托福tpo阅读高频词汇tpo 30

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TPO-30 Reading 3 解析

正确答案：B解析：第一段主要内容是：在机械钟表出现之前，人们用的是阳光时钟和水钟，但是这两种钟有各种缺点。

题干中的句子所在句的上半句是Both these devices worked well in sunny climates，后面的but表转折，例证有哪些情况它们不能用，即这两种钟表的弱势，B选项是题干句在文中正确的修辞目的。

A与原文意思矛盾；C将两种方法比较，原文没有这层意思；文中没有出现sun and water clocks were used all over Europe的断言，排除D。

Q2正确答案：A解析：在第2段中，B选项对应第3句，… had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space；C选项第4句，They set a time to go to sleep；D选项对应第2句，The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers; 虽然原文提到说城与城之间要保持一致，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space, 而且A也不属于example，不正确。

Q3正确答案：D解析：根据alarm arrangement定位到第二段第2句话，原因是七个每日祷告中，有一个是在晚上进行，所以需要alarm arrangement叫醒修道士。

Q4正确答案：C解析：authoritative，权威的，有权力的；近义词是official，官方的，公务的。

根据第二段的段意，其它选项的词汇代入句子后都不符合段意中的逻辑。

only one authorative timekeeper，唯一官方准确时间。

Q5正确答案：B解析：在driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort这句话中，which 指代solar dials，solar dials被用来跟the timekeeper of last resort核对机械钟表的精准性，因为是用太阳盘，所以是跟太阳这个计时器来核对时间，last resort这里是指太阳。

tpo30阅读及答案

tpo30阅读及答案tpo30阅读试题1.Why does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe the sun maybe hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonallybut from day to night"?A.To emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to telltime.B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.D.To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance oftimekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPTA.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.D.One of the churchs daily rituals occurred during the night.4.The word "authoritative" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.actual.B.important.C.official.D.effective.5.The author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to refer toA.water clocks.B.the sun.C.mechanical clocks.D.the church.6.The word "rudimentary" in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning toA.rare.B.small.C.impractical.D.basic.7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction ofmechanical clocks?A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.8.The word "installed" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.required.B.expected by the majority of people.C.standardized.D.put in place.9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakersA.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.A.How did early mechanical clocks work?B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?C.How were mechanical clocks made?D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?11.The word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning toA.leaders.B.opponents.C.employers.D.guardians.12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.D.It led to a focus on productivity.。

tpo30讲义

Tpo 30 讲义笔记&对应出题点和答案概要：学生要预约活动室，但是私人的没有了，半私人的还有，学生觉得可以。

由于学生是新注册的社团，还没有到达电脑系统。

问要确认信，在宿舍。

注册有好处如有邮箱等可以发布信息筹集款项，学生正想找一个大众发言人。

可以省钱。

重点词汇：Registration Flyer Finalize Follow up Eligible Committee Approval letter Verification turnaroundLecture 1 心理学课概要：动物人认知的实验，针对海豚和猴子，海豚的实验有问题，是学习和记忆后的结果。

猴子的可以。

总结：都没有完全对，但是对动物和人类之间的联系很有帮助。

第一段：Talked animal cognition—animal intelligence. Motivated by animal analogues paralledl to human cognitive.processes. one is metacognition.第二段：Metacognition---aware of what one knows feela of state of mind.Make decision base on knows. Whether animal capability. D Can’t test cos animal not report feeling. C第三段：find way . monkey dolphin feel uncertainty第四段：how figure animal feel uncertainty? Dolphin trained to recognize high-pitched tone.. taught press paddles when higher oe lower. Food reward for correct. Wrong wait seconds for 2nd try. Task varied in difficulty according to 2nd one, closer first,hard become B correctlyas low. Eager to press when sure ,hesitate when difficult.第五段：3rd option, 3rd paddle. When pass diffiultt trials once know resut press new paddle. Choose it frequently when trial fifficult. Indication animal want to pass cos not know answer and know not know第六段：problem. Other protest learn ans conditional response ABy press pass paddle, avoid wait , hasten possible full reward by move next try. Not indicae had knowledge but avoid negative consequence 第七段: new studymonkey identify pattern on screen, analogues to tones like dolphin, specify density be classified as a dense, 2nd type vary in density less dense. Task identify 2nd as sparse, denser 2nd harder.第八段:monkey 3rd choice, not like dolphin, monkey finish 4 try before feedback.get full reward foe each correct,time-put when buzzer or incorrect. No way know which reward with which response. Not get reward choose pass option, still choose optionwhen very difficult, evidencenot conditional response not grant faster reward. D第九段:what tell?really know ?no! but exploremetacognitive capable can become important criterion similar and differ human and animal Listen again : you remembered intropsychology ritht? C重点词汇：Cognition Intelligence Motivated by Analogue Metacognition CapabilityHigh pitched tone Paddle Hesitation TrialInitiate Indication ProtestOpt-out Analogous Consciousness Criterion概要：鸟类和恐龙是延续的关系，有共同的特征，对于谁来哺育和守护孩子进行研究。

托福TPO阅读词汇

托福TPO阅读词汇negligible（不可忽略的）replenish（补充）dug（挖）necessitate（迫使）withdrawal（撤退）conserve（保存）grandiose（壮观的）inject（注射）triple（三倍的）strain（紧张）subsequent（随后的）The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems assemble（集合，聚集）flexibly（如意地）term（术语）pond(池塘)property（道具）climax（顶点，极点）invasion（入侵）pest（害虫）resilience（还原能力）fragile（易碎的，脆的）temperate（温和的）tricycle（三轮车）pale（变得苍白，变得暗淡）likewise（同样地）Opportunists and Competitorsmetabolism（n.新陈代谢）expenditure（花费，使用）squander（浪费）ultimately（最终地）dandelion（蒲公英）hollow（空的）dispersal（散布，传播）prolifically（多产地）term（把……称为）compensate （补偿）soar（往上飞舞）plummet（垂直落下）foul（难闻的）render（使成为）blend（混合物）Lascaux Cave Paintingsprehistoric（史前的）beast（兽）solemn（庄严的，严肃的）parade（游行，列队行进）bison（野牛）outline（勾勒）charcoal（木炭）smear（涂，沫）spray（喷射）stain（沾染，着色）recess（幽深处）cramped（狭窄的）obliterate（清除，涂去）conceivable（可相信的）realm（领域，范围）tribal （部落的）substantiate（实体化，证实）indecipherable（难辨认的）prone（俯卧的，有……倾向的）trance（出神，恍惚）uniformly（一致地）credence（相信，信任）mystique（n.神秘性）Electricity from Windturbine（涡轮机）in principle（原则上，基本上）moderate（中等的）heat-trapping（致温室效应气体的）lease（出租）projected（预期的）cell（电池）hydropower（水力发出的电力）interfere（妨碍）pit（与……较量）dwarf（变小）in place（在工作，准备就绪）virtually（实际上）Deer Populations of the Puget Soundprairie（大草原）understory（林下叶层）meadow（草地，牧场）browse（吃青草，绿叶等）bemoan（惋惜，认为遗憾）succulent（多汁的）game（猎物）elk（麋鹿）botanical（植物学的）disturbing（令人不安的）fort（城堡）plight （苦境）encroach（侵犯）yield（生产）rebound（反弹）substantially（本质上地）Cave Art in Europebead（小珠子）carving（雕刻）crude（天然的，未加工的）slab（平板）excavate（挖掘）gallery（走廊）bare（赤裸的）backdrop（背景）trapping（装饰）depict（描绘）chip（薄片，碎屑）herd（兽群）explicitly（明白地，明确地）portray（描绘，描写）hide（兽皮）tusk（牙）reindeer（驯鹿）confine（限制，局限于）engraving（版画，雕版印刷品）phase（阶段，时期）fertility（多产）Petroleum Resourcesdissolved(熔化的)deposit（沉淀物）droplet（小滴）squeeze（挤，榨）saturated（渗透的）valuable（宝贵的）underlie（存在于某物之下）derrick（起重机）portable（便携式的）dismantle（拆卸）spout（喷口）gusher（喷油井）refinery（精炼厂）hostile（有阻碍的）offshore（离岸的）spillage（溢出）foul（污染）subside（沉没，平息）Meteorites Impact and Dinosaur Extinctionmeteorite(陨星) catastrophe（灾难）dozen（十二个）intrigue（激起……的好奇心）paleontologist（古生物学家）diameter（直径）envelop（包围）crust（地壳）dilute（稀释）terrestrial（地球的）excavate（挖掘）crater（火山口）block(阻碍)plunge（使……陷入）presumably（ad.据推测）tentatively(试验性的，暂时的)evolutionary（进化的）niche（壁龛，凹进的地方）mechanism（途径）fundamentally（根本地）criterion（准则）cosmic（宇宙的）pose（造成）MINERALS AND PLANTSsource(来源)nitrogen（氮）nitrate（硝酸盐）ion（离子）notoriously（臭名昭著地，声名狼藉地）serpentine（a.像蛇般蜷曲的，蜿蜒的）calcium（钙）depletion（n.消耗，用尽）detect（发现）symptom（症状）chlorosis（萎黄病，变色病）chlorophyll（叶绿素）anthocyanin（花青素）stem（茎）stunt（阻碍成长）tissue（组织）herbaceou（草本）phosphorus（鳞）slender（a.苗条的，细长的）anthocyanin（花青素）discoloration（变色，污点）petiole（叶柄）omit（省略）facilitate（使容易）overabundance（n.过多）toxic（a.有毒的）saline（a.含盐的）sodium（钠）chloride（氯化物）lead（铅）mercury（水银）aluminum（铝）copper （铜）zinc（锌）amass（积累）shrub（灌木）tropical（热带的）pathogen（病菌）scenario（剧情说明，脚本）relocate（迁移）compound（n.复合物，化合物）excavation（挖掘）reburial（填埋）THE ORIGIN OF THE PACIFIC ISLAND PEOPLEgreater(广义的)primarily（主要地）scattered（分散的）triangle（三角形）speculation（思考）solid（可靠的）fanciful（奇异的）deprecate（反对）navigational（航行的，航海的）anthropologist（人类学家）colonize（开拓殖民地）civilization（文明）drift（vi.漂，漂流）prevailing（一般的，普通的）domesticated（驯养的）marginal（贫瘠的）prerequisite（先决条件，前提）cultivated（耕种的）taro（芋头）yarn（纱）sugarcane（甘蔗）sago（西米）outrigger（支架）canoe（独木舟）voyage（航行）maroon（使（人）处于孤独无助之境）adrift（a.漂泊的，漂流的）deliberate（故意的，蓄意的）expedition（远征，探险，冒险）simulation（模仿，模拟）dynamic（动力）undisputed（无可置疑的）sweet potato（红薯）THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSIONCambrian(寒武纪的)geologic（地质学的）eukaryotic（真核状态的）last（最近的）geologically（从地质上来说）evolved（进化）diversification（多样化）multicellular（多细胞的）paleontologists（古生物学家）interpretation（解释）fossilize（使成化石）exclusively（专门地）site（位置）descendant（后代）slide（滑落）favor（促成）predator（食肉动物）detritus（岩屑）algae（海藻）arthropod（节肢动物）mite（螨虫）crab（螃蟹）zoologist（动物学家）niche（生态位，一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位）pose（提出）discourage（阻碍）Powering the Industrial Revolution dramatic （巨大的）harness（利用）windmill（风车）textile（纺织品）steam（蒸汽）piston（活塞）cylinder（圆柱体，汽缸）atmospheric pressure（大气压）condense（使浓缩）vacuum（真空）reciprocating（a.往复的，来回的）rotary（旋转的，循环的）illumination(照明)millennium（一千年）charcoal（木炭）ore（矿石）retained（保持）multiply（使增加）canal（运河）turnpike（公路）hilly terrain（多山的地带）ingredient（成分，因素）laden（a.负重的，载满的）wagon（四轮的运货马车）flanged（带凸缘的）haul（拖，拉）stationary（不动的，静止的）William Smithroam（漫游，闲逛）apprentice（当学徒）parish（教区）proceed（继续）excavate（挖掘）canal（运河）outcrop（露出地面的岩层）revealed（露出的）strata（地层）coach（长途客运汽车）meticulously （异常细致地）catalog（编目录）calculate（估计）quartz（石英）ion（离子）Pleistocene（更新世的）shale（页岩）sandstone（砂岩）endure（长时间忍受）temporal（时间的）limestone（石灰岩）Jurassic（侏罗纪的）trilobite（三叶虫）ubiquitous（普遍存在的）arthropod（截肢动物）Infantile Amnesia infantile(a.婴儿期的)amnesia(记忆缺失)scanty（a.缺乏的）distinctive（有特色的，与众不同的）sibling（n.兄弟，姐妹）enduring（a.持久的）repression（n.压抑）episode（情节，片段）toddler（初学走路的孩子）physiological（生理学的）psychological(心理学的)retrieve（回忆）explicit（明确的）verbal（言语的）extract（提取）gist（要点）verbalizable（可用言辞表达的）incompatibility（n.不两立，不相容）encode（把……编码）mismatch（n.不匹配）verbally（ad.言语上的）exclusive（排斥的）substantiate（证明）thoroughly（彻底地）reject（拒绝）The Geologic History of the MediterraneanMediterranean(地中海)vessel（船，舰）cruise（乘船游览）invertebrate（无脊柱的）domelike（穹顶状的）crystalline（结晶的）pebble（小圆石）gypsum（石膏）fragment（碎片）peculiarity(特性）strait（海峡）crustal（地壳的）evaporate（蒸发）calcium sulfate（硫酸钙）precipitate（沉淀）soluble（可溶的）sodium chloride (salt)（硫化钠）deluge（洪水）adjustment（调整）faulting（断层作用）cascade（倾泻）spectacularly（令人吃惊地）Ancient Rome and Greececohesiveness(粘合性)peculiarly（ad.特有地）cement（水泥）realm（王国，范围）monolithic（整体的）garrison（守备部队）utterly（ad.完全地）obsession（困扰）cohesion（凝聚力）scattered（a.分散的）territorial（领土的）stark（a.完全的）undeniable（无可否认的）legion（古罗马军团；众多，大量）rural（a.乡村的）engender（造成）virtue（美德）gravitas(n.庄严的举止）infinitely（无限地）worshipper（礼拜者）predisposed（a.倾向于……的）subtlety（狡猾）novelty（新奇的事物）disdain（轻视）debt（债务）moral（道德的）consciously（有意识地）tension（压力）Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples millet(小米)sorghum（高粱）domestic(本国的，家庭的)chariot（马车）savannah（大草原）cavalry（骑兵）empire（帝国）innovation（改革）harsh（严厉的，严酷的）barrier（栅栏）intermediate（中间的）copper（铜）bronze（青铜）metallurgy（冶金学）penetrate（穿过）Nigeria（尼日利亚）Ghana（加纳）Mali（马里）shift（改变，改革）profound（a.深远的）complexity（复杂性）blacksmith（铁匠）hoe（锄）warrior（武士）ritual（宗教的，仪式性的）ingenious（设计独特的）furnace（熔炉）ore（矿物）migration（迁移）archaeologist（考古学家）demographic（a.人口统计学的）THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACANedifice（宏伟的建筑物）grid（n.网络）metropolis（n.首都，大城市）valley（峡谷）pinpoint（v.确定，精确地定位）shrine（宗教圣地）millennium（n.千年）ingenuity（独创性）foresightedness（先见之明）elite（n.精英）circumstantially（ad.偶然地）coexisted（同时存在）lava（熔岩）rival（竞争对手）modest（中等的）predominant（a.占主导地位的）along with（和……一起）commodity（n.商品）exotic（a.外来的）consciously（有意识地）inhabitant（居民）feedback（反馈）coerce（迫使）EXTINCTION OF THE DINOSAURS paleontologist（古生物学家）demise（死亡）alteration（改变）plate tectonics（板块构造学）shallow（浅的）geochemical（地球化学的）frigid（寒冷的）buffer（减轻）retreat（后退）crocodile（鳄鱼）torrid（酷热的）at the mercy of（任……摆布）crippled（跛的）conventional（传统的）clay（黏土，泥土）deposit（使沉淀，放置）iridium (lr) （铱）metallic（金属的）preferentially（优先地）meteorite（陨石）microscopic（微小的）bombard（撞击）calculation（计算）asteroid(小行星)fallout（灰尘）inhibit（抑制）photosynthesis（光合作用）disruption（扰乱）eradicate（灭绝）precede（v.在……之前发生）RUNNING WATER ON MARS channel(通道)interconnect（相互连接）merge（融合）resemblance（相似）thicker（较厚的）relic（遗产）relics（崩溃）catastrophic（灾难性的）onrushing（猛冲的，汹涌的）arise from（产生与，起因于）adorn（装饰）delta（三角洲）fan（扇形）crater（火山口）proponent（支持者）conceivably（令人信服地）detractor（诋毁者）Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coastcolonize(殖民)migration（迁移）corridor（走廊）crumble（崩溃）paleoecologist（古生态学家）radiocarbon（放射性碳）persuasively（口才好地）watercraft（水运船只）archaeologist（考古学家）continental shelf（大陆架）submerged（水下的）proponent（支持者）refuge（庇护所）deglaciation（冰消作用）sizable（相当大的）marine（海洋的）mammal（哺乳动物）REFLECTION IN TEACHINGscheme(计划，方案)paucity（缺乏）discipline（准则）void（空隙）abstraction（抽象）utilitarian（功利主义者）reveal（显示，透露）evaluate（评价）contributory（促成的）revise（修改）central（重要的）facilitate（使便利；促进）collaborative（合作的）inconsistency（矛盾）vaguely（含糊地）perceivable（可知觉的）vulnerability（易受伤）unexplored（未知的）externally（ad.在外部）THE ARRIV AL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAIIvolcano（火山）landmass（大陆）blazing（酷热的）drenching（湿透的）harsh（粗糙的）spore（孢子）breeze（微风）deposit（放置）toehold（不稳定的立足点）forbidding（冷峻的）lichen（地衣）flora（植物群）symbiotic（共生的）alga（水藻）fungus（真菌）molecule（分子）molten（熔化的）fern（蕨类植物）moss（苔藓）crevice（尤指岩石的裂缝）propagate（繁殖）afield（远离着家乡的）sheer（完全的）naked（裸露的）angiosperm（被子植物）wrap（包裹）tempting（诱人的）peach（桃）cherry（樱桃）dandelion（蒲公英）dormant（休眠的）buoyant(有浮力的)remarkably(引人注目地)prolonged（持续很久的）immersion（沉浸）archipelago（群岛）FEEDINGHABITS OFEAST AFRICANHERBIVORESbuffalo(水牛)herbivores（食草动物）illusory(貌似真实的)vegetation（植物）succulent（汁多味美的）sparsely（稀疏地）proportion（比例）extract （提取）gut（肠）derive(从……中获得)metabolic(新陈代谢的）provided that（需要进一步规定时常常使用）fastidious（过分挑剔的）LOIE FULLER devise（设计）shifting（转变）voluminous（大体积的）wand（棍，棒）costume（戏服）virtuosity（精湛技艺）prestigious（受尊敬的）stint（限制）accord（一致，符合）moral（道德上的）synthesize（综合）leaning（爱好）canvas（帆布）pane（窗玻璃）address（强调）invisibly（看不见地，无形地）agitate（摇动）simulate（模仿）stagecraft（编剧才能）Chinese Pottery pottery（陶器）porcelain（瓷器）ceramics（陶器）burial（埋葬）earthenware（土质瓷器）glazed（光滑的，像玻璃的）delineate（勾画，描述）ornament（装饰）tomb（墓穴）instigate（鼓动）cause （促使）ore（矿）muted（温和的）spout（喷口）precisely（精确地）adornment（装饰）obscured（不重要的）religious（宗教的）secular（世俗的）imperial（帝国的）assist（帮助）Seventeenth-Cen tury European Economic Growthreclamation(开垦)spectacular（壮观的）intrinsic（固有的，本身的）cottage（小屋，村舍）ravages（毁坏后的残迹）scant（不足的）remuneration（酬劳）meager（不足的）financiers(金融家)traders（商人）medieval（中世纪的）soap（肥皂）joint-stock（合资的，股份组织的）Variations in the Climateconstitute（构成）immensely（非常，极大地）complicate（使复杂化）interval（间隔时间）appreciably（略微，有一点地）ambient（周围的）annual（每年的）property（特性）nonetheless（虽然如此，但是）intriguing（非常有趣的）striking（显著的）chaotic（混乱的）erratic（不确定的）Orientation and Navigationperplex(使困惑)orient（使确定方向）restless（焦躁不安的）flutter（振翅）overcast（天阴的，多云的）surmise（推测）preposterous（荒谬的）planetarium（天文馆）domelike（穹顶状的）ceiling（天花板）rotate（旋转）magnetism（磁性）sonar（声纳系统）。

托福TPO30阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO30阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

Role of Play in Development Play is easier to define with examples than withconcepts.In any case,in animals it consists ofleaping,running,climbing,throwing,wrestling,andother movements,either along,with objects,or withother animals.Depending on the species,play may be primarily for social interaction,exercise,or exploration.One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that itinvolves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance,predation,competition,and real fighting.Thus,whether play occurs or not depends on the intention ofthe animals,and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone. 用例证来定义玩耍要比用概念简单得多。

在任何情况下，动物间的玩耍都包括跳跃，奔跑，攀登，投掷，格斗和另外的一些动作，而玩耍的对象可能有其它物品或者动物。

根据物种的不同，玩耍的目的主要包括社交，锻炼，或探索。

定义“玩耍”的难点之一是，玩耍过程中常常包含一些与其它情况下相似的行为，例如统治，捕食，竞争和搏斗。

托福阅读TPO30答案解析

Role of Play in DevelopmentPlay is easier to define with examples than withconcepts. In any case, in animals it consists ofleaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, andother movements, either along, with objects, or withother animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for socialinteraction,exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that itinvolves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance, predation,competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention ofthe animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.用例证来定义玩耍要比用概念简单得多。

在任何情况下，动物间的玩耍都包括跳跃，奔跑，攀登，投掷，格斗和另外的一些动作，而玩耍的对象可能有其它物品或者动物。

根据物种的不同，玩耍的目的主要包括社交，锻炼，或探索。

定义“玩耍”的难点之一是，玩耍过程中常常包含一些与其它情况下相似的行为，例如统治，捕食，竞争和搏斗。

托福TPO30阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO30阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

The Invention of the Mechanical Clock In Europe,before the introduction of themechanical clock,people told time by sun(using,for example,shadow sticks or sun dials)and waterclocks.Sun clocks worked,of course,only on cleardays;water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing,to say nothing oflong-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging.Both these devices worked well insunny climates;but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time,while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night. 在欧洲，在机械表被引入以前，人们利用太阳(比如棍子的影子和日晷)和水钟来确定时间。

当然，太阳钟只能用于晴天使用，而水钟表在水温下降到冰点时会出错，长期漂浮的东西因为下沉或堵塞而无法工作。

这两种仪器在晴天都运行的很好，但北欧，太阳可能会藏在云后长达一周，同时，温度不仅会随季节中变化，也因昼夜而不同。

Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time.The Catholic Church had its sevendaily prayers,one of which was at night,requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monksbefore dawn.And then the new cities and towns,squeezed by their walls,had to know andorder time in order to organize collective activity and ration space.They set a time to go tosleep.All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritativetimekeeper;but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals,discrepancy broughtdiscord and strife.Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurementand found it in the mechanical clock. 中世纪欧洲使得可靠的时间变得更重要。

TPO30 听力词汇

TPO 30 听力词汇王佳Conversation 11.administrative：[ædˈmɪnɪˌstretɪv]adj.管理的，行政的; 行政职位; 非战斗性行政勤务的;2.reserve：[rɪˈzɚv]n.保存，储备，储存; [商]准备金，公积金; 预备品; 储藏量; vt.储备; 保留; 预约; vi.预订; adj.保留的; 预备的;3.club：[klʌb]n.俱乐部，会所; 社团; 夜总会; （纸牌的）梅花; vt.联合; 募集; 用棍棒打; [棒球]击球; vi.组成俱乐部; 共同出资; adj.俱乐部的;4.ideally：[aɪˈdiəli]adv.完美地; 理想地; 观念上地; 理论上地;5.private：[ˈpraɪvɪt]adj.私有的，私人的; 秘密的; 内心的; 平民的，无官职的，士兵的;6.semiprivate：[ˌsɛmiˈpraɪvɪt, ˌsɛmaɪ-]adj.（尤指医院病房）半私用的，半专用的;7.available：[əˈveləbəl]adj.可用的; 有空的; 可会见的; （戏票、车票等）有效的;8.divider：[dɪˈvaɪdɚ]n.分割者; 间隔物; 分配器; 圆规; divider wall:隔墙; 分水墙;9.form：[fɔrm]n.形状，形式; 外形; 方式; 表格; vt.形成; 构成; 组织; 塑造; vi.形成，产生; 排队，整队;10.president：[ˈprɛzɪdənt,-ˌdɛnt]n.校长; 总统; 总裁; 董事长;11.faculty：[ˈfækəlti]n.能力，才能; 全体教职员; <英>（大学的）专科，系; 特权，特许;12.advisor：[ædˈvaɪzɚ]n.顾问，劝告者; <美>（指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授;13.establish：[ɪˈstæblɪʃ]vt.建立，创建; 确立或使安全; 使被安排好; 使成为;14.registration：[ˌrɛdʒɪˈstreʃən]n.登记，注册; 挂号; 登记（或注册、挂号）人数; <音>（管风琴）音栓配合（法）;15.proceed：[proˈsid, prə-]vi.进行; 前进; （沿特定路线）行进; （尤指打断后）继续说; n.收入，获利;16.finalize：[ˈfaɪnəˌlaɪz]vt.完成; 使结束; 使落实; vi.把…最后定下来; 定案;17.turn around：[tɚn əˈraʊnd]（使）转身; （使）好转; 改变意见; 使变得完全不同;18.approval letter: 批准书19.dorm[[dɔrm]n.宿舍;20.submit: [səbˈmɪt]vi.顺从，服从; 甘受，忍受; vt.使服从，使顺从; 提交，呈送; [法]主张，建议;21.poster: [ˈpostɚ]n.海报，招贴，公告; 招贴画; 张贴者; [古语]急行的人，匆忙赶路的人;22.flyer: [ˈflaɪɚ]n.飞鸟; 飞行物; 飞行员; 传单;23.audio: [ˈɔːdioʊ]adj.听觉的，声音的; 音频的; n.声音回路; 音响; 可听到的声音; 声音信号;24.funding: [ˈfʌndɪŋ]n.用发行长期债券的方法来收回短期债券; 提供资金; v.提供资金; “fund”的现在分词;25.campus: [ˈkæmpəs]n.（大学）校园; 学校范围内; 大学或其分校; 大学生活;26.charge: [tʃɑrdʒ]vt.装载; 控诉; 使充电; 索（价）; vi.索价; 向前冲; 记在账上; 充电; n.费用; 指示;掌管; 指责;Lecture 1 Psychology1.psychology：[saɪˈkɑlədʒi]n.心理学; 心理特点; 心理状态; 心理影响;2.cognition：[kɑɡˈnɪʃən]n.认识，认知;3.intelligence：[ɪnˈtɛlədʒəns]n.智力; 聪颖; 情报; 情报机构;4.analogue：[ˈænəˌlɔɡ, -ˌlɑɡ]n.相似物; 相似的情况，对应的人; <语>同源词; adj.模拟计算机的; 类似的，相似物的;5.parallel：[ˈpærəˌlɛl]adj.平行的; 相同的，类似的; [电]并联的; [计]并行的; adv.平行地，并列地; n.平行线（面）; 相似物; 类比; 纬线; vt.使平行; 与…媲美; 与…相比; 与…相似;6.investigation：[ɪnˌvɛstɪˈɡeʃən]n.（正式的）调查，研究; 侦查; 科学研究; 学术研究;7.metacognition：[me‟tækɔ:gnɪʃən]元认知;8.awareness：[əˈwɛrnɪs]n.察觉，觉悟，意识;9.status：[ˈstetəs, ˈstætəs]n.地位; 情形，状态; 身份;10.possess：[pəˈzɛs]vt.拥有; 掌握，懂得; 主宰; 缠住，迷住;11.dolphin：[ˈdɑlfɪn, ˈdɔl-]n.海豚; （码头的）系船柱;12.uncertainty：[ʌnˈsə:tn:ti]n.无把握，不确定; 不可靠; 不确实知道，半信半疑; 无把握、不确定的事物;13.pitch：[pɪtʃ]n.球场; 程度; 沥青; 树脂; 倾斜; vt.用沥青涂; 扔，投; 树起，搭起; 定位于; vi.抛，扔; [棒球]当投手; 搭帐篷; 向前跌或冲;14.tone：[toʊn]n.[语]声调，语调; [画]色调，色泽，明暗; [乐]乐音，全音，全音程; [医]（正常的）健康状态; vt.使更健壮; 定调; 使变调子; [摄影术]给…上色; vi.带有某种腔调; 呈现某种色彩; （颜色）调和（与with 连用）;15.reward：[rɪˈwɔrd]n.报酬; 报答; 赏金; 酬金; vt.酬谢，奖赏; 报答，惩罚;16.paddle：[ˈpædl]n.[航海] 宽叶短桨; 桨状物; 搅拌金矿的铁器，类似铁铲的工具; 洗衣板，扁板; vi.涉水; 趟水; 用桨划船; 荡桨;17.vary：[ˈvɛri, ˈværi]vi.变化; 不同，偏离; [生]变异; vt.使不同; 使多样化; [音乐]变奏;18.identify：[aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ]vt.识别，认出; 确定; 使参与; 把…看成一样; vi.确定; 认同;19.hesitation：[ˌhɛzɪˈteʃən]n.犹豫; 踌躇; 含糊; 口吃;20.pass：[pæs]vt.& vi.走过; 通过; 批准; 度过; vt.传球; 及格; 发生; 不要; n.通道; 通行证; 关口; 越过;21.trial：[ˈtraɪəl, traɪl]n.试验; [法]审讯，审判; 磨难，困难; [体]选拔赛; adj.试验的; [法]审讯的;22.conditioned response:[kənˈdɪʃənd rɪˈspɑns]n.条件反应23.intro:[ˈɪnˌtro]n.介绍;24.negative:[ˈnɛɡətɪv]adj.消极的，否认的; [数]负的; [心]反抗性的; 无预期结果的; n.否定词语; 否定的观点; 消极性; [摄]底片;25.device:[dɪˈvaɪs]n.装置，设备; 方法; 策略; 手段;26.pattern:[ˈpætən]n.模式; 花样，样品; 图案; 榜样，典范; vt.模仿; 以图案装饰; vi.形成图案;27.density:[ˈdɛnsɪti]n.密度; 稠密，浓厚; [物]浓度，比重; 愚钝28.classify:[ˈklæsəˌfaɪ]vt.分类，归类; 把…列为密件;29.sparse: [spɑrs]adj.稀疏的; 稀少的;30.feedback:[ˈfidˌbæk]n.反馈; （音频系统的输出信号在输入端收到时发生的）反馈杂音; 回复; 自动调节（把机器的输出数据提供给自控装置以纠正偏差）;31.timeout:[taɪmˈaʊt]n.（球类比赛中的）暂时休息，（工作时的）工间休息; 超时;32.buzz:[bʌz]vi.嗡嗡叫; 低声谈; 散布：嗡嗡叫，发哼声; 匆忙来去，奔忙; vt.使嗡嗡叫; 咕哝：用快而低的嗓音讲话; [非正式用语]低飞; 打电话给…; n.嗡嗡声; 电话; 乱哄哄的说话声; 醉酒; 33.associate:[əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt]vt.（使）发生联系; （使）联合; 结交; 联想; vi.联盟; 陪伴同事; n.合伙人; 伴侣，同志; 非正式会员; adj.联合的; 合伙的; 非正式的; （性质上）有密切联系的;34.conscious:[ˈkɑnʃəs]adj.有意识的，神志清醒的; 自觉的，有意的; （痛苦，感情，冷气等）感觉得到的; 同“self-conscious“;35.capacity:[kəˈpæsɪti]n.容量; 才能; 性能; 生产能力; adj.充其量的，最大限度的;36.criterion：[kraɪˈtɪriən]n.（批评、判断等的）标准，准则; 规范;Lecture 2 Paleontology1.paleontology: [ˌpeliɑnˈtɑlədʒi]n.古生物学;2.descendant:[dɪˈsɛndənt]n.后代; 后裔; （由过去类似物发展来的）派生物; 弟子; adj.下降的; 祖传的;3.dinosaur:[ˈdaɪnəˌsɔr]n.[生]恐龙; 守旧落伍的人，过时落后的东西;4.egg-lay: 卵生5.nest: [nɛst]n.（鸟）窝; 温床; （套叠在一起的）一套物件; 藏匿处; vt.筑巢; 嵌套; vi.筑巢;6.fossil:[ˈfɑsəl]n.化石; 僵化的事物; 老顽固，食古不化的人; 习语中保存的旧词; adj.化石的; 陈腐的，守旧的;7.parental:[pəˈrɛntl:]adj.父母的; 亲代的; [生]（杂种）亲本的; 作为来源[渊源]的;8.ferocious:[fəˈroʃəs]adj.残忍的; 极度的; 凶猛; 恶;9.reptile:[ˈrɛptɪl, -ˌtaɪl]n.爬行动物; 卑鄙的人; adj.爬虫类的; 卑鄙的;10.incubate:[ˈɪnkjəˌbet, ˈɪŋ-]vt.孵化; 培育; vt.& vi.孵（卵）; <医>潜伏; 逐渐形成; 潜伏在体内;11.crocodile:[ˈkrɑkəˌdaɪl]n.鳄鱼; 鳄鱼皮革; 鳄类动物;12.oviraptor:窃蛋龙，是种小型兽脚亚目恐龙，身长1.8到2.5米。

托福阅读TPO30(试题+答案+译文)第2篇-ThePaceofEvolutionaryChange

托福阅读TPO30(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:ThePaceofEvolutionaryChange托福阅读原文【1】A heated debate has enlivened recent studies of evolution. Darwin's original thesis, and the viewpoint supported by evolutionary gradualists, is that species change continuously but slowly and in small increments. Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of modern observations, and, it is argued, they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in the imperfect fossil record. Gradualism, with its stress on the slow pace of change, is a comforting position, repeated over and over again in generations of te某tbooks. By the early twentieth century, the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in favor of gradualism to most biologists' satisfaction.【2】Sometimes a closed question must be reopened as new evidence or new arguments based on old evidence come to light. In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period. These episodes of rapid evolution are separated by relatively long static spans during which a species may hardly change at all.【3】The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to e某plain a curious feature of the fossil record—one that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but has usually been ignored. Many species appear to remain unchanged in the fossil record for millions of years—a situation that seems to be at odds with Darwin'smodel of continuous change. Intermediated fossil forms, predicted by gradualism, are typically lacking. In most localities a given species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock, only to be replaced suddenly by a new anddifferent species.【4】The evolution of North American horse, which was once presented as a classic te某tbook e某ample of gradual evolution, is now providing equally compelling evidence for punctuated equilibrium.A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors—each slightly larger, with more comple某 teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toe—seemed to provide strong support for Darwin's contention that species evolve gradually. But close e某amination of those fossil deposits now reveals a somewhat different story. Horses evolved in discrete steps, each of which persisted almost unchanged for millions of years and was eventually replaced by a distinctive newer model. The four-toed Eohippus preceded the three-toed Miohippus, for e某ample, but North American fossil evidence suggests a jerky, uneven transition between the two. If evolution had been a continuous, gradual process, one might e某pect that almost every fossil specimen would be slightly different from every year.【5】If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly, consider this: an alteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pair of wings into one that has two pairs of wings.【6】The question about the rate of evolution must now be turned around: does evolution ever proceed gradually, or does it always occur in short bursts? Detailed field studies of thick rock formations containing fossils provide the best potential tests of thecompeting theories.【7】Occasionally, a sequence of fossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organism over a long period of time. For e某ample, Peter Sheldon's studies of trilobites, a now e某tinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments—typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. No significant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmental conditions were quite stable during the period he e某amined.【8】Similar e某haustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. Most researchers e某pect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution. Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.托福阅读试题1.The word "innumerable" in the passage is closest in the meaning toA.countless.B.occasional.rge.D.repeated.2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true E某CEPTA.Darwin saw evolutionary change as happening slowly and gradually.B.Gaps in the fossil record were used to e某plain why it is difficult to see continuous small changes in the evolution of species.C.Darwin's evolutionary thesis was rejected because small changes could not be observed in the evolutionary record.D.By the early twentieth century, most biologists believed that gradualism e某plained evolutionary change.3.Which of the sentences below best e某presses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis challenged gradualism, which holds that species evolve in relatively sudden bursts of brief duration.B.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.C.In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by positing that change from one species to another cannot occur without a lengthy transition period.D.The punctuate equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.4.According to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis and the gradualism hypothesis differed aboutA.Whether the fossil record is complete.B.Whether all species undergo change.C.Whether evolution proceeds an a constant rate.D.How many new species occur over long periods of time.5.According to paragraph 3, the lack of intermediate fossils in the fossil record of some speciesA.has been e某tensively studied by paleontologist for over a century.B.contradicts the idea that most species have remained unchanged for millions of years.C.challenges the view that evolutionary change is gradual.D.is most common in the fossil records of clam and coral species.6.The word "compelling" in the passage paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning toA.surprising.B.persuasive.C.controversial.D.detailed.7.Paragraph 4 mentions that North American horses have changed in all the following ways E某CEPT inA.the number of toes they have.B.the length of their face.C.their overall size.D.the number of years they live.8.The word "alteration" in the passage paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.ent.C.change.D.duplication.9.According to paragraph 7, Peter Sheldon's studies demonstratedwhich ofthe following about trilobites?A.They underwent gradual change over a long time period.B.They e某perienced a number of discontinuous transitions during their history.C.They remained unchanged during a long period of environmental stability.D.They evolved in ways that cannot be counted for by either of the two competing theories.10.The word "occasionally" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toA.undoubtedly.B.basically.C.once in a while.D.to some e某tent.11.The main purpose of paragraph 7 is toA.Describe one test of the competing theories.B.Provide an e某ample of punctuated equilibrium.C.Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories.D.E某plain why trilobites became e某tinct.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate w here the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where could the sentence best fit? They believe that environmental conditions may play a crucial role in determining which of the two modes will be in operation over a given period.■【A】Similar e某haustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. ■【B】Most researchers e某pect to find that both modes of transition from onespecies to another are at work in evolution.■【C】Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. ■【D】But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.13.Directions: selected from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize punctuated equilibrium and the phrases that correctly characterize gradualism. Two of the phrases will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.A.States that new species emerge from e某isting species during relatively brief period of time.B.Was first formulated by Charles Darwin.C.E某plain why North American horses have become smaller over time.D.States that new species evolve slowly and continuously from e 某isting species.E.E某plain the lack of intermediate fossil forms in the fossil record of many petition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.G.States that a species will not change unless its environment changes.1 )GradualismA B C D E F G2 )punctuated equilibriumA B C D E F G托福阅读答案1.innumerable是不可计数的，A是无数的，B是偶然的，C是大的，D是重复的。

TPO-30 Reading 2 解析

Q1正确答案：A解析：innumerable，无数的，数不清的；这个单词是numerable(可数的，可计算的)加否定前缀in-，可以推断出近义词是countless，无数的，多得数不清的；occasional，偶尔的，不经常的；repeated，反复的，再三的，重复的。

Q2正确答案：C解析：在第一段中，A选项对应第2句的意思，B选项对应第3句的意思，D选项对应最后一句的意思。

C选项与原文不符，原文一直在说D达尔文的进化论被人们广泛接受。

Q3正确答案：D解析：高亮句的主干部分意思：间断平衡论（punctuated equilibrium hypothesis）挑战了进化论；高亮句的定语从句部分意思：间断平衡轮的内容是新种族的崛起是相对突发的，不需要长时间的转型期。

人物和年份不属于核心信息，可以忽略。

D选项意思和高亮句主干和从句部分意思相符。

A选项which修饰指代不明，容易产生误解；B选项与原文主干部分意思矛盾；C与原文不符，cannot occur without a lengthy transition period与间断平衡论正相反。

Q4正确答案：C解析：根据原文，进化论是说物种演变是通过长时间的缓慢改变发生的；间断平衡论是说物种演变是短期爆发的，所以两个理论的不同在于演变速度，C选项对应原文内容，进化是否是匀速发生的。

Q5正确答案：C解析：题干中的lack of intermediate fossils第三段第3句内容一致，定位到上一句，第2句的大意是，很多生物的化石上百年都不变，这一情况与达尔文学的进化论是不相符的，be at odds with, a与…不和”。

对应C选项。

这一段的最后也用clam or coral举例证明有物种突然被新物种替换，而不是渐渐进化改变的，据此排除B。

第三段第1句说的是间断平衡理论has usually been ignored，排除A；段落最后一句话说的clam or coral species的情况是In most localities而不是most common，排除D。

TPO高频必背词汇

TPO高频必背词汇词汇来源：全部选自OG和TPO里摘录的高频且必须掌握的词汇。

唯一要求：听到就能迅反应出意思或形象。

1、对话场景词汇：A：Office Hours—Student & Professor论文：office hour [ˈɔfis][ˈauə]n.办公时间term paper [tə:m][ˈpeipə]n.学期论文.the first draft [ðə] [fə:st][drɑ:ft]n.初稿look over a draft version [luk][ˈəuvə][ə][drɑ:ft][ˈvə:ʃən]v.检查草拟版本hand in the final copy[hænd][in][ðə] [ˈfainəl] [ˈk ɔpi]v.提交最后打印版scope [skəup]n.范围wander off topic [ˈwɔndə] [ɔ(:)f][ˈtɔpik]v.跑题. design plan [diˈzain] [plæn]n.设计方案.essay[ˈesei]n.作文，散文rewrite[ˌri:ˈrait]v.重写revise[riˈvaiz]v.校正comment[ˈkɔment]n.vt.评论reference section [ˈrefərəns] [ˈsekʃ(ə)n]n.参考部分考试专业疑难解答：assignment [əˈsainmənt]n.作业grade[greid]n.成绩credit[ˈkredit]n.学分mid-term exam [mid][tə:m] [igˈzæm]n.期中考试group project[gru:p] [ˈprɔdʒekt]n.团队项目due[dju:]adj.截止deadline [ˈdedlain]n.截止日期extension[ikˈstenʃən]n.延期选课：Preparatory Course [priˈpærətəri] [kɔ:s]n.预备课程：foundation course [faunˈdeiʃən] [kɔ:s]n.基础课程intro/introduction course[ˈɪntrəʊ]/ [ˌintrəˈdʌkʃən] [kɔ:s].n.导论课程intermediate Course[ˌintəˈmi:diət] [kɔ:s]n.中级课程advanced course [ədˈvɑ:nst] [kɔ:s]n.高级课程申请志愿者：volunteer[ˌvɔlənˈtiə]n.志愿者campus[ˈkæmpəs]n校园semester[siˈmestə]n.学期（半年）[英式term;术语] scholarship/fellowship[ˈskɔləʃip] [ˈfeləuʃip]n.奖学金迷路和其他：orientation[ˌɔ:riənˈteiʃən]n.大学新生介绍校园生活和学习retire [riˈtaiə]v.退休graduate [ˈgrædjueit]vi. 毕业n.毕业生B：Student & Officer 学生对工作人员(1)注册与咨询Registrar’s Off ice：注册办公室sign up [saɪn ʌp]v.注册，选课，报名course[kɔ:s]n.课程prerequisite[ˈpri:ˈrekwizit]n.预备知识，先决条件. permission[pəˈmiʃən]n.允许，许可mailing address[ˈmeiliŋ əˈdres]n.邮寄地址at the administration office[æt, ət] [ðə, ði:] [ədˌminisˈtreiʃən] [ˈɔfis]n.行政办公室graduation form[ˌgrædʒuˈeiʃən] [fɔ:m]n.毕业表格diploma[diˈpləumə]n.毕业证书.academic record[ˌækəˈdemik] [ˈrekɔ:d, riˈkɔ:d]n.学业成绩graduation requirements[ˌgrædʒuˈeiʃən] [riˈkwaiəmənts]要求department chair [diˈpɑ:tmənt][tʃɛə] /chairperson['t ʃɛəpə:sn]n.系主任dean [di:n]n.院长；系主任credit[ˈkredit]n.学分introductory course[ˌintəˈdʌktəri][kɔ:s]n.基础入门课程the intermediate level course[ðə, ði:] [ˌintəˈmi:diət] [ˈlevəl] [kɔ:s]n.中级水平basic course [ˈbeisik] [kɔ:s]n.基础课程foundational classe [faunˈdeiʃən] [ˈklæsik]基础课程field work [fild wɚk] /research [riˈsə:tʃ]n.实地研究verify [ˈverifai]vt.证实certify[ˈsə:tifai]vt.证明Counseling Center：咨询中心counselor[ˈkaunsələ]n.咨询员(2)图书馆与书店Library:图书馆librarian[laiˈbrɛəriən]n.图书管理员inter-library[ˈɪntə(r)][ˈlaibrəri]n.图书馆间loan[ləun]v.n.借loan counter[ləun][ˈkauntə] n.借书处loan period [ləun] [ˈpiəriəd] n.借书期限return[riˈtə:n]v.还renew[riˈnju:]v.更新，续reserve[riˈzə:v]vt.预留/n.储备photocopier[ˈfəʊtəʊkɔpɪə(r)]n.影印机fine[fain]vt.罚款/n.罚金literature review [ˈlitərətʃə][riˈvju:]n.文献评论electronic [iˌlekˈtrɔnik]adj.电子版的journal[ˈdʒə:nəl]n.期刊database [ˈdeitəbeis]n.数据库published and unpublished data [ˈpʌbliʃt][ənd][ˏʌnˋpʌblɪʃt] [ˈdeitə]n.数据title[ˈtaitl]n.标题screen[skri:n]n.电脑屏幕an abstract [ən, æn] [ˈæbstrækt]vt.摘要newspaper reviews[ˈnju:sˌpeipə] [riˈvju:z]n.报纸评论contemporary reviews[kənˈtempərəri] [riˈvju:z]n.当代评论in the basement[in] [ðə, ði:] [ˈbeismənt]n.地下室reference guide [ˈrefərəns] [gaid]n.参考指南the reference stacks[ðə, ði:] [ˈrefərəns] [stæks]n.书库video library [ˈvidiəu] [ˈlaibrəri]n.录像图书馆student orientation[ˈstju:dənt] [ˌɔ:riənˈteiʃən]n.情况介绍（针对大学新生）the front desk[ðə, ði:][frʌnt] [desk]n.前台charge[tʃɑ:dʒ] =fee[fi:]n.费用the rare books[ðə, ði:] [reə] [buks]珍藏本书gloves[glʌvz]手套Bookstore：书店full refund [ful] [riˈfʌnd, ˈri:fʌnd]n.退款retreat[riˈtri:t]n.退书merchandises[ˈmə:tʃəndaiz]n.商品purchased ['pə:tʃəst] =buy [bai] vt.买policy [ˈpɔləsi]n.规定store credit [stɔ:][ˈkredit] n.商店退款；赊账购物(3)实验室language lab manager：实验室video [ˈvidiəu]n.视频；录像(4)食堂Cafeteria：食堂restaurant ['restərɔnt] /dining room[ˈdaɪnɪŋ] [ru:m]n.餐厅organic food [ɔ:ˈgænik] [fu:d]n.有机食物deep fried food [di:p] [fraid] [fu:d]n.油炸食物waiter [ˈweitə] n.男服务员waitress[ˈweitris] n.女服务员snack[snæk]n.小吃，快餐salad[ˈsæləd]n.沙拉(5)打工与求职Department Secretary:部门秘书salary [ˈsæləri] =income[ˈinkʌm]n.工资paycheck ['peitʃek]n.薪水bank account[bæŋk əˈkaʊnt] n.银行存款/账户deposits[diˈpɔzits]n.存款payroll [ˈpeirəul]n.工资单；薪水册form[fɔ:m]n.表格table [ˈteibəl]n.表格chart[tʃɑ:t]n.图表cash[kæʃ]n.现金fax[fæks]n.传真bill [bil]n.账单credit card[ˈkrɛdɪt kɑrd]n.信用卡Career Services Office:就业服务办公室career [kəˈriə]n.职业recruit [riˈkru:t]vt.招聘interview [ˈintəvju:]n.面试resume [ˈrezju:mei]n.简历employee [imˈplɔi-i:] n.雇员employer [imˈplɔiə]n.雇主career [kəˈriə] /job fair[dʒɑb fɛr]n.招聘会website ['webˌsait]n.网站recommend letter [ˌrekəˈmend] [ˈletə]n.推荐信firm[fə:m] =company [ˈkʌmpəni] =corporation [ˌk ɔ:pəˈreiʃən]n.公司wear a suit [wɛə][ei, ə, æn, ən] [su:t, sju:t]n.正装advancement [ədˈvɑ:nsmənt]=promotion [prəˈməuʃən]n.晋升freshman [ˈfreʃmən]n.大一新生sophomore[ˈsɔfəmɔ:]n.大二junior[ˈdʒu:niə]n.大三seniors [ˈsi:niə]n.大四学生(6)社团与课外活动faculty advisor：指导老师dorm [dɔ:m] /dormitory [ˈdɔ:mitəri]n.宿舍social[ˈsəuʃəl]a.社交academics[ˌækəˈdemik]a.学术feedback [ˈfi:dbæk]n.反馈facilities manager：后勤经理chorus[ˈkɔ:rəs] =choir[ˈkwaiə]n.合唱队rehearsal [riˈhə:səl]n.排练，预演auditorium [ˌɔ:diˈtɔ:riəm]n.礼堂，会堂construction [kənˈstrʌkʃən]n.建筑施工hall [hɔ:l]n.大厅laboratory [ləˈbɔrətəri]n.实验室concert [ˈkɔnsət]n.音乐会reschedule [ri:ˈʃedju:l]vt.重新安排时间表Campus Activities. 校园活动announcement[əˈnaunsmənt]n.公告；通告summit[ˈsʌmit]n.提交request [riˈkwest] vt.／n.请求poster [ˈpəustə]n.海报flyers [ˈflaiəz]n.传单Administrating Office行政办公楼gym card [dʒim] [kɑ:d]n.健身卡2、讲座学科词汇：讲座场景A-- Social Science 社会科学(1)考古学与人类学考古：Archaeologyhistorical relic[hisˈtɔrikəl] [ˈrelik]n.遗迹excavation [ˌekskəˈveiʃən]n.挖掘grave= tomb [greiv]=[tu:m]n.坟墓bury[ˈberi]v.埋葬primitive [ˈprimitiv]n.原始人，adj原始的the Neolithic period/age[ðə] [ˌni:əuˈliθik] [ˈpiəriəd]/[eidʒ]=New stone age[nju:] [stəun][eidʒ]n.新石器时代the Paleolithic period/age[ðə] [ˌpæliəuˈliθik] [ˈpiəriəd]/[eidʒ]= the Old/late Stone Age [ðə] [əuld]/ [leit] [stəun][eidʒ]n.旧石器时代shelter [ˈʃeltə] n.庇护所inhabit [inˈhæbit]vt.居住于religion[riˈlidʒən]n.宗教ceremony[ˈseriməni]n.仪式obsidian[ɔbˈsidiən]n.黑曜石pyramid[ˈpirəmid]n.金字塔人类学：AnthropologyNative American [ˈneitiv][əˈmerikən]n. 美洲原住民，印第安人the natural resources [ðə][ˈnætʃərəl] [riˈsɔ:sis]n.自然资源waterproof[ˈwɔ:təpru:f]=watertight[ˈwɔ:tətaitnis] adj.防水的cooking container [ˈkukiŋ] [kənˈteinə]n.容器utensil[ju:ˈtensəl]n.餐具，炊具bowl [bəul]n.碗canoe [kəˈnu:]独木舟alliance [əˈlaiəns]=federation[ˌfedəˈreiʃən]n.联盟(2)哲学与历史哲学：PhilosophyAncient Greek philosopher [ˈeinʃənt][gri:k] [fiˈlɔsəfə]n.古希腊哲学家希腊哲学三杰：Socrates[ˈsɔkrəti:z]苏格拉底；Plato[ˈpleitəu]柏拉图；Aristotle[ˈæristɔtl]亚里士多德Aristotle’s ethical theory[ˈæristɔtlz][ˈeθikəl] [ˈθiəri]n.伦理学happiness [ˈhæpinis]n.幸福历史：Historyancient Rome/Greek[ˈeinʃənt][rəum]/[gri:k]n.古罗马/希腊Europe [ˈjuərəp] n.欧洲Britain [ˈbritən]n.英国Italy [ˈitəli] n. 意大利Rome(Roma) [rəum] n.罗马Greek [gri:k] n.希腊Egypt[ˈi:dʒipt] n.埃及France [ˈfræns] n.法国Germany [ˈdʒə:məni] n.德国Spain [spein] n.西班牙Turkey[ˈtə:ki] n.土耳其（Turkish）Netherlands[ˈneðələndz] =Holland[ˈhɔlənd] n.荷兰（Dutch荷兰人）Canada [ˈkænədə] n.加拿大（Canadian [kəˈneidiən] n.加拿大人）(3)经济商业与政治经济学Economics商业Businessprosper[ˈprɔspə]vi.繁荣dotcom crash[ðə][dɒtˈkɒm][kræʃ]n.互联网泡沫out of business 歇业，破产.irrational [iˈræʃənəl]adj.不理性的boom and bust[bu:m] [ænd][bʌst] 繁荣与萧条industry [ˈindəstri]n.产业，工业native to [ˈneitiv][tu]原产至hail from [heil][frɔm]来自于，出产于remote mountainous region [riˈməut] [ˈmauntinəs] [ˈri:dʒən]n.偏远山区nomad [ˈnəumæd]n.游牧民merchant [ˈmə:tʃənt]n.商人diplomat [ˈdipləmæt]n.外交官tulip mania [ˈtju:lip][ˈmeiniə]n.狂热gardening=horticulture [ˈɡɑːdnɪŋ]=[ˈhɔ:tiˌkʌltʃə]n.园艺disposable income [di'spəuzəbl][ˈinkʌm]-money [ˈmʌni]n.可支配收入luxury [ˈlʌkʃəri]n.奢侈品commodity[kəˈmɔditi]n.商品specimen [ˈspesəmən]n.样本variation [ˌveəriˈeiʃən]n.变种gold[gəuld]n.金子（区：goal目标）promissory note [ˈprɔmisəri][nəut]n.本票guarantee [ˌgærənˈti:]v.担保speculation [ˌspekjuˈleiʃən]n.投机profit [ˈprɔfit]n.利润revenue[ˈrevinju:]=income [ˈinkʌm]n.收入cost[kɔst]n.成本borrowing [ˈbɔrəuiŋ]n.借款mortgage [ˈmɔ:gidʒ]n./vt.抵押auction [ˈɔ:kʃən]n./vt.拍卖bidder [ˈbidə]n.投标者Panic [ˈpænik]n.恐慌collapse[kəˈlæps]n./vt.崩溃service[ˈsə:vis]n.服务product[ˈprɔdʌkt]n.产品potential customer[pəˈtenʃəl][ˈkʌstəmə]n.潜在客户media [ˈmi:diə]=communication[kəˌmju:niˈkeiʃən]n.媒体advertisement [ədˈvə:tismənt]n.广告adman [ˈædmæn]n.广告人advertising plan[ˈædvətaiziŋ][plæn]n.广告策划billboard[ˈbilbɔːd]n.公告牌target age group [ˈtɑ:git][eidʒ] [gru:p]n.目标年龄群market research/survey [ˈmɑ:kit] [riˈsə:tʃ]/[ˈsə:vei]市场调查tax [tæks]n.税金client[ˈklaiənt]n.客户commercial [kəˈmə:ʃəl]adj.商业的；营利的monetary [ˈmʌnitəri]adj.货币的，财政的infrastructure [ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə]n.基础设施out of work [aut] [əv, ə, ɔv] [wə:k]n.失业collaborate[kəˈlæbəreit]vi.合作；协作industry cluster:[ˈindəstri][ˈklʌstə]n.产业集群skilled labor [skild][ˈleibə]n.熟练工人Great Depression [greit][diˈpreʃən]n.大萧条mass communications[mæs][kəˌmju:niˈkeiʃənz]大众传播工具industrial revolution [inˈdʌstriəl] [ˌrevəˈlu:ʃən]n.工业革命，产业革命slogan [ˈsləugən]n.标语；呐喊声brand=trademark[b rænd]=[ˈtreidmɑ:k]n.品牌，商标urbanization [ˌəːbənaiˈzeiʃən]n.都市化bureaucracy[bjuˈrɔkrəsi]n.官僚主义美国政府the United States Governmentfifty states 55个州the Federal[ðə][ˈfedərəl]n.联邦federal subsidy[ˈfedərəl] [ˈsʌbsidi]=financial assistance[fəˈnænʃəl][əˈsistəns]n.财政资助//补贴the Second World War 第二次世界大战the National Endowment for the Artsfoundation[ðə][ˈnæʃən(ə)l][inˈdaumənt] [fə] [ðə][ɑːts]n.美国艺术基金会foundation[faunˈdeiʃən]=fund[fʌnd]n.基金会council[ˈkaunsəl]n.委员会tax incentive [tæks][inˈsentiv]n.税收优惠patron[ˈpeitrən]=sponsor[ˈspɔnsə]n.赞助人annual budget[ˈænjuəl][ˈbʌdʒit]n.年度预算(4)心理学社会学与语言学心理学：Psychologyfounder [ˈfaundə]n.创始人behaviorism [bɪˈheɪvɪərɪz(ə)m]n.行为主义mental process [ˈmentl][ˈprəuses]n.思维过程thought [θɔ:t]n.思想，想法laryngeal [ læˈrindʒiəl]adj.喉部larynx [ˈlæriŋks]= voice box [vɔis] [bɔks]喉头throat [θrəut]n.喉咙，嗓子habit[ˈhæbit]n.习惯positive/negative electrode [ˈpɔzətiv]/ [ˈnegətiv][ɪˈlektrəʊd]正/负电极deaf [def]adj. 聋的blind [blaind]adj.盲sign language [sain][ˈlæŋgwidʒ]n.手语，符号语音ideomotor action [ˌaidiəˈməutə][ˈækʃən]n.意识，观念运动adult [əˈdʌlt]n.成年人old people[əuld] [ˈpi:pl]=the aged[ ði:] [eidʒd]=elderly people [ˈeldəli] [ˈpi:pl]=senior citizens [ˈsi:niə][ˈsitizənz]老年人young people [jʌŋ] [ˈpi:pl] n.年轻人kid [kid]n.儿童teenager [ˈti:neidʒə]n.十三至十九岁的人baby[ˈbeibi]=infant[ˈinfənt]=nursling[ˈnəːsliŋ]n.婴儿child amnesia [tʃaild][æmˈni:ziə] n儿童健忘症，记忆缺失cognitive capacity[ˈkɔgnitiv] [kəˈpæsiti]n.认知能力cognition [kɔɡˈniʃən]n.认识intuitive[inˈtju:itiv]adj.直觉的maze[meiz]= labyrinth [ˈlæbərinθ]n.迷宫egocentric [ˌi:gəuˈsentrik]adj.自我中心的；利己主义的subjective [səbˈdʒektiv]adj.主观的objective[ɔbˈdʒektiv]adj.客观的hypotheses[haiˈpɔθisis]n.假定；臆测distracted [diˈstrækt]adj.心烦意乱的questionnaire[ˌkwestʃəˈneə]n.问卷Archimedes [ˌɑːkiˈmiːdiːz]n.阿基米德psychoanalysis[ˌsaikəuəˈnælisis]n.精神分析curiosity [ˌkjuəriˈɔsiti]n.好奇心conscience[ˈkɔnʃəns]n.道德心，良心identity [aiˈdentiti]n.身份；同一性abnormal [æbˈnɔ:məl]adj.反常的disadvantage [ˌdisədˈvɑ:ntidʒ]n.缺点generous[ˈdʒenərəs]adj.慷慨的，大方obsession [əbˈseʃən]n.困扰mental processes: [ˈmentl] [ˈprəuses]n.心理历程behaviorism[bɪˈheɪvɪərɪz(ə)m]n.行为主义muscle [ˈmʌsəl]n.肌肉mature [məˈtjuə]vt.使成熟fame [feim]n.名声，名望社会学：Sociologymeme[mi:m]n.文化基因longevity[lɔnˈdʒeviti]n.寿命fecundity[fiˋkʌndətɪ]n.繁殖力，复制能力fidelity[fiˈdeliti]n.保真度，精准语言学：linguistics[liŋˈgwistiks] .语言学grammar [ˈgræmə]n.语法verb [və:b]v.动词noun [naun]n.名词adjective [ˈædʒiktiv]n.形容词Proto-Indo-European: [prəʊ.təʊ-] [ˈɪndəʊ] [juərəˈpi:ən] n.原始印欧语B--Art艺术：(1)文学与戏剧文学：Literature createfairy tale [ˈfeə.ri.teɪl]n.童话；神话folk tale [fəulk] [teil]n.民间故事poetry[ˈpəuitri]=poem[ˈpəuim]n.诗歌novel [ˈnɔvəl]=fiction[ˈfikʃən]n.小说science fiction[ˈsaiəns][ˈfikʃən]n.科幻小说character[ˈkæriktə]n. 人物,角色，性格plot[plɔt]n情节setting [ˈsetiŋ]n.场景appreciate[əˈpri:ʃieit]vt.欣赏author[ˈɔ:θə]n.作者style [stail]n.风格essay[ˈesei]n.散文works[wə:ks]n.作品universal truth [ˌju:niˈvə:səl][tru:θ]n.真理genre[ˈʒɔnrə]n.流派type [taip]n.类型royalty [ˈrɔiəlti]n.皇室prince[ˈprins]n.王子princess[ˌprinˈses]n.公主story tellers [ˈstɔːriˌtelə] n.说故事的人character sketch [ˈkæriktə][sketʃ]n.素描，人物速写”characters’ personalities [ˈkæriktəs] [ˌpə:səˈnæliti]n.人物个性people’s trait [ˈpi:plz][treit]n.特质portray [pɔ:ˈtrei]vt.描绘major/main character [ˈmeidʒə]/[mein][ˈkærikt ə]=round character [raund][ˈkæriktə]n.主角minor characters[ˈmainə] [ˈkæriktə]=flat character [flæt] [ˈkæriktə] n.配角drama[ˈdrɑ:mə]=theater [ˈθiətə]=play [plei]n.戏剧opera [ˈɔpərə]n.歌剧knight [nait]n.骑兵，骑士chivalry [ˈʃivəlri] n.侠气，骑士精神religion [riˈlidʒən] n.宗教；宗教信仰Christian Church: [ˈkristʃən] [tʃə:tʃ] n.基督教教会clergy [ˈklə:dʒi] n.神职人员；牧师；僧侣entertainment [ˌentəˈteinmənt]=recreation [ˌrekriˈeiʃən]=amusement[əˈmju:zmənt]n.娱乐museum [mju(:)ˈziəm]n.博物馆well-made play [wel][meid][plei]n.佳构剧comedy[ˈkɔmidi]n.喜剧formula [ˈfɔ:mjulə]n.准则，公式logical [ˈlɔdʒikəl]adj.合乎逻辑的background [ˈbækgraund]n.背景lyrics [ˈliriks]n.抒情诗quotation [kwəuˈteiʃən]n.引用语servant [ˈsə:vənt]n.仆人master [ˈmɑ:stə]n.主人comment [ˈkɔment]n.评论the inciting[ðə][inˈsait iŋ]n.刺激incident [ˈinsidənt]n.事件.fortune [ˈfɔ:tʃənət]n.命运，运气obligatory scene [əˈbligəˌtəri][si:n]n.必须的情节ending[ˈendiŋ]= denouement [deiˈnu:mɑŋ] n.结局legend [ˈledʒənd] n.传说literacy [ˈlitərəsi] n.读写能力；精通文学troubadour[ˈtruːbəduə] n.行吟诗人mythology[miˈθɔlədʒi] n.神话；神话学；神话集allegory [ˈæliɡəri] n.寓言stereotype: [ˈsteriətaip] n.刻板印象，成见，定型行为editorial [ˌediˈtɔ:riəl] n.社论(2)音乐与舞蹈音乐：Musicchoir [ˈkwaiə] n.合唱队chorus [ˈkɔ:rəs] n.合唱队rhythm [ˈriðəm] n.节奏；韵律symphony [ˈsimfəni] n.交响乐violin [ˌvaiəˈlin] n.小提琴；小提琴手cello [ˈtʃeləʊ] n.大提琴viola [viˈəulə] n.中提琴，中提琴演奏者clarinet[klæriˈnet] n.单簧管；竖笛，黑管composer[kəmˈpəuzə]n.作曲家；作家melody [ˈmelədi] n.旋律；歌曲chamber music [ˈtʃeimbə][ˈmju:zik] n.室内音乐musician [mju(:)ˈziʃən] n.音乐家improvisational [ˏɪmprəvaɪˋzeɪʃənəl]adj.即兴的percussion instrument [pəˈkʌʃən][ˈinstrumənt] n.打击乐器string instrument [striŋ][ˈinstrumənt] n.弦乐器Broadway musical: [ˈbrɔ:dwei] [ˈmju:zikəl]n.百老汇音乐剧orchestra [ˈɔ:kistrə]n.管弦乐队critic [ˈkritik]n.评论家；批评者formal [ˈfɔ:məl]adj.正式的poverty [ˈpɔvəti]n.贫困舞蹈：Dancechoreography[ˌkɔriˈɔgrəfi]n.编舞：ballet[bæˈleɪ]n.芭蕾舞toeshoe[ˋtəʊʃuː] n.芭蕾舞鞋facial [ˈfeiʃəl] adj.面部的，表面的sarcastic [sɑ:ˈkæstik, sɑr-] adj.讽刺的renowned[riˈnaund] adj.著名的(3)电影与摄影电影：Filmfilm[film]n.=movie[ˈmu:vi]n.=motion picture[ˈməuʃən] [ˈpiktʃə]n.电影theater [ˈθiətə]n. =cinema[ˈsinimə] n.电影院standard[ˈstændəd] n.标准hybrid[ˈhaibrid]n.混合；混血pioneer [ˌpaiəˈniə]n.先驱innovator [ˋɪnəʊveɪtə(r)] n.改革者characteristic [ˌkæriktəˈristik] n.特征，特质narration [nəˈreiʃən] n.叙事，讲述audience [ˈɔ:diəns]n.观众，听众，读者portray [pɔ:ˈtrei] vt.描绘，扮演photography [fəˈtɔgrəfi] n.摄影high-tech [haɪˈtek] n.高科技equipment[iˈkwipmənt] n.设备documentary[ˌdɔkjuˈmentəri]n.纪录片documentarist[ˏdɔkjʊˋmentərɪst] n.纪录片导演female/male student [ˈfi:meil]/[meil] [ˈstju:dənt] n.女/男学生(4)工艺美术建筑设计美术：Fine Artfine art[fain] [ɑ:t] n.美术abstract art [ˈæbstrækt] [ɑ:t] n.抽象派convention [kənˈvenʃən] n.大会；惯例，习俗academy[əˈkædəmi] n.学院；研究院contemplative[ˈkɔntempleitiv] adj.沉思的；冥想的daydream [ˈdeɪdriːm]n.白日梦nightmare[ˈnaitmeə] n.噩梦ivory [ˈaivəri]n.象牙；乳白色sculpture [ˈskʌlptʃə]n.雕塑prehistory [ˈpriːhistəri] n.史前stained glass [steɪnd `glæs ]n.彩色玻璃era [ˈiərə]n.时代；年代；纪元the Renaissance [ˌrɛnəˈzans] n.文艺复兴weaving[ˈwiː.vɪŋ] n.织动，编织fabric[ˈfæbrik] n.纤维织物mosaic[məuˈzei-ik] n.马赛克ceramics[siˈræmiks] n.制陶术，制陶业tribal art [ˈtraibəl][ɑ:t] n.部落艺术traditional [trəˈdiʃənəl]adj.传统的gallery[ˈgæləri] n.画廊realistic [riəˈlistik] n.形式主义的realism [ˈriəlizəm] n现实主义impressionism[ɪmˈpreʃənɪz(ə)m] n.印象主义brushstroke [brʌʃ] [strəuk] n.一笔，绘画技巧texture [ˈtekstʃə] n.质地，纹理canvas [ˈkænvəs]n.画布，帆布nature scene [ˈneitʃə] [si:n] n.场景，景色landscape [ˈlændskeip] n.风景posture [ˈpɔstʃə] n.姿势cave art [keiv] [ɑ:t] n.洞穴壁画studio[ˈstju:diəu] n.工作室；画室salon[səˈlɔn] n.沙龙，美术展览馆painting=work [ˈpeintiŋ] [wə:k] n.绘画作品masterpiece [ˈmæstəpi:s] n.杰作contemporary art[kənˈtempərəri] [ɑ:t] n.当代艺术Dadaism. [ˈdɑːdəizəm] n.达达派，达达主义neoclassical [ˈniːəuklæsikəl] adj.新古典主义的art academy[ɑ:t][əˈkædəmi] n.艺术学院exhibition[eksiˈbiʃ(ə)n] n.展览（会）rank[ræŋk]v.分等级make a name[meik][ə][ˈneim]v.出名，成名prayer book [ˈpreə] [buk] n.祈祷书monastery[ˈmɔnəstri] n.修道院；僧侣authentic[ɔ:ˈθentik] adj.真正的，真实的；可信的printing press [ˈprintiŋ][pres] n.印刷机accessible [əkˈsesəbəl] adj.易接近的；可进入的；可理解的建筑：ArchitectureArchitect [ˈɑ:kitekt] n.建筑师compact structure [ˈkɔmpækt][ˈstrʌktʃə] 紧凑的结构roof [ru:f] n.屋顶dome [dəum] n.穹顶steel girder [sti:l][ˈgə:də] n.钢梁城市规划：City Planningpedestrian mall [piˈdestriən][mɔ:l] n.步行街retail [ˈri:teil, riˈteil]n.v.零售business owner=employer [ˈbiznis][ˈəunə] =[imˈplɔiə]老板downtown [ˈdaunˈtaun]n.市中心suburb [ˈsʌbə:b] n.郊外country =rural area [ˈkʌntri]= [ˈruərəl] [ˈɛəriə]n.农村residential area [ˌreziˈdenʃəl] [ˈɛəriə]n. 住宅区local resident [ˈləukəl] [ˈrezidənt] n.当地居民dweller [ˈdwelə]n.居民inhabitant [inˈhæbitənt]n.居民sidewalk [ˈsaidwɔ:k]n.人行道,off-limits[ˌɒfˈlɪm.ɪts]n.禁区，禁止进入automobile[ˈɔ:təməubi:l]=car[kɑ:]=vehicle [ˈvi:ik əl]n.汽车transportation hub [ˌtrænspə:ˈteiʃən] [hʌb]n.中转港bus terminal [bʌs] [ˈtə:minəl]n.公车终点站subway station [ˈsʌbwei][ˈsteiʃən]=underground[ˌʌndəˈgraund]n.地铁business conference[ˈbiznis][ˈkɔnfərəns] =seminar [ˈseminɑ:]n.会议parking area/lot[ˈpɑːkiŋ][ˈɛəriə]/ [lɔt]=car park [k ɑ:] [pɑ:k]=stopping place [ˈstɔpiŋ] [pleis]n.停车场sculpture [ˈskʌlptʃə]n.雕像decoration [ˌdekəˈreiʃən]= adornment[əˈdɔ:nmənt] n.装饰品layout [ˈleiaut]n.布局讲座场景C—理科—Physical Science 自然科学(1)天文学天文:Astronomydeparture point [diˈpɑ:tʃə] [pɔint]n.出发点，启程点advanced navigational tools [ədˈvɑ:nst][ˌnævə'gei ʃnəl][tu:lz] = instruments[ˈinstrumənt]n.先进的导航设备ambient Light ['æmbiənt][lait]n.环境光ancient civilization [ˈeinʃənt] [ˌsivilaiˈzeiʃən] n.古文明angle[ˈæŋgəl]n.角度reference points[ˈrefərəns][pɔint]n.参照点，参考点asteroid belt [ˈæstərɔid] [belts]n.小行星带astronaut[ˈæstrənɔ:t]n.宇航员astronomer[əˈstrɔnəmə]n.天文学家astronomical units [ˌæstrəˈnɔmikəl] [ˈju:nits]n.天文单位（距离）atmospheric [ˌætməsˈferik]a.大气的average depth [ˈævəridʒ][depθ]n.深度backward[ˈbækwəd]a.向后的；反向的calculation[ˌkælkjuˈleiʃən]n.计算chemical element[ˈkemikəl][ˈelimənt]= composition. [ˌkɔmpəˈziʃən]n.化学成分comet [ˈkɔmit]n.彗星constellation[ˌkɔnstəˈleiʃən]n.星座crater[ˈkreitə]n.火山坑，坑crust [krʌst]n.地壳外壳crystal prism [ˈkristəl] [ˈprizəm]n.水晶棱镜diameter [daiˈæmitə]n.直径dust[dʌst]n.沙尘Electromagnetic radiation[i'lektrəumæg'netik][ˌreidiˈeiʃən]n.电磁辐射evaporation[iˌvæpəˈreiʃ(ə)n]n.蒸发fingerprint ['fiŋgəˌprint]n.指纹flame reaction[fleim] [riˈækʃən]n.焰色反应footprint[ˈfutˌprint]n.脚印geocentric [dʒi:əˈgræfik]a.地心的/地心论gravitation [ˌgræviˈteiʃən]a.重力，万有引力heliocentric [ˌhi:liəu'sentrik]adj.日心的Helium ['hi:liəm]n.氦气/氦hydrogen[ˈhaidrədʒən]n.氢气，氢image [ˈimidʒ]n.图像infrared ray [ˌinfrəˈred] [rei]n.红外线Law[lɔ:]n.定律；法律albedo [æl'bidəu]n.反照率/反射率Length [leŋθ]n.长度liquid [ˈlikwid]n.液体lubricate[ˈlu:brikeit]vt.润滑lunar=moon [ˈlu:nə] [mu:n]n.月亮mantle[ˈmæntl]n.地幔melted [meltid]adj.融化meteor showers [ˈmi:tiə] [ˈʃauəz]n.流星雨microscopic[ˌmaikrəˈskɔpik]a.微观的/显微镜的mission[ˈmiʃən]n.任务moon[mu:n]n.月亮；卫星multiplying by [ˈmʌltiplai:iŋ] [bai]v.乘NASA: [ˈnæsə]abbr.=National Aeronautics and Space Administration[ˈnæʃən(ə)l][ˌeərəuˈnɔ:tiks] [ænd] [speis][ədˌminisˈtreiʃən](美国)国家航空和宇宙航行局navigational aid [ˌnævə'geiʃnəl] [eid]n.助航设备observation [ˌɔbzəˈveiʃən]n.观察on the far side of the moon n.远月点optical radiation [ˈɔptikəl] [ˌreidiˈeiʃən]n.光辐射orbit [ˈɔ:bit]n.轨道oxygen [ˈɔksidʒən]n.氧气，氧paradox [ˈpærədɔks]n.悖论；似非而是的论点permanent base[ˈpə:mənənt] [beis]n.永久基地phases of the Moon [feiz][əv][ðə, ði:][mu:n] n.月相phenomena[fiˈnɔminə]n.现象（phenomenon[fiˈn ɔmənən]的复数）planet [ˈplænit]n.行星position [pəˈziʃən]n.位置v.定位，安置practical value [ˈpræktikəl][ˈvælju:]n.实用价值primitive life [ˈprimitiv] [laif]n.原始生命purified['pjuərifaid]adj.净化的putting in a decimal ['putiŋ] [in] [ei] [ˈdesiməl]n.放入小数（除）reflected light [riˈflekʃən] [lait]n.反射光rocket fuel [ˈrɔkit] [fjuəl]n.火箭燃料seafarer[ˈsi:ˌfeəriŋ]n.航海家solar system [ˈsəulə][ˈsistəm]n.太阳系space exploration [speis] [ˌeksplɔ:ˈreiʃən]n.太空探索space probe [speis] [prəub]n.航天/空间探测器space suit [speis] [su:t, sju:t]n.宇航服spacecraft[ˈspeiskrɑ:ft]n.太空飞船space ship[speis] [ʃip] /shuttle [ˈʃʌtl]space[speis]n.太空spectral lines of light [ˈspektrəl] [lain] [əv, ə, ɔv] [lait]n.光谱线spectroscopy[ˈspektrəm]n.光谱学spectrum[ˈspektrəm]n.光谱subtract[səbˈtrækt]v.减sun spots [sʌn] [spɔts]n.太阳黑子telescope[ˈteliskəup]n.望远镜the pacific islands[ðə, ði:] [pəˈsifik] [ˈailənd]太平洋岛the Vikings[ðə, ði:][ˈvaikiŋz]维京人topographical map [ˌtɔpə'græfikl][mæp]n.地形图ultrared [ˌʌltrə'red]adj.红外线的ultra-violet ['ʌltrə]- [ˈvaiələt]n.紫外线underground rivers/water[ˌʌndəˈgraund]['rivɚs]/ [ˈwɔ:tə]n.地下水visible light [ˈvizəbəl] [lait]n.可见光water molecules [ˈwɔ:tə][ˈmɔlikju:lz]n.水分子zenith star [ˈziniθ][stɑ:]n.天顶星九大行星Mercury [ˈmə:kjuri]n.水星Venus [ˈvi:nəs]n.金星Earth [ə:θ]n.地球Mars [mɑ:z]n.火星Jupiter [ˈdʒu:pitə]n.木星Saturn ['sætən]n.土星Uranus ['juərənəs]n.天王星Neptune ['neptju:n]n.海王星Pluto ['plu:təu]n.【已取消】冥王星(2)地理学与地质学地理Geography地质GeologyAtlantic (Ocean) [ətˈlæntik]([ˈəuʃən])n.大西洋aquifers [ˈækwifəz]n.蓄水层,barren [ˈbærən]a.贫瘠basin['beisn]n.盆地carbonic acid [kɑ:ˈbɔnik] [ˈæsid]n.碳酸continent [ˈkɔntinənt]n.大陆，洲continental drift [ˌkɔntiˈnentl] [drift]大陆漂移说continental slope [ˌkɔntiˈnentl] [sləup]n. [海洋] 大陆坡coral island [ˈkɔrəl][ˈailənd]n.珊瑚岛dating technique [deitiŋ] [tekˈni:k]n.年代测定技术Death Valley [deθ] [ˈvæli]n.（美）死谷desert[diˈzə:t]n.沙漠dissolves[diˈzɔlvz]v.溶解；分解draw a diagram[drɔ:] [ei, ə, æn, ən][ˈdaiəgræm]v.画个图表drill[dril]v.钻(孔)drought [draut]n.干旱earthquake[ˈə:θkweik]n.地震elevation/height [ˌeliˈveiʃən]/ [hait]n.海拔Empty Quarter[ˈempti][ˈkwɔ:tə]n.阿拉伯半岛沙漠“空白之地”equator[iˈkweitə]n.赤道erode[iˈrəud]vt.腐蚀，侵蚀extinct volcano[ikˈstiŋkt] [vɔlˈkeinəu]n.死火山formation [fɔ:ˈmeiʃən]n.形成frigid zone [ˈfridʒid] [zəun]n.寒带geologic feature [dʒiəˈlɔdʒikəl] [ˈfi:tʃə]n.地质特征geologist [dʒi'ɔlədʒist]n.地质学家geothermal[ˌdʒi:əu'θə:məl]adj.地热的glacier [ˈglæsiə]n.冰川，冰河granary [ˈgrænəri]n.谷仓granite[ˈgrænit]n.花岗岩grassland ['grɑ:slænd]n.草原gypsum['dʒipsəm]n.石膏interglacial[ˌintə'gleisiəl]adj.间冰期的lake[leik]n.湖latitude[ˈlætitju:d]n.纬度limestone [ˈlaimstəun]n.石灰岩longitude[ˈlɔndʒitju:d]n.经度magma ['mægmə] = lava [ˈlɑ:və] n.熔岩magnetic force [mægˈnetik] [fɔ:s]n.磁力moisture [ˈmɔistʃə]n.水分，湿度monsoon rains [mɔnˈsu:n] [reinz]n.季风雨North Pole/Arctic [nɔ:θ] [pəul]/ [ˈɑ:ktik]n.北极Pacific ( Ocean) [pəˈsifik]( [ˈəuʃən])n.太平洋particle ['pa:tikl]n.颗粒plain，flatland[plein],[ˈflætˌlænd, -lənd]平原plate tectonics[pleit] [tek'tɔniks]n.板块构造论plateau=highland [ˈplætəu]= [ˈhailənd]n.高原polar region [ˈpəulə] [ˈri:dʒən]n.极地rain forest [rein] [ˈfɔrist]n.雨林rainfall [ˈreinfɔ:l]n.降雨量salinity[sə'liniti]n.盐度sandstone [ˈsændstəun]n.砂岩seismometer[saiz'mɔmitə]n.地震仪；地震检波器silver[ˈsɪlvɚ]n.]银soluble[ˈsɔljub(ə)l]a.可溶的，可溶解的South Pole/Antarctic[sauθ] [pəul]/ [ænˈtɑ:ktik]n.南极temperate zone [ˈtempərit zəun]n.温带terrestrial heat [təˈrɛstriəl hit] n.地热terrestrial magnetism [təˈrɛstriəl ˈmæɡnɪˌtɪzəm] n.地磁学；地磁thaw [θɔ:]n.解冻，融雪Arabian Peninsula [əˈreibiən] [piˈninsjulə]n.阿拉伯半岛cycle [ðə, ði:] [ˈsaikəl]n.周期循环Grand Canyon [grænd] [ˈkænjən]n.（美）大峡谷Ice Age [ais] [eidʒ]n.冰河世纪the Nile valley [ðə, ði:] [nail] [ˈvæli]n.尼罗河流域the Sahara Desert [ðə, ði:]n.撒哈拉沙漠tide[taid]n.潮流；潮汐tin[tin]n.锡；罐头zinc[ziŋk]n.锌tropical zone[ˈtrɔpikəl zəun] n.热带tundra['tʌndrə]n.苔原，冻原volcano [vɔlˈkeinəu]n.火山voyage[ˈvɔi-idʒ]n.航行；航程water year [ˈwɔtɚjɪr]水文年dune[dju:n]n.沙丘(3)物理与化学物理：Physicsfluid[ˈflu:id]n.流体；液体hydrodynamics['haidrəudai'næmiks]n.流体力学aerodynamic ['ɛərədai'næmik]adj.气体动力的interaction [ˌintəˈrækʃən]n.交互作用；感应acceleration of gravity[əkseləˈreiʃən] [əv] [ˈgræviti]n.重力加速度conversation of energy [ˌkɔnvəˈseiʃən] [əv] [ˈenədʒi]n.能量守恒direct current[dɪˈrɛkt ˈkɚrənt]n.直流mechanics [miˈkæniks]n.力学，机械学watt[wɑ:t, wɔt]n.瓦特voltage [ˈvəultidʒ]n.电压test tube[test tju:b]n.试管gasify['gæsifai]v.气化distillation [ˌdistiˈleiʃən]n.蒸馏dilution[dai'lju:ʃən]n.稀释conduction[kən'dʌkʃən]n.传导Acoustics [əˈku:stiks]n.声学resonance[ˈrezənəns]n.共振；共鸣dynamics [dai'næmiks]n.动力学化学Chemistryacid[ˈæsid]n.酸atomic number [əˈtɑmɪk ˈnʌmbɚ]n.原子序数, biochemistry[ˌbaɪoˈkɛmɪstri]n.生物化学carbohydrate [ˌkɑrboˈhaɪˌdret]n.碳水化合物carbon dioxide[ˈkɑrbən daɪˈɑksaɪd]n.二氧化碳carbon[ˈkɑ:bən]n.碳chemist [ˈkemist]n.化学家compound[kəmˈpaund]n.化合物cyclotron['saiklətrɔn]n.粒子回旋加速器decay [diˈkei]v.衰退；衰减early version [ˈə:li] [ˈvə:ʃən]n.早期版本electron[iˈlektrɔn]n.电子gap [gæp]n.缺口；空白hydrogen [ˈhaidrədʒən]n.氢infrared microscope [ˌinfrəˈred] [ˈmaikrəskəup]n.红外线显微镜ingredient [inˈgri:diənts]n.材料inorganic chemistry[inˈɔrdinit, iˈnɔ:dinət][ˈkemistri]n.无机化学iron [ˈaiən]n.铁isotope[ˈaisətəup]n.同位素lead [li:d]n.铅liquefy [ˈlikwifai]v.溶化| 液化matter[ˈmeitə]=substances [ˈsʌbstənsiz]=material[məˈtiəriəl]n.物质museum curator [mju:'ziəm][kjuəˈreitə]n.博物馆馆长neutron [ˈnju:trɔn]n.中子nitrogen [ˈnaitrədʒən]n.氮ore sample [ɔ:] [ˈsæmpl, ˈsɑ:mpəl]n.矿石样本original [əˈridʒənəl]n.原作oxide[ˈɔksaid]n.氧化物oxygen [ˈɔksidʒən]n.氧phosphorus[ˈfɑsfərəs]n.磷pigments [ˈpɪgmənts]n.颜料；色素plastic[ˈplæstik]n.塑料的properties['prɔpətis] n.特性proton number[ˈproˌtɑn ˈnʌmbɚ]n.质子proton[ˈprəutɔn]n.质子radioactive Uranium[ˈreidiəuˈæktiv] [juəˈreinjəm]n.放射性铀spectral signature[ˈspektrəl] [ˈsignətʃə]n.光谱特征sulfide [ˈsʌlfə]n.硫化物sulfur [ˈsʌlfə]n.硫synthesize ['sinθisaiz]v.合成；综合the periodic table[ðə, ði:] [ˌpiəriˈɔdik] [ˈteibəl]n.元素周期表wavelengths [ˈweɪvˌleŋkθs] n.波长X-ray [ˈeksˈrei] X光zinc[ziŋk]n.锌(4)环境科学（见生命科学）D: 理科—Life Science生命科学Nobel Prize[nəu'bel] [praiz] n. 贝尔奖(1)动物学：动物学：Zoology考过的动物：alligator[ˈæligeitə]= crocodile[ˈkrɔkədail]n.鳄鱼anthropoid [ˈænθrəpɔid]a.类人猿的ant[ænt]n.蚂蚁baboon [bə'bu:n]n.狒狒bat[bæt]n.蝙蝠bear[bɛə]vt.熊beaver[ˈbi:və]n.海狸bison ['baisn] n.美洲野牛buffalo[ˈbʌfələu]n.水牛cattle[ˈkætl]n.牛chimpanzee[ˌtʃimpænˈzi:]n.黑猩猩chipmunk[ˈtʃipmʌŋk]n.花栗鼠clam[klæm]n.蛤cockroach['kɔkrəutʃ] n.蟑螂colubrid[ˈkɑləbrɪd, ˈkɑljə-]n.无毒蛇类coral[ˈkɔrəl]n.珊瑚crab[kræb]n.螃蟹crow [krəu]n.乌鸦camel [ˈkæməl]n.骆驼deer[diə]n.鹿zebra[ˈzi:brə, ˈze:-]n.斑马dinosaur[ˈdainəsɔ:]n.恐龙dolphin[ˈdɔlfin]n.海豚eagle[ˈi:gl]n.鹰eel [i:l]n.鳗鱼elephant[ˈelifənt]n.大象fly [flai]n.苍蝇frog[frɔg]n.青蛙hawk[hɔ:k]n.鹰hippopotamuses[ˌhipəˈpɔtəməs]=hippo['hipəu]n.河马hummingbird [ˈhʌmiŋbə:d]n.蜂鸟kangaroo[ˌkæŋgəˈru:]n.袋鼠lions[ˈlaiən]n.狮子lizard[ˈlizəd]n.蜥蜴mammoth[ˈmæməθ]n.猛犸象，长毛象Marmot ['mɑ:mət]n.土拨鼠meerkat['miəkæt]n.猫鼬mosquito[məsˈki:təu]n.蚊子moth [mɔθ]n.飞蛾octopus['ɔktəpəs]n.章鱼otter[ˈɔtə]n.水獭owl[aul]n.猫头鹰penguin [ˈpeŋgwin]n.企鹅pigeon[ˈpidʒin]n.鸽子rabbit[ˈræbit]n.兔子rat[ræt] =mouse [maus]（复数mice）n.鼠reptile[ˈreptail]n.爬行动物rhinoceros [rai'nɔsərəs]n.犀牛rodent[ˈrəudənt]n.啮齿动物shrimp[ʃrimp]n.虾snail[sneil]n.蜗牛snake[sneik]n.蛇squirrel[ˈskwirəl]n.松鼠starfish[ˈstɑrˌfɪʃ]n.海星termite[ˈtə:mait]n.白蚁Tyrannosaurus rex[taiˌrænə'sɔ:rəs] [reks]n.霸王龙venomous snake[ˈvenəməs][sneik]n.有毒的蛇whale[hweil]n.鲸鱼wolf[wulf]n.狼amphibian[æmˈfibiən]n.两栖动物herbivore ['hə:biˌvɔ:]n.食草动物zoology [zəuˈɔlədʒi]n.动物学ruminant [ˈru:minənt]n.反刍动物entomology [ˌentəˈmɔlədʒi]n.昆虫学omnivorous[amˈnivərəs]a.杂食的herbivorous: [hə:ˈbivərəs]a.食草的，草食的Animal Behavior:动物行为passive [ˈpæsiv]a.被动的/enactive [i'næktiv] a.主动的habitat selection[ˈhæbitæt] [siˈlekʃən]n.栖息地选择agent[ˈeidʒənt]n.中介prime [praim] a. 首要的，最好的/ secondary [ˈsek əndəri, -deri] a.次要的，第二的habitat [ˈhæbitæt]n.息地mate[meit]n.交配reproduce[ˌri:prəˈdju:s]v.繁殖breed[bri:d]n.品种offspring [ˈɔfˌspriŋ]n.后代organism[ˈɔ:gənizəm]n.有机物，微生物species[ˈspi:ʃi:z]n.物种survival[səˈvaivəl]n.生存insect [ˈinsekt]n.昆虫camouflage [ˈkæməflɑ:ʒ]vt.伪装predator-prey [ˈpredətə] -[prei]捕食者—被捕食者lags eggs[ˈli:kɪdʒz]下蛋beach[bi:tʃ]n.海滩fledglings[ˈfledʒliŋ]n.雏鸟hatchling ['hætʃliŋ]n.刚孵化的幼体larva [ˈlɑ:və]n.幼虫recreate['rekrieit]v.再建（栖息地）shrub [ʃrʌb] = bush[brʌʃ]灌木丛underneath[ˌʌndəˈni:θ]n.下面higher[ˈhaiə] a.较高/ lower [ˈləuə]a.较低population density[ˌpɔpjuˈleiʃən] [ˈdensiti]n.人口密度mating ritual ['meitiŋ] [ˈritʃuəl]求偶仪式grooming ['gru:miŋ]n.整理（羽毛）enemy [ˈenimi]n.敌人irrelevant [iˈrelivənt]a.不切题，不相关inappropriate [ˌinə'prəupriit] adj.不恰当. displacement [disˈpleismənt]n.取代，换位。

tpo30阅读第3篇答案

tpo30阅读第3篇答案tpo30阅读第3篇试题1.According to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?A.Play must be defined with concepts, not examples.B.Play behavior often looks like nonplay behavior.C.Play often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing.D.Play occurs independently of an animals intentions.2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animalsA.The delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.B.The difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.C.The fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.D.The lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and primates.3.The word "considerable" in the passage paragraph 3 is closest in the meaning toA.Initial.B.Practical.C.Eventually.D.Significant.4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage inplay EXCEPTA.exposure to predators.B.a buildup of fat stores.C.a loss of fuel that could be used for growth.D.risk of injury from slipping or falling.5.Why does the author include the comment "though they were fed the same diets"?A.To show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living inenriched environments.B.To eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differencesin brain weight.C.To emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep themalive.D.To suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food.6.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animals brain.A.The heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.B.The younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.C.The larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.D.The larger the animals cerebellum, the larger will be the animals nerve cells.7.According to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different fromthose of predator species?A.Unlike predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors,such as biting.B.Some prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.C.The survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.D.Predator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey species.8.The word "comparative" in the passage paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.relative.B.temporary.C.sufficient.plete.9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthehighlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 6 ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can beinvolved in social groups.B.Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriatesocial behaviors.C.Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their socialgroups.D.Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take ofsocial groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.10.What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the role of adults in play activities ofthe young?A.Adults help their young learn to become dominant within the social group.B.Young animals learn how to play from the adults within their social group.C.Adults allow the young to engage in play behaviors within a protected, sage environment.。

托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文30—3 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

托福考试复习TPO 30—3 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock原文：【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort.These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown. 【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its publicdisplay and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.题目：1.Why does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night"?A.T o emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.D.T o counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance oftimekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPTA.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.4.The word "authoritative" in the passage（paragraph 2）is closest in meaning toA.actual.B.important.C.official.D.effective.5.The author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to refer toA.water clocks.B.the sun.C.mechanical clocks.D.the church.6.The word "rudimentary" in the passage（paragraph 3）is closest in meaning toA.rare.B.small.C.impractical.D.basic.7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.8.The word "installed" in the passage（paragraph 4）is closest in meaning toA.required.B.expected by the majority of people.C.standardized.D.put in place.9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakersA.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.A.How did early mechanical clocks work?B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?C.How were mechanical clocks made?D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?11.The word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning toA.leaders.B.opponents.C.employers.D.guardians.12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.D.It led to a focus on productivity.13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that exceptat the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepersbecause more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.答案：1.从第一段的第二句开始，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句说它们work，后面but表转折，证明要说有些情况它们不能用。

单词TPO30

TPO 30 Conversation 1employee [ɪm'plɔɪi] n. 雇员administrative [əd'mɪnɪstretɪv] adj. 行政的，管理的reserve [rɪ'zɝv] v. 预订；保留preference ['prɛfrəns] n. 偏爱；优先private ['praɪvət] adj. 私人的；个人的option ['ɑpʃən] n. 选择权；可选物available [ə'veləbl] adj. 可利用的；可得到的setup ['sɛt,ʌp] n. 计划；安装；divider [dɪ'vaɪdɚ] n. 分隔物faculty ['fæklti] n.（大学的）系或院；全体教员advisor [ædˈvaɪzɚ] n. 顾问established [ə'stæblɪʃt] adj. 确定的；建立的brand-new [ˈbrændˈnu] adj. 崭新的registration ['rɛdʒɪ'streʃən] n. 注册；登记；挂号proceed [pro'sid] v. 继续进行；开始；着手finalize ['faɪnəlaɪz] v. 完成；确定，最终确定verification [ˌvɛrɪfɪ'keʃən] n. 确认permission [pɚ'mɪʃən] n. 许可；允许；同意audiovisual [ˌɔdioˈvɪʒuəl] adj. 视听教学的；视听的eligible ['ɛlɪdʒəbl] adj. 有资格的；合适的flyer ['flaɪɚ] n. 传单poster ['postɚ] n. 海报campus ['kæmpəs] n. 校园semiprivate [ˌsemɪ'praɪvɪt] adj. 半私用地approval [ə'pruːvl] n. 同意dorm [dɔːrm] n. 宿舍retrieve [rɪ'triːv] v. 取回sponsoring ['spɑːnsər] v. 赞助Lecture 1psychology [saɪ'kɑlədʒi] n. 心理学cognition [kɑɡ'nɪʃən] n. 认识力；认知intelligence [ɪn'tɛlɪdʒəns] n. 智力；理解力motivate ['motə'vet] v激发(兴趣或欲望) analogue ['ænl'ɔg] n. 类似物parallel ['pærəlɛl] v. 相比；相应investigate [ɪn'vɛstɪɡet] v. 调查；研究awareness [əˈ wɛrnɪs] n. 认识；意识state [stet] n. 情形；状态；capability [ˌkepə'bɪləti] n. 能力；才能uncertainly [ʌnˈsətnlɪ] adv. 不明确地；怀疑地recognize ['rɛkəg'naɪz] v. 承认；认出；识别pitch [pɪtʃ] n. 音调paddle ['pædl] n. 桨；划桨identify [aɪ'dɛntɪfaɪ] v. 鉴定；辨认出eager ['igɚ] adj. 热切的；渴望的press [prɛs] v. 按；压hesitation [ˌhɛzə'teʃən] n. 犹豫；踌躇trial ['traɪəl] n. 试验；尝试initiate [ɪ'nɪʃɪet] v. 开始；创始frequently ['frikwəntli] adv. 频繁地；经常地indication [ˌɪndɪ'keʃən] n. 指示；表示protest ['protɛst] v. 抗议；反对avoid [ə'vɔɪd] v. 避免；逃避hasten ['hesn] v. 催促；加速reward [rɪ'wɔrd] n. 奖赏；报答；报酬negative ['nɛɡətɪv] adj. 负面的；否定的；消极的consequence ['kɑnsəkwɛns] n. 结果；后果；影响colleague ['kɑliɡ] n. 同事devise [dɪ'vaɪz] v. 设计；发明display [dɪ'sple] v. 显示；表现pattern ['pætɚn] n. 模式；图案；式样dense [dɛns] adj. 密集的；稠密的sparse [spɑrs] adj. 稀少的；稀疏的previous ['privɪəs] adj. 以前的；在... 之前punishment ['pʌnɪʃmən] n. 惩罚buzzer ['bʌzɚ] n. 翁翁作声的东西；门铃nevertheless [ˌnɛvɚðə'lɛs] adv. 尽管如此appropriate [ə'proprɪət] adj. 适当的circumstance ['sɝkəmstæns] n. 境况；环境evidence ['ɛvɪdəns] n. 证据；迹象guarantee [ˌɡærən'ti] v. 保证；担保consciousness ['kɑnʃəsnəs] n. 意识；知觉criterion [kraɪ'tɪrɪən] n. 标准；准则Lecture 2paleontology [ˌpelɪɑn'tɑlədʒi] n. 古生物学apparently [ə'pærəntli] adv. 表面上；显然descendant [dɪ'sɛndənt] n. 后裔；子孙；后代dinosaur ['daɪnə'sɔr] n. 恐龙species ['spiʃiz] n. 种类；物种feather ['fɛðɚ] n.羽毛；翎毛fossil ['fɑsl] n. 化石nest [nɛst] n. 巢；窝behavior [bɪ'hevjɚ] n. 行为；举止gentle ['dʒɛntl] adj. 温和的；轻柔的ferocious [fə'roʃəs] adj. 残忍的；凶猛的reptile ['rɛptaɪl] n. 爬行动物incubate ['ɪŋkjubet] v. 孵；培养crocodile ['krɑkə'daɪl] n. 鳄鱼remain [rɪ'men] n. 遗迹；残骸assume [ə'sum] v. 假定；设想；承担fuel ['fjuəl] v.供以燃料；加燃料convince [kən'vɪns] v. 使确信；使信服；说服rob [rɑb] v. 抢劫；掠夺relative ['rɛlətɪv] n. 亲戚posture ['pɑstʃɚ] n. 姿势curious ['kjʊrɪəs] adj. 好奇的clue [klʊ] n. 线索；提示guard [ɡɑrd] v. 看守；守卫；保卫exclusive [ɪk'sklusɪv] adj. 排外的；唯一的evolution [ˌivə'luʃən] n. 进化；发展clutch [klʌtʃ] n. 窝volume ['vɑljum] n. 容量ancestor ['ænsɛstɚ] n. 祖先examine [ɪg'zæmɪn] v. 检查；仔细观察spongy ['spʌndʒi] adj. 像海绵的；不坚实的determine [dɪ'tɝmɪn] v. 决定；确定eggshell ['ɛɡʃɛl] n. 蛋壳formation [fɔr'meʃən] n. 形成；构造deposit [dɪ'pɑzɪt] v. (使)沉淀；存储misunderstanding [ˌmɪsʌndər'stændɪŋ] n. 误会calcium ['kælsiəm] n. 钙Conversation 2painting ['pentɪŋ] n. 画，油画；绘画topic ['tɑpɪk] n. 题目；话题deadline ['dɛdlaɪn] n. 最后期限；截止时间theme [θim] n. 主题；题目nocturnal [nɑk'tɝnl] adj. 在夜间的；夜间活动的brightness ['braɪtnɪs] n. 光亮；明亮intense [ɪn'tɛns] adj. 强烈的associate [ə'soʃɪet] v. 联想；联合exactly [ɪɡ'zæktli] adv. 精确地；确切地lack [læk] v. 缺乏；不足paradox ['pærədɑks] n. 似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的话scene [sin] n. 情景；场；景permanent ['pɝmənənt] adj. 永久的；持久的strict [strɪkt] adj. 严格的observe [əb'zɝv] v. 观察；注意到firsthand [ˈfəstˈhænd] adv. 直接地instead [ɪn'stɛd] adv. 代替realist ['riəlɪst] n. 现实主义者；唯实论者inspiration [ˌɪnspə'reʃən] n. 灵感；鼓舞人心(的东西)admire [əd'maɪɚ] v. 钦佩；赞美；欣赏feature ['fitʃɚ] n. 特征；特色strike [straɪk] n. 罢工；打击assignment [ə'saɪnmənt] n. 任务；功课gallery ['gæləri] n. 美术馆；画廊miniature ['mɪnətʃɚ] n. 小画像；小模型portrait ['pɔrtrət] n. 肖像；画像；描写rattle ['rætl] n. 拔浪鼓violin [ˌvaɪə'lɪn] n. 小提琴attribute [ə'trɪbjut] n. 属性；标志Lecture 3astronomy [ə'strɑnəmi] n. 天文学microorganism [ˌmaɪkro'ɔrgən,ɪzəm] n. 微生物invention [ɪn'vɛnʃən] n. 发明；发明物Mars n. 火星exploration [ˌɛksplə'reʃən] n. 探险；勘探robot ['robɑt] n. 机器人mineral ['mɪnərəl] n. 矿物；矿物质crystalline ['krɪstə'laɪn] adj. 水晶般的；透明的contain [kən'ten] v. 容纳；包含potassium [pəˈtæsiəm] n. 钾hydroxide [haɪ'drɑksaɪd] n. 氢氧化物acidic [ə'sɪdɪk] adj. 酸的；酸性的planetary ['plænətɛri] adj. 行星的；有轨道的presence ['prɛzns] n. 出席；存在；到场essential [ɪ'sɛnʃl] adj. 必要的；重要的dramatically [drə'mætɪkli] adv. 戏剧地；引人注目地theoretically [θiə'retikəli] adv. 理论上biological [ˌbaɪə'lɑdʒɪkl] adj. 生物的；生物学的remnant ['rɛmnənt] n. 残余sample ['sæmpl] n. 样品；样本instrument ['ɪnstrəmənt] n. 仪器；乐器enable [ɛˈnebəl] v. 使能够；使可能eliminate [ɪ'lɪmɪnet] v. 除去；淘汰contaminate [kən'tæmɪnet] v. 弄脏；污染acid ['æsɪd] n. 酸；酸性物质protein ['protin] n. 蛋白质standard ['stændɚd] n. 标准；规格involve [ɪn'vɑlv] v. 包含；牵涉prevalence [ˈprɛvələns] n. 传播；流行；普及synthesize ['sɪnθəsaɪz] v. 合成organism ['ɔrɡənɪzəm] n. 有机体；生物体；有机组织amino acid 氨基酸Lecture 4instrument ['ɪnstrəmənt] n. 乐器electric [ɪˈlɛktrɪk] adj. 电的；电动的exactly [ɪɡ'zæktli] adv. 正是；精确地fair [fɛr] adj. 公平的；相当的guitar [ɡɪ'tɑr] n. 吉他genre ['ʒɑnrə] n. 类型；流派practical ['præktɪkl] adj. 实际的；实用的modify ['mɑdɪfaɪ] v. 修改；修饰acoustic [ə'kʊstɪk] adj. 声音的；原声的string [strɪŋ] n. 线；弦steel [stil] adj. 钢的；musician [mjʊ'zɪʃən] n. 音乐家territory ['tɛrətɔri] n. 领土；领域enamored [en'æməd] adj. 倾心的；被迷住的mainland ['menlænd] n. 大陆；本土horizon [hə'raɪzn] n. 地平线；眼界；范围upward ['ʌpwɚd] adv. 向上audience ['ɔdɪəns] n. 听众；观众amplify ['æmplɪfaɪ] v. 扩大；增强attach [ə'tætʃ] v. 附上；使依附coil [kɔɪl] n. 卷；圈；线圈vibration [vaɪ'breʃən] n. 震动；颤动distort [dɪ'stɔrt] v. 扭曲；变形pure [pjʊr] adj. 纯的；纯粹的remove [rɪ'muv] v. 消除solely ['solli] adv. 独自地；单独地thus [ðʌs] adv. 因此；从而mainland ['meɪnlænd] n. 大陆reinvent [ˌriːɪn'vent] v. 改造manipulate [mə'nɪpjuleɪt] v. 控制distinctive [dɪ'stɪŋktɪv] adj. 独特的on a regular basis 定期地fill out 填写show up 出现be aware of 意识到；察觉到depend on 依赖；依靠figure out 想出；解决for instance 例如；以…为例on loan 借出；借用building block 基础部分。

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pilgrimage
n.朝圣之旅
strife
n.Байду номын сангаас突,倾轧,争斗;吵架,不和
gradualism
n.渐进主义
pouncing
n.猛扑;爪#吸墨粉;印花粉
v.猛扑,突然袭击
maze
n.迷宫,迷惘
v.使迷惘;迷失;使混乱
equilibrium
n.平衡;均衡;平静
canid
n.犬,狗;犬齿;犬科动物
adj.犬的;犬科的;似犬的
secular
adj.世俗的,不朽的,现世的
municipal
adj.市政的,内政的,自治区的
considerable
adj.相当的,重要的,可观的
prone
adj.有...倾向的,易于...的;倾斜的;俯卧的,面向下的;陡的
distinctive
adj.有特色的,出众的
punctuation
n.标点法;标点符号;标点
wrestling
n.摔跤选手;扭斗者,搏斗者
consciousness
n.意识;自觉;知觉
autonomy
n.自治;自治团体;自治权;有自主权的国家
enliven
v.使有生气;使快活;使活跃
punctuated
v.在...中间加标点;强调,突出;不时打断;使用标点;加标点
托福36套词表汇总TPO 30
TPO-30
synaptic
adj.突触的
stalking
adj.无茎的
rudimentary
adj.基本的,初步的;发展未完全的;早期的
impoverished
adj.穷困的;用尽了的;无力的
temporal
adj.时间的;世间的;暂存的,非永恒的,短暂的;世俗的#太阳穴的,颞的