中学英语语法分类复习-动词的时态和语态

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动词的时态和语态

动词时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。

从种类上看英语有16种时态,而其中常用的有11种,表中斜体字表示的时态不常用。

各时态的英语表达结构(以write为例):

一. 一般现在时

一般现在时主要由动词原形表示,但第三人称单数作主语时谓语动词后要加-s或-es,另外,be和have有特殊的人称形式。如:

1.一般动词:

I know it. You know it. He/She knows it.

We/You/They know it.

2.动词be:以am, is, are三种形式出现。

I am a teacher. You are a student. He / She is a student.

We/You/They are students.

3.动词have:以have, has形式出现。

I have a car. You have a car. He / She / has a car.

It has a handle. Jack has a paper plane. We/You/They have a car.

4.在加词尾-s时要注意:

1)一般情况加-s, 如:reads, says.

2)以-ch,-sh, -s, -x, -o结尾的词加-es,如:teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes.

3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾的词把“y”改为“i”后加-es.如:try-tries,carry-carries.

5.加s后的读音:

1)在[P] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s], 如:helps, asks.

[s][z][∫][t∫][dз]等音后读[iz], 如:faces, rises, wishes, watches.

hate - hates词尾读音为[ts]。

动词一般现在时的形式:

①动词be除第一人称单数用am,第三人称单数用is外,其余一律用are.

②动词have除第三人称单数用has外,其余全用have。

③行为动词的一般现在时形式,除第三人称单数动词原形词尾加s或es构成(其构成法和读音与名词复数同)外,其余一概用动词原形。

④助动词do和does:单数第三人称中用does,其余人称均用do构成一般现在时行为动词的否定和疑问。

have作行为动词表示“有”时,美式英语和英式英语有所不同,试比较。

I haven't any sisters.(英)I don't have any sisters.(美)

-Have you any brothers? (英)

-Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.

-Do you have any brothers? (美)

-Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

另外,英国人口语常用have(has) got代替have(has),其否定式常以haven't

got 代替have not, 以hasn't got 代替has not.

一般现在时的基本用法:

1)表示经常或习惯性的动作、状态、性能。常用的时间状语有:every day, once

a week, often, usually, always,seldom, sometimes等。如:

She is an English teacher. We always care for each other.

He gets up at six every day.

Tom does homework every evening.

2)表示主语的特征、能力、性格、身份等。如:

He works hard. Do you like sports? The boy draws well.

3)表示客观事物或普遍真理。如:

The sun rises in the east. The earth is round.

Two plus two is four. He is a doctor.

4)一般现在时代替一般将来时:

①在由when, before, as soon as, after, as, until, till, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment, if, unless, as long as, in case, once等引导的时间、真实条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时,(有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时,显得更确定)。如:

When he comes back, we'll go shopping together.

I will go to play if it is fine this afternoon.

When you are talking with him, don't mention it.

②在make sure/certain, see(to it) that后的宾语从句中,或主句为一般将来时,宾语从句为wh-从句,从句用一般现在时代替将来时。

Father will see(to it)that the door is closed.爸爸负责关门。

She’ll read w hichever book you recommend.你推荐哪本书她就读哪本。

I’ll make sure (that) the car’s locked.我要去弄清楚汽车是否锁好了。③某些表动向和起始的动词如:begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart, open, close, sail等,当其表一个按计划、安排下必将进行的动作或出现的状态时(这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语)要用一般现在时代替将来时。

I leave for Dalian next Sunday.

The meeting begins in a minute.

The next train leaves at 12:00.

5)表示正在发生的动作。

一般现在时,用在由here, there, in, out, down, up等开头的倒装句中,一般式表示现在正在发生的动作。

Here she comes. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.

6)电影说明/剧情介绍/新闻标题/小说章节题目/动作解说,特别是电视说词/图片说明/剧本动作说明/戏剧性描绘(主要用于小说或报道文字中,由过去时突然转为现在时,使剧情显得历历在目)。

7)在下列情况下即使主语是第三人称单数,谓语动词仍用原形。

a.在一些虚拟语气的句子里,省略了should.

I suggest that he take a book with him.

b.有一些特定的表示惊讶或感叹的句子里。

God save me.上帝救救我。

Mr. Li cried out with great s urprise, “What! My son come here!"

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