Development and pre-testing of a patient decision

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国外入学准备测评研究综述

国外入学准备测评研究综述摘要：学前儿童入学准备是目前国内外教育研究的热点问题，且取得了大量的研究成果。

研究者从不同的角度开发了多个入学准备评估测验。

不同级别的学校应根据需要选择相应的评估工具，尽可能全面、真实的评估儿童的能力和发展水平，并据此改进教学，促进儿童的全面、协调发展，实现幼儿园到小学地顺利过渡。

关键词：入学准备；入学准备评估；测验入学准备(School Readiness)是指，学前儿童为了能够从即将开始的正规学校中受益所需要具备的各种关键特征或基础条件。

“准备”表明儿童具备了从结构化的学校经验中受益的能力。

而入学准备评估则是利用一个特殊的项目或课程，描述儿童当前技能、学业或前学业准备的水平，获得相关的准备状态。

根据这些信息小学可以调整教学，满足不同水平儿童的学习和社会性发展需要；幼儿园则根据幼的入学准备水平，可以反思自己的教学，查找教学活动中的不足和漏洞，改进并优化幼儿园课程，为儿童的入学准备提供良好的物质和精神支持。

然而，国内对入学准备的研究起步较晚，研究成果还不是很多，因此有必要对近年来国外入学准备研究的新进展进行系统的总结，尤其是对入学准备的重要部分—入学准备评估的总结，为国内未来研究提供借鉴与参考。

一、入学准备测评的理论基础任何测验工具的编制都不是凭空的，它的背后一定有一个或几个理论支持。

入学准备测评工具的编制也不例外，不同的测评工具，其理论基础也存在差异。

1.理想主义（先天论）理想主义理论认为，入学准备是由儿童内部的成熟水平决定的。

代表人物是Gesell,他把发展看作是发生在可预测的阶段，该阶段通过儿童内在而调整。

环境输入对自然的展开影响很少。

然而，发展根据可预测的阶段进行，通过特殊的评价方式就可以测量儿童的相关发展。

根据该理论设计的格赛尔入学准备测验适用于4.5～10 岁儿童，施测时间为15 分钟，但只涉及到儿童精细动作技能的测量，其标准化、效度和信度均不符合美国心理协会的标准，还需要进行校准。

pre-gastrulation developmental

pre-gastrulation developmentalWhat is Pre-gastrulation Developmental Phase?Pre-gastrulation developmental phase refers to the early stage in embryonic development before the formation of the gastrula. During this critical phase, various crucial events occur that lay the foundation for the subsequent formation of the three germ layers that give rise to the different tissues and organs in the developing embryo. In this article, we will explore the pre-gastrulation developmental phase in detail, discussing its key stages and the processes that take place during this time.1. Fertilization and Cleavage:The pre-gastrulation phase begins with fertilization, where a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote. Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes cleavage, a process of rapid cell divisions. These divisions result in the formation of blastomeres, smaller cells that make up the blastula.2. Blastula Formation:As cleavage continues, the blastomeres divide and rearrange, leading to the formation of a hollow ball-like structure called ablastula. The blastula consists of an outer layer of cells, known as the trophoblast, and an inner cell mass.3. Compaction and Morula Formation:During this stage, the blastomeres undergo a process called compaction, where they tightly adhere to each other, forming a compacted ball of cells called a morula. Compaction is crucial for the subsequent differentiation of embryonic cells.4. Blastocyst Formation:At this point, the morula undergoes further cell divisions and differentiation, resulting in the formation of a blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of two distinct cell populations: the inner cell mass (ICM) and the outer trophoblast layer. The ICM gives rise to the embryo, while the trophoblast layer contributes to the formation of extraembryonic structures such as the placenta.5. Implantation:The blastocyst moves towards the uterine lining and undergoes implantation, a process where it buries itself into the endometrium. This establishes a connection between the embryo and the maternal blood supply, allowing for nutrient and gas exchange.6. Formation of the Three Germ Layers:Following implantation, the pre-gastrulation phase progresses further as the blastocyst differentiates into the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This process is known as gastrulation. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, skin, and other ectodermal tissues. The mesoderm gives rise to the skeletal system, muscles, heart, and blood vessels. The endoderm gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and other endodermal tissues.7. Germ Layer Migration and Differentiation:During gastrulation, cells from each of the three germ layers undergo migration and differentiation to form specific tissues and organs. For example, ectodermal cells migrate to form the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord. Mesodermal cells differentiate to form muscles, bones, and internal organs. Endodermal cells give rise to the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.8. Organogenesis:As gastrulation progresses, the three germ layers continue todifferentiate and form the rudiments of various organs. This process, known as organogenesis, involves intricate cell interactions, proliferation, and remodeling to shape and develop organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys.In conclusion, the pre-gastrulation developmental phase is a crucial period in embryonic development. It involves key events such as fertilization, cleavage, blastula, and blastocyst formation, implantation, gastrulation, and organogenesis. These processes play a fundamental role in establishing the basic body plan of the developing embryo, paving the way for its subsequent growth and differentiation into a complex multicellular organism.。

飞行员航空英语指南

飞行员航空英语指南English Answer.1. What is the purpose of the Pilot Aeronautical English Language Proficiency (PELP) Test?The Pilot Aeronautical English Language Proficiency (PELP) Test is a standardized test designed to assess the English language proficiency of pilots and other aviation professionals. By demonstrating their English language skills, individuals can meet the regulatory requirements for obtaining and maintaining a pilot license or certificate.2. Who is required to take the PELP Test?The PELP Test is typically required for pilots operating in international airspace or for those who work for airlines that have adopted English as the official language of communication. Specific requirements may varydepending on the country or regulatory authority.3. What are the different levels of PELP proficiency?The PELP Test measures proficiency in six language areas: pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, comprehension, and interactive communication. Proficiencyis assessed on a six-level scale, ranging from Level 1 (elementary proficiency) to Level 6 (expert proficiency).4. How is the PELP Test structured?The PELP Test consists of two parts: a written test and an oral test. The written test assesses grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. The oral test evaluates pronunciation, fluency, interactive communication, and listening comprehension.5. What is the format of the written test?The written test is a multiple-choice exam thattypically consists of 50 to 100 questions. Candidates aregiven a time limit to complete the test, which may vary depending on the specific test provider.6. What is the format of the oral test?The oral test is typically conducted by a certified language examiner or a trained interlocutor. The examiner engages the candidate in a series of standardized role-playing exercises that simulate real-life aviation communication scenarios.7. How can I prepare for the PELP Test?There are various resources available to help candidates prepare for the PELP Test, including online study materials, textbooks, and practice tests. Candidates can also engage in self-study or seek professional language training to improve their English language skills.Chinese Answer.1.什么是飞行员航空英语语言能力(PELP)测试？飞行员航空英语语言能力(PELP)测试是一项标准化测试，旨在评估飞行员和其他航空专业人员的英语语言能力。

FDA仿制药研发指南(原文明胶软胶囊)

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT GUIDEP RE-FORMULATION - SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES IntroductionGuidelines for the development of a ANDA product for the US market, Note: some tests or procedures may be unnecessary. The order of performing the various stages may change depending on the product under development. These guidelines may be modified for other geographic zones.Development Stage Scope of Product DevelopmentStage 1L i t e r a t u r e S e a r c hLiterature Research USP BP Pharm. Eur, PDR, Martindale, Merck, Florey, Vidal,Text and journalsFDA - FOI Summary Basis of Approval - On request form FDAOn-line computerized searchFDA CDER Electronic Data Base (articles and publication on test methods, Dissolution synthesis procedures, drug impurities, pharmacokinetics and dynamics)Evaluation of Biostudy parameters, Dissolution methods.Patent evaluation Orange Guide + FDA CDER WWW Patent Consultant Stage 2A c t i v e S o u r c i n gSourcing for Active Raw Material International Suppliers US, European, Asian, e.g. (ACIC-Canada) (AllChem-UK) (Lek-Czech), (Esteves; Moehs; Uquifa-Spain); (Biopharma, S.I.M, Midy-Italy) (Chemcaps, Reddy; Tricon-India); (Federa-Brussels) - Review suppliers catalogs & data critically.Potential Suppliers List Request samples and C of A and Specifications Evaluate at least two suppliers fully.Stage 3A c t i v e E v a l u a t i o nEvaluate Potential Actives Evaluate at least two or maximum three potential active suppliers• DMF availability• Compliance with USP monograph• Impurity profile and stability• Potential Polymorphic forms• Commitment for physical specifications (Bulk Density)• Statement of non-patent infringementStage 4A c t i v e P u r c h a s i n gPurchase (Potential) Active Material Evaluate at least two potential active material suppliers for approved supplier statusStage 5A c t i v e T e s t i n gTesting of Active Material sample Chemical testing by the R&D analytical lab as pera. Pharmacopoeia monograph (if present)b. Pharmacopoeia Forum (if available)c. In-house method (based on manufacturer)d. Supplier's test methods and specificationPRE-FORMULATION - SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES DevelopmentStageScope of Product Development Stage 6I n n o v a t o r's P r o d u c t P u r c h a s i n gDRUG PRODUCT Innovator Samples Purchase at least 3 different lots in smallest and largest pack size for each product strengthStage 7I n n o v a t o r's P r o d u c t T e s t i n gInnovator Testing Evaluate physical parameters:-Capsule size, capsule color / US approved dyes, coding forprinting, pack sizes containers materials, closure types;cotton and desiccants, blister packaging.Innovator Physical Testing Physical testingFill Weight & Uniformity; Shell disintegration & Dissolution Evaluation of capsule size and volume w.r.t. fill volumeEvaluation of Innovator formula ingredients Summary Formula in PDR; International PDRs (Italian, French, Swiss) and Innovators product's insert (obtain latest FOI -FDA)Perform actual analytical testing on innovator's product.Microscopic observation Particle/crystal information on:Particle size, crystal shape, habit, rugosity Viscosity agents used (PVP 30 / 90) Presence of vegetable oil (type) Presence of PEG 400Presence of polyethylene glycol solventEvaluation of Biostudy Review FDA CDER Home page for listing and Biostudy parametersDissolution profile USP monograph and FDA method - (where present)Dissolution; 12 unit Dissolution Profile.Stage 8B u l k A c t i v e T e s t i n gFIRST BATCH FROM APPROVED SUPPLIERFull Physical characterization Physical characterization of bulk batch• Polymorphism• B.E.T.• Particle size distribution (& method development)• Bulk and Tapped density (Need for size reduction of material)• Microscopic observationFULL CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATI ON Chemical characterization • Assay• Stressed Analysis• Degradants (Expected)• Impurity profile• Optical rotation• Enantiomeric purity• O.V.I. TestingDEVELOPMENT BATCHES - SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES Development Stage Scope of Product DevelopmentStage 9E x c i p i e n t sEvaluate formulation with suitable excipients • Vegetable oil solubility / PEG 400 / PEG 600 / PG / PVP 30• Antioxidants (dl-alpha Tocopherol (Vit. E USP) / Propyl gallate)Stage 10C o n t a i n e r C l o s u r e S y s t e mEvaluation of suitableContainer-Closure System Choice of container-closure-liner system including:• material composition,• type of thermoplastic resin and resin pigments,• manufacturers and suppliers,• liners and seals used by closure manufacturer,• cotton and desiccants.• manufacturer's DMF numbers for all component parts• Letters of Access for regulatory authorities to view DMF dossiersStage 11M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o c e s sEVALUATION SUITABLE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Gelatin MassFill Preparation Encapsulation Drying stages • Gel mass blending (rpm & time)• Gel mass melting (temperature and vacuum)• Gel mass color addition (temperature and rpm & time)• Gel mass VISCOSITY and MOISTURE determination • Gel mass deaeration (holding time)• Fill mass (mixing rpm, time & propeller position)• Determination of Fill mass viscosity / SG / moisture• Determination of Bulk Uniformity Analysis• Wet shell weight / Fill weight• Seal thickness• Determination of Drying Parameters• Determination of rotary tumbler drying parameters & time • Determination of primary and secondary tray drying times • Determine Bareiss hardnessFill material Physical Properties of oil or paste fill • Viscosity - (Critical)• Fill moisture• SG (helps to control deaeration)FillingPhysical Properties of Filled Softgels • Weight Uniformity• Individual Fill Weight Limits (7.5%)• Content Uniformity • Average Fill Weight Limits (5.0%)• Disintegration• Dissolution profileFinal Formula Established Assessment of Final Master Formula and accelerated 1-3 month stability profile.Stage 12B u l k A c t i v e P u r c h a s e dActive material Bulk purchase Ordering of Active material for Process Qualification (PQ) and Pivotal Batch(es). On approval of final formula, order sufficient material for the PQ (2) and Pivotal Lots (sufficient for all strengths and batch sizes).NB: Never mix batch numbers in PQ and Pivotal Lots.FULL LABORATORY EVALUATION - SOFTGELS Development Scope of Product DevelopmentStage 13A n a l y t i c a l E v a l u a t i o nAnalytical testing of Softgels • Dissolution - in USP medium (Multipoint profiles) and other relevant media versus Innovator's product. Dissolution testing may not be possible where active strength is in micrograms (i.e. 0.25 or 0.5 mcg)• U of C-for low active concentrations. Refer to USP requirements for uniformity of content vs. uniformity of dosage units.• Validation of analytical package i.e. Assay; Dissolution ; Content Uniformity completed prior to Process QualificationPROCESS OPTIMIZATIONDevelopment Scope of Product Development Stage 14P r o c e s s O p t i m i z a t i o nGEL & FILL MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION [In suspension and paste fills size reduction of active material may be necessary i.e. to decrease active bulk densities from 0.6 -0.75g/cc to 0.35 - 0.45 g/cc]◊ Optimization of gel mass moisture (once per shell formula)◊ Optimization of gel mass viscosity (once per shell formula)◊ Deaeration of gel mass - (critical)◊ Optimization of antioxidant percentage.◊ Mixing process - rpm ; mixing time ; propeller position◊ Fill material uniformity◊ Ribbon Thickness adjustments for correct shell weights (once per shell formula)◊ Seal Thickness (once per shell formula NLT 0.006")1◊ Wet Shell Weight variation (± 8%)1◊ Fill Weight variation (± 2%)1◊ 1 Process capability performed.DRYING♦ Drying time temperature versus shell moisture (in rotarydryer)♦ Primary drying time versus shell moisture (in tray dryer)♦ Secondary drying time versus shell moisture (in traydryer)♦ Bareiss hardness versus drying times.♦ Softgel properties (Fill weights and Content Uniformity).♦ Evaluation of Fill weight Range Limits (Qualification)♦ Evaluation of stability results of optimized mfg. Process.♦ Printing Inspection LimitsPROCESS OPTIMIZATION REPORT (PO)Prepare PO Report.This Process Optimization Report forms part of the product Development ReportESTABLISHING AND INVITRO INVIVO CORRELATION DevelopmentScope of Product Development Stage 15A n a l y t i c a l E v a l u a t i o n IVIV Correlation(search literature)• Dissolution - in USP medium (Multipoint profiles) and other relevant media versus Innovator's product. Dissolutiontesting may not be possible where active strength is inmicrograms (i.e. 0.25 or 0.5 mcg)• Perform IVIV Bioavailability Study (where relevant)BSC System IVIVC 1 : 1 Correlation Dissolution settings Plasma parameters D evelopers are encouraged to develop IVIVC for IR dosageforms, where applicable to the BCS, (BiopharmaceuticalClassification System) in the expectation that the informationwill be useful in establishing appropriate dissolutionspecifications and thus permit certain post approvalformulation and manufacturing changes to be effected, -without additional bioequivalence studies.T he objective of developing an IVIVC is to establish apredictive mathematical model describing the relationshipbetween invitro dissolution settings and the actual invivodrug-plasma parameters found, (such as AUC, Cmax,Tmax).T he invitro dissolution settings are adjusted (via media, pHagitation) until a I : I correlation is achieved (Level A) or asingle dissolution point and a plasma parameter is shown tocorrelate (Level C).When more than one point correlates a multiple Level C isobtained - which may possibly be upgraded to a Level Awith additional development work.T his matching of dissolution settings with plasma levels, thatare derived from a specific IR formula and its correspondingmanufacturing process, is in fact simply an arbitrary set ofvalues that establish the so called 'predictive mathematicalmodel'.A n IVIVC should be evaluated to demonstrate thatpredictability of the invivo performance of the drug product(i.e. derived from the plasma parameters) from its in vitrodissolution characteristics (e.g. equipment settings / andmanufacturing changes) is maintained over the product'sdissolution profile.Not applicable to highly soluble materials Establish a Level A or C correlation without adjustingdissolution parameters and time scale.Not applicable to highly solublematerials• Adjust the dissolution parameters or time scale to achievea Level A or C correlation (adjust only if necessary)SCALE UPDevelopmentStageScope of Product DevelopmentStage16S c a l e-u pScale-up S cale-up lot prepared if larger batch size scale up problemsanticipated.S cale-up of gel massS cale-up of fill material (N2 atmosphere and final filtration)S cale-up of encapsulation procedure (seal thickness)S cale-up of primary and secondary drying (Time &moisture)S cale-up of sorting, sizing and printing.P rocess Qualification batch and Scale-up batch may beevaluated as a single batch.Scale-up Report T he preparation of a Scale-up Report. The Scale-up reportforms part of the overall Development Report PROCESS QUALIFICATIONDevelopmentStageScope of Product DevelopmentStage 17P r o c e s s Q u a l i f i c a t i o nT he process qualification batch is manufactured in order to detect any problems that may arise during the manufacture of production size batches, allowing a solution prior the manufacture of the pivotal demonstration batch.S cale-up to the pivotal batch size or 70% of the pivotal batch may be combined with qualifying the manufacturing process.A t this stage full manufacturing documentation is prepared alone standard procedures.PRODUCTION FACILITIES P rocess Qualification batch should be executed on a commercial production (or production type with same principle and operation) encapsulating machine in a production setting.The primary dryer and secondary tray or tunnel dryingequipment should be identical or similar.S ize of pivotal and marketing batch confirmed (NLT 100 000 net/ packed at target parameters or 10% of proposed market batch).Ideally for Soft Gelatin Capsules 120 000 - 150 000 or more units should be prepared for pivotal batch to allow for some level of qualification by testing and challenging both ends of the selected specification limits.BATCH DOCUMENTATION P reparation of Master Formula and Processing InstructionsDiscussion of formula, manufacturing process and control parameters with production personnel and QA StaffPROCESS QUALIFICATION - SOFTGELS Development Stage Scope of Product Development Stage 17 (Cont)P r o c e s s Q u a l i f i c a t i o nFINAL REVIEW and AUTHORIZATION Review of proposed formula, manufacturing process and control parameters with production personnel and QA Staff with authorization signatures (RD; QA-QC; RA; and Production)PROTOCOL PQ. protocol preparedKEY STEPS Critical manufacturing steps designated and sampling andtesting parameters specified.OPERATING CONDITIONS Presence of production and control personnel during PQ manufacturePQ REPORT Upon completion prepare Process Qualification Report. ThisP-Q report forms part of the overall Development Report PIVOTAL BATCHDevelopment Scope of Product DevelopmentStage 18P i v o t a l P r o d u c t i o nPRODUCTION FACILITIES Pivotal batch MUST be compressed in a production Encapsulating machine (or production type with same principle and operation)BATCH DOCUMENTATION Preparation of FINAL Master Formula and Processing InstructionsREVIEW and AUTHORIZATION Review of FINAL formula, manufacturing process and control parameters with production personnel and QA Staff. Pivotal authorization signatures (RD; QA-QC; RA; and Production) attached.OPERATING CONDITIONS Operation of production and control personnel during Pivotal manufacture, aided by development team.REPORT The preparation of a Pivotal Report. This pivotal reportforms partof the overall Development Report. BIOEQUIVALENT STUDYStage Scope of Product DevelopmentStage19B I O S T U D Y E v a l u a t i o nBIOSTUDY Fasted Perform Fasted / Food Effect Biostudy on Pivotal LotSamplesBIOSTUDY [Food Effect]Perform Food Effect Biostudy on Pivotal Lot Samples (See food effect guidelines, where appropriate)HIGHEST DOSAGE Biostudy generally performed on highest strength of product One or two studies Fasted AND Food Effect Study may be requiredWAIVER CONDITIONS For multiple strength products Invitro dissolution testing conducted in three different pH media on lower dosage formsSIMILARITYTESTINGPerform Similarity Test [F2 Test] on dissolution results.PRE-SUBMISSION AUDITING - SOFTGELSDevelopment Stage Scope of Product DevelopmentStage20A N D A P r e-S u b m i s s i o n A u d i t i n gDevelopmentReportAudit all raw data supporting Development ReportANDA RegulatoryFileAudit Plant and Laboratory Documentation as per ANDA SOPs Review SOP System and Update levelcGMP Review cGMP of Manufacturing ProcessesBiostudy Report Evaluate and develop a IVIV correlation (Level A wherepossible.)Validation Protocol Product Process Validation Protocol complete and signed A NDA SUBMISSION - SOFTGELSDevelopment Stage Scope of Product DevelopmentStage21A N D A S u b m i s s i o nANDA Submission Submit ANDA structured carefully as per Feb. 1999Guidelines(9 Copies -as per Color system)(1 Field Copy)V ALIDATION BATCHESDevelopmentStageScope of Product DevelopmentStage 22P r o c e s s V a l i d a t i o nProtocol Process Validation Protocol for 3 consecutive marketing lots Execute validation Process Validation of 3 consecutive marketing lotsReport Process Validation ReportSimilarity Show intra-batch similarityBio-Validation Similarity Show inter-batch similarity between Biobatch (Pivotal) and the Commercial Validation LotsCOMMERCIAL RE-VALIDATION DUE TO MAJOR CHANGE DevelopmentStageScope of Product DevelopmentStage 23P r o c e s s R e-v a l i d a t i o nFormula Change Revalidate procedure with new formula process orequipment withProcess Change a different operating principleEquipment ChangeMinor change Follow SUPAC Rules Level I II or III。

高考英语阅读理解态度题单选题30题

高考英语阅读理解态度题单选题30题1. The author's attitude towards the new law can be described as _____.A. supportiveB. indifferentC. criticalD. ambiguous答案：C。

本题考查作者对新法律的态度。

选项A“supportive”意为支持的，若选此选项则表明作者对新法律持积极肯定态度，但文中作者列举了新法律的诸多弊端，并非支持。

选项B“indifferent”意为漠不关心的，而文中作者有明确的观点和评价，并非漠不关心。

选项C“critical”意为批评的，符合文中作者通过列举问题对新法律进行批判的态度。

选项D“ambiguous”意为模糊不清的，文中作者态度明确，并非模糊不清。

2. What is the attitude of the writer towards the proposed solution?A. OptimisticB. PessimisticC. DoubtfulD. Confident答案：C。

此题考查作者对所提出的解决方案的态度。

选项A“Optimistic”表示乐观的，若选此选项意味着作者认为该解决方案可行且效果良好，但文中作者对其可行性提出了质疑。

选项B“Pessimistic”表示悲观的，然而文中作者并非完全否定该方案，只是存在怀疑。

选项C“Doubtful”意为怀疑的，符合文中作者对方案的态度，作者在文中指出了方案可能存在的问题和不确定性。

选项D“Confident”表示自信的，与文中作者的态度不符。

3. The tone of the passage when referring to the recent development is _____.A. excitedB. cautiousC. enthusiasticD. worried答案：B。

物流企业储存运输药品存在的问题分析及对策建议

-药事管理•Pharmaceutical Administratioo2021年2月5日第30卷第3期Vol.30,No.3,Febraary5,2021 China Pharmaceuticalsdoi：10.3969/>issn.1006-4931.2021.03.302物流企业储存运输药品存在的问题分析及对策建议王维,奚军伟(陕西省药品技术审核查验中心，陕西西安710065)摘要：目的分析物流企业储存运输药品存在的问题，并提出建议。

方法现场调研西安、北京、成都等地物流企业储存运输药品情况，分析存在的问题。

结果与结论物流企业储存运输药品存在硬件、软件配备不足等问题,现有质量管理体系难以保证药品质量安全，应制订相关政策鼓励大型物流企业加大软件及硬件投入，参与药品储存运输，并加强监管。

关键词：物流企业;储存运输；药品；问题；建议中图分类号:R954文献标志码:A文章编号:1006-4931(2021)03-0004-03Probleme andof S torage and Transeortation of Druge ia Logistice EnterpriseeWANG Wei,XI Junwei(Shaanxi Provincial Drug Technology Amt and Inspection Center,Xi'an,Shaanxi,China710065)Abstract:Objective To analyze the problems existing in the storage and transportation of drugn s logistics enterpUses and to pat fou-warU suaeesPons.Methods Site invesPnation on the storage and transpoPatiob of drugs in looisPcs exterpUses in Xi'aa,Bebina，Chebg-da ang other reeions wns conaacteb,and the exisPng problems were analyzed.Results and Conclusion Loaishcs exterpUses hnve insut ficieei equipnlext(harpware ang soft w ars)foe the storane and trans p oUation of drugs,ang the existing quality manaaemexi system is difficuli to6x810the quality ang safety of drugs.Relevant poOcies shoulO be formulates ho ebconraae larax loaisPus ebterpUses ho increase in- ¥681:06x0in software ang harUware,parUcipate in the storane ang transpoUation of drugs,and strebatheb supervisiogKey wordt:ygisties exterpUses;storaae ang transpoUation;drugs;probems;sugaeshons目前，物流企业发展迅猛，其规模化、信息化、覆盖广的经营模式逐渐被社会接受。

奥迪A4豪华轿车说明书

A4PageEmotion01 Audi A4 SedanEquipment33 ExteriorPaints35 EquipmentWheelsTyres37 Equipment/ Seat upholstery39 E quipment/ Interior | ExteriorAudi Genuine Accessories41 Audi Genuine Accessories43 Sport and design49 Comfort and protection53 Technical data and Dimensions55 Index and Standard/Optional equipmentY o u d r i v e t h i s.Y o u f e e l t h a t.Design and technology that lead the way. Sporty and pioneering.United in the new Audi A4 Sedan. See for yourself.P r o g r e s s i v e d e s i g n–c l e a r s u r f a c e s,s h a r p l in e s,d i s t i n c t i ve s t y l e. The powerful-looking front end, the three-dimensional Singleframe andthe sporty, elegant design. The Audi A4 Sedan - exciting, inspiring, captivating.Dynamic, precise, succinct. From the front end to the distinctdiﬀuser with integrated tailpipes. Rounded oﬀ by LED rear lights with dynamic indicators in a progressive design.A sedan with a new design language. Emphatically sporty. Strikingly staged. By the straight roof line and the crisp, all-round shoulder line with a gently tapering shadow edge.L i g h t s o n.N i g h t o f f.A u d i L E D h e a d l i g h t s– s e e a n d b e s e e n.A shining example of progressiveness: the crystal-like light from the LED headlights casts a bright,uniform light across the road.R o a r i n g e n g i n e.B e a t i n g h e a r t.N e w T F S I®a n dT D I®e n g i n e s–b r e a t h t a k i n g p e r f o r m a nc e,l o w e r f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n.There’s only one principle for the 1.4 TFSI and 2.0 TDIengines; provide powerful performance together withreduc ed emissions. Experienc e driving dynamic s andeﬃciency that’s without compromise.V i r t u a l c o c k p i t.R e a l e x c i t e m e n t.Focus on the future of mobility with the optional Audi virtualcockpit. Fully digital instrument cluster with high-resolution31.242cm colour display. A high level of function and design.Few buttons, many functions. Experience infotainment ona grand scale. Right here in your Audi A4.M M I a n dA u d i s m a r t p h o n e i n t e r f a c e–y o u r p e r s o n a l d a t a e n v i r o n m e n t i n t e g r a t e da n d i n t u i t i v e l y c o n t r o l l e d.Everything under control. Driver-oriented and tailored to you. The familiar world of yoursmartphone with the optional Audi smartphone interface. Presented on the high-resolutionMMI display. In brilliant colour.I n t e r i o r d e s i g n–i n n o v a t i v e a r c h i t e c t u r e,s o p h i s t i c a t e d a m b i e n c e,i m p r e s s i v e q u a l i t y.*Images projected are not available in India.F u n c t i o n a l i n t e r i o r–c o m f o r t a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t,g e n e r o u s l y s p a c i o u s.P o w e r f u l l o o k .Select the paint colour that best suits your personality. Secure in the knowledge that the quality will be superb, because your vehicle is painted not just once, but four times. So not only do you look radiant in your Audi, your car is also protected from environmental inﬂuences and wear. Ensuring that the car maintains a powerful look throughout its entire lifetime.33| 34Exterior | Paints |Solid paint ﬁnishesIbis whiteMythos black, metallic |Metallic paint ﬁnishesFloret silver, metallicMatador red, metallicMoonshine blue,metallic36Equipment | Wheels | Tyres P o w e r f u l p r e s e n c e .With Audi wheels, you can emphasise your own individual style and the character of your Audi A4. For peace of mind when out on the road: Audi wheels are subjected to specialtest procedures, undergo rigorous testing and are of superb quality.35|36▪ Cast aluminium wheels, 5-parallel-spoke,size 7.5J x 43.18 cm (R17)▪ Cast aluminium wheels, 5-arm tornado design, size 7.5J x 43.18 cm (R17)Accessories and features shown may not be part of the standard equipment or may not be oﬀered in India.Equipment |Seat upholstery|Nougat brown |Pashmina BeigeM o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d .W i t h l e a t h e r -l e a t h e r e t t e u p h o l s t e r y.You have a special place in your Audi. Exclusive comfort can be felt in the front and rear seats: thanks to the high-quality materials and ﬁrst-class workmanship. No matter which seat upholstery you choose: you’re sitting in the right place.| 3738Audi Genuine Accessories.As individual as you are.The Audi A4 not only captivates with many technical innovations, it also delights with its progressive design and everyday practicality.Audi Genuine Accessories oﬀers you numerous options for enhancing this versatile vehicle with even more features. With products thatmake good on our promise of quality each and every day. You beneﬁt from made-to-measure solutions that impress on account of theirdesign and functionality. After all, creativity during the development phase and high production standards alongside the high numberof testing procedures are all just as important to Audi Genuine Accessories as they are for each and every Audi vehicle.Discover what tailor-made solutions Audi Genuine Accessories has in store for you.Sport and design.Accentuate your s porty side.01 Exterior mirror covers in CarbonDynamic and sporty. The exterior mirror covers in high-quality carbon represent a visual highlight while also saving on weight.02 T ailgate spoiler in carbonFor a sporty and particularly high-quality look at the rear of the vehicle – the tailgate spoiler in carbon for your sedan. The spoiler oﬀers good aerodynamics and signals pure power.0102Not only can you visualise the driving dynamics of your Audi, you can alter them too. This is because its progressive design is primarily intended to reﬂect your personality, allowing you the freedom to add your own personal touch, or even several personal touches. Examples could include high-quality add-on parts such as wheels and spoilers in striking carbon that create a dynamic look. In the next few pages, you will ﬁnd even more sport and design equipment from Audi Genuine Accessories that impressively accentuate the sporty character of your Audi A4.03/0403 Rear diﬀuserCreates an eye-catching look for the rear, lending the vehicle an even sportier line. Available in Matte Black.04 Rear apronThe rear apron for a sporty impression at the rear of the vehicle. An excellent addition to therear diﬀusor.0505 F ront spoiler with bladeThe front spoiler is primed ex-works; the inserts and blade are Matte Black. Can be paintedOnly available in conjunction with the tailgate spoiler.06 S ide sills (not pictured)Accentuate the dynamic body contour and give the vehicle an individual look.07LED for entry areaFor a bright entrance. Depending on the variant, either thequattro logo or the Audi rings are projected onto the ground bymeans of an LED light when the vehicle door is opened. Availablein a two-part set for the driver and front-passenger side or for therear vehicle doors.Requirement: the interior and exterior lighting package that isavailable as an option ex-works.08 Dark tinted tail lamps07Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diamnonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magnaaliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrudexerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex eacommodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendreritin vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu08131010 C are productsTailored to the high-quality materials used to construct your Audi. Suitable for numerous applications, either in the vehicle interior or for outer care, depending09 M ud ﬂaps (not pictured)Made from high-quality plastic. Prevents damage to paintwork and stops dirt from building up in the area around the sills and rear apron of the vehicle. Available as a two-part set for the front and/or rear of the vehicle.12 E spresso mobile (not pictured)With a pressure of 16 bar, the espresso mobile delivers true espresso enjoyment, complete with authentic crema. The set includes 18 illy ESE pods, two break-proof espresso cups, a microﬁbre cloth and an elegant case. Connection via the cigarette lighter in the vehicle interior.13 P remium textile ﬂoor matsand all-weather ﬂoor matsThe premium textile ﬂoor mats are tailored to the size of the ﬂoor in the Audi A4. Made from durable, thick velour and featuring a special coating on the underside. The made-to-measure all-weather ﬂoor mats oﬀer reliable protection against heavy soiling. The ﬂoor mats are always secured using the points provided for this purpose on the ﬂoor of the vehicle. Featuring A4 lettering.14 L ED gooseneck reading lampA very bright light wherever you need it, thanks to the ﬂexible silicone rubber neck.Ultimate stability in all positions. Connection via the cigarette lighter.111611 Audi child seat youngster plusOﬀers a high level of comfort thanks to the intelligent seat belt guide.The height and width of the backrest are adjustable. Adjustments to set the seat size can be made with ease using a viewing panel. Suitable for children weighing between 15 and 36 kg (approx. 4 to 12 years of age).15Rear protective coverProtects large surfaces against dirt at the rear. The versatile zip-fastening systemallows a dog to enter and exit the vehicle via the rear doors. Simple and fast to attach.Durable surfaces, water-tight and washable.1516 ThermoboxThe thermoelectric cool box for cooled or warm drinks or provisions during long journeys. For example: problem-free transportation of standing 2 litre bottles. The box holds at least 20 litre. The electrical supply is provided by the 12 Volt connection in the vehicle. The box cools to max. 18 °C belowambient temperature and warms to a max. 60 °C.1417B usiness bagMore space for your business tools. The high-quality business bag oﬀers you a storage volume ofapprox. 14 l – enough space for a laptop of up to 38.1 cm as well as the various other things youneed for the oﬃce. Can be securely fastened to the rear seat bench or the front passenger seatusing the three-point seat belt. Can also be used outside the vehicle as an attractive briefcase.18 S eat back pocketAdditional storage capacity in a high-quality Audi design with various practical sections – for an even tidier interior. The pocket has a volume of approx. 11 litres and can be secured to the backrest of the front seats. The handles also enable it to be used outside the vehicle.1817202120R ear seat bagAn organised storage space for the rear seat bench. With its various interior mesh pockets, additional storage compartment and total volume of approx. 27 l, the rear seat bag in high-quality Audi design provides plenty of space for the various items required on a long journey. Easily secured using the three-point belt. Includes a non-slip surface on the underside of the bag.21R ear seat boxA sturdy storage solution for various small items. The high-quality rear seat box with a volume of approx. 12 l makes journeys even more comfortable. It can be secured to the rear seat bench in just pocket with internal drawstrings to secure the contents.22 C oat hangerFor jackets, coats and other items of clothing. Attaches to the front head rests. A perfect solution for those who travel regularly.2219 R ear seat entertainment IIILorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor.1953|54Explanatory notes¹The ﬁgure given was calculated using the speciﬁed measuring procedure (current version of UN-R 85). ²Unladen vehicle weight includes driver (75 kg) and fuel tank 90% full, calculated in accordance with the current version of reg. (EU) 1230/2012. Optional equipment may increase the car’s unladen weight and drag coeﬃcient whereupon the possible payload limit and the top speed will be reduced accordingly.3Regulated.Technical data l e d o M e p y t e n i g n E Displacement in cc (valves per cylinder)m p r t a W k n i ¹t u p t u o .x a M mp r t a m N n i e u q r o t .x a M Power transmission/wheels e p y t e v i r D e p y t n o i s s i m s n a r T s e i t i c a p a c /s t h g i e W g k n i ²t h g i e w n e d a l n U g k n i t h g i e w e l c i h e v s s o r G l n i .x o r p p a ,y t i c a p a c k n a t l e u F Performance/consumption h 3/m k n i d e e p s p o T s n i h /m k 001–0 n o i t a r e l e c c AFuel eﬃciency (kmpl)[17.84][18.25]I D T 0.2 4A i d u A (140 kW)l i a r n o m m o c h t i w e n i g n e l e s e i d e n i l n i r e d n i l y c -4injection system and turbocharging)4( 869,1002,4–008,3/041000,3–057,1/004e v i r d l e e h w -t n o r F ]c i n o r t S d e e p s -7[Sedan [1,640][2,075]]732[]7.7[54][ I S F T 03 4A i d u A (110 kW)4-cylinder in-line petrol engine with direct fuel injection, exhaust-gas turbocharging and Audi valvelift system 110/5,000–6,000250/1,500–3,500e v i r d l e e h w -t n o r F ]054,1[]549,1[]45[]012[]5.8[Sedan 1,395 (4)]c i n o r t S d e e p s -7[[++ ARAI certiﬁed]Dimensions are for vehicle at unladen weight. Luggage capacity: 480/965 l(second value with rear seat backrest folded down and vehicle loaded up to the rear parcel shelf). Turning circle approx. 11.6 m. .h t d i w m o o r r e d l u o h S *** .h t d i w m o o r w o b l E ** .m o o r d a e h m u m i x a M *Dimensions in mm14271572184215552022985108110001476**1446**1421***1384***1039*953282047268801026684Audi A4 SedanNot Available Standard55|56Index | Standard/Optional equipment A 4 P r e m i u m P l u sA 4 T e c h n o l o g ySolid paint ﬁnishes Ibis whiteMetallic paint ﬁnishes Mythos black, metallic Floret silver, metallic Moonshine blue, metallic Tango red, metallic 43.18 cm cast aluminium wheels in 5-arm tornado design Anti-theft wheel boltsSpare wheel, space-saving Tyre pressure monitoring displayVehicle tool kit Vehicle jack SeatsSeat upholsteryStandard seats, front Leather/artiﬁcial leather, black Leather/artiﬁcial leather, Pashmina Beige Seating comfortFront seats, electrically adjustable Front seats, electricallyadjustable, including memory function for the driver seat Lumbar support for the front seats43.18 cm cast aluminium wheelsin 10-spoke crystal designWheels/tyresVariable head restraints for front seatsCentre armrest, frontA 4 P r e m i u m P l u sA 4 T e c h n o l o g yA 4 P r e m i u m P l u sA 4 T e c h n o l o g yA 4 P r e m i u m P l u sA 4 T e c h n o l o g yInterior mirror, frameless, with automatically anti-glare actionMemory function exterior mirror Steering wheels/controls Leather steering wheel in 3-spoke design with multifunction plus Rear seatsRear seat backrest, folding Headlinings Headlining in cloth InlaysAluminium ellipse Walnut, dark brown Interior designFloor mats, front and rear LED headlightsincl. LED rear lights with dynamic indicators Light/rain sensor Interior lighting Lighting package HeadlightsDoor sill trims with aluminium inlaysMirrorsExterior mirrors, electrically adjustable, heated, folding,automatic dimming on both sides including auto kerb-side function for passenger side exterior mirror Assistance systems Cruise control Reversing camera Hold assist Parking aid - front & rear Electromechanical parking brake Technology/safety Start-stop systemAirbags (Driver and Passenger)Side airbags, rear Head airbag Seat belts Child-proof locks Warning triangle First-aid kitDriving dynamics/brakes Audi drive select S tronicComfort suspension Front-wheel driveElectromechanical power steering Roof systems Glass sunroof Glazing Sun visors Climate control3-zone deluxe automatic air conditioning Closing systemsLuggage compartment lid, automatically opening Electronic immobiliser Storage/transportCigarette lighter and ashtrays Storage and luggage compartment package Instrument clusters/display instruments Driver information system Audi virtual cockpit Radio/navigation systems MMI radio plus MMI navigation plus with MMI Touch Sound systems Audi sound system PhoneBluetooth interface Audi phone box with wireless chargingmySmartphoneAudi smartphone interface Access to smartphone voice controlU 50401M H 2007F T C 168439Audi IndiaDivision of VolkswagenGroup Sales India Private Limited Mumbai - Indiawww.audi.inValid from October, 2018Printed in India The models, colours and equipment versions illustrated and described in this brochure and some of the services listed are not available in all countries.Some of the models and colours of the cars illustrated are equipped with optional features for which an extra charge is made. Details concerning the delivery speciﬁcations, appearance, performance, dimensions and weights, fuel consumption and running costs of the vehicle were correct to the best of our knowledge at the time of going to press. Deviations from the colours and shapes shown in the illustrations may occur. No liability is accepted for errors and printing errors. The right to introduce modiﬁcations is reserved. Not to be reproduced, including in part, without the written approval of AUDI AG.。

学前教育专业英语作文

Preschool education is a crucial phase in the development of a childs cognitive, social,and emotional skills.The role of preschool teachers is not only to impart basic knowledge but also to foster a love for learning and a sense of curiosity in young minds. Here are some key points to consider when discussing preschool education in an English essay:1.Importance of Early Childhood Education:Highlight the significance of preschool education in laying the foundation for a childs future learning.Discuss how it helps in the development of motor skills,language abilities,and social interactions.2.Curriculum Design:Explain the importance of a wellrounded curriculum that includes playbased learning,storytelling,music,and art.Discuss how these activities stimulate creativity and imagination in children.3.Teacher Qualifications:Emphasize the need for preschool teachers to have specialized training in early childhood development.They should be equipped with the knowledge to understand the unique needs of young learners and adapt their teaching methods accordingly.4.Inclusive Learning Environment:Discuss the importance of creating an inclusive environment where all children,regardless of their abilities or backgrounds,feel welcomed and valued.This includes providing resources and support for children with special needs.5.Parental Involvement:Stress the importance of involving parents in the preschool education process.Parents play a vital role in reinforcing what children learn at school and supporting their development at home.6.Assessment Methods:Explain that assessment in preschool should be informal and observational rather than formal testing.Teachers should track childrens progress in various developmental areas to provide appropriate support and enrichment.7.Challenges in Preschool Education:Address the challenges faced by preschool educators,such as limited resources,large class sizes,and the need for continuous professional development.8.Technology Integration:Discuss how technology can be used effectively in preschool education to enhance learning experiences.This could include educational apps, interactive whiteboards,and digital storytelling.9.Cultural Sensitivity:Emphasize the need for preschool education to be culturally sensitive and inclusive,teaching children about diversity and respect for all cultures from an early age.10.Future of Preschool Education:Conclude by reflecting on the future of preschool education,including potential developments in pedagogical approaches,the role of technology,and the importance of ongoing research to improve educational outcomes for young children.Remember to use a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary to make your essay engaging and to avoid repetition.Additionally,ensure that your essay is wellorganized with a clear introduction,body paragraphs that explore each point in depth,and a conclusion that summarizes the main ideas.。

Development and pre-testing of a patient decision aid to assist ...

Complex, time consuming, and therefore not easily implemented. The development of decision support
tools for facilitating pharmaceutical care is important.
Objective
Development of a Decision Aid for patients with
hypertension and dyslipidemia
Development
Developed by a panel of five researchers and clinicians
JAMA 1998;279(18):1458-1462
Pharmaceutical care
DYSLIPIDEMIA ImPACT
J Am Pharm Assoc 2000; 40(2):157-165
IMPROVE
Pharmacotherapy 2000:20(12):1508-1516
SCRIP
DECISION AID
Decision Aid
Includes: 1) Booklet 2) Personal worksheet
Booklet
Provides general information
• CVD • Risk factors • Treatment options • Four steps decision-making
Pharmaceutical care improves:
• Risk-factor control • Adherence to
pharmacotherapy • Patient satisfaction • Process of care

The Development of Preschool Education Achievements, Problems and Policy Recommendations of Tibet

The Development of Preschool Education Achievements, Problems and Policy Recommendations of TibetAbstractThis paper shows the development of preschool education in Tibet through analyzing the statistical data from Statistical Yearbook of National Education，Statistical Yearbook of National Education Funding and Statistical Yearbook of Tibet and field investigations. It is found that the preschool education in Tibet has developed rapidly for the support of government，and achieved the following development effectiveness：education resources have increased；preschool education funding increased rapidly；the development tends to be balanced between urban and rural areas；bilingual education developed rapidly，and more attention is paid to education equality. However，there are still many problems to be solved in the future. The study has indicated that the quality of preschool education in ethnic areas is low，the local government does not play an active role in developing preschool education and the preschool education is unsuitable for local features. Therefore，more attention should be paid tothe preschool education in ethnic areas as well as to the quality of the quantity and the theory researches. The government should also develop the bilingual education in Tibetan scientifically.Key words：Tibet；Preschool education；Education Equality；Bilingual educationCai，H. M.，Li，S. Z.，Zhu，Z. H.，Cheng，C.，& Fan L. （2015）. The Development of Preschool Education Achievements，Problems and Policy Recommendations of Tibet. Canadian Social Science，11（3），-0. Available from：http：///index.php/css/article/view/6602 DOI：http：///10.3968/6602INTRODUCTIONThere were 72 counties in Tibet in 2012，which contained 35 agricultural counties （including the district around Lhasa city），14 pastoral counties and 24 coordinations of farming and pastoral counties. In addition，this large area is sparsely populated. There are 3，072，600 residents，of which 22.7% live in town and 77.3% live in rural areas and the natural population growth rate is 10.27% （National Bureau of Statistics，2013）. Moreover，counties are far away from each other so that the economy is mainly invested in by the government. In2012，89.37% of Tibet government revenue is accounted for in the national financial aids. Under these circumstances，52% of children aged 3-5 years old went to kindergarten in Tibet in 2013，which was 15.5% below the national average （67.5%）（National Bureau of Statistics，2013）. Affected by natural environment，low economic level and historical reasons，preschool education in minority areas faces difficulties. These difficulties include the high cost of education，weak social support system and lack of motive force. Consequently，the development of preschool education in minority areas lags behind the mainland for a long term and its basic security level is low （Xing & Li，2012）. Since the 2010，policies are more skewed towards Tibet than before，and the government has earmarked special funds for developing Tibet. Especially at the beginning of this century，the governments put forward by the leaping development of ethnic education and made a series of policies to develop preschool education in ethnic regions. The development of pre-school education in Tibet quickly made remarkable achievements in 6 aspects，including the supply of educational opportunities，educational fund input，preschool teacher quantity expansion and professional level，kindergarten facilities construction，urbanand rural preschool education equilibrium level，and the level of development of bilingual education. At the same time，there are also some factors restricting the development of preschool education. Therefore，it is necessary to promote sustainable development of preschool education in minority areas by analyzing effectiveness and problems of government policies.1. THE REVIEW OF EXISTING STUDIES AND THE RESEARCH METHODS1.1 The Review of Previous StudiesThe development of preschool education，modernization，and development of education in ethnic minority regions playsa decisive role. The development of preschool education in minority areas concerns the implementation and effectivenessof ethnic policy in China （Shen，2013）. The research about the preschool education in Tibet concentrates on several aspects. Firstly，they were interested in the history of preschool education in Tibet. There are two key events to influence the preschool education in Tibet―democratic reform and the reform and opening up policy （Yan & Yao，2010）. The democratic reform in Tibet brought formal preschool education and the reform and opening up policy made preschooleducation move to modernization （Yan & Yao，2010）. From general perspectives，politics and economy play important roles in developing pre-school education in Tibet. Secondly，the former researchers paid close attention to problems in the preschool education of Tibet based on survey research and filed investigations. They also proposed some suggestions：（a）the inclusive kindergarten should be developed more rapidly；（b）the preschool teachers should be trained with high quality；（c）The compilation of the bilingual textbooks for preschool children in Tibet should be improved；（d）departments should be established to govern preschool education specially （Xing & Li，2012）. Thirdly，some researchers were aware of the importance to study Tibetan for children in Tibet. From this perspective，they investigated the current situation of Tibetan language and explored the bilingual preschool education in Chine。

Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals Extended Diploma W6

You do not need any other materials.Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals Extended Diploma*W64073A*Turn over W64073A©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.1/1/1/1/1Instructions•Part A contains material for the completion of the preparatory work for the settask.•Part A may be given to learners as soon as it is received so that learners can startthe preparatory period in advance of the supervised assessment session.•Part A is specific to each series and this material must only be issued to learnerswho have been entered to undertake the task in the relevant series.•Part B materials for the set task will be issued prior to the start of the supervised assessment period according to the guidance in the specification.Animal ManagementUnit 1: Animal Breeding and GeneticsPart A January 2020Paper Reference 31644H2W64073AInstructions to Teachers/TutorsCentres should refer to the BTEC Nationals Instructions for Conducting ExternalAssessments (ICEA) document for full information on the correct conduct of monitoredand formally supervised assessment. See Pearson website for details.This set task has a preparatory period. Part A sets out how learners should prepare forthe completion of the task under supervised conditions.Part B contains unseen material and is issued to learners at the start of the formalsupervised assessment session specified by Pearson.For Part A , learners should be monitored over three hours provided by the centre toread Part A , carry out research and compile notes. During this time they may only haveaccess to research materials including books, journals, the internet and notes fromprior learning. Learners must work independently and must not be given guidanceor feedback on the completion of the preparatory work. Learners must not preparepotential responses, and only notes produced in monitored sessions may be usedduring the formal assessment. Learners may produce up to two sides of A4 notes, whichshould be handwritten or typed in a 12pt font. Notes should be short, bullet-point styleinformation, and cannot contain long narrative pieces of text.Learner notes produced under monitored conditions must be checked by teachers/tutors to ensure that they comply with the limitations.Learner notes should be retained by the centre between the monitored sessions and theformal supervised assessment.Learner notes should be retained by the centre after the completion of the assessmentand may be requested by Pearson.3 W64073AInstructions for LearnersRead the set task information carefully.Part A contains the information you need to prepare for the Part B set task.You will be given three hours of monitored preparation. Your tutor will advise you of the scheduled sessions for this work.During these sessions you will prepare summary notes to support you during thesupervised assessment. Your notes should:• be individually and independently prepared by you• contain a maximum of two sides of A4, either handwritten or typed in a 12pt font• use short, bullet-point style information, and cannot contain long narrative pieces of text.Your notes will be checked by your centre and retained after the completion of theformal supervised assessment.You must work independently and must not share your work with other learners.Your teacher/tutor cannot give you feedback during the preparation period.Set Task BriefYou are required to carry out research into industry standards and practice in relation tothe captive breeding of:• Parrot species*P64362A0120*Turn overInstructions•Part A will need to have been used in preparation for completion of Part B.•Part B contains material for the completion of the set task under supervisedconditions.•Part B should be undertaken in one session timetabled by Pearson.•Part B is specific to each series and this material must only be issued to learners who have been entered to undertake the task in that series.•Part B should be kept securely until the start of the supervised assessmentperiods.•Use black ink or ball-point pen.•Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,centre number and learner registration number.•Complete all activities.•Answer the activities in the spaces provided–there may be more space than you need.Information•The total mark for this paper is 80.•The marks for each activity are shown in brackets–use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each activity.Advice•Read each activity carefully before you start to answer it.•Try to answer every activity.•Check your answers if you have time at the end.P64362A©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.1/1/1/1/1*P64362A0220*2Instructions to Teachers/Tutors and/or InvigilatorsThis set task is a formal external assessment and must be conducted with reference to the instructions in this task and answer booklet and the BTEC Nationals Instructions for Conducting External Assessments (ICEA) document, to ensure that the supervised period is conducted correctly and that learners have the opportunity to carry out the required activities independently.Part B set task is undertaken under formal supervision in a single session of two hours timetabled by Pearson.Part B materials must be issued to learners for the specified session. Work should be completed in this task and answer booklet.Part B set task requires learners to apply understanding gained through familiarisation with the context. Learners should bring in notes as defined in Part A.The teacher/tutor needs to ensure that the notes comply with the requirements.All learner work must be completed independently and authenticated by the teacher/ tutor and/or invigilator before being submitted to Pearson.Learners must not bring anything into the supervised environment or take anything out without teacher/tutor and/or invigilator approval.Centres are responsible for putting in place appropriate checks to ensure that only permitted material is introduced into the supervised environment.Maintaining security• The assessment areas must only be accessible to the individual learners and to named members of staff.• Learners can only access their work under supervision.• Any work learners produce under supervision must be kept securely.• Only permitted materials for the set task can be brought into the supervised assessment.• During any permitted break and at the end of the session, materials must be kept securely and no items removed from the supervised assessment.• Learners are not permitted to have access to the internet or other resources during the supervised assessment period.Outcomes for submissionA completed task and answer booklet.*P64362A0320*Turn over3 Instructions for Learners Read the set task information carefully.This session is of two hours . Plan your time carefully.You have prepared for the set task given in this Part B booklet. Use your notes prepared during Part A if relevant. Attempt all of Part B .Your notes must be your own work and will be retained by your centre until results are issued.You will complete this set task under supervision and your work will be kept securely during any breaks taken.You must work independently throughout the supervised assessment period and must not share your work with other learners.Outcomes for submission A completed task and answer booklet.*P64362A0420*4Set TaskYou must complete ALL the activities in this task and answer booklet.The activities in this task and answer booklet relate to Parrot species.Part A Set Task InformationYou are required to carry out research into industry standards and practice in relation to the captive breeding of:• Parrot speciesPart B Set Task InformationA local animal breeder wants to set up a business breeding parrots. The breeder has not kept birds before and wants to buy a number of breeding pairs. He has asked you to discuss the factors he needs to consider and the best species of parrot to buy for his business.Use your notes from any preparatory work completed in Part A.*P64362A0520*Turn over5 Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.1 Effective breeding of parrots requires an understanding of their biology. (a) State two ways parrots can recognise their sexual mates. (2)1 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Give the role of both parents in raising and caring for parrot chicks. (2) Female ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Male ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ (c) Explain two handling techniques you could use when moving parrots. (4)1 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 1 = 8 marks)*P64362A0620*62 (a) Explain two reasons for breeding captive parrots.(4)1 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................*P64362A0720*Turn over7 A local animal breeder has found a way he can improve the profitability of his business. The breeder wants to buy a species of parrot to breed from. He will sell the birds as ‘companion’ animals to improve the quality of life for residents in care homes. The interactions with a social bird would improve the quality of life for the residents, and this is potentially a profitable way to sell the birds. The breeder has asked you to help him decide the factors he needs to consider before he buys the birds to breed from. You will need to take account of the following information.• The business is based in a large garden where there is room for two small aviaries, or one larger one. There is another outhouse that could be used.• As it is a private house there is limited contact with people other than the breeder.• The birds will live in the residents’ lounge of the care homes and they will be cared for by the staff and residents.• The birds should have a gentle temperament so that residents can stroke them. The parrots should also ‘talk’ to the residents. • Any excess birds that are not used in care homes should also be suitable to sell to the general public. (b) Discuss the factors and options that the breeder should consider to achieve his aims, taking into account the desirable characteristics of the chosen species. Use your research notes to help you make a recommendation. (12)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................*P64362A0820*8......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................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..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................*P64362A0920*Turn over9 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for Question 2 = 16 marks)。

制订一份普通话水平测试备测计划英语作文

制订一份普通话水平测试备测计划英语作文As the demand for Mandarin proficiency continues to grow, it is essential to develop a standardized test to assess individuals' Mandarin language skills. The following plan outlines the steps to be taken in creating this Mandarin proficiency test.1. Establish Test Objectives- Define the goals and purposes of the Mandarin proficiency test.- Determine the target audience for the test, such as students, professionals, or immigrants.- Consider the levels of proficiency to be tested, ranging from beginner to advanced.2. Develop Test Content- Create a range of test items to measure various language skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing.- Ensure that the test items are culturally appropriate and relevant to real-life scenarios.3. Review and Validation- Have Mandarin language experts review the test content for accuracy and appropriateness.- Validate the test items by conducting pilot testing with a diverse group of Mandarin speakers.4. Scoring and Grading- Establish a scoring system that accurately reflects the test taker's proficiency level.- Determine the criteria for grading each section of the test, considering factors such as vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.5. Test Administration- Develop guidelines for administering the Mandarin proficiency test, including procedures for registration, scheduling, and test day logistics.- Train test proctors and administrators to ensure standardized test administration.6. Data Analysis and Reporting- Establish protocols for collecting and analyzing test results.- Generate comprehensive reports that provide detailed feedback on test taker's strengths and areas for improvement.7. Continuous Improvement- Implement a process for regular review and updating of the test content to reflect changes in Mandarin language usage and proficiency standards.By following this plan, we aim to develop a Mandarin proficiency test that accurately measures individuals' language skills and meets the growing demand for standardized assessment of Mandarin proficiency.。

简述学前特殊儿童iep拟定流程

简述学前特殊儿童iep拟定流程英文回答：The process of developing an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for preschool children with special needs involves several steps. Here is an overview of the IEP development process:1. Identification and referral: The first step is to identify a child who may require special education services. This can be done through various methods, such as teacheror parent referral, screening, or evaluation.2. Evaluation and assessment: Once a child is referred,a comprehensive evaluation is conducted to determine the child's strengths and weaknesses, as well as their specific educational needs. This evaluation may include assessmentsin areas such as cognitive abilities, speech and language skills, motor skills, and social-emotional development.3. IEP team meeting: After the evaluation, a meeting is scheduled with the child's parents or guardians, teachers, special education professionals, and any other relevant individuals. This meeting is called the IEP team meeting, and its purpose is to review the evaluation results, discuss the child's needs, and develop the IEP.4. Goal setting: During the IEP team meeting, specific goals and objectives are developed based on the child's individual needs and abilities. These goals should be measurable and address the child's academic, social, and behavioral needs.5. Services and accommodations: The IEP team determines the services and accommodations that the child will receive to support their educational progress. This may include special education instruction, related services (such as speech therapy or occupational therapy), assistive technology, and modifications to the curriculum or learning environment.6. Placement: The IEP team also decides on the mostappropriate educational placement for the child. This can range from inclusion in a regular preschool classroom with support services to placement in a specialized program or school.7. Implementation and monitoring: Once the IEP is developed, it is implemented by the preschool staff. The child's progress is regularly monitored, and any necessary adjustments are made to the IEP to ensure that it remains effective and meets the child's changing needs.8. Annual review and reevaluation: The IEP is reviewed annually to assess the child's progress and make any necessary revisions. A reevaluation may also be conducted periodically to determine if the child continues to require special education services.中文回答：学前特殊儿童IEP（个别化教育计划）的拟定流程包括以下几个步骤：1. 鉴定和转介，第一步是确定可能需要特殊教育服务的儿童。

PISA的全球扩张测评内容、评估范围与政策影响力

国际学生评估项目（Programme for Interna-tional Student Assessment，PISA）是经济合作与发展组织（OECD ）发起的一项全球学生素养测评项目，自实施以来其影响力逐步扩大。

OECD 负责PISA 项目的安德烈亚斯·施莱歇尔（An-dreas Schleicher）谈到PISA 在今后的影响时表示，“在测评内容方面，PISA 不仅评估学生已经知道的东西，还将评估学生是如何进步的，这在很大程度上基于对学生成绩的实证分析，使学生思维变得可视化；PISA 的评估范围将从教室扩展到学校、地区、国家以及国际层面；这些评估必须生成数据，使教师、教育管理者和决策者可以根据PISA 的政策解释力采取更有针对性的行动”[1]。

基于PISA 的成功推广，OECD 开发了国际成人能力评估项目（Programme for Interna-tional Assessment of Adult Competencies，PIAAC）和基于PISA 的学校测评（PISA-based Tests for Schools，PISA for School ）等项目，扩大其教育影响力，促进OECD 全球治理模式的形成与发展。

基于人力资本理论，本文讨论了OECD 近年来如何拓宽测评内容、扩大评估范围，从而增强其政策影响力，为决策者提供更有价值的信息。

（一）人力资本理论对能力的定义人力资本理论自20世纪中叶提出以来，在应对全球经济变化和适应资本主义国家新治理模式的情况下得到了发展。

事实上，任何可以被测量或者可以促进未来经济发展的能力或特质都被认为是人力资本的一部分,OECD 提出，人力资本是“体现在个体身上，可以促进个体创造社会财富的知识技能和属性”。

[2]PISA 的全球扩张：测评内容、评估范围与政策影响力文/吕云震吴迪张玲摘要：PISA 作为OECD 不断扩大其在教育政策方面专业知识和影响力的测量工具袁近些年在测评内容尧评估范围与政策影响力三个方面进行了全球性的扩张遥测评内容涵盖阅读尧数学尧科学尧问题解决尧财经尧全球胜任力等多个方面曰评估范围不断扩大袁涵盖更多的国家尧系统和学校遥随之带来的是政策解释力的增强袁为各国决策者提供更有价值的基于实证的信息遥关键词：PISA 测评内容评估范围政策影响力作者简介：吕云震袁中央财经大学国防经济与管理研究院讲师尧军事教研室副主任袁中国指挥与控制学会国防教育专委会办公室主任曰吴迪袁佳木斯大学人文学院心理工作站主任曰张玲袁沧州职业技术学院现代服务系副主任基金项目：中国指挥与控制学会2020年国防教育研究专项重点课题野普通高等学校军事课教学资源库建设研究冶渊编号院GFJY2020ZD004冤曰北京高校军事课教学专项课题一般项目野军事课教学在学校国防教育中作用研究冶渊编号院BJJSKYB202106冤在人力资本理论的指引下，一些国家对人力资本的投资不再像教育和培训初期阶段那样仅仅关注投资的未来经济收益。

Animal Testing The Ethical Debate Continues

Animal Testing The Ethical DebateContinuesAnimal testing has been a controversial topic for decades, sparking heated debates among scientists, ethicists, animal rights activists, and the general public. On one hand, proponents argue that animal testing is necessary for medical and scientific advancements, while opponents emphasize the ethical concerns and the need to find alternative methods. This ongoing ethical debate continues to raise important questions about the treatment of animals, the reliability of test results, and the potential for technological advancements to replace animal testing. Proponents of animal testing often argue that it is crucial for medical and scientific progress. Many life-saving medical treatments and procedures have been developed and tested using animals, leading to significant advancements in healthcare. For example, vaccines for polio, measles, and other diseases have been developed and tested on animals before being administered to humans. Additionally, animal testing has played a vital role in understanding the effects of certain drugs and chemicals on the human body, helping to ensure their safety and effectiveness. Without animal testing, proponents argue, many medical breakthroughs would not have been possible. Furthermore, proponents of animal testing point to the legal and regulatory framework that governs the use of animals in research. In many countries, there are strict guidelines and regulations in place to ensure the ethical treatment of animals in research settings. These regulations require researchers to minimize the suffering of animals, use the smallest number of animals possible, and consider alternative methods whenever feasible. Proponents argue that these regulations help to ensure that animal testing is conducted responsibly and ethically, with the welfare of the animals being a top priority. On the other hand, opponents of animal testing raise significant ethical concerns about the treatment of animals in research settings. Many argue that subjecting animals to pain, suffering, and death for the sake of human progress is inherently unethical. Animals used in testing are often subjected to invasive procedures, confinement, and exposure to potentially harmful substances, leading to physical and psychological suffering. This raises importantquestions about the moral status of animals and whether it is justifiable to use them as means to an end. Moreover, opponents of animal testing emphasize the limitations and unreliability of using animals as models for human biology. Many argue that the physiological and genetic differences between humans and animals make it difficult to extrapolate results from animal studies to human populations. This raises concerns about the validity and applicability of test results obtained from animal studies, potentially leading to misleading or harmful conclusions. As a result, opponents argue that animal testing may not only be unethical but also scientifically flawed. In addition, opponents of animal testing advocate for the development and use of alternative methods that do not involve the use of animals. In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing technologies such as organ-on-a-chip, computer simulations, and human cell-based assays, which can provide valuable insights into human biology and disease without the need for animal testing. These alternative methods are often more accurate, cost-effective, and ethically sound, leading opponents to argue that animal testing is no longer necessary for scientific and medical progress. The ethical debate surrounding animal testing is complex and multi-faceted, encompassing moral, scientific, and practical considerations. While proponents emphasize the necessity and benefits of animal testing for medical and scientific progress, opponents raise important ethical concerns about the treatment of animals, the reliability of test results, and the potential for alternative methods. As this debate continues, it is essential to consider the perspectives of all stakeholders and explore ways to balance the need for human progress with ethical and moral considerations. Ultimately, finding common ground and working towards the development and implementation of alternative methods may be the key to resolving this ongoing ethical debate.。

certificate in pdp for secondary school teachers

PDP (Professional Development Plan) is a plan for the personal development and growth of employees in the workplace. It usually includes goals, training and learning plans, and assessment methods. If you want to obtain a certificate in PDP for secondary school teachers, you can consider the following steps:1. Determine your goals: Determine your professional development goals as a secondary school teacher, such as improving teaching skills, acquiring new teaching methods, or developing leadership skills.2. Choose appropriate training and courses: Look for relevant training courses, workshops, or online learning resources that align with your goals. These can be provided by educational institutions, professional associations, or online learning platforms.3. Participate in training and learning: Enroll in the selected training courses or online learning programs and actively participate in the learning process. Complete the required coursework, assignments, or assessments.4. Document your learning and achievements: Keep track of your learning progress, such as collecting certificates of completion, transcripts, or other proof of participation and achievement.5. Apply for certification: Check if there are specific certification programs available for secondary school teachers in your region or country. If so, follow the application process and requirements toobtain the certification.6. Update your PDP: Include the obtained certifications and new skills in your PDP to demonstrate your professional development and achievements.It is important to note that the specific requirements and procedures for obtaining a certificate in PDP for secondary school teachers may vary depending on the region and educational system. It is recommended to consult with your school or local educational authorities for more accurate information and guidance.。

Animal Testing The Ethical Debate

Animal Testing The Ethical Debate Animal testing has been a controversial topic for many years, sparking debates on the ethical implications of using animals for scientific research. On one hand, proponents argue that animal testing is necessary for medical advancements and ensuring the safety of products for human use. On the other hand, opponents argue that it is unethical to subject animals to pain and suffering for the benefit of humans. This ethical debate raises important questions about the value of animal life, the necessity of scientific progress, and the moral responsibilities of humans towards other species. Proponents of animal testing often argue that it is necessary for medical research and the development of new treatments and cures for human diseases. They point to the many medical advancements that have been made possible through animal testing, such as the development of vaccines, surgical procedures, and pharmaceutical drugs. Without animal testing, they argue, it would be much more difficult to ensure the safety and effectiveness of these medical interventions before they are used on humans. Furthermore, they argue that the use of animals in research is regulated to minimize pain and suffering, and that the benefits to human health justify the sacrifices made by the animals involved. However, opponents of animal testing argue that the ethical concerns outweigh the potential benefits. They argue that animals are sentient beings capable of experiencing pain and suffering, and that it is morally wrong to subject them to harm for the benefit of humans. They also point to the limitations of animal models in predicting human responses, citing numerous cases where drugs that were deemed safe in animal studies later proved to be harmful to humans. In addition, they argue that the use of animals in research is often cruel and unnecessary, and that alternative methods, such as in vitro testing and computer modeling, can provide more reliable and humane results. The ethical debate surrounding animal testing also raises questions about the value of animal life and the moral responsibilities of humans towards other species. Proponents of animal testing often argue that the benefits to human health justify the use of animals in research, emphasizing the importance of human life over animal life. On the other hand, opponents argue that all sentient beings have intrinsic value and deserve to be treated with respect and compassion, regardless of their utility to humans.They also argue that humans have a moral obligation to protect and care for other species, rather than exploiting them for our own purposes. Furthermore, the ethical debate surrounding animal testing also brings into question the necessity of scientific progress and the potential trade-offs involved. Proponents arguethat the pursuit of knowledge and medical advancements is crucial for human well-being and progress, and that animal testing is a necessary part of this process. They argue that the potential benefits to human health and the greater goodjustify the use of animals in research, even if it involves some level of harm and suffering. On the other hand, opponents question whether the ends justify the means, and whether the potential benefits of animal testing truly outweigh the ethical concerns and the suffering experienced by the animals involved. In conclusion, the ethical debate surrounding animal testing is a complex and contentious issue that raises important questions about the value of animal life, the necessity of scientific progress, and the moral responsibilities of humans towards other species. While proponents argue that animal testing is necessary for medical advancements and the greater good, opponents emphasize the ethical concerns and the potential alternatives to using animals in research. Ultimately, this debate forces us to consider the ethical implications of our actions and the moral responsibilities we have towards the sentient beings with whom we share this planet.。