中学英语语法分类复习-动词的时态和语态
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动词的时态和语态
动词时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。
从种类上看英语有16种时态,而其中常用的有11种,表中斜体字表示的时态不常用。
各时态的英语表达结构(以write为例):
一. 一般现在时
一般现在时主要由动词原形表示,但第三人称单数作主语时谓语动词后要加-s或-es,另外,be和have有特殊的人称形式。如:
1.一般动词:
I know it. You know it. He/She knows it.
We/You/They know it.
2.动词be:以am, is, are三种形式出现。
I am a teacher. You are a student. He / She is a student.
We/You/They are students.
3.动词have:以have, has形式出现。
I have a car. You have a car. He / She / has a car.
It has a handle. Jack has a paper plane. We/You/They have a car.
4.在加词尾-s时要注意:
1)一般情况加-s, 如:reads, says.
2)以-ch,-sh, -s, -x, -o结尾的词加-es,如:teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes.
3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾的词把“y”改为“i”后加-es.如:try-tries,carry-carries.
5.加s后的读音:
1)在[P] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s], 如:helps, asks.
[s][z][∫][t∫][dз]等音后读[iz], 如:faces, rises, wishes, watches.
hate - hates词尾读音为[ts]。
动词一般现在时的形式:
①动词be除第一人称单数用am,第三人称单数用is外,其余一律用are.
②动词have除第三人称单数用has外,其余全用have。
③行为动词的一般现在时形式,除第三人称单数动词原形词尾加s或es构成(其构成法和读音与名词复数同)外,其余一概用动词原形。
④助动词do和does:单数第三人称中用does,其余人称均用do构成一般现在时行为动词的否定和疑问。
have作行为动词表示“有”时,美式英语和英式英语有所不同,试比较。
I haven't any sisters.(英)I don't have any sisters.(美)
-Have you any brothers? (英)
-Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
-Do you have any brothers? (美)
-Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
另外,英国人口语常用have(has) got代替have(has),其否定式常以haven't
got 代替have not, 以hasn't got 代替has not.
一般现在时的基本用法:
1)表示经常或习惯性的动作、状态、性能。常用的时间状语有:every day, once
a week, often, usually, always,seldom, sometimes等。如:
She is an English teacher. We always care for each other.
He gets up at six every day.
Tom does homework every evening.
2)表示主语的特征、能力、性格、身份等。如:
He works hard. Do you like sports? The boy draws well.
3)表示客观事物或普遍真理。如:
The sun rises in the east. The earth is round.
Two plus two is four. He is a doctor.
4)一般现在时代替一般将来时:
①在由when, before, as soon as, after, as, until, till, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment, if, unless, as long as, in case, once等引导的时间、真实条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时,(有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时,显得更确定)。如:
When he comes back, we'll go shopping together.
I will go to play if it is fine this afternoon.
When you are talking with him, don't mention it.
②在make sure/certain, see(to it) that后的宾语从句中,或主句为一般将来时,宾语从句为wh-从句,从句用一般现在时代替将来时。
Father will see(to it)that the door is closed.爸爸负责关门。
She’ll read w hichever book you recommend.你推荐哪本书她就读哪本。
I’ll make sure (that) the car’s locked.我要去弄清楚汽车是否锁好了。③某些表动向和起始的动词如:begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart, open, close, sail等,当其表一个按计划、安排下必将进行的动作或出现的状态时(这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语)要用一般现在时代替将来时。
I leave for Dalian next Sunday.
The meeting begins in a minute.
The next train leaves at 12:00.
5)表示正在发生的动作。
一般现在时,用在由here, there, in, out, down, up等开头的倒装句中,一般式表示现在正在发生的动作。
Here she comes. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.
6)电影说明/剧情介绍/新闻标题/小说章节题目/动作解说,特别是电视说词/图片说明/剧本动作说明/戏剧性描绘(主要用于小说或报道文字中,由过去时突然转为现在时,使剧情显得历历在目)。
7)在下列情况下即使主语是第三人称单数,谓语动词仍用原形。
a.在一些虚拟语气的句子里,省略了should.
I suggest that he take a book with him.
b.有一些特定的表示惊讶或感叹的句子里。
God save me.上帝救救我。
Mr. Li cried out with great s urprise, “What! My son come here!"