新高考英语二轮复习专题四定语从句教师版

定语从句是高中英语三大类从句中最难的一类，其难点主要在于很多学生在学习时分不清先行词，不能正确使用关系代词、关系副词。

因此在学习定语从句时，务必搞清定语从句的概念、关系词的正确选择和使用情况等。

2021年新高考定语从句的考查还将是对关系代词和关系副词的考查，并且仍将不会仅单纯考查其语法结构，而是将其融入一定的语境中来考查考生的实际综合运用能力。

对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：
1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词；
2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词；
3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；
4.介词+关系代词的用法；
5.不定代词/数词+of which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断；
6.关系词之间的异同现象及选用。

一、关系代词一览表
关系词先行词从句成分例句备注
关系代词who人主语
Do you know the man who is talking
with your mother?
whom，which
和that在从
句中做宾语
时，常可以省
略，但介词提
前时后面关whom人宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am
working.
The boy(whom) she loved died in the
war.
命题趋势
考点清单
专题四
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定语从句
二、that与which，who，whom的用法区别
1. that和which的用法区别
在定语从句中，关系代词which和that都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。

但在下列情况下值得注意：（1）只能用that而不能用which的情形：
①当先行词为：all，little，few，much，none及some-，any-，no-，every-与thing所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。

如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress.
①当先行词前面有only，some，any，no，every，little，few，much，all，very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。

如：This is the only problem that we can’t work out.
①当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。

如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
①当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。

如：Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.
①当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。

如：This is a book that I have been looking for since last week.
①当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用that。

如：Which is the picture that you drew yesterday?
（2）只能用which而不能用that的情形：
①当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which。

如：The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.
①关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which。

如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down.
①先行词为代词that或that所修饰时，只能用which。

如：I don’t take that which is too expensive.
2. who(whom)和that的用法区别详解
在定语从句中，关系代词who(whom)和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意：
（1）用who(whom)而不用that的情形
①在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who(whom)。

如：My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas.
①当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who(whom)。

如：Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students?
①当先行词为people和those时，只能用who(whom)。

如：Those who want to go there come here please.
①当先行词为one，ones，anyone，everyone，none，all（指人）时，只能用who(whom)。

如：Anyone who is against us is our enemy.
①先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。

如：The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days.
①在there be句型中名词作先行词的定语从句多用于关系代词who(whom)。

如：There are students in our class who/whom you have not met.
①当句子中两个指人的先行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that，那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。

如：The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university.
（2）用that而不用who(whom)的情形
①当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。

如：The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong.
①当先行词前面有only，some，any，no，every，little，few，much，all，very等形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。

如：He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher.
①当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。

如：Who is woman that you talked with just now?
①the same as与the same that
the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。

如：
She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago.
她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。

（暗含：她偷了我的上衣）
She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago.
她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。

（暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件）
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、关系副词一览表
四、“介词+关系代词”以及关系副词引导的定语从句
1.概述
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体，使用的关系代词一般是which。

whom既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。

常见的有以下几种结构：
（1）介词+关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.=Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. （2）名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.
=Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels.
（3）形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
（4）介词+关系代词+名词
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.
我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意。

（不能使用whose）
2.关系代词的选择
用于“介词+关系代词”结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which，即介词+which/whom。

精题集训（70分
经典训练
一、单句语法填空
1.（2020·全国I卷）China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。

分析句子可知，从句“it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth”不缺主谓宾，缺状语，而先行词spot为地点，故填where。

2.（2020·全国III卷）In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。

句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。

此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。

故填whose。

3.（2019·浙江卷）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。

这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that 或which引导。

故填that/which。

4.（2019·全国①卷）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, __________ she opened with her late husband Les.
【答案】which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。

分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened 一词的宾语，故用which。

5.（2019·全国①卷）They were well trained by their masters __________ had great experience with caring for these animals.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。

句意：它们被主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。

先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。

故关系词填who。

6.（2018·全国II卷）When the government started a soil-testing program _______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by
7.7 million tons.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句关系词。

根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。

指物用that/which，故填that或者which。

7.（2018·浙江）Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
【答案】who/that
【解析】考查关系代词。

句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners，指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。

8. He is the only person in his company ___________ is invited to the party.
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。

句意：他是他公司里唯一一个被邀请参加聚会的人。

分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词person，且先行词前有the only修饰，所以填that。

9. Do you know the reason ________ she refused the invitation?
【答案】why
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。

句意：你知道她拒绝邀请的理由吗？分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是the reason，且定语从句中缺少原因状语，所以填why。

10. We are living in an age ___________ the society develops rapidly.
【答案】when
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。

句意：我们生活在一个社会快速发展的时代。

分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是an age，且定语从句中缺少时间状语，所以填when。

11. Dr. Rowan, ______ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。

句意：罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。

“______ secretary resigned two weeks ago”是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“……的”，应用关系代词whose引导该从句。

12. Many lessons are now available online, from _____ students can choose for free.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。

句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。

此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。

13. We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
【答案】when
【解析】考查定语从句。

句意：我们已经进入到了一个人人有最大可能实现梦想的时代。

句中先行词为an age （一个时代），且先行词在从句中作时间状语，所以关系词用when。

14. Self-driving is an area ______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。

句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都站在同一起跑线的领域。

句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。

15. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision. 【答案】which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。

从句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句，在从句中作主语，因此用which引导从句。

6. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, is named after his grandfather.
【答案】which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。

此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词a village school在从句中作主语，因此用which引导从句。

17. Whenever I met her, was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
【答案】which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。

此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，定语从句插人在主句中间，因此用which引导从句。

18. She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.
【答案】whom
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。

指人的先行词her three friends在从句中作介词of的宾语，因此用whom引导从句。

19. Mozart’s birthplace and the house he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。

先行词the house在从句中作地点状语，简单句是：he composed “The Magic Flute” in the house，因此用where引导从句。

20. She’ll never forget her stay there she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
【答案】when
【解析】考查定语从句。

先行词her stay在从句she found her son中作时间状语。

She found her son during her stay there，因此用when引导从句。

二、语法填空
Once upon a time, there was a king in a big, rich country. The king was quite fond of 21 (travel). However, he didn’t like to travel in his own country. Instead he went to other 22 (country). One day, he gathered his army to go to a 23 (distance) country. After walking for the whole morning in the forest, the king and his soldiers made camp 24 (have) a rest.
The horses were also tired, so they 25 (feed) on peas. A monkey saw the peas, so he jumped down from the tree to get some of them. While he 26 (eat), one pea fell from his hand to the ground. The greedy monkey dropped all the peas he had and ran down to look for the pea, 27 he failed.
The king was watching the monkey fro the camp and said to 28 (he), “I should not be like this stupid monkey 29 lost so much to gain so little. I will go back to my own country and enjoy what I have.” Thus, the king and his army marched 30 to their own country.
【答案】
21. traveling/travelling22. countries23. distant24. to have25. were fed
26. was eating27. but28. himself29. who/that30. back
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。

这篇文章主要讲了一位总是热衷于去别国旅行的国王，在旅行途中，看到一只贪婪的猴子因小失大，从中吸取教训，返回自己国家的故事。

21.考查固定用法。

be fond of doing：喜爱做某事，是固定用法，故填traveling/travelling。

22.考查名词单复数。

这句话的意思是他反而喜欢去其他国家。

被other修饰，“其他国家”是复数意义，所以用名词复数形式，故填countries。

23.考查形容词。

作定语修饰名词country，所以用形容词，故填distant。

24.考查不定式。

句意：为了休息，这个国王和他的士兵扎营。

表示目的，所以用不定式，故填to have。

25.考查语态。

这里they指的是The horses，“马”和“喂食”之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态；发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时，所以这里应该用一般过去时的被动语态，故填were fed。

26.考查时态。

句意：当它正在吃的时候，一粒豌豆从它的手里落到地上。

表示过去正在做某事，用过去进行时，故填was eating。

27.考查连词。

句意：这只贪婪的猴子扔掉所有它拥有的豌豆，跑到树下寻找丢失的那粒豌豆，但是它没找到。

表示转折关系，故填but。

28.考查反身代词。

由下文内容可判断出这位国王是在自言自语，对自己说话，故填himself。

29.考查定语从句。

空格所在句是一个定语从句，修饰先行词this stupid monkey，空格处需要填一个关系词，关系词在从句中作主语，指人，故填who/that。

30.考查副词。

句意：因此，这个国王和他的部队回到了他们自己的国家。

表示“回到……”，故填back。

高频易错
语法填空
A girl who has a gift for drawing
I went to an exhibition last month, 31 I admired a lot of wonderful paintings. Mary, 32 drawings were shown at the exhibition, is a model student 33 is often praised for her good work at school. As soon as we got into the exhibition hall 34 the paintings were on show, our eyes were caught by a very large picture 35 was hung on the wall in front of us. The horse 36 was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real horse. The man 37 was riding on it looked like a living man. It was the best picture 38 I had ever seen, and I should say Mary is the best young painter 39 I have ever heard of. However, you will be quite mistaken if you think that Mary was born a good painter. One of her teachers told me that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before she became the best young painter 40 has ever been heard of in her hometown. But if you say that she has learned to be so good at drawing only by working hard at it, I will certainly agree with you.
【答案】
31. where32. whose33. who/that34. where35. that/which
36. that/ which37. who/that38. that39. that40. that
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。

文章讲述了作者去看画展的一次经历。

31.考查非限制性定语从句关系副词。

设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为an exhibition，关系副词where 在从句中作地点状语，意为“在那里”。

故填where。

32.考查非限制性定语从句关系代词。

句意：玛丽的画作在展览会上展出，她是一个模范学生，经常因为她在学校的出色表现而受到表扬。

设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Mary，关系代词whose在从句中作定语，表示所有关系。

故填whose。

33.考查定语从句关系代词。

先行词为a model student，关系代词who/that在从句中作主语，指人。

故填who/that。

34.考查定语从句关系副词。

句意：当我们进入展览大厅的时候，我们的眼睛被挂在我们面前墙上的巨幅画吸引住了。

先行词为the exhibition hall，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。

故填where。

35.考查定语从句关系代词。

先行词为picture，关系代词that/ which在从句中作主语，指物。

故填that/which。

36.考查定语从句关系代词。

句意：画中的马和真正的马一模一样。

先行词为The horse，关系代词that/which 在从句中作主语，指物。

故填that/which。

37.考查定语从句关系代词。

句意：骑在上面的人看起来像个活人。

先行词为The man，关系代词who/that在从句中作主语，指人。

故填who/that。

38.考查定语从句关系代词。

句意：这是我见过的最好的画，我应该说Mary是我听说过的最好的年轻画家。

先行词为the best picture，关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指物，因为先行词由最高级修饰，所以只能用that不用which。

故填that。

39.考查定语从句关系代词。

先行词为the best young painter，关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指人，因为先行词由最高级修饰，所以只能用that不用who。

故填that。

40.考查定语从句关系代词。

句意：她的一个老师告诉我，玛丽花了几千个小时学习和练习画画，才成为她家乡听说过的最好的年轻画家。

先行词为the best young painter，关系代词that在从句中作主语，指人，因为先行词由最高级修饰，所以只能用that不用who。

故填that。

【点拨】定语从句中关系词的选择可考虑以下二点：
（1）一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因（如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。

（2）二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等（如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when，where，why。

）
（3）三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句（如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句）。

精准预测
语法填空
A
The 12th China Arts Festival will bring a series of art 41 (activity) to the Chinese economic and art center, Shanghai. From May 20 to June 2, more than 50 shows 42 (select) nationwide will be performed in nineteen major theaters in Shanghai, and a fine selection of creative cultural products will 43 (show) at the Shanghai Exhibition Center. The festival will include 44 (vary) art forms, such as opera dancing, painting and photography.
The 2019 edition is co-organized by the ministry of Culture and Tourism and the Shanghai municipal government(市政府). Since 45 (it) beginning in 1987, the festival 46 (change) host cities in each edition, travelling to areas including Beijing, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubei over the past three decades.
Sales of tickets have opened online, with tickets priced from no cost 47 380 yuan, according to the organizers. To allow a much 48 (large) number of audience to access the programs, the festival will also be broadcast live online. “We will use new media to bring the shows to more ordinary people, 49 will let them know more about the modern development of Chinese arts.” said Zhu Di, head of the ministry’s arts department.
This year’s festival is also aimed at 50 (promote) tourism in Shanghai with arts. The local government has released a total of 40 culture-themed travel routes to guide visitors through Shanghai’s well-known landmarks.
【答案】
41. activities42. selected43. be shown44. various45. its
46. has changed47. to48. larger49. which50. promoting
【解析】这是一篇说明文。

文章介绍了在上海举办的第12届中国艺术节，包括它的举办时间、有哪些节目以及它的票价和它希望达成的目标等，同时介绍了它是由哪些部门组织的。

通过文章，我们也了解到中国艺术节
从1987年开始举办，过去的30年每一期都会更换一个主办城市。

41.考查名词的数。

句意：第十二届中国艺术节将在位于上海的中国经济艺术中心举办一系列艺术活动。

activity 意为活动，是可数名词，由a series of修饰，故此处用其复数形式activities，故填activities。

42.考查非谓语动词。

句意：从5月20日到6月2日，全国范围内的50多场演出将在上海的19家主要剧院上演。

show此处意为节目，select意为挑选、选择，节目是被选择，shows后、will前的部分作的是定语成分，用过去分词表示被动，故填selected。

43.考查动词时态语态。

句意：上海展览中心将展出一系列优秀的文化创意产品。

show此处意为展示，是动词，product意为产品，文化产品是被展示，故此处用被动语态，结构为be done，will是一般将来时中的助动词，后加动词原形，故填be shown。

44.考查形容词。

句意：艺术节将包括各种艺术形式，如歌剧舞蹈、绘画和摄影。

形容词修饰名词，vary的形容词形式是various，意为“各种各样的”，故填various。

45.考查物主代词。

句意：自1987年举办以来，每一届艺术节的主办城市都发生了变化，在过去的30年里，活动足迹遍及北京、四川、江苏、浙江和湖北等地。

beginning意为开始，是名词，用形容词或形容词性物主代词修饰名词，故填its。

46.考查动词时态。

根据上文Since its beginning in 1987可知应用现在完成时，故填has changed。

47.考查介词。

句意：票价从免费到380元。

“从……到……”是：from...to...，故答案为to。

48.考查形容词比较级。

句意：为了让更多的观众收看节目，电影节还将在网上直播。

根据句意以及上文much 可知应填形容词比较级larger。

49.考查定语从句连接词。

此句是非限制性定语从句，关系代词作定语从句中的主语，代指前面提到的用新媒体让更多的普通人看到表演的节目，非限制性定语从句中作主语代指前面提到的事用关系代词which，故填which。

50.考查非谓语动词。

句意：今年的艺术节也旨在通过艺术促进上海旅游业的发展。

promote意为提高、促进，是动词，aim at doing...意为“目标是做某事”，at是介词，后加动词v-ing形式，故填promoting。

B
Does City Living Hurt Mental Health?
People often move to cities 51 better jobs and more cultural activities. But are they putting 52 at risk? Maybe.
Experts at the American Psychiatry Association say that “natural environments or green spaces” do much for good our mental health and 53 (experience) nature helps people recover from the mental tiredness that comes from day-to-day work.
On the other hand, 54 they cannot say exactly why, mental health experts say some research suggests that
city living might hurt our mental health.
Andrea Mechelli is a doctor with the Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. “There have been studies 55 people were taken out of an urban environment into a rural environment, and their symptoms would improve. And we also see that the greater the city the greater the risk.”
Kings College researchers, along with city planners and land and building designers hoped 56 (learn) more about city living and mental illness. So, they created a smartphone app called Urban Mind. They say they wanted to understand 57 different parts of the urban environment affect mental wellbeing.
The Urban Mind app 58 your experience of city living in the moment. Researchers collected real time information from 108 people, who answered just over 3,000 questions during a one-week period.
The researchers found that being outdoors, seeing trees, hearing birdsong, seeing the sky, and feeling in contact with nature 59 (associate) with higher levels of mental well-being. They also found that these seeming effects of nature were especially strong in those individuals at greater risk of mental health problems.
The Urban Mind Project team says it hopes “the results will inform future urban planning and social policy 60 (intend) to improve design and health”.
【答案】
51. for52. themselves53. experiencing54. though/although55. where
56. to learn57. how 58. measures 59. were associated 50. intended
【解析】这是一篇议论文。

本文通过围绕“在城市生活会影响人的精神吗？”这个话题展开，研究人员还使用了“城市思维”这个应用程序衡量人们当下的城市生活体验。

研究人员发现了自然环境对精神健康水平有影响。

61.考查介词。

根据句意，人们经常搬到城市，是为了获得更好的工作机会和体验更丰富的文化活动，这里表示一种目的，故填for。

62.考查反身代词。

句意：但他们是在把自己置于危险之中吗？也许吧。

短语put oneself at risk表示使某人自己处于危险之中。

根据主语是they，故填themselves。

63.考查非谓语动词。

句意：美国精神病学协会的专家表示，“自然环境或绿色空间”对我们的精神健康大有裨益，体验大自然有助于人们从日常工作带来的精神疲劳中恢复过来。

因为空格前有and作并列连词，所以后面是一个句子，句中有谓语动词helps，缺少主语，所以experiencing在这里要充当主语，故填experiencing。

64.考查连词。

句意：另一方面，虽然他们不能确切地说出原因，但心理健康专家说，一些研究表明，城市生活可能会损害我们的心理健康。

根据they cannot say判断是表示让步的句子，可以用though/although引导让步状语从句，故填though/although。

65.考查定语从句。

句意：有研究表明，人们从城市转到农村生活，他们的症状会改善。

分析句子成分，There have been studies where people were taken out of an urban environment into a rural environment中有一个定语从句，先行词是studies，people were taken out of an urban environment into a rural environment是一个完整的句子，主
语是people，谓语是were taken out of，宾语是an urban environment，分析句意可知缺少地点状语，故填where。

66.考查非谓语动词。

句意：国王学院的研究人员、城市规划者、土地和建筑设计师希望更多地了解城市生活和精神疾病。

短语hope to do sth.意为希望做某事，to do表示目的，故填to learn。

67.考查宾语从句。

句意：他们说，他们想了解城市环境的不同部分是如何影响心理健康的。

根据句意，how 意为：怎么样，如何，故填how。

68.考查动词及时态。

句意：“城市思维”这个应用程序可以用来衡量你当下的城市生活体验。

分析句子成分可知，measure为谓语动词，再根据主语是The Urban Mind app，时态是一般现在时，故填measures。

69.考查动词及语态。

句意：研究人员发现，呆在户外，看树，听鸟叫，看天空，感受大自然，这些都与较高的精神健康水平有关。

The researchers found that后面是一个宾语从句，在宾语从句中，主语是being outdoors, seeing trees, hearing birdsong, seeing the sky, and feeling in contact with nature，所以接下来所给动词为谓语动词，此句时态是一般过去时，且用被动语态，故填were associated。

70.考查过去分词做定语。

句意：“城市思维”项目团队表示，他们希望“研究结果能为未来旨在设计生态城市规划和改良社会政策提供相关信息”。

根据句子结构来看，intend充当policy的后置定语，相当于which is intended to，表示旨在，故填intended。