苏联变迁与意识形态 英文简述

The Path of Soviet Union and Its Ideological Changes1. Good morning, boys and girls. Mr. Schlesinger has in the text constantly mentioned one word—ideology, and in great pride sees America as a country free from the hindrance of ideology. But what is ideology for? Think about it.2. Soviet Union of 15 socialist republics was the first socialist country in the world. As a great socialist experiment, it was founded in 1922, and was disintegrated in 1991 due to, I’d say, ideological disasters.3. Ever since the success of October Revolution and founding of Soviet Russia in 1917, Lenin, the leader, held fast to the theory of WAR OF CLASSES and instilling Marxism, the most powerful ideological weapon, to the proletariat.4. In 1924, Stalin, as an another promoter of Marxism, began his nearly 30 years’ political career. By establishing a centralized planned economy and state ownership of means of production, Soviet Union was turned into a country of heavy industry and military power.5. In his reign, several five-year plans were successfully carried out. Soviet survived the aggression of German Nazis. But cultural autocracy was typical because of Stalin’s policies of isolation from external thoughts, and self-proclaimed arrogance.6. Stalin’s ideology was one that pursued the birth of new people, who would show absolute obedience and loyalty to his own rules. That was why Stalin used Soviet NKVD, a security police and violent agency to purge out the dissenters and the impure races.7. Here is an example of Stalin’s national oppression. In the winter of 1932 and 1933, on the pretext of preventing polarization of rich and poor, million tons of grains and crops were confiscated from the Ukrainians, causing a famine that claimed 7 millions of people’s deaths.8. In 1953, Khrushchev assumed power, advocating “a nation of entire people and a party of entire people”. He proposed the realization of communism by 1980, by way of material incentives and reform of agriculture.9. Concerning the foreign policy, Khrushchev put forward the principles of peaceful coexistence and competition. In his period, Soviet achieved a lot in the aerospace field, with the first man-made satellite or sputnik launched into sky in 1957.10. Khrushchev also began to denounce the deceased Stalin of his political and cultural oppression and cult of personality. More people began to negate Stalin’s role in the construction and defense of Soviet, and he paid no heed.11. Yet he deviated from Lenin’s collective leadership principle and grabbed power in his own hands. In his clumsy economic reforms, for example, he personally proposed the construction of big collective farms that were hard to administer.12. Brezhnev in 1964 replaced Khrushchev and continued to reform. Unlike Khrushchev, he drove Soviet in a harder line and claimed that Soviet had the right to resort to military intervention once the Warsaw Pact member’s regime be threatened.13. As a result, he dispatched troops to invade Czechoslovakia in 1968. In 1979, he launched war against Afghanistan simply because the newly-elected Afghan government dismissed the pro-Soviet policy.14. It is noteworthy that in Brezhnev’s time, especially by 1975, the national comprehensive power reached its peak. GNP increased from America’s 23% to its 53%, and power of nuclear weapons equaled to that of America. But, corruption was prevailing.15. Ever since Gorbachev’s assuming power in 1985, reforms of deviation from the ideals of communism were carried out. Gorbachev insisted on the ideals of pluralism of thoughts, on multi-party system, economic privatization and non-party affiliation.16. Generally speaking, with the western political system in hand, he devolved central government power, and lessened the intervention in political affairs of eastern European countries, an over-open policy that accelerated the disintegration.17. Here talking about the Soviet Union’s ideological changes, Cold War, as a typical outcome of the ideological propaganda, cannot be left out. Cold War began right after the end of World War II.18. Experts argued that Cold War broke out as a result of two camps of ideology that sought world power. The Soviet side stood for totalitarianism that ate away freedom and democracy and communism that allowed no private belongings.19. While the America side stood for self-proclaimed democracy, utilitarianism and selfishness. Each side demanded its citizens to guard against one another. Competitions of Nuclear weapon development, and exploration of outer space, cost tremendous money and labour.20. In 1991, with twisted ideological changes and conflicts, Soviet Union ended up with disintegration. China, however, develops a different path from Soviet. So whether ideology helps or not, it entails your further thought.。