SAT语法讲义-综合版
新SAT文法讲义语法知识点加巩固练习-词法考点
新SAT文法讲义第一章词法Conventions of UsageChapter 1—-Pronoun1. Number, Person& Case1.1 Number: pronoun≠ antecedentE.g. Until it can be replaced by a faster, more efficient, and more economical means of transportation, trucks will carry most of the freight within and through metropolitan areas.1.2 Person: shifts in personI/We/He/She/They--------YouOne-------------------------------YouE.g. Although (A) one likes to believe (B) that your own (C) children are beautiful, intelligent, and well behaved, what one believes is not always the case (D).1.3 Case1.3.1 句子中使用主格的情况。
1) 代词作为主语的时候She is weird.2) 代词作为表语的时候E.g. It was he who fell into the water.1.3.2 句子中使用宾格的情况。
1) 动词宾语The music carried them away.2) 介词宾语a. between you and meb. to Sherry and herc. among us womend. at use. from her and himf. with me and youE.g. 1 After engaging(A) in a spirited debate, everyone except Tom and I(B)decided(C) to watch the latest action film, even though the rest of the group had already seen(D) it.E.g. 2 Last summer, when Mary’s aunt and Uncle flew from(A) Turkey to visit their relatives and tour(B) the United States, Mary invited Sandhya and I(C) to her house to meet(D) them.补充考点：比较句中代词的格：To find the correct pronoun in a comparison that uses than or as, complete the comparison using the verb that would follow naturally.a.Jackie runs faster than she ( ).b.My brother has bigger feet than I ( ).c.Carol is as tough as he ( ).1.3 Case考点单句练习1.Judith took my sister and (I, me) to the magic show last night.2.We thought that Matilda and Jorge would be there, and sure enough, we saw (she, her ) and (he, him ) sitting in the front row.3.During the intermission, Jorge came over and asked my sister and (I, me ) to go out after the show.4.Between you and (I, me ) the magician was terrible.5.It must also have been a bad evening for (he, him ) and his assistant, Roxanne.2.Possessive Determiner:2.1 Possessive Pronoun使用规则：Possessive Pronoun+N常用代词：its/their/his/her/your/our/my+N区别：its/it’s/his/he’s/whose/who’sIt’s 表示缩写it’s=it is/it hasIts+Nhe’s=he is/ he hashis+Nwho’s=who is/who haswhose+N2.2 Ns&N’s区别e.g. Waterway’s=waterway’s+Nwaterways=名词复数,作主语，作宾语考点：易混表达（1）its & it’s & its’1）its’出现必错2）its+n的核心词为its后的名词3）it’s（it is/it has的缩写）为主谓结构E.g. 1One of the Liveliest folk music forms to develop in the twentieth century is Tejano music. Also known as Tex Mex or border music because of it’s having origins on both sides of the Texas-Mexico border, this form combines elements from Spanish, German, and English musical traditions.A) NO CHANGEB) itsC) it’sD) its’（2）who’s & whose1）whose+n的核心词为其后的名词2）who’s（who is或who has的缩写）为主谓结构E.g. 2 You have to admire the honesty of a company who’s slogan is “Just About the Best.”A) NO CHANGEB) whoseC) that’sD) that the（3）they’re & their & there1）their+n的核心词为their后的名词2）they’re（they are的缩写）为主谓结构3）there经常作为发音相似的干扰项出现E.g. 3As the dancers step the music, they are also stepping in time to a sound that embodies their unique history and suggests the influence of outside cultures on their music.A) NO CHANGEB) they’reC) it’sD) its’E.g. 4 Teachers provide in-depth language understanding, and children are rewarded for improving his or her communication skills.A) NO CHANGEB) one’sC) thereD) their3. Pronoun clarity考点1. 多指代E.g. To keep birds from eating seeds, soak them in blue food coloring. （them在此句会产生歧义，应改为seeds）考点2. 无指代E.g. Scientists have determined that the cause of white-nose syndrome is a fungus—Pseudogymnoascus destructans—that flourishes in cold, wet environments and reproduces bygenerating spores that can lodge in the floors and walls of caves as well as onwing membranes, and hairless body parts.（their 没有指代对象）考点3. this 的使用1. this指代前一句话E.g. Typically, the ice sheet begins to show evidence of thawing in late summer. This follows several weeks of higher temperatures.2. this+N使用E.g. Box is currently organizing an expedition to gather this crucial information.4. Relative Pronoun4.1 that/who/whom/which指代对象4.2 who/whom区别4.3介词＋which&when/where/why区别补充1：that/who/whom/which/whose+不完整句子补充2：THAT&WHICH的跳跃指代1. A+prep.+B+that Clausethat即可以指代A也可以指代B，但是不能指代从句或句子E.g. The labor union is negotiating a contract with the hospital that will satisfy the demands of the workers.2. WHICH的代词用法—-Which只能就近指代前面的名词或名词短语E.g.Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.Right: To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the Woods.真题练习：1.The article goes on to suggest that the most valuable resources provided by coworking spaces are actually the people whom use them.A) NO CHANGEB) whom usesC) who usesD) who use2. Because today’s students can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not even exist yet—during our lifetime, studying philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable.A) NO CHANGEB) one’sC) his or herD) their3. Scientists knew this but did not recognize how large a role they played in helping kelp forests to significantly decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A) NO CHANGEB) how large a role that it playedC) how large a role sea otters playedD) that they played such a large role4. It was the brainchild of former journalist Martine Postma, wanting to take a practical stand in a throwaway culture.A) NO CHANGEB) whom wantsC) who wantedD) she wanted5. Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid-1800s often found themselves in need of refreshment.A) NO CHANGEB) himself or herselfC) their selvesD) oneself6. These Harvey Houses, which constituted the first restaurant chain in the United States, was unique for its high standards of service and quality.A) NO CHANGEB) were unique for theirC) was unique for theirD) were unique for its7. This may not be much of a problem with certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are prized for their fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers, that will reject apples lacking the expected aroma.A) NO CHANGEB) TheyC) whichD) who8. Artists associated with this began to rediscover and promote the work of the Mexican muralists, particularly Siqueiros.A) NO CHANGEB) itC) themD) this movement补充练习：1. Music seems to be universal, which exists in some form in all human cultures.A) NO CHANGEB) where it existsC) exitsD) existing2. After the end of the First World War, Fridtjof Nansen directed several of the League of Nations'humanitarian programs, which caused his winning a Nobel Peace Prize in 1922.A) NO CHANGEB) programs, he therefore wonC) programs, this is why he wonD) programs and consequently won3. One reason fish spoils faster than meat is due to the fact that the muscle fibers of fish are specialized to function best in cold environments.A) NO CHANGEB) meat is because of the fact thatC) meat, which is becauseD) meat is that4. Wolves are now classified as an endangered species in all the lower forty-eight states except Minnesota, after which the animals began migrating from Canada in the 1960s.A) NO CHANGEB) from whichC) whenD) into which5. Unlike seve ral decades ago, today’s librarians teach students to evaluate the accuracy and objectivity of online resources in addition to helping them find particular books.A)NO CHANGEB)Unlike them ofC)Unlike those ofD)Contrary to6. Public transportation in the suburbs and outlying areas is generally not as convenient and reliable as it is in the city.A) NO CHANGEB) as they areC) as thoseD) as getting around7. John and Bob had been friends since kindergarten because he was good at soccer and ready to laugh at any joke.A) NO CHANGEB) kindergarten because they were not only good soccer playersC) kindergarten because each was good at soccerD) kindergarten, being not only good soccer players8. Mayor Julia Wilson's daughter told us that she had decided not to run for reelection, even thoughthere is still much to do to improve the downtown district.A) NO CHANGEB) the decision was that her mother would not run to be reelectedC) her mother had decided not to run for reelectionD) she decided that she will not run to be reelected9. High school graduates usually do not end up earning as much income as college graduates do, this being why so many high school students go on to pursue college degrees.A) NO CHANGEB) do, this is why so many high school studentsC) do; this fact explains why so many high school studentsD) do; this fact explaining the reason for why so many high school students10. Furthermore, the board offered no evidence to back up it’s claim that such clothing created a negative educational environment.A) NO CHANGEB) they’reC) itsD) ones11. His challenge initiated a review, of students’ rights and administrative responsibility in public education.A) NO CHANGEB) review, of students’ rights,C) review of students’ rightsD) review of students’ rights,12. About halfway through the school year, I learned that the exchange program was looking for a new home for Ligia. After a severe storm, the basement of her hosts house had flooded, leaving two bedrooms unusable.A) NO CHANGEB) her hosts’C) Ligia’s hostsD) Ligias host’s13. We plan the contents of the year’s issues, page by page.A) NO CHANGEB) years issues,C) years issuesD) issue’s for the year,14. Babies first attempts at speech generate excited responses from adults who encourage and guidethe children toward more precise and complex speech.A) NO CHANGEB) Baby’sC) BabysD) Babies’15. It’s also fast, the thousands of Washingtonians who dash from home to work and back sometimes ignore the posted speed limit.A) NO CHANGEB) It’ also fast:C) Its also fast:D) Its also fast,16. The movie Dracula, featuring it’s batlike title character who feeds on human blood, is just one of many sources of people’s erroneous ideas about bats. BA) NO CHANGEB) with itsC) based on its’D) who’s17. Some people believe bats are rodents; others think bats are a kind of bird. AA) NO CHANGEB) rodents, others,C) rodents othersD) rodents and others’18. Roberto Clemente, the Pittsburgh Pirates right fielder from 1955 to 1972, was one of baseballs most gifted athletes.A) NO CHANGEB) one, of baseball’sC) one, of baseballsD) one of baseball’s19. One panel is sewn into the piece’s top border, the other into it’s bottom border. CA) NO CHANGEB) its’C) itsD) their20. Méliès, a French magician, was fascinated by the workings of the new motion picture camera. Specializing in stage illusions, he thought the camera offered potential to expand its spectacular magic productions.A) NO CHANGEB) theirC) hisD) it’sChapter 2. Agreement5. Noun Agreement考点. SN一致1) Noun Agreement in formsE.g.1Today more and more women are becoming doctors, lawyers, engineers, chemists, or other professions.A) or other professionsB) or they work in other professionsC) or at work in other professional fieldsD) or professionals in other fields2) Noun Agreement in contentsE.g.2 Those enrolled in the leadership training courses have evolved into dynamic, confident managers from an inexperienced and uncertain newcomer just a month ago.A) from an inexperienced and uncertain newcomerB) from the inexperienced and uncertain newcomers they wereC) from being inexperienced and uncertain newcomersD) instead of the inexperienced and uncertain newcomers of补充考点：SS一致：Noun Agreement in comparisonE.g.1 Commuters in the 1990s encountered more traffic delays than the 1970s and 1980s.A) thanB) than didC) than the traffic problems ofD) than commuters did in6. Subject－verb Agreement考点1：向前一致S+长串修饰语+V长串修饰语：1.介词短语2.定语从句3.插入语4.形容词短语5.分词短语6.同位语E.g.：A city in northern ChinaA city famous for its beautiful mountainsA city visited by large numbers of celebritiesA city consisting of several prosperous economic zonesA city, home of coffee beansA city, which is famous for its beautiful mountainsE.g.1 French mountain honey made (A) from linden blossoms, which are sometimes called (B) “lime blossoms,” have (C) a distinctively (D) citrus flavor.E.g.2 The regularly scheduled (A) conference between my tutor and me is (B) set for Friday, but my low grades in chemistry requires (C) me to arrange an earlier meeting.重点讲解1: 介词短语：N1+prep+N2结构prep= in/one/by/of/for/with/at/from/to/viaprep phrase=1) A as well as B2) A no less than B3) A rather than B4) A together/along with B5)A except B6) A besides BE.g.1 The loyalty of British families to specific brands of toothpaste have (A) been cited by (B) historians as evidence (C) of the growing influence (D) of advertising during the early twentieth century.*Designates a collection, or group, of individuals: audience, committee, faculty, family, jury, chorus, or government.A list of studentsA collection of toys + V (singular)A line of treesA crowd of visitorsE.g.2 A noisy, unwieldy (A) crowd of onlookers were jostling (B) and milling around (C) at the scene of the accident, impeding (D) the progress of the medical technicians.Pay Attention to“number”A number of + V (plural)The number of + V (singular)重点讲解2: 定语从句S+who/which/that/whose/whom+...+V (V)N1＋介词＋N2+who/which/that/whose/whom+...注意指代对象为N1还是N2重点讲解3: 插入语S，插，VOS—插—VO考点2. 倒装一致：(一) Complete Inversion1. Prep. (+n.) …+V. +S.On the mountain lies a temple.注意是否有逗号：At the end of the year, Ligia went home to Colombia.E.g.2 In the foothills of that large mountain range is (A) the sources of a river whose course (B) was not fully mapped (C) until (D) this century.2. P+LV.+SGone are the days when we often played in the fields together.Absent from school are Tim and David.例题：长难句阅读Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.E.g.2 Inscribed on the wall is(A)the names of those who left (B)their(C)homes in the village to travel (D)to the United State.（二）Incomplete Inversion1. Only + adverbial +helping word + S+VOnly in this city can you see such a beautiful sunset.注意：Only the teachers are allowed to use the room.(only后跟名词不倒装)E.g.1 Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied (A) for years, but (B) only recently has (C) the harmful effects of noise pollution become (D) known.2. Negative words + helping word + S+VNever could I find the picture.3. So+adj. /adv +helping word +S+VSo quickly did he run that no one could get him.4. N./adj. + as +S+VPoor as he was, he was honest.例题：长难句阅读Out of America's fascination with all things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub.考点补充1. 并列主语Compound SubjectConsists of two or more subjects joined by a coordinating conjunctionand, both…and…Li Lei and Han Meimei are good friends.Seeing and listening are two ways of accepting new information.E.g.1Both her work on community service projects and her dedication to learning (A)has gained (B) Ms. Stevens the respect of (C) the entire (D) faculty.Pay Attention to “each”Each paper and exam contributes to your final grade.The research paper and the final exam each contribute 25 percent toward your final grade.考点补充2. 就近一致1) A or B2)Not A but B3)Either A or B B的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数4) A nor B5)Not only A but also B6) Neither A nor B7) There beE.g.1 Of (A) the two options, neither (B) the system of appointing judges to the bench nor the process of electing (C) judges are (D) entirely satisfactory.There is an apple and two bananas.There are two bananas and an apple.E.g.2 There is (A), in spite of the large bay window and (B) the new floors, many reasons, such as the poor location and the small basement, for (C) Nancy not to buy (D) the house.真题练习：1.On the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), for example, students intending to study philosophy in graduate school has scored higher than students in all but four other majors.A) NO CHANGEB) have scoredC) scoresD) scoring2. This trend, combined with the increasing accessibility of information via the Internet, has led some to claim that librarianship is in decline as a profession.A) NO CHANGEB) haveC) which haveD) which has3. As I walked through the exhibit, I overheard a visitors’ remark,“You know, that grandfather clock actually runs.A) NO CHANGEB) visitors remarking,C) visitor remarked,D) visitor remark4. Like any other health problems, these ailments can increase employee absenteeism, which, in turn, is costly for employers.A) NO CHANGEB) areC) is beingD) have been5. Yet some of the earliest known works of art, including paintings and drawings tens of thousands of years old found on cave walls in Spain and France, portrays animals.A) NO CHANGEB) portrayingC) portrayD) has portrayed6. According to such organizations as the US Environmental Protection Agency, the minute amountsof residue falling within such limits have no negative impact on human health.A) NO CHANGEB) is havingC) has hadD) has7. Not all research into regional English varieties requires such time, effort, and resources, however.A) NO CHANGEB) are requiringC) have requiredD) require8. Proponents of organic food, of course, are quick to add that their are numerous other reasons to buy organic food, such as, a desire to protect the environment from potentially damaging pesticides or a preference for the taste of organically grown foods.A) NO CHANGEB) there areC) there isD) their is补充练习：1. Sui Sin Far and Edith Eaton are both a name (A) used by an early twentieth-century writer whose(B) psychological realism continues to bring (C) her characters to life (D) for today’s readers.2.In the early twentieth century, telephone companies supported (A) the cause of (B) financial independence for women by providing (C) many with respectable jobs as a switchboard operator (D).3. Cino de Mayo, or May 5 , the date of a famous military victory , is celebrated with such an activity as dancing , parades, musical performances, and feasts.A)NO CHANGEB)with an activity such asC)with such activities asD)in such activities like4. Introducing(A) new ideas and replacing old ones(B) are(C) a highly controversial matter , especially when(D) there is already tension between an older and a younger generation.5. The Andes mountain chain, which includes some of the Western Hemisphere’s highest peaks, are much more formidable as barriers to transportation than the Rocky Mountains are.A) NO CHANGEB) are barrier, and much more formidableC) is a much more formidable barrierD) as barriers, are much more formidable6. A significant factor (A) to include in the budget when buying (B) a car are the costs of (C) fuel and maintenance and the insurance payments (D).7. Anne Tyler's novel The Accidental Tourist features (A) a character whose (B) obsession with saving time and money are (C) absurd, yet somehow plausible.8. Peter's seemingly effortless (A) flights, achieved through (B) the use of sophisticated technical equipment, continues (C) to delight those who see the play Peter Pan.9.Critics contend that (A) reforms in welfare has not managed (B) to bring the high percentage of our nation's children living in poverty the economic security that they need (C) to thrive.10. The record left by fossils, the ancient remains of plants and animals, provide (A) scientists with(B) their primary source of (C) information about prehistoric life.11. Available through the school’s guidance office is (A) a job directory and a list of job referral centers that provide (B) information for students in need of (C) employment.12. Mastery of (A) cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques are (B)mandatory for (C) firefighters and police officers as wells as rescue squad volunteers.13. The professor’s insistence on high standards and rigorous examinations are(A) not, despite what students think, part of(B) a plan to withhold high grades from them(C).14. Although the exact cause of type 2 diabetes is unknown, experts say that for some people improper diet and lack of exercise contributes to the onset of the disease.A)exercise contributesB)exercise, they contributeC)exercise contributeD)exercise, contributing15. Many farmers and agronomists believe that the recent boom in crop production—fueled by the intensive use of farmland and increased dependence on herbicides and pesticides-have come with hidden costs.A)NO CHANGEB)hasC)areD)OMIT the underlined portion16.During (A) the night, there is (B) usually two German shepherds at the warehouse to guard against(C) robbery attempts.17. Although the details of the contract has (A) not yet been announced, it is likely that (B) union negotiators accepted the proposed training program for (C) newly hired workers.18. A newly formed organization of homeowners and business people have met with (A) the transportation department to voice (B) its concerns about (C) plans for a shopping mall in the community.19. Freedom of action and expression are (A) at the foundation not only of our system of government but also of our expectations concerning (B) human relations at all (C) Level s of society.20. The newly elected (A) Prime Minister, to the dismay (B) of opponents from other parties, have argued (C) for the strict regulation of campaign financing.21. Biologists working to rescue the giant condor from extinction uses radio telemetry and satellite signals to track banded birds.A) uses radio telemetry and satellite signals to trackB) using radio telemetry and satellite signals to trackC) use radio telemetry and satellite signals to trackD) to track, by use of radio telemetry and satellite signals,22. A soft lullaby and the drumroll of thunder during a summer storm are but two of the diverse sounds that can be perceived by the human ear.A) that can be perceived by the human earB) that is perceived by the human earC) in which the human ear can perceiveD) that they can perceive with the human earthe proposed health clinics and the proposed(D) opportunities.27. The credit for making Franz Kafka internationally(A) famous as a writer belong(B) to his friend,novelist Max Brod, who edited(C) Kafka’s unpublished manuscripts and then(D) had them published, despite Kafka’s dying wishes to the contrary.28.Although the details of the contract has(A) not yet been announced, it is likely that(B) union negotiators accepted the proposed(C) training program for(D) newly hired workers.29. During the night, there is(B) usually two German shepherds at the warehouse to guard against(C) robbery attempts(D).30. Although(A) naturalists have identified six hundred different forms of the corion snail, there is(B) actually no more than(C) two true species within(D) this genus.31. Inscribed on the wall is(A) the names of those who left(B) their(C) homes in the village to travel(D) to the United States.32. A newly formed organization of homeowners and business people have met with(A) the transportation department to voice(B) its concerns about(C) plans for(D) a shopping mall in the community.33. After(A) 140 years under the sea(B), the remains of the Monitor, an ironclad warship that was sunk during the Civil War, is being(C) gradually brought to(D) the surface.34. Innovative use of computers in the classroom allows students to undertake(A) projects that encourages them(B)to be both(C) analytical and intellectually adventurous(D).35. Freedom of action and expression are(A) at the foundation not only of(B) our system of government but also of our expectations concerning(C)human relations at all(D) Level s of society.36. The United States is the world’s largest producer of(A) cranberries and cranberry products, most(B) of which is consumed(C) there and in(D) Canada.37. The uncompromising(A) tone of a recent city hall ordinance concerning(B) the blocking of emergency vehicles in traffic jams carry(C) a stem warning to(D) motorists.38. At the heart of the program, enthusiastically endorsed(A) by the city's business association, is(B) plans for refurbishing neighborhoods and for making(C) low, interest mortgages available to(D) young families.39. The candidate called for medical insurance reform, but to me he seemed less interested in the plight of uninsured citizens than in(B) whether enough is(C) registered(D) to vote.40. The newly elected(A) Prime Minister, to the dismay(B) of opponents from other parties, haveargued(C) for the strict regulation of(D) campaign financing.41. The historic Woodacre building, which house(A) several university departments, was demolished to make(B)room for(C) a parking lot, dismaying alumni who had supported(D) the university for decades.42. Only by tapping(A) their last reserves of energy was(B) the team members able to salvage(C)what was beginning(D) to look like a lost cause.43. Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied (A) for years, but (B) only recently has(C) the harmful effects of noise pollution become (D) known.46. Absent from(A) the speech were(B) any mention of the students and laboratory technicians upon whose(C)contributions the chemist had depended heavily(D).47. Never before had(A) a group of artists been so isolated(B) from society and from(C) official patronage as was(D)the so-called Impressionists.48. The grooved and barbed spears of the box jellyfish, each(A) trailed by(B) a poison thread, is released(C) when(D)the animal is threatened.49. Waterways close to land poses(A) challenges to navigation that differ(B)greatly from(C)those(D) posed by the openseas.Chapter3.Verb8. Tense1. Simple past(did)an action occurs in the pastTime range: recently, yesterday, ago, in+过去时间，last year；E.g. I work in a travel agency now. I worked in a shop last year.E.g.1 Dr. Chien-Shiung Wu has disproved a widely accepted theory of physics when she showed that identical nuclear particles do not always act alike.A) as disprovedB) having disprovedC) disprovedD) disprovesE.g.2 As I entered the Pantheon, a building that has existed in Rome since ancient times, my brother is turning to me to whisper that the great rotunda of the Pantheon was a haven of peace and harmony.A) is turning to me to whisperB) turned to me and whisperedC) turns and also whispers to meD) would turn and whisper to me。
新动SAT语法讲义
SAT 语法部分简介语法部分属于SAT reasoning test 中的写作(writing)板块，与essay writing 分值一起组成写作板块的总分。
SAT语法之所以被划分在Writing Skills当中，是因为它实际是考查考生对英语的标准书面语（Standard Written English）的掌握程度，并非琐碎复杂的语法知识，SAT语法规则有时和我们通常所学的语法书上的知识点有所出入，规则也不尽相同。
其考试题型和考试重点也与中国的语法题目大相径庭。
因此SAT的语法具有特殊性，它追求的是“好的语法”，是恰当的，最符合英语国家文化传统与语言习惯的用法。
SAT的语法规则，也就是像OG当中所阐述的那样，是一种“the rules of good written English”，具有准确，清晰，简洁的特点，杜绝口语化、模糊和冗余的表达。
表现在做题方面，不仅仅会考到你是否能判断这个句子正确与否，而且会考到这个句子是否有效和简洁。
这就大大提升了题目的难度。
比如说有些句子在TOEFL中是对的，但是在SAT语法里面就是错误的，因为它不够简洁有效。
整个语法部分包括三种题型：ISE(Identifying sentence errors，即挑错题)、IS(Improving sentences，即句子改进题)、IP(Improving paragraphs，即段落改进题)，所有题目均为五选一。
SAT语法部分的49个选择题分布在两个section，其中 ISE（句子挑错题）18 小题、IS（句子改进题）25 小题、IP（段落改进题）6 小题。
三种题型所考查的侧重点各不相同，从OG和真题上对各部分考试目的和内容的解析中可以得出这一点。
如在 ISE 的介绍中，对考生的要求是“The ability to recognize grammar and usage errors”，强调语法和固定用法的使用是否正确；而IS对考生的要求则变成了“the ability to recognize and write clear, effective and accurate sentences”，从语法知识转移到了清晰，准确，简洁的表达方式。
SAT语法知识点汇集(二)
SAT语法知识点汇集（二）SAT考试不可或缺的另一个科目就是SAT语法，也是考生失分最为严重的一项。
针对这种情况，文都国际教育小编为各位考生整理了SAT语法考试知识点，希望大家在备考阶段能够着重掌握。
SAT语法知识点汇集：21. 代词指代不能指代不清，隐藏指代。
如代词画线应当首先考虑指代问题。
This，these不能指代前面出现的单数和复数名词，而要使用如：“such+指代名词”的形式来消除这种模糊指代。
不可单独使用that指代前面的不可数名词，而一般使用“that of +n”的结构。
One和you，they不能混用，one只能指代she或he.22. 比较事物要具有可比性，不同事物不可进行比较，往往比较要遵从平行和简洁的原则。
(通常like/unlike/similar to/compared with置于句首时，要首先考虑为比较问题)。
Like+n强调同一类事物在某方面具有相似性;as+句子强调动作的相似性(具体的人和事物比较一般都是性质的比较，用like)。
Like/unlike一般放在句首，放在句尾容易引起歧义。
比较级和than同时出现或没有。
两者之间比较使用比较级，三者或以上使用最高级。
er和more都可以表示比较级，但二者不可同时出现。
23. 主谓一致：句子的主语和谓语动词应当在数与形式上保持一致(A of B真正的主语是A，除非A是数量词，谓语由A决定)。
有时候介词结构开头，真正的主语其实在后面，注意识别倒装句。
(当否定词seldom，never，hardly等在句子开头，主句使用部分倒装。
)。
复数名词/代词+each(复数)，each of 复数名词(单数),a total of+复数名词(复数)，neither作主语(单数)。
文学性的总称都是不可数名词。
E.g. literature; poetry; prose.24. 时态要符合大背景，客观事实与真理使用一般现在时，if和unless在未来发生时也用一般现在时。
SAT语法学习讲义
SAT语法学习讲义SAT语法学习讲义修辞倒装1.在以never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, not only, not until, nor, little, nowhere, hardly….when, no sooner….than, by no means, under no circumstances 等开头的句子中，主谓要倒装。
这些都是表示否定或半否定意义的词或词组。
例如：Never have I come across such a difficult problem. 我还从没有遇到过这样困难的问题。
Seldom do I read such magazines. 我很少读这种杂志。
No sooner had they left than the bus arrived. 他们刚走，公共汽车就来了。
2.在以"only+状语"开头的句子中，主谓要倒装。
这里only后面必须跟有它修饰的状语或状语从句，这是关键。
否则就不倒装。
例如：Only after the war was over was man able to realize the wickedness of the atomic bomb. 只是在战争结束后人类才意识到原子弹的可恶。
(注意：only 引导的状语从句不倒装，主句倒装。
) Only then did I realize the importance of English. 只在那时我才意识到英语的重要性。
Only in this way can we improve ourselves. 只有用这种方法我们才能不断提高自己。
Only after you finish it can you leave. 只有结束它以后，你才能离开。
(主句倒装) 注意：Only 如不在句首，或only 修饰的不是状语，则不倒装。
新动SAT语法讲义
SAT 语法部分简介语法部分属于SAT reasoning test 中得写作(writing)板块,与essay writing 分值一起组成写作板块得总分。
SAT语法之所以被划分在Writing Skills当中,就是因为它实际就是考查考生对英语得标准书面语(Standard Written English)得掌握程度,并非琐碎复杂得语法知识,SAT语法规则有时与我们通常所学得语法书上得知识点有所出入,规则也不尽相同。
其考试题型与考试重点也与中国得语法题目大相径庭。
因此SAT得语法具有特殊性,它追求得就是“好得语法”,就是恰当得,最符合英语国家文化传统与语言习惯得用法。
SAT得语法规则,也就就是像OG当中所阐述得那样,就是一种“the rules of good written English”,具有准确,清晰,简洁得特点,杜绝口语化、模糊与冗余得表达。
表现在做题方面,不仅仅会考到您就是否能判断这个句子正确与否,而且会考到这个句子就是否有效与简洁。
这就大大提升了题目得难度。
比如说有些句子在TOEFL中就是对得,但就是在SAT语法里面就就是错误得,因为它不够简洁有效。
整个语法部分包括三种题型:ISE(Identifying sentence errors,即挑错题)、IS(Improving sentences,即句子改进题)、IP(Improving paragraphs,即段落改进题),所有题目均为五选一。
SAT语法部分得49个选择题分布在两个section,其中 ISE(句子挑错题)18 小题、IS(句子改进题)25 小题、IP(段落改进题)6 小题。
三种题型所考查得侧重点各不相同,从OG与真题上对各部分考试目得与内容得解析中可以得出这一点。
如在 ISE得介绍中,对考生得要求就是“The ability to recognize grammar and usage errors”,强调语法与固定用法得使用就是否正确;而IS对考生得要求则变成了“the ability to recognize and write clear, effective and accurate sentences”,从语法知识转移到了清晰,准确,简洁得表达方式。
SAT语法讲义（完整版）
SAT语法讲义（完整版）SAT语法讲义Identifying Sentence Errors一、主谓一致1. 就前原则(1) N1 of N2 verb（SAT考试中动词的单复数与N1有关，与N2无关）如：a group of students arethe details of the problems are例：The bright (A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only (C) in his home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York.No error (E). (P161.1)(2) 名词1+介词+名词2 如：students in the classroom名词，插入语，verb名词+doing/done 如：students studying hard例：Flints found in (A) the region extending from the Nile Valley to (B) the highlands of eastern Iraq attests to (C) the presence of people there as long ago as (D) one hundred thousand years. No error (E). (P166.3)2.“欲擒故纵”法动词单复数做题基本原则是就前原则，如果句子太长、太难、太复杂时，用“欲擒故纵”法。
3.动词单复数的特殊固定用法(1) a number of 一些；一般情况下其后动词用复数，（不受任何规律限制）；the number of …的数量；其后的动词在任何情况下都用单数。
量词考点：a group/list/line of 使用“就前原则”(2) 倒装结构：就后原则。
sat语法知识点总结
sat语法知识点总结IntroductionThe SAT is an important test for high school students planning to attend college. One of the sections of the SAT is the Writing and Language section, which tests students' understanding of grammar, style, and punctuation. In this section, students are required to identify errors, improve sentence structure, and revise passages to improve clarity and effectiveness. Therefore, it is crucial for students to have a strong grasp of grammar and syntax. In this article, we will provide an in-depth summary of the essential grammar rules and concepts that students should know for the SAT Writing and Language section.Subject-Verb AgreementOne of the fundamental principles of grammar is subject-verb agreement. This rule dictates that a singular subject should have a singular verb, and a plural subject should have a plural verb. For example, "The cat sits on the mat" uses a singular verb "sits" to agree with the singular subject "cat." On the other hand, "The cats sit on the mat" uses a plural verb "sit" to agree with the plural subject "cats."However, subject-verb agreement can become tricky when dealing with compound subjects and collective nouns. In the case of compound subjects joined by "and," the verb should be plural. For example, "Mary and John are going to the party." However, if the compound subject refers to a single entity or idea, the verb should be singular. For instance, "Bread and butter is my favorite snack."Additionally, collective nouns, which refer to a group of people or things as a single entity, can be singular or plural depending on the context. For example, "The team is practicing for the game" treats the team as a single unit, so the verb is singular. Conversely, "The team are arguing among themselves" treats the team as individuals, so the verb is plural.Pronoun-Antecedent AgreementAnother important concept in grammar is pronoun-antecedent agreement. A pronoun must agree in number, gender, and person with its antecedent, the word to which the pronoun refers. For example, "The student handed in her assignment" uses the feminine pronoun "her" to agree with the feminine antecedent "student."When dealing with indefinite pronouns such as "everyone," "anyone," and "someone," it is essential to remember that they are singular and should take singular pronouns. For instance, "Everyone should do his or her best" uses the singular pronouns "his or her" to agree with the singular indefinite pronoun "everyone."However, some indefinite pronouns, such as "both," "few," and "several," are plural and should take plural pronouns. For example, "Both of the girls received their awards" uses the plural pronoun "their" to agree with the plural indefinite pronoun "both."ModifiersModifiers are words or phrases that provide additional information about another element in the sentence. It is crucial to place modifiers close to the word they modify to avoid confusion or ambiguity. For example, "I only have three cookies" suggests that the speaker possesses nothing except three cookies, whereas "I have only three cookies" indicates the speaker's possession of three, and only three, cookies.Furthermore, dangling modifiers occur when the word or phrase a modifier should logically describe is missing from the sentence. For instance, "Running down the street, the mailbox was knocked over" suggests that the mailbox was running, which is illogical. To fix this, the sentence can be revised to "Running down the street, he knocked over the mailbox," where the subject of the modifier is clear.ParallelismParallelism refers to the use of grammatically similar elements to create balance and rhythm in a sentence. In lists or series of items, each item should be in the same grammatical form. For example, "She likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bike" is not parallel, as "to ride a bike" should be "riding a bike" to match the other items in the list. The corrected sentence is "She likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bike."Moreover, parallel structure should be maintained in comparisons. For instance, "She is more talented, smarter, and has a better attitude" lacks parallel structure, as "has" disrupts the parallel form. The revised sentence is "She is more talented, smarter, and more positive in attitude."Sentence StructureUnderstanding sentence structure is crucial for creating clear and effective writing. A sentence should have a subject and a verb to express a complete thought. Fragments, which lack a subject, a verb, or do not express a complete thought, should be avoided. For example, "While waiting for the train" is a fragment that can be revised to "While waiting for the train, I read a book."Furthermore, run-on sentences occur when two independent clauses are joined together without proper punctuation or conjunctions. For instance, "I like to run I enjoy the feeling of freedom" is a run-on sentence that can be fixed by adding a comma and a coordinating conjunction: "I like to run, and I enjoy the feeling of freedom."CommasCommas are versatile punctuation marks that serve various purposes in writing. They can be used to separate items in a list, set off introductory phrases, and offset non-essential information. However, it is crucial to use commas correctly to avoid confusion and misinterpretation.A common mistake is the misuse of the comma splice, which occurs when a comma is used to join two independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon. For instance, "I like to read, I find it relaxing" is a comma splice that can be corrected by adding a conjunction: "I like to read, and I find it relaxing."Moreover, commas should be used to set off non-essential information, but not essential information. For example, "The book, which was published last year, is quite popular" uses commas to set off non-essential information. Conversely, "The woman who is wearing a red dress is my sister" does not use commas because "who is wearing a red dress" is essential to identify the woman.PunctuationIn addition to commas, proper usage of other punctuation marks, such as semicolons, colons, and dashes, is essential for clear and effective writing. Semicolons can be used to join closely related independent clauses without a conjunction, to separate items in a list when the items contain commas, and to clarify a series of item...。
SAT考试重点语法讲解
SAT考试重点语法讲解SAT语法的考点很多，本文汇总聚集了几乎全部重点的SAT语法出题点和考点，知识点的列举很简洁，但是想要拿高分的话考生还须结合大量练习。
希望大家可以在做真题时自己结合考点，活学活用，在运用中发现自己的问题和弱项，集中突破。
一、平行结构SAT非常青睐平行结构，平行结构也是必考考点之一。
平行结构是指两个或以上句法或功能相似的句子成分，通过连词将他们完美的连接起来。
完美的平行结构要在词性上保持一致，也要在句式上保持一致。
例：Some parents believe that excessive television viewing not only by itself can waste their children’s time， but also that it lower their attention spans.这显然不是一个完美的平行结构not only but also 需要保持A与B的一致。
正确答案 believe not only that excessive television viewing wastes常见平行结构短语(保持词性和句式的一致)：not only A but also BBoth A and BEither A or BNeither A nor BA rather than/instead of BFrom A to BPrefer A to B例：I learn a lot from this book， not that book.这个句子看似没有错误，但已经犯了SAT中平行原则的错，最好在that book 前加上from。
平行结构中and 是一个重要的“符号”。
平行句的前后一般都有and 连接起来。
例如看到了and doing，那么前面必定有个doing;看到and because 则前面比有一个because 从句。
二、代词指代作为一个SAT必考内容，无论在IS还是ISE中都频繁出现。
SAT语法讲义3(Subject-verb Agreement)
Pronoun Error
Misplaced Modifiers
Subject-Verb Agreement Faulty Parallelism Faulty Verb Tense Faulty Comparisons Idiom
Sentence Fragments Adjectives/Adverbs Run-on Sentence
2. 连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语 Eg. ★ You look the same. ★ The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer.
主谓一致的三原则
1. 语法一致原则 2. 意义一致原则
3. 就近原则
语法一致原则
单主 复主 单谓 复谓
Eg. ★The number of errors was surprising. ★ We love our motherland.
※ 谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、
“是什么” 或“怎么样”
※ 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后 ※ 谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成 简单谓语和复合谓语
＊不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都 是简单谓语 Eg. ★ I like walking. ★ I made your birthday cake last night. ★ It is used by travelers and business people all over the world. ＊复合谓语 1. 情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的重复谓语 Eg. ★ What does this word mean? ★ I won’t do词或代词或其他词的数的形式，来 决定其自身的数的形式 Eg. ★ Not only his children but also he himself wants to go there.（want） ★ Either my wife or I am going to work there. (be)
7个SAT语法考试知识点
7个SAT语法考试知识点7个SAT语法考试知识点在SAT语法考试知识点中主谓一致占了很大的一部分，大家必须要在备考自己的SAT语法考试的时候，对主谓一致进行具体的梳理。
下面我就为大家整理了在SAT语法知识点中，关于主谓一致的分类，非常具体，供大家参照。
主语和谓语应在数上坚持它们的一致性，即复数主语必须用复数谓语;同样，单数主语必须用单数谓语。
所以，在SAT语法题中一定要清楚地推断出主语和谓语的单复数形式来保证我们做题的正确率。
SAT语法知识点解析1. 单复数混用这种题型相对来说是比较简单并且显而易见的，但是同学们做题的时候一定要十分细心。
2. 由and连接的主语两个名词或者代词有and进行连接并且充当句子的主语，如果它们表示的是两样东西，则必须用复数谓语。
3. 倒装句的主谓一致在SAT的考试中，常常出现倒装句配合主谓一致的状况。
4. 主语+插入语+谓语此种题型在SAT语法考试中出现的频率十分的高，大家要有足够的熟悉。
我们知道插入语在整个句子中是不占成分的，也就说我们可以忽略不计，通常以两个逗号的形式在句子中出现。
5. 抽象概念主语用单数由于抽象概念的主语通常来说是一个不可数名词，所以谓语部分一般都用单数形式。
6. 就前原则名词1 +介词+ 名词2在SAT考试中出现此种状况，谓语动词的单复数与名词1有关，与名词2无关如：teachers in the office are7. 谓语动词单复数的固定用法a number of + 复数名词：表示一些;一般状况下主语为此短语中的"复数名词'部分，所以其后谓语动词用复数;the number of +复数名词：表示什么东西的数量;这个短语的主语中心词是"the number'，其后的动词在任何状况下都用单数;当然如果换成"the numbers of+复数名词'的状况，谓语动词用复数。
以上就是这7个SAT语法知识点的全部内容，从中我们可以看到，主谓一致的核心内容是非常简单的，但是由此延伸出来的概念非常丰富。
SAT基础班语法讲义
SAT基础语法讲义一语法section 简介SAT语法隶属于写作部份，由三部份组成：ISE(Identifying Sentence Errors), IS(Improving Sentences)和IP(Improving Paragraphs)。
分值散布是：ISE-18道，IS-25道，IP-6道，其中的IS和IP部份是新的题型，在国内的考试和国外常见的考试里都没有见到过，也是很多考生提高成绩的瓶颈的地址。
二SAT常考语法体系：1，主谓一致。
尤其用于倒装时，比如there be句型或地址状语至于句首，要找到真正的主语；有插入语时，要勇敢的抛弃非中心部份，找到真正的主语；主谓一致还会出此刻一些固定用法中，可是一样比较简单，比如neither nor或not only but also等等。
2，逻辑主语，当分词或形容词放在句首，必然要考虑它的主语问题。
3，时态的混用，常出的错误是：have＋过去式，过去完成时和一样过去式混用，此刻完成时和一样过去式的混用。
4，名词和代词，常常名词单复数混淆，男女混淆，主格宾格混淆；也会在their、it和they之间指代不明；关于指代，跨段之间不能指代，it不能指代整个句子，只能指代一个名词或动作，one和they不能彼此指代，one和you也不能彼此指代；this不能单独充当主语和宾语。
5，同类比较，只有同类的东西才能用于as well as和than句型。
EG：The population of China is larger than that of America.6，adj和adv的混用：adj修饰名词，adv能够修饰除名词外的大部份词。
Adj和adv二者之间用比较级，三者或三者以上用最高级。
7，句子结构上，“，”不能连接两个句子，“；”等于and，必需连接两个句子；且一个长句中，谓语动词和连接词的数量要平稳。
Tips：1，having，being放在句中是错误的，放在句首是正确的。
SAT语法
SAT语法讲义（1）1.句子完整性（“主语+ing”型错误）OG 538.12OG 538.15B809.14B533.162.主谓一致——谓语动词划线，找主语中心词！主语和相应的谓语动词在数上需要保持一致，不可数和单数的主语搭配单数动词，复数主语搭配复数动词。
例如：Tom goes to school every day.从总体上来看，IE部分考察主谓一致的题目的标志为：谓语动词划线，主谓关系模糊（具体手法后面讲）我们的解题手段为：找出主谓结构，尤其是主语的中心词——因为它才是我们判断主语的数的依据。
我们来看一道题：OG 725.27好，下面我们看SA T的出题人具体是如何给我们设置障碍的，我们先看第一类障碍：2.1 主语的数不易判断主谓一致实际上是一个很大的知识点，但是SA T对主谓一致的考察范围并不太广，尤其是在主语数的判断上，考察的并不多，下面我们分五点讲一下：2.1.1名词的数单复数同形的名词：species, means, fish ,deer, sheep, plastics不规则变化的名词：datum/data; medium/media*（不考）强调整体为单数，强调个体为复数的集合名词：jury, audience, committee, staff, family, government, group, union, teamMy family are all early risers.My family is a happy one.*非谓语动词（to do/doing）一般按单数对待B647.20OG 602.162.1.2不定代词的数1. Each/one/no one 以及Some/every/any + one/body each/every+Noun 单数2. few, many, several, both 复数3. All/Some/ most of ＋可数名词复数——复数Some of the apples are eaten.＋可数名词单数、不可数名词单数Some of the apple is eaten.例题：B755.15B 297.32.1.3联合主语的数Either A or B/Neither A nor B/Not only A but also B 就近一致Both A and B/A and B 一般复数例题：B533.18B589.19例外：OG 846.142.1.5作定语从句主语的关系代词(which/who/that)的数定语从句的连接词可能作主语，例如Y esterday I bought a book, which was very cheap.那么which就是定语从句的主语，它的数要与它的先行词，也就是book保持一致，然后再来看它的谓语动词是否与它主谓一致。
SAT标准讲义(完整版)
(where: in which or from which)
IE考点归纳
代词：平行结构
人称上的一致 ＋ 单复数一致
例：
If one does not enjoy fearless pigeons landing you for food, one
should avoid St. Mark’s Squat in Venice. No error
用单数形式
② 倒转语序的主谓一致 完全倒装 部分倒装
③ 就近一致的主谓关系 or, either or, not only...but also.., neither…nor…, not...but... ④ with, plus, along with, as well as等紧随主语的情况下，谓语单复数由 最前面的主语决定
（考察动词进行时）
IE考点归纳
动词：虚拟语气
① 出现特征：if 引导虚拟语气
从句 （if 条件句） 过去 现在 had done did 主句 would have done would do
将来
would do were to do
would (could, might, should) do
IE考点归纳
② 指代错误： （代词的所指内容与指代对象不符） Many of the students which were chosen for the National Student Leadership Conference opted for the U.S. Politics and Policies program; they spent several days attending Congressional events and
SAT语法
SAT GrammarLi KanAim:This course is designed to provide students with the basic grammar knowledge, general skills for each type of questions and reasoning techniques necessary for doing well on the SAT grammar, which is included in the SAT writing section. The course will also provide students with thetest-taking skills, language expertise, and guidance which students need to achieve their goals and maximize their SAT score.Objectives:The major objectives of the training program are to help the students:•Familiarizing the students with the SAT•Familiarizing the students with the format and directions of the SAT grammar part •Understanding the most frequently tested grammatical points and the ways in which these points are tested•Developing general skills for each types of questions, i.e. ISE, IS and IP questions •Cultivating students’ awareness to express their ideas clearly, effectively, and accurately •Enhancing students’ ability to use the reasoning ability and the grammatical knowledge to do well in the SAT grammar sectionRequired Materials:Official Guide to the SAT testSuggested Materials:SAT Online TestsSAT questions of the daySAT authentic papersContentIntroduction for the SAT Grammar Section(SAT语法部分综述)： (4)Most Important and Most Frequently Tested Points of ISE (ISE主要考点)： (4)Typical ISE questions(ISE补充典型例题)： (6)Summary for ISE(ISE知识体系总结)： (10)Basic steps to solve IS questions(IS基本解题步骤)： (11)Typical IS questions (IS补充典型例题)： (12)Summary for IS (IS知识体系总结)： (18)Basic steps to solve IP questions (IP基本解题步骤)： (19)Additional ISE practices (ISE补充练习题)：Part1 (20)Part2: (27)Part3: (29)Part4:Without underlines and choices(没有选项更刺激) (31)Additional IS practices (IS补充练习题)： (48)Model Test 1 (检测题1): (58)Model Test 2 (检测题2): (66)SAT1 Score Conversion Table(SAT1分数转换表)： (73)Important Idioms for SAT Grammar Section: (75)Introduction for the SAT Grammar Section(SAT语法部分综述)：1、Types of questions(题型)2、How to score?(计分)3、Our goal(我们的目标)Most Important and Most Frequently Tested Points of ISE(ISE主要考点)：1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、（1）（2）（3）Typical ISE questions(ISE补充典型例题)：(1) The light emitted by high-intensity-discharge car headlights are(A) very effective in activating(B) the reflective paints of road markers, thereby(C) making driving at night(D) safer. No error (E)(2) Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian-born immigrant(A) to the United States and an innovator in the field(B) of popular journalism, who established(C) the Pulitzer Prizes in(D) journalism and literature. No error (E)(3) Mr. Johnson’s assumption that a teenager had robbed his house being unfounded(A), for(B) the witnesses described the person they had seen(C) fleeing as a woman(D). No error (E)(4) Because the garden was untended(A), the windows had no(B) shutters, and the lawn overrun(C) by weeds, people passing by(D) the old house assumed that it was unoccupied. No error (E)(5) Many jazz enthusiasts would have to admit(A) that their having(B)unjustly overlooked(C) the music of Bennie Nawahi, who popularized(D) the Hawaiian steel guitar sound in the early 1930’s. No error (E)(6) The grooved and barbed spears of the box jellyfish, each(A)trailed by(B) a poison thread, is released(C)when(D) the animal is threatened. No error (E)(7) Among(A) the most dangerous environmental threats that we face are(B) “compu-garbage”, the nonbiodegradable and often toxic(C) waste resulting from the improper disposal of(D) obsolete personal computers. No error (E)(8) A farmer’s field can have more than 50,000 weed seeds per square meter(A) buried beneath the soil surface seeds (B) buried more than about one centimeter below(C) the soil surface do not receive enough (D) light to germinate. No error (E)(9) The Neuse River in North Carolina is thought to be(A) about two million years old, and there has(B) likely been human settlements in the basin for(C) at least(D) 14,000 years. No error (E)(10) Relying on dams for large-scale water storage and for(A) delivering water to places where(B) it does not naturally occur have(C) long-term effects on the balance between(D) groundwater and surface water and on the quality of the surrounding soil. No error (E)(11) Beginning in(A) the 1830’s, walking footraces in England, the United States, and continental Europe became mass spectator sports that(B) sometimes attract(C)over(D) 25,000 people. No error (E)(12) In the fifteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci suggested that defective vision can be corrected(A) by placing(B) a lens in direct contact(C)with(D) the eye. No error (E)(13) Until recently, most people entering(A) politics feel (B) that loss of privacy was a fair price(C) to pay for(D) the chance to participate in policy making. No error (E)(14) One subject of(A) Felipe Alfau’s second novel, published more than(B) 40 years after it has been(C) written(D), is the illusory nature of the passage of time. No error (E)(15) During(A) my most recent(B) trip, I came across(C) a wonderful antique store wandering(D) in the old quarter of the city. No error (E)(16) Ms. Kovak proudly displayed her research group’s(A)most ingenious invention(B), a vacuum cleaner that empties its own(C) dust bag when pressing a button(D). No error (E)(17)Over the past(A)two years, apparel manufacturers have(B) worked to meeting(C)the revised federal standards for the design (D)of uniforms.No error (E)(18) In order(A) for the audience to believe in and be engaged by(B) a Shakespeare character, they have(C) to come across as a real person(D) on the stage. No error (E)(19) By using electromagnetic sensors to record(A) the frequency of lightning strikes throughout(B) the United States, meteorologists have determined that(C)it occurs(D) at the rate of 2,000 per hour. No error (E)(20) Neither Ms. Perez nor(A) Ms. Tanaka believes(B) that watching as much television as her(C) son Sam does will lead(D) to anything productive. No error (E)(21) Seventy-five percent of what we perceive as (A) taste, especially (B) the perception of flavor, is really attributable to one’s sense (C) of smell (D). No error (E)(22) The explosions of the volcano Krakaroa in 1883 hurled rock and ash more than(A) 20 miles high, and it(B) could be heard(C) 3,000 miles away(D). No error (E)(23) The two centers of the immense(A) biological diversity on Earth are tropical ecosystems, which support(B) almost unbelievable(C) large numbers of plants and animals, and islands, which by their isolation(D) promote the rapid evolution of unique life forms. No error (E)(24) In 1952, when the Federal Communication Commission lifted its ban on new television stations, there were (A) 105 stations and 15 million households with television sets, but by (B) 1956 the number of stations had grown(C) to almost 500 and the number of households with sets at nearly(D) 35 million. No error (E)(25) Elephants use various(A) methods to combat excessive heat, such as fanning themselves(B) with their ears and to protect(C) their skin from the sun with layers(D) or mud and dust. No error (E)(26) There is(A)probably no(B) story more dramatic(C)than baseball’s(D) great hitter and right fielder, Hank Aaron. No error (E)(27) The great white shark is the more infamous(A)of all sharks(B), the star of(C) Peter Benchley’s bestselling novel Jaws, four Hollywood movies, and many(D) television specials. No error (E)(28) Shortly after (A) Queen Eleanor arrived in Nottingham in 1257 for a visit (B), she fled the town because she could(C) not stand the smell of coal smoke and was afraid(D) and feared for her health. No error (E)(29) Each year the television industry takes in billion of dollars in advertising(A) revenue annually(B) based on ratings information, but(C) it can owe advertisers tens of millions of dollars in free commercials when(D) ratings fall short of expectations. No error (E)Summary for ISE(ISE知识体系总结)：Basic steps to solve IS questions(IS基本解题步骤)：Typical IS questions (IS补充典型例题)：(1) Alongside the trail on which we ride our bikes each morning run a crooked line of rugged old oak trees.(A) run a crooked line of rugged old oak trees(B) runs a crooked line of rugged old oak trees(C) runs rugged old oak trees in a crooked line(D) there runs rugged old oak trees in a crooked line(E) there run a crooked line of rugged old oak trees(2) The program, and they consider it a model of health care that can be improved, so far involves patients with two diseases: diabetes and congestive heart failure.(A) and they consider it a model of health care that(B) considered by them to be a model of health care, which(C) which, considered as a model of health care and how it(D) which is considered a model for how health care(E) which they consider a model for health care, it(3) Psychologists advise that before making any major changes in your life, a person needs to focus on one’s goals.(A) your life, a person needs to focus on one’s goals(B) their life, a person needs to focus on their goals(C) their lives, focus on the goals(D) one’s life, you should focus on your goals(E) their lives, people should focus on their goals (4) When Sheila and Lucy visited the restaurant, she noticed that the menu had changed and that their favorite dish was no longer offered.(A) she noticed that the menu had changed(B) she notices that the menu has changed(C) she has noticed the menu changed(D) Sheila had noticed the menu changing(E) Sheila noticed that the menu had changed(5) Norman Rockwell was an illustrator and painter that was able to make a living at it.(A) Norman Rockwell was an illustrator and painter that was able to make a living at it(B) Norman Rockwell was able to make a living as an illustrator and painter(C) An illustrator and painter, Norman Rockwell was able to make a living at it(D) Able to make a living from them, Norman Rockwell illustrated and painted(E) By illustrating and painting was how Norman Rockwell was able to make a living(6) When the Berlin Wall, long a symbol of the Cold War, began to be torn down in 1989, five million people went to Berlin to celebrate that.(A) to celebrate that(B) for its celebration(C) to celebrate(D) in celebration of that(E) in celebrating(7) In Death of a Salesman Willy Loman mistakenly believes that his sons have no flaws, believing which leads to many problems for the entire family.(A) believing which leads(B) a belief that leads(C) and which is to lead(D) the belief of which leads(E) his believing this leads(8) In the sixteenth century, the forests were destroyed in Britain, which meant not only a shortage of the most important building material of the time, but also a fuel shortage.(A) the forests were destroyed in Britain, which meant not only a shortage(B) the forests in Britain were destroyed, which meant a shortage not only(C) the forests were destroyed in Britain, meaning a shortage not only(D) destruction of the forests in Britain meant not only a shortage(E) destruction of the forests in Britain meant a shortage not only(9) The apparently chaotic images in certain types of contemporary painting strike many viewers as both confusing but delightfully original.(A) but(B) but also(C) yet(D) and as(E) and (10) With 12 national forests, Idaho is at the center of the battle between those who want to profit from federal timberlands or the ones wanting them to be saved.(A) or the ones wanting them to be saved(B) and the ones wanting that they are saved(C) and those who want to save them(D) as well as others, wanting to save them(E) as well as those who want that it be saved(11) Experts disagree about what is the definition of intelligence and how to measure it.(A) what is the definition of intelligence and how to measure it(B) how to define intelligence, and also its measurement(C) how to define and measure intelligence(D) defining intelligence as well as measurement(E) the definition of intelligence and measuring it(12) To complete the music program, a student must present one vocal performance, one instrumental performance, and composing one original work.(A) and composing one original work(B) and one original composition(C) with one original composition(D) and to compose one original work(E) as well as the student’s original composition(13) Twice as many bird species inhabit Ecuador as in North America.(A) as in(B) as inhabit(C) instead of in(D) when compared to(E) than(14) Foot races of varying distances were the first and, for many years beginning in 776 B.C.E., as the only Olympic event.(A) as the only Olympic event(B) it was the only Olympic event(C) only they were Olympic events(D) only Olympic event(E) the only Olympic events(15)Chop suey originated in the United States, and many people assume that it was China.(A) and many people assume that it was(B) many people assuming(C) not, as many people assume, in(D) not what many people assume being(E) but many people assume it to be(16)The company announced that it would close all 53 of their commercial banking branches and they are to lay off 850 people.(A) their commercial banking branches and they are to lay(B) their commercial banking branches and laying(C) its commercial banking branches and laying(D) its commercial banking branches and to lay(E) its commercial banking branches and lay(17) Since last September Patricia has been working at the convenience store down the road.(A) has been working(B) works(C) is working(D) will be working(E) worked (18) Dr. Chien Shiung Wu has disproved a widely accepted theory of physics when she showed that identical nuclear particles do not always act alike.(A) has disproved(B) having disproved(C) disproved(D) disproves (E) disproving(19) Britain’s first Ice Age cave art----faint engravings of birds, ibexes, and a wild ox----were a recent discovery for a team of archaeologists in a cave at Creswell Crags in central England.(A) were a recent discovery for(B) were recently discovered by(C) was a recent discovery that(D) was recently discovered by(E) recently discovered by(20) Medical insurance coverage that requires high monthly premiums and that is beyond the financial means of many people.(A) that requires high monthly premiums and that is(B) that requires high monthly premiums and it is(C) requiring high monthly premiums are(D) with the requirements of high monthly premiums are(E) that requires high monthly premiums is(21) Although the exact cause of type 2 diabetes is unknown, experts say that for some people improper diet and lack of exercise contributes to the onset of the disease.(A) exercise contributes(B) exercise, they contribute(C) exercise contribute(D) exercise, contributing(22) Since scientific advances are central to progress, basic research deserving continuing support.(A) basic research deserving continuing support(B) basic research being what deserves continuing support(C) basic research deserves continuing support(D) continuing support is deserved by basic research(E) continuing support is what they deserve in basic research(23)We generally think of Canada as the northern neighbor of the United States, and more than half of the states extend farther north than Canada’s southernmost point.(A) States, and more than half of the states extend(B) States, and it is the case that more than half of the states extend(C) States, but more than half of the states extending(D) States, whereas more than half of the states are extending(E) States; however, more than half of the states extend(24)Jesse Jackson’s Rainbow PUSH Coalition was established to encourage populations to become socially and politically active, was created in 1996 by the merging of two groups Jackson had previously founded.(A) Coalition was established(B) Coalition is established(C) Coalition, establishing(D) Coalition, which being established(E) Coalition, established (25)Among the most flavorful cuisines in the United States, New Orleans has also become one of the most popular.(A) New Orleans has also become(B) New Orleans has also become famous as(C) the cuisine of New Orleans is also(D) cuisines in New Orleans also have become(E) also the cuisine of New Orleans is(26) Because she believed strongly that education was important for women as for men, Abigail Adams was unhappy that she had not been allowed to receive the classical education accorded to the males of her time.(A) Because she believed strongly that education was(B) Because of believing strongly in education as(C) Believing strongly that education was as(D) In believing strongly in education as(E) While she believed strongly that education was(27) Spread by rat fleas, millions of people in medieval Europe were killed by bubonic plague.(A) millions of people in medieval Europe were killed by bubonic plague(B) and millions of medieval Europeans were killed by bubonic plague(C) this led to the killing of millions of medieval Europeans by bubonic plague(D) bubonic plague in medieval Europe was why millions of people were killed(E) bubonic plague killed millions of people in medieval Europe(28) Though now one of the most famous abstract artists, critics once ridiculed Jackson Pollock for his technique of splattering paint on canvases.(A) critics once ridiculed Jackson Pollock(B) critics were once ridiculing Jackson Pollock(C) Jackson Pollock once ridiculed by critics(D) Jackson Pollock was once ridiculed by critics(E) Jackson Pollock, having once been ridiculed by critics(29) If asked to name a musical group with broad and lasting appeal, the Beatles would be the choice of many, no matter what kinds of music are actually preferred. (A) the Beatles would be the choice of many, no matter what kinds of music are actually preferred(B) the Beatles will be chosen by many people, no matter what kinds of music are actually preferred(C) the choice for many people, whatever kinds of music they actually prefer, would be the Beatles(D) many, who actually preferred different kinds of music, choose the Beatles(E) many people, no matter what kinds of music they actually prefer, would choose the Beatles(30) Carried by the strong, dry winds of the stratosphere, the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens caused dust that crossed the United States in three days and circled the globe in two weeks.(A) the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens caused dust that(B) Mount Saint Helens’ eruption in 1980 caused dust that(C) dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens(D) dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens that(E) there was dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens and it (31) Researchers have found that large fish are most likely to contain high levels of mercury than small fish.(A) are most likely to contain high levels of mercury than small fish(B) are more likely to contain high levels of mercury compared to small fish(C) are more likely than small fish to contain high levels of mercury(D) compared with small fish most likely to contain high levels of mercury(E) more likely contain high levels of mercury than in small fish(32) Last year, the average salary of a first-time teacher was $29.564 annually, increasing 3.2 percent over the previous year.(A) teacher was $29.564 annually, increasing 3.2 percent over(B) teacher was $29.564 annually, an increase of 3.2 percent over that of(C) teacher was $29.564, an increase of 3.2 percent from(D) teacher, $29.564, was an increase of 3.2 percent for(E) teacher, $29.564, increasing 3.2 percent from that of(33) Mainly through the efforts of Jane Goodall, apes were revealed to be not blundering, primitive automatons, but beings with as complex and subtle social lives like us.(A) as complex and subtle social lives like us(B) complex and subtle social lives just like us(C) as complex and subtle social lives as us(D) social lives complex and subtle just as ours(E) social lives as complex and subtle as ours(34) When for the first time the United States imported more oil than it exported, Americans should have realized that an energy crisis was imminent and could happen in the future .(A) was imminent and could happen in the future(B) could happen imminently in the future(C) will be imminent and happening soon(D) is an imminent thing(E) might be imminent(35) Because European filmmaking all but shut down during the First World War is the reason why the film industry in the United States rose to prominence.(A) Because European filmmaking all but shut down during the First World War is the reason why(B) Because European filmmaking all but shut down during the First World War,(C) European filmmaking all but shut down during the First World War,(D) With European filmmaking close to shutting down during the First World War, so(E) The fact that European filmmaking nearly shut down during the First World War is why(36) There is many challenges associated with starting one’s own business.(A) is many challenges associated(B) is many challenges to associate(C) is many challenges associating(D) are many challenges associated(E) are many challenges which associate (37) The old maxim “Let the buyer beware” suggeststhat as a buyer we are responsible for inspecting merchandise for flaws before paying for it.(A) as a buyer we are responsible(B) as a buyer it is their responsibility(C) the buyer is the responsible one(D) buyers are responsible(E) buyers are to be the ones responsible(38) Nursing and physical therapy are an example of health-care fields that have shortages in staffing.(A) are an example of health-care fields that(B) are examples of health-care fields that(C) are examples where health-care fields(D) exemplifies a health-care field that(E) exemplify health-care fields where they(39) Though they had earlier indicated otherwise, it was eventually decided upon by the legislators to have the bill passed.(A) it was eventually decided upon by the legislators to have the bill passed(B) it was eventually decided upon by the legislators to pass the bill(C) the eventual decision of the legislators was for passage of the bill(D) the legislator’s eventual decision was passing the bill(E) the legislators eventually decided to pass the bill(40) Bees must leave the safety of the hive to forage forfood many times a day, they are risking being eaten by any of a multitude of predators.(A) day, they are risking being eaten(B) day at the risk of being eaten(C) day risking them to be eaten(D) day; the risk is to be eaten(E) day; likewise, they risk being eaten(41) A Raisin in the Sun won for its author Lorraine Hansberry the distinction of being the first African American to receive the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award.(A) of being the first African American to receive(B) to be the first African American receiving(C) of the first African American to receive(D) that she had been the first African American to receive(E) that she was to be the first African American having received (42) A new deep-sea research vessel will be able to carry people to 99 percent of the ocean floor, it dives deeper than any such vessel has previously been able to.(A) floor, it dives(B) floor, which dives(C) floor, diving(D) floor, and they can dive(E) floor, where it can dive(43) Beginning in 1285, various commissions were set up in London for addressing the problem of coal smoke, of which complaints said had “infected and corrupted” the air.(A) for addressing the problem of coal smoke, of(B) by addressing the coal smoke problem,(C) to address the problem of coal smoke,(D) to address the problem of coal smoke, of(E) to address the coal smoke problem,Summary for IS (IS知识体系总结)：Basic steps to solve IP questions (IP基本解题步骤)：Additional ISE practices (ISE补充练习题)：Part11、The students have discovered(A) that they(B) can address issues more effectively through(C)letter-writing campaigns and not(D) through public demonstrations. No error (E)2、After(A) hours of futile debate, the committee has decided to postpone(B) further discussion of the resolution(C) until their(D) next meeting. No error (E)3、After the music recital, Alexandra enjoyed listening(A) to her friend Mohammed’s insightful interpretation, which she(B) thought was more sophisticated(C)than the other performers(D). No error (E)4、Originally a protest on(A)conventional(B) painting, the Pre-Raphaelite movement exerted(C) great influence on the art of its(D) time. No error (E)5、The board reviewing(A) the courses offered by the college found(B) that the quality of academic programs were(C) generally good but somewhat(D) uneven. No error (E)6、Most states have(A) various levels of football competition in their(B) high schools so that schools with similar(C) numbers of students compete only against them(D). No error (E)7、All states impose(A) severe penalties on(B) drivers who do not stop when he or she is(C)involved in(D) accidents. No error (E)8、In(A) 1828 Peter Cooper opened(B) the Canton Iron Works in Baltimore, Maryland, there(C) he built the country’s first functional(D) steam engine, the “Tom Thumb.” No error (E)9、A Spanish word for sun-dried clay bricks, adobe also refers(A) to structures built from such bricks(B) and to the clay soil from which (C) the bricks are made(D). No error (E)10、By the time(A) Mitzie and myself(B) got to the box office, all(C) of the tickets were sold out(D). No error (E)11、Cola nuts are the caffeine-rich nuts of Cola auminata and Cola nitida, evergreen forest trees that are native to(A) tropical West Africa and that are a member(B)of(C) the same botanical family as(D) cocas. No error (E)12、Long been(A) isolated from(B) the outside world and perched high in(C) the Tibetan Himalayas, Lhasa is the capital of Tibet, an autonomous region(D) of the People’s Republic of China. No error (E)13、Used in(A) sculpture, carving is the process and it reduces(B) substances such as(C) stone, wood, or ivory to a desired shape by cutting(D) or chipping away unnecessary parts. No error (E)14、Formerly(A) called manacles or shackles, handcuffs consist of(B) two metal rings, joined by(C) a short chain; once fastened shut, it requires(D) a key to open. No error (E)15、Most saxophones, except for(A) the straight-bodied sopranino and soprano models,(B)with(C) an upturned lower end and a detachable crook, or neck(D), at the upper end. No error (E)16、The United States is(A) the largest(B) producer of cranberries and cranberry products, most of them(C) are consumed there(D) and in Canada. No error (E)17、In the interior of the Arctic islands during the melting season, even small streams must be crossed with great care(A)because(B) near-zero water temperatures and the typically(C) rocky and unstable nature of stream(D) beds. No error (E)18、Like her(A) nonfiction, the writer(B) Jean Craighead George draws extensively not only from(C) published material but also from her own firsthand observations of(D) animals and ecological systems. No error (E)。
SAT 语法 讲义
EG: South Korea has witnessed the world’s most dramatic growth of Christian congregations：church membership is expanding by 6．6 percent a year, fully two-thirds of the growth coming from conversions rather than the population increasing.(A) coming from conversions rather than the population increasing(B) coming from conversions rather than increases in the population(C) coming from conversions instead of the population’s inc reasing(D) is from conversations instead of population increases(E) is from conversions rather than increasing the increases名词及相关修饰性成分1—1 Contrary to earlier conjectures，it may be that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of burning fossil fuels would cool the globe by reducing the amount of solar energy absorbed by snow．(A) increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of burning(B) increased atmospheric carbon dioxide resulting from the combustion of(C) increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the combustion of(D) carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that increased from burning(E) atmospheric carbon dioxide that increased from burning1—2 Rather than continue to produce most of the items necessary for subsistence, a growing number of farm families during the first decades of the nineteenth century began to specialize in the production of grain or cotton and to use the cash proceeds from selling their crops for buying necessities．(A) selling their crops for buying(B) the sales of their crops for buying(C) their selling of crops so as to buy(D) their selling crops for buying of(E) the sale of their crops to buy1—3 New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused reversals in the Earth’s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents 80million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.(A) splitting apart continents(B) the splitting apart of continents(C) split apart continents(D) continents split apart(E) continents that were split apart1-4 One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead to lowing interest rates，as well as lowering fears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, and a weakening of the dollar.(A)lowing interest rates，as well as lowering fears about inflation，(B)a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation，(C)a lowering of interest rates，along with fears about inflation，(D)interest rates being lowered，along with fears about inflation，(E)interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered，with1—5 Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances，but many of them can be harmful to health especially ii they are used improperly.(A) Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be(B) Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being(C) A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being(D) A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as(E) Household cleaning products may not be thought of，by consumers, as1—6 In the face of widespread concern about environmental waste，compact disc manufacturers are attempting to find a replacement for the disposable plastic box in which they package their product．(A) the disposable plastic box in which they(B) the disposable plastic box where they(C) a disposable plastic box in which to(D) disposable plastic boxes inside which they(E) the disposable plastic boxes in which to1—7 Following the nutrition board’s advice on salt consumption, it would mean a virtual end of the of salt in cooking, and avoidance of obviously salty foods, and reducing the reliance on processed foods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium.(A) reducing the reliance processed foods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium(B)reducing the reliance on processed foods containing often hidden but significant amounts of sodium(C)a reduction of the reliance on processed food, containing as they do often hidden sodium in(D) a reduced reliance on the significant amounts of hidden sodium often contained in processed foods(E)a reduced reliance on processed foods that contain significant but often hidden amounts of sodium1—8 The brochure notes that in the seminar the importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized.(A)importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized(B) importance of communication as a two-way process will be emphasized(c)importance of communication being a two-way process will be the emphasis(D)fact will be emphasized that communication is a two-way process and of importance(E) emphasis will be that communication being a two-way process is important1—9 Stable interest rates on long-term bonds are the financial market’s vote of confidence in the Federal Reserve keeping in control of inflation.(A)in the Federal Reserve keeping in control of inflation(B)that the Federal Reserve will keep inflation under control(C) for the Federal Reserve，that it would keep control of inflation(D)that inflation will be kept control of by the Federal Reserve(E)that inflation would be kept control of by the Federal Reserve1—10 Dr . Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance．(A) seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each specifically targeted at(B) seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each targeted specifically to(C) seeming unlimited number of antibodies，all specifically targeted at(D) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies，all of them targeted specifically to(E)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies，each targeted specifically at1——11 Recently there has been increased debate over if a budget surplus should go towards lower taxes or increased spending on social programs.(A)over if a budget surplus should go towards lower taxes or increased spending(B)over whether a budget surplus should go towards lowering taxes or increasing spending(C)about a budget surplus going towards lower taxes or increasing spending(D)about if lower taxes should come from budget surplus or spending increases(E)concerning a budget surplus and its going towards lower taxes or increased spendingE1—1 Once an apolitical confrontation of the world’s best athletes，the Summer Olympics have been increasingly politicized in recent years as the superpowers have denied many of the best athletes access to competition．(A) been increasingly politicized(B) been increasing politicization(C) been of increased politicization(D) politicized，increasingly，(E) increased politicizationE1—2 The economic forces which may affect the new public offering of stock include sudden downturns in the market，hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses，loosing the interest rates in Washington, and fearing that the company may still be undercapitalized．(A)loosing the interest rates in Washington，and fearing the company may still be undercapitalized(B)loosening the interest rates in Washington，and a fear of the company still being undercapitalized(C) a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and fearing that the company may still be undercapitalized(D)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and a fear of the still undercapitalized company(E)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and a fear that the company may still be undercapitalizedE1—3 Among the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades were the high cost of land，the pressure of housing and commercial development，and basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and California.(A)basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and California(B)basing a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce of Florida and California(C)basing a system of marketing and distribution on the import of produce from Florida and California(D) a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Florida and California(E) a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida and CaliforniaEl一4 School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central—city areas have contributed，according to a recent study，to significant increases in housing integration, which, in turn reduces any future need for busing.(A)significant increases in housing integration，which, in turn, reduces(B)significant integration increases in housing，which, in turn, reduces(C)increase housing integration significantly，which, in turn, reduces(D) increase housing integration significantly，in turn reducing(E)significantly increase housing integration，which, in turn, reduce2—1 Since 1986 enrollments of African Americans，American Indians，and Hispanic Americans in full-time engineering programs in the United States has steadily increased, while the number of other students who enter the field fallen．(A)has steadily increased，while the number of the students who enter the field has fallen(B) has steadily increased，while other students entering the field have declined in number(C) increased steadily，while there was a decline in the number of other students entering the field(D) have steadily increased，while the number of other students entering the field has fallen(E)have steadily increased，while that of other students who enter the field fell2—2 The lack of complete historical records from the mid-to-late 1800’s have made some Black inventions difficult to trace totheir originators．(A) have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators(B) have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators(C) have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators(D) has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators(E) has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators2—3 With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses．(A)is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract2—4 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from the incineration of wastes．(A)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans fire exposed comes(B)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are export to come(C)much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to comes(D)many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to come(E)many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come2—5 Down zoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density，allows for more open space in areas where little water or services exist.(A)little water or services exist(B)little water or services exists(C)few services and little water exists(D)there is little water or services available(E)there are few services and little available water练习E2—1 Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle．(A)Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.(B)out of every four，three automobile owners in the United States also owns a bicycle．(C) Bicycles are owned by three out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States．(D)In the United States，three out of every four automobile owners owns bicycles.(E)Out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States，bicycles are also owned by three．E2—2 Two valence states of uranium，one with a deficit of four electrons and the other one with a deficit of six, occurs in nature and contributes to the diversity of uranium’s behavior．(A) the other one with a deficit of six，Occurs in nature and contributes(B) the other one a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute(C) the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contributes(D) the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute(E) one with six，occurs in nature and contributesE2—3The relationship between corpulence and disease，remain controversial, although statistics clearly associate fl reduced life expectancy with chronic obesity．(A)remain controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(B) remain controversial，although statistics clearly associates a reduced life expectancy with(C) remain controversial，although statistics dearly associates reduced life expectancy to(D)remains controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(E)remains controversial，although statistics clearly associates reduced life expectancy to2—1 Since 1986 enrollments of African Americans，American Indians，and Hispanic Americans in full-time engineering programs in the United States has steadily increased, while the number of other students who enter the field fallen．(A)has steadily increased，while the number of the students who enter the field has fallen(B) has steadily increased，while other students entering the field have declined in number(C) increased steadily，while there was a decline in the number of other students entering the field(D) have steadily increased，while the number of other students entering the field has fallen(E)have steadily increased，while that of other students who enter the field fell2—2 The lack of complete historical records from the mid-to-late 1800’s have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators．(A) have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators(B) have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators(C) have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators(D) has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators(E) has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators2—3 With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses．(A)is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract2—4 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from the incineration of wastes．(A)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans fire exposed comes(B)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are export to come(C)much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to comes(D)many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to come(E)many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come2—5 Down zoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density，allows for more open space in areas where little water or services exist.(A)little water or services exist(B)little water or services exists(C)few services and little water exists(D)there is little water or services available(E)there are few services and little available water练习E2—1 Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle．(A)Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.(B)out of every four，three automobile owners in the United States also owns a bicycle．(C) Bicycles are owned by three out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States．(D)In the United States，three out of every four automobile owners owns bicycles.(E)Out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States，bicycles are also owned by three．E2—2 Two valence states of uranium，one with a deficit of four electrons and the other one with a deficit of six, occurs in nature and contributes to the diversity of uranium’s behavior．(A) the other one with a deficit of six，Occurs in nature and contributes(B) the other one a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute(C) the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contributes(D) the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute(E) one with six，occurs in nature and contributesE2—3The relationship between corpulence and disease，remain controversial, although statistics clearly associate fl reduced life expectancy with chronic obesity．(A)remain controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(B) remain controversial，although statistics clearly associates a reduced life expectancy with(C) remain controversial，although statistics dearly associates reduced life expectancy to(D)remains controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(E)remains controversial，although statistics clearly associates reduced life expectancy to3—1 The study undertaken by the Department of the Interior will involve examination and tagging of the California condor in order to obtain information about their daily movements，foraging habits，and sites where they nest．(A)their daily movements，foraging habits，and sites where they nest(B)their daily movements．foraging habits，and their nesting sites(C) its daily movements，foraging habits，and nesting sites(D)its daily movements，foraging habits，and about nesting sites(E)daily movements，foraging habits，and sites in which there are nests3—2 Although the bite of brown recluse spiders are rarely fatal, they cause chronic flesh wounds, posing the greatest danger to the infant and elderly, who are particularly vulnerable to its poison．(A) brown recluse spiders are rarely fatal，they cause chronic flesh wounds，posing the greatest danger to the infant and elderly，who are particularly vulnerable to its(B) brown recluse spiders are rarely fatal，they cause chronic flesh wounds, and pose the greatest danger to the infant and elderly，who are particularly vulnerable to their(C) the brown recluse spider is rarely fatal，it causes chronic flesh wounds，posing the greatest danger to the infant and elderly，who are particularly vulnerable to their(D)the brown recluse spider is rarely fatal，it causes chronic flesh wounds and poses the greatest danger to infants and the elderly，who are particularly vulnerable to its(E) the brown recluse spider is rarely fatal，they cause chronic flesh wounds，posing thegreatest danger t0 the infant andelderly，who are particularly vulnerable to its3—3 If additional deposits of oil are found，it will expand the amount that can be used as fuel and reduce the price of oil , even if the deposits are not immediately tapped．(A) it will expand the amount that can be used as fuel and reduce the price of oil(B) the amount that is able to be used as fuel will expand and the price of oil reduced(C) it will cause an increase in the amount that is able to be used as fuel and a reduction(D) the amount that can be used as fuel will increase and the price of oil will drop(E) it will increase the amount of oil that can be used as fuel and cause a drop in the price3—4 Pensions are now viewed as a deferred payment of salary，money a worker is compelled to put away to take care of one's later years．(A)a worker is compelled to put away to take care of one’s(B)that a worker is compelled to put away to take care of oneself in(C)a worker is compelled to put away to take care of oneself in(D)workers are compelled to put away to take care of them in(E)workers are compelled to put away to take care of themselves in3—5 Plausible though it sounds，the weakness of the hypothesis is that it does not incorporate all relevant evidence．(A)Plausible though it sounds，the weakness of the hypothesis(B)Even though it sounds plausible，the weakness of the hypothesis(C)Though plausible，the hypothesis’weakness(D)Though the hypothesis sounds plausible，its weakness(E)The weakness of the hypothesis which sounds plausible3—6 As researchers continue to probe the highly expressive vocal and postural language of wolves，their close resemblance to dogs has become ever more striking．(A)their close resemblance to dogs has become(B)the closeness of their resemblance to dogs has become(C)the close resemblance between them and dogs has become(D)the close resemblance between wolves and dogs becomes(E)the close resemblance of wolves with dogs becomes3—7 The rules that govern political contributions fire less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse．(A)The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse(B)Because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse，the rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than the rules are in national elections(C)The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse(D)Because local elections typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse than national elections，the rules that govern local political contributions are less stringent than national contributions(E)The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because local elections typically involve smaller amounts of money and present 1ess opportunity for abuse3—8 Although aspirin irritates the stomach ,it can be avoided if the aspirin tablet is given a coating that will not dissolve until the tablet reaches the intestine.(A)Although aspirin irritates the stomach，it(B)The irritation of the stomach caused by aspirin(C)The fact that aspirin causes irritation of the stomach(D)Aspirin causes stomach irritation，although it(E)Aspirin irritates the stomach，which3—9 After the civil war, contemporaries of Harrier Tubman’s maintained that she has all of the qualities of a great leader：coolness in the face of danger，an excellent sense of strategy，and an ability to plan in minute detail．(A) Tubman’s maintain ed that she has(B) Tubman’s maintain that she had(C) Tubman’s have maintained that she had(D) Tubman maintained that she had(E) Tubman had maintained that she has3—10 New Jersey's is one of the five highest number of reported cases of Lyme disease in the United States．(A) New Jersey’s is one of the five highest number of reported(B New Jersey’s is one of the five highest numbers in reporting(C) New Jersey has a report of one of the five highest numbers of(D) New Jersey has one of the five highest numbers of reported(E) New Jersey reports one of the five highest number ofE3-1 For many travelers，charter vacations often turn out to considerably more than they originally seemed．(A)they originally seemed(B)they originally seem to(C)they seemingly would cost originally(D) it seemed originally(E)it originally seemed they wouldE3—2 In Holland，a larger percentage of the gross national product is spent on defense of their coasts from rising seas than is spent on military defense in the United Stated．(A) In Holland，a larger percentage of the gross national product is spent on defense of their coasts from rising seas than is spent on military defense in the United Stated·(B) In Holland they spend a larger percentage of their gross national product on defending their coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense．(C) A larger percentage of Holland’s gross national product is spent on defending their coasts from rising seas than the United States spends on military defense·(D) Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product defending its coast from rising seas than the military defense spending of the United States.(E) Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending it coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense·E3—3 Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build a modem industrial system·(A)Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build(B)Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War and used it to help in building(C) Japan used the huge sums of capital it received from the United Stated after the second World War to help build(D) Japan’s huge sums of capital received from the United States after the Second world War were used to help it in building(E) Receiving huge sums of capital from the United States after the second World War，Japan used it to help buildE3—4In England the well-dressed gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head through a device that resembled.(A) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head(B) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head(C) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wigs powdered by poking their heads(D) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head(E) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his headE3—5 There is ample evidence，derived from the lore of traditional folk medicine，that naturally occurring antibiotics are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug.(A)are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug(B)are usually able to be modified to make them more effective drugs(C)are usually able to modified。
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SAT 语法讲义浙江大学外语学院孙静SAT 语法部分简介语法部分属于SAT reasoning test 中的写作(writing)板块，与essay writing 分值一起组成写作板块的总分。
SAT语法之所以被划分在Writing Skills 当中，是因为它实际是考查考生对英语的标准书面语（Standard Written English）的掌握程度，并非琐碎复杂的语法知识，SAT语法规则有时和我们通常所学的语法书上的知识点有所出入，规则也不尽相同。
其考试题型和考试重点也与中国的语法题目大相径庭。
因此SAT的语法具有特殊性，它追求的是“好的语法”，是恰当的，最符合英语国家文化传统与语言习惯的用法。
SAT的语法规则，也就是像OG当中所阐述的那样，是一种“the rules of good written English”，具有准确，清晰，简洁的特点，杜绝口语化、模糊和冗余的表达。
表现在做题方面，不仅仅会考到你是否能判断这个句子正确与否，而且会考到这个句子是否有效和简洁。
这就大大提升了题目的难度。
比如说有些句子在TOEFL中是对的，但是在SAT语法里面就是错误的，因为它不够简洁有效。
整个语法部分包括三种题型：ISE(Identifying sentence errors，即挑错题)、IS(Improving sentences，即句子改进题)、IP(Improving paragraphs，即段落改进题)，所有题目均为五选一。
SAT语法部分的49个选择题分布在两个section，其中 ISE（句子挑错题）18 小题、IS（句子改进题）25 小题、IP（段落改进题）6 小题。
三种题型所考查的侧重点各不相同，从OG和真题上对各部分考试目的和内容的解析中可以得出这一点。
如在 ISE的介绍中，对考生的要求是“The ability to recognize grammar and usage errors”，强调语法和固定用法的使用是否正确；而IS对考生的要求则变成了“the ability to recognize and write clear, effective and accurate sentences”，从语法知识转移到了清晰，准确，简洁的表达方式。
这种题型对中国学生而言要比句子挑错题更难适应，由于在中国的英语教育中，（尤其是大家在中国的写作考试过程中为了凑字数往往是故意把句子写得比较废话）对于“简洁”这一知识点的训练几乎是空白，而这恰恰又是修改句子的重要解题思路； IP与前两种题型的差别较大，要求考生“to understand how the sentences and the paragraphs work together”，既然是考查句子和段落之间如何作用，那么除了修改句子结构，合并句子的题目外，还会有一部分题是要求对文章做出相应的改动、插入、或者提炼文章主题。
样题（题目横线下面有字母，要求选择有语法错误的一项。
）The other (A) delegates and him (B) immediately (C) accepted the resolution drafted (D) by the neutral states. No error (E).SAT 语法一、名词 Noun(一)、语法知识梳理１．可数名词的复数表示两个以上的概念时，可数名词应该用复数。
① 一般情况下，在单数可数名词之后加 s；② 如果是以 s, sh, ch, x, z 结尾，则加 es；③ 如果以 o 结尾，一般情况下加 es，某些情况下只加 s，如 radio - radios, photo - photos, piano - pianos 等；或既可加 s，也可加 es，如buffalo - buffaloes(s), volcano - volcanoes(s), mosquito - mosquitoes(s)等；④ 如果是以辅音字母加 y结尾的，变 y为 i，再加 es；⑤ 如果是以元音字母加 y结尾的，则只加 s；⑥ 如果是以 f或 fe结尾的，一般将 f或 fe改为 v，再加 es，在某些情况下只加 s，如 roof - roofs，cliff - cliffs, gulf - gulfs。
⑦ 特殊复数形式man – men, foot – feet, goose – geese, child – children,mouse – mice, datum – date, medium – media, radius - radii２．不可数名词不可数名词，如物质名词和抽象名词，无复数形式，前面不能接 a/an, one, two, three, each, several, many, these, those, 等表示具体数量的修饰词，但可接 the, some, much, a little, lot of, a great deal of, plenty of, 等。
做主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
如： air, smoke, steam, sugar, salt, rice, equipment, dust, love, luck, enjoyment等。
３．某些不可数名词变为复数后，具有不同的意义常考的这类名词：color 颜色——colors 旗帜 custom 习俗，习惯——customs 海关，关税force 力量——forces 海陆空三军 glass 玻璃——glasses 眼镜work 工作——works 工厂 authority权威——authorities 当局nature 自然，性质——natures 性质 paper 纸——papers 文件，证件sand 沙——sands 沙滩 time 时间——times 时代water 水——waters 水域，海洋 manner 方式——manners 举止，礼貌humanity人类——humanities 人类的品德 oil 油——oils 油画４．以 s 结尾看起来象复数形式，实为单数的名词某些名词，如疾病名称，科学名称，比赛名称和专有名称，以 s 结尾，看起来象复数形式，实则为单数，故谓语动词用单数，而且它们的前面不能接不定冠词a/an，常出现的这类名次包括：Athens, athletics, billiards, checkers, civics, diabetes, economics, electronics, ethics, gymnastics, genetics, linguistics, mathematics, measles, mechanics, mumps, Naples, news, obstetrics, pediatrics, Philippines, physics, politics, statistics, the United States, works, 等注意： Statistics 当译为“统计数据”时，是复数；当译为“统计学”时，为单数。
Economics当译为“经济政策”时,是复数；当译为“经济学”时，是单数。
５．单数和复数形式相同的名词某些名词的单数和复数形式相同，因此，谓语动词的数通常得视其修饰语而定。
常考得这类名词包括： aircraft, carp, Chinese, craft, crossroads, barracks, bellows, deer, gallows, gross, Japanese, headquarters, hover, means, moose, salmon, series, sheep, species, swine, Swiss, trout, work, 等６．集合名词① 大多数集合名词只有单数形式，使用时，如果表整体，谓语动词用单数；表成员，则用复数，常考得这类名词包括： audience, band, board, committee, class, club, company, congress, crowd, couple, crew, family, firm, flock, government, group, herd, jury, majority, management, party, school, team, union 等② 有的集合名词，如 people, police, folk, public, cattle, militia, poultry, livestock, youth, vermin, folk, mankind 等常作复数使用，谓语动词用复数。
7．number of 与名词连用的单数或复数问题the number of 作句子主语时，谓语用单数；a number of 作句子主语时，谓语用复数。
８．名词的所有格① 所有格的形式● 单数 -‘s ：Helen’s doctor，a dog’s tail，the boss’s secretary● 复数 -s’ / -‘s ：ladies’ hats，girls’ dogs，children’s toys，men’s hats● 复合名词最后一词+ ’s：my father-in-law’s hat，somebody else’s car● 共同所有 - 最后一名词+ ’s Helen and Mary’s school● 个别所有 - 各加’s Helen’s and Mary’s school②无生命名词的所有格无生命名词的所有格不能在词尾加’s，一般须用 of 来表示；但表时间，距离，长度，重量，价格，国家，城市，地区，地名，机构等的名词，拟人化的名词，放在 sake 前面的名词，以及其他的惯用语，也可加’s 或’构成其所有格。
如：a week’s holidays, ten mile’s walk, three pounds’ weight, the country’s plan, for God’s sake, to one’s heart’s content 等。
③名词的双重所有格名词的双重所有格，由of 短语和表示人的名词的’s 物主代词构成，前面一般有限定词 this, that, these, those, a/an, some, any, no,another ,each, two, several, such, which, what 等。
如： He is a friend of my father’s.他是我的父亲的一位朋友。
That remark of yours is quite correct.你的这个看法很正确。