution∙Preamble 序言∙Article I - The Legislative Branch 第一条o Section 1 - The Legislature 第一款o Section 2 - The Houseo Section 3 - The Senateo Section 4 - Elections, Meetingso Section 5 - Membership, Rules, Journals, Adjournmento Section 6 - Compensationo Section 7 - Revenue Bills, Legislative Process, Presidential Vetoo Section 8 - Powers of Congresso Section 9 - Limits on Congresso Section 10 - Powers prohibited of States∙Article II - The Executive Brancho Section 1 - The Presidento Section 2 - Civilian Power over Military, Cabinet, Pardon Power, Appointmentso Section 3 - State of the Union, Convening Congresso Section 4 - Disqualification∙Article III - The Judicial Brancho Section 1 - Judicial Powerso Section 2 - Trial by Jury, Original Jurisdiction, Jury Trialso Section 3 - Treason∙Article IV - The Stateso Section 1 - Each State to Honor all otherso Section 2 - State citizens, Extraditiono Section 3 - New Stateso Section 4 - Republican government∙Article V - Amendment∙Article VI - The United States∙Article VII - Ratification∙Signatories∙Amendmentso Amendment 1 - Freedom of Religion, Press, Expressiono Amendment 2 - Right to bear Armso Amendment 3 - Quartering of soldierso Amendment 4 - Search and Seizureo Amendment 5 - Trial and Punishment, Compensation for Takingso Amendment 6 - Right to speedy trial, confrontation of witnesseso Amendment 7 - Trial by jury in civil caseso Amendment 8 - Cruel and Unusual punishmento Amendment 9 - Construction of Constitutiono Amendment 10 - Powers of the States and People …..o Amendment27-WHAT’S THE ISSUE?It’s no secret that t he cost of running for office is rising. TV ads, politicalconsultants, and other major sources ofcampaign spending have driven up thecost of running for office, and there areno signs of a slowdown in thefast-rising need for campaign cashamong candidates and parties.Critics of the current campaign finance system fear that the growingamount of money pouring into electionsis having a corrupting influence onpolitics. The more money that isinvolved in running for office, critics say, the more influence that donors（wealthyindividuals, companies, labor unions,interest groups）have over electedofficials and public policy. Theseconcerns gave rise to several campaignfinance bills which would reform thecampaign finance system and seek toreduce the influence of money in theelectoral process.新华网华盛顿（2002年）３月２７日电美国总统布什２７日签署了美国会最近通过的竞选资金改革法案，从而使之成为正式法律。
ANINTRODUCTIONTOTHEAMERICANLEGALSYSTEM课后练习题含答案
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEMThe American legal system is a complex and multifaceted system that governs a wide range of laws and regulations. It is crucial to understand the different aspects of the legal system in order tonavigate it effectively, whether you are a legal professional or an ordinary citizen. In this guide, we will provide an overview of the American legal system and some practice questions to help you understand the key concepts.Overview of the American Legal SystemThe American legal system is based on the principle of federalism, which means that the federal government shares power with individual state governments. This means that laws can vary from state to state, which can sometimes lead to confusion and inconsistency.The ConstitutionThe Constitution is the supreme law of the land in the United States. It outlines the structure of the federal government and provides rights to individual citizens. The Constitution is made up of seven articlesand 27 amendments.The Legislative BranchThe legislative branch is responsible for creating the laws that govern the country. It is made up of two parts: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 100 members – two from each state –and the House of Representatives has 435 members, with the number of representatives from each state determined by its population.The Executive BranchThe executive branch is responsible for enforcing the laws that the legislative branch creates. It is headed by the President of the United States and also includes the Vice President, the Cabinet, and various government agencies.The Judicial BranchThe judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the laws and deciding cases that arise from them. It is made up of a system offederal and state courts. At the federal level, the Supreme Court is the highest court in the land and has the final say in all legal matters.Practice Questions1.What is federalism and how does it impact the American legalsystem? the three branches of government and briefly describetheir roles.3.What is the Supreme Court and what is its role in theAmerican legal system?4.What is the Constitution and why is it important to thelegal system?5.How are laws created in the American legal system?。