语言学 第三章

Chapter 3
Morphology
5. Words are formed by combining a number of distinct units of meaning which are called morpheme. The word disadvantages is combined by the morphemes of __________ A. dis- B. disadvantage C. advantage D. –s E. advantages
What is Morphology? Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed
Chapter 3
Morphology
Morpheme: the most basic element of meaning( the minimal unites of meaning) while it is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes( e.g. to ) In fact, every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes. Types of morpheme: Free morpheme and bound morpheme Root, affix and stem Inflectional affix and derivational affix
Root: the base form of a word that can not further be analyzed
without total loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are moved.
Chapter 3
Morphology
1 The meaningful components at the lowest level of a words are called ________ 2. ________ provides the means for describing speech sounds while ________studies the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language 3. A stop with a fricative release is called a (n)______ 4. Superasemental features include ____________ __________ and ____ 5. In English______ ______ and ____________ make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are called open classes 6. Morphology is generally divided into two fields; the study of__________and _________
Chapter 3
Morphology
Root, affix and stem
Affix: is the collective term for the type of formative
that can be used only when added to another morpheme ( the root and stem).
Internationalism: inter- -al -ism →nation (root)
Aheme Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which
an inflectional affix can be added.
playboy into national lengthen
Forms derived from derivation are relatively large and potentially open.
Chapter 3 Morphology Compound: form: n.+n. postbox adj.+adj. Icy-cold grammatical category: the second or the final word stress: different stress patterns from the noncompounded word sequence meaning: not the sum of the meaning of its parts Compounding is a very common and frequent process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language
A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English
Chapter 3 Morphology
Chapter 3 Morphology largest part= content/lexical words= open class words( n. v. adj. adv.) grammartical/functional words= closed class words( conj. prep. articles and pron.)
Chapter 3
Morphology
1. There are _________ morphemes in the word “international” A. two B. three C. four D. five 2. Inflectional affixes convey _______meaning. A. lexical B. grammatical C. morphological D. morphemic 3. ________ are open categories because new words are constantly added A. N. B. V. C. Adj. D. Adv. E determiner 4. ________ are closed class words since new words are not usually added to them A. Determiners B. Pronouns C. Adverbs D. Conjunctions E. Prepositions
Chapter 3
Morphology
Free morpheme and bound morpheme
↓
dog nation girl
↓
-ish -able -ful dis-
constitute words by themselves always parts of words
Compounds: words consist wholly of free morphemes e.g. paymaster moonwalk sunflower godfather
friends→friend
stem
friendships→friendship
stem
Stem→root/ root+derivational affix
Chapter 3
Morphology
Inflectional affix and derivational affix Usually this distinction applies to affixes only. Inflectional affix and derivational affix
Chapter 3
Morphology
6. Bound morphemes serve to derive different words from existing morphemes 7. Mandarin Chinese is a highly inflectional languag 8. A word may be incompatible or even opposite to several words in different aspects 9 According to the representation rules, phonemes should be represented________, a phonetic symbol should be shown_____ A. between slashes/ in square brackets B. in round brackets/ in square brackets C. in square brackets/ between slashes D. between slashes/ in round brackets
↗ prefix: para- dis- un- preAffix → suffix: -ful -less -ism -tion ↘ infix : foot/feet goose/geese An affix is usually bound
Chapter 3
Morphology
Root, affix and stem
Chapter 3
Morphology