[考研类试卷]考研英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编11.doc

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翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试-11_真题(含答案与解析)-交互

翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试-11(总分90, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ VocabularyAChoose the word or phrase that can be used to replace the underlined part in each sentence.1.I was stunned by her request for a letter of recommendation given our superficial knowledge of one another.• A. thinking that• C. with the preoccupation of• B. considering the fact of• D. as a result of deep contemplation ofSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 1答案:B分析句子可知此处given用作介词，表示原因(考虑到)，因而选择选项B。

2.Chang'e was supposed to position all of its instruments to face the moon on November 18, a posture facilitating its probing work.• A. precising• B. assisting• C. producing• D. twistingSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 1答案:Bfacilitate推动，帮助。

assist帮助，援助。

precise精确的。

produce生产，制造。

twist扭曲，拧。

3.The Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision in this case.• A. disguised• B. resounding• C. partially agreed• D. well agreedA B C D分值: 1答案:Dunanimous意见一致的，无异议的。

考研英语一完形填空历年真题试卷汇编11_真题(含答案与解析)-交互

考研英语一（完形填空）历年真题试卷汇编11(总分120, 做题时间90分钟)1. Use of EnglishSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C orD.Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be aresounding "yes！"【B1】______helping you feel close and【B2】______to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a【B3】______of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you【B4】______getting sick this winter. In a recent study【B5】______over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examinedthe effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs【B6】______the participants' susceptibility to developing **mon cold after being【B7】______to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come【B8】______with a cold, and the researchers【B9】______that the stress-reducing effects of hugging【B10】______about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.【B11】______among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe【B12】______. "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the【B13】______risk for colds that' s usually【B14】______with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps【B15】______the feeling that others are there to help【B16】______difficulty." Some experts【B17】______the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone"【B18】______it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it【B19】______in the brain, where it【B20】______mood, behavior and physiology.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.【B1】A UnlikeB BesidesC ThroughoutD Despite分值: 2答案:B解析：考查逻辑关系。

考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译scientific

考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译Science1.scientific [,saiən'tifik]a. 科学上的【同义词】systematic【真题例句】The scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics.（1998阅读3）参考译文：科学界如此强大以至于可以对批评者置之不理。

2.scientist ['saiəntist]n. 科学家【同义词】【真题例句】Scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted.（1999阅读5）参考译文：确切知道自己的目标和怎么实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心。

3.conscience ['kɔnʃəns]n. 良心，良知［真题例句］Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice.参考译文：心理健康普遍被称作良知、本能、智慧、常识或者内心的声音。

（2016考研英语翻译）4.conscientious[,kɔnʃi'enʃəs]a. 审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的5.conscious ['kɔnʃəs]a. (of)意识到的，自觉的；神志清醒的【同义词】aware［真题例句］Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.参考译文：一个世纪前，弗洛伊德提出了革命性的理论，即梦是我们潜意识中的欲望和恐惧经过伪装后的反映。

考研英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编11(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编11(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 2. Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)萨皮尔一沃尔夫假说的形成——2004年英译汉及详解The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.【F1】The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.【F2】We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful.【F3】The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Na-tive American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages.【F4】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.【F5】Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.1．【F1】正确答案：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。

[考研英语历年真题word]历年考研英语真题

[考研英语历年真题word]历年考研英语真题历年考研英语真题篇(1):2016年考研英语作文真题范文真题：2016年考研英语一写作大作文有两副图画，第一幅是爸爸坐在电视机前打游戏，但是对书桌前的儿子说：儿子，你要好好学习。

第二幅图则是爸爸与儿子一起在书桌前学习。

下面的提示语则是：与其只提要求，不如做个榜样。

关于英语二的作文__某高校大学生旅游的目的，本次作文是一个饼状图。

关于饼状图，第一段可以先描述图表，第二段对进行图表进行剖析。

参考范文：Wise people used to say that taking actions is of utmost significance in our daily life. This is most vividly illustrated in the given picture, which shows thata father is asking his little son to study hard in the first picture, while in the second picture, the father is setting a model for the son.They happily sit together to study. Funny as the picture, the symbolic meaning is as deep asocean.Studying it further, it is easy to figure out that taking actionsto guide the childis the only way to fulfillparents’responsibility. Ourfamily, for example, hasbeen the first place to grow.The parentshaveexertedabout80% influence on the education of the kids.There is no denying that it is theparents’perseverance and taking actions that reallyguide thethe kids to succeed. Iftheynever take action to do something,the childrenwill never have areal guidetofollow.An old saying goes like this: Like father ,like son. A wise father will do his endeavor to help his kids. Kids’ability to judge right from wrong needs to be developed, so if the adults are not setting a good example, they may lead them to a wrong way.In a word, Ibelieve,As long as parents give their kids the lead by practising what they preaches, their kids will surely follow their way.They should remindthe awareness thatparents’action speaks louder than theirwords.历年考研英语真题篇(2):考研英语复习计划表时间进度：7月初-9月底：夯实基础阶段10月初-11月初：全面强化阶段11月初-12月底：巩固提高阶段元月-元月11号考试：模考冲刺阶段(核心词汇翻阅一遍)具体细则:一、夯实基础阶段习计划(7月初-9月底：夯实基础阶段)目标：攻克考研所有词汇(至少5500个考研大纲要求的单词);提高理解复杂结构的英语句子的能力;训练基本英语表达能力;为英语考试打下坚实基础。

历年全国考研英语翻译真题及答案解析11

历年全国考研英语翻译真题及答案解析111996考研全国考研英语翻译真题及答案解析Section IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 1) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 2) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time, questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 3) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utilityare straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 4) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 5) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.答案解析Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)1. 在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求;另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

考研英语翻译历年真题试卷汇编11_真题-无答案

考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编11(总分36,考试时间90分钟)2. Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.如何充分利用上大学的时间——1986年英译汉及详解It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards.【F1】If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities.【F2】If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit.【F3】Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do.【F4】Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those "all rounders" with no particular interest.They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, "I should like to have been an archaeologist. If I hadn"t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn"t have ended up as an interpreter, but it"s too late now. I couldn"t go back and begin all over again."【F5】There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one"s time at university.【F6】This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.【F7】He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about.【F8】It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.1. 【F1】2. 【F2】3. 【F3】4. 【F4】5. 【F5】6. 【F6】7. 【F7】8. 【F8】花园怎样反映人类的基本诉求——2013年英译汉及详解It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;【F1】Yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a "still point of the turning world," to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot.【F2】A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one"s relation to one"s environment.【F3】The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn" t exist or was not discernible as such.In so doing they **posure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees,【F4】most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so **positions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world.【F5】It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word "garden" though in a"liberated" sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.9. 【F1】10. 【F2】11. 【F3】12. 【F4】13. 【F5】基于经济利己主义的环保制度不可取——2010年英译汉及详解One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the **munity have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the **munity, and if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these non-economic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it. We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.【F1】Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,【F2】but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.【F3】Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physicallyweak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we here the more honest argument that predators are members of **munity, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of benefit, real or fancied, to itself.Some species of tree have been "read out of the party" by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.【F4】In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the **mercial tree species are recognized as members of native **munity, to be preserved as such, within reason.Moreover some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.【F5】It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the **munity that **mercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.It assumes, falsely,I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.14. 【F1】15. 【F2】16. 【F3】17. 【F4】18. 【F5】。

考研英语长难句翻译真题词汇详解：(11)

研英长难句翻译真题词汇详解：（11）长难句:noting the 〝medical/psychological〞 nature of problem gambling behaviors,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.重点词汇:admit,well-being■答案■1.长难句:鉴于其问题赌博行为的〝医疗和心理〞性质,信中表示在他出示医学和心理学证明以示光顾赌博不会对其安全和健康构成任何威胁之前,赌场不会再次对他开放.分析: 句子的主干是the letter said.noting gambling behaviors是现在分词短语作状语,宾语是一个that引导的从句.从句是一个复合句,主句是he would have to present his safety or well-being,从句是before(he is) being readmitted to the casino.2. /在英语中表示〝和〞的意思. admit在句中的意思是〝接纳〞.after two years in practice,he was admitted to the bar association.(从业两年以后,他加入了律师协会.)you will not be admitted to the auditorium without a ticket.(没有票是不会让你进礼堂的.) well-being表示〝康乐,安宁,福利〞,台湾人喜欢译成〝福祉〞.we should put the people first and give priority to the people s well-being.(我们应该把人民放在首位,以人民的安康为重.)英译汉考研英语一历年真题上下文.时间.空间.情景.对象.话语前提等与词汇使用有关的都是语境因素.同个单词历年考研英语英译汉真题除了背模板外,还要学会整理模板,因为市面上的模板都千篇一律,考试时直接套用是得不考研英语一翻译真题词汇是英语学习的门槛,发现身边很多同学之所以对英语不感兴趣或者说是惧怕,就是因为历年考研英语二级翻译真题汉译英翻译讲究信.达.雅,第一步的〝信〞就是,你要〝精准〞地知道每个单词的意思,不可以。

考研英语翻译历年真题试卷汇编10_真题无答案

考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编10(总分62, 做题时间90分钟)2. Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.影响测试有效性的因素——1995年英译汉及详解 The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress.【F1】 The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records.【F2】 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and **ings as other kinds of information.【F3】 Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience **parative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 【F4】 In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of **parable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.【F5】 For example, they do **pensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI1.【F1】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI2.【F2】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI3.【F3】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI4.【F4】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI5.【F5】技术与天才哪个对科学发展更重要——1994年英译汉及详解 According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.【F1】 Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 【F2】 "In short," a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions." 【F3】 Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis ofGalileo"s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.【F4】 Galileo" s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses. Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.【F5】Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI6.【F1】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI7.【F2】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI8.【F3】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI9.【F4】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI10.【F5】科学研究的方法与人类思维的关系——1993年英译汉及详解【F1】 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply themode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult **plex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.【F2】 It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples.【F3】 You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. 【F4】 And it is imagined by many that the operations of **mon mind can be by no**pared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituteddifferently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives. There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere" s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose(散文)during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will **fort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.【F5】 Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI11.【F1】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI12.【F2】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI13.【F3】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI14.【F4】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI15.【F5】人类性格与行为形成的原因及影响——1990年英译汉及详解 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions.【F1】 They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature vs. nurture". 【F2】 Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. 【F3】 That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are **pletely governed by our instincts. Those who support the "nurture" theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is **pletely shaped by their surroundings.【F4】 The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence, offered by the two theories.【F5】 Supporters of the "nature" theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don"t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on whatis basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.【F6】 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.【F7】 In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some "nature" proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.【F8】 Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI16.【F1】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI17.【F2】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI18.【F3】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI19.【F4】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI20.【F5】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI21.【F6】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI22.【F7】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI23.【F8】技术发展给社会带来的弊端——1989年英译汉及详解 When Jane Matheson started work at Advanced Electronics Inc. 12 years ago,【F1】 she laboured over a microscope, hand-welding tiny **puters and turned out 18 per hour. Now she tends **puterized machinery that turns out high capacity memory chips at the rate of 2, 600 per hour. Production is up, profits are up, her income is up and Mrs. Matheson says the work is far less strain on her eyes. But the most significant effect of the changes at AEI was felt by the workers who are no longer there. Before the **puterized equipment was introduced, there were 940 workers at the plant. Now there are 121.【F2】 A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages. Nearly half finally settled for lower pay and more than 13% are still out of work. The AEI example is only one of hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology, but leave the majority of their workers behind. 【F3】 Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century. One corporation economist says the growth of "machine job replacement" has been with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution, but never at the pace it is now. The human costs will be astonishing.【F4】 "It"s humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts." Some workers, like Jane Matheson, are retrained to handle the newequipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a new, and invariably smaller set of workers.【F5】 The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment. Many drift into marginal areas. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than those who never find it. 【F6】 The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary... that new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it destroys.【F7】 But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done. "We should treatthis as an opportunity to give people more leisure. It may not be easy, but society will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor," Seymour says. He predicts most peoplewill work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern of the unem ployed is for now.【F8】Federally funded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology. For the next few years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going to be very tough indeed.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI24.【F1】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI25.【F2】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI26.【F3】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI27.【F4】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI28.【F5】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI29.【F6】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI30.【F7】SSS_TEXT_QUSTI31.【F8】1。

考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译Surge

考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译Surge1.surgeon ['sə:dʒən]n. 外科医生【同义词】sawbones chirurgeon【真题例句】Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.（2003阅读4）参考译文：最高法院法官桑德拉·欧康奈70有余，前卫生局医务主任C. Everett Koop 80多岁还出任了一家互联网创业公司的CEO。

2.surgery ['sə:dʒəri]n. 外科，外科学；手术室，诊疗室【同义词】theater surgical department【真题例句】A robot that can fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.（2002阅读2选项）参考译文：机器人可以完成很多细致的任务，如做脑部手术。

3.suicide ['sjuisaid]n. 自杀；自杀行为；自杀者a. 自杀的vt. 自杀vi. 自杀【同义词】dutch act self-destruction【真题例句】There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide.（2000阅读2）参考译文：另一种进行进化性自杀的方法。

Sure1.assure [ə'ʃuə]vt. 使确信，使放心；（of）向…保证/担保【同义词】ensure［真题例句]When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.”（2003考研英语阅读Text 2）参考译文：当被告知的确如此，她回答道：“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种。

英语专业考研语言学试题

英语专业考研语言学试题英语专业考研语言学试题集锦语言学的资料很少，看完书后想找些习题或往年试题做做，可以起到练兵，巩固所看书本知识的作用。

我收集了一些高校语言学的`往年试题供大家参考，讨论，交流一下做题的感受，也希望大家可以把自己所考学校的往年试题发表在上面，给大家一起讨论。

1 One of the main features of our human language is arbitrariness .Can you briefly explain what is this feature refers to ? Give examples if necessary(10 points). <北师大2003年试题）2 In english we can describe a story as "a successful story" or "a success story ".Do you think they mean the same ? Please explain and give your reasons(10 points) ,<同上》3 Expain the following terms ,giving examples where necessary.(50 points) <中山2003》design feature macrolinguistics vowel minimal pair folk etymology aspect anopho r error analysisr metaphor4 Language can change through blending ,metanalysis ,back-formation, analogical creation and borrowing.Give two english words for each of them (5 points) 清华2000年试题5 Answer the following question briefly.clearly,grammatically and correctly.(10 Points ) 湖南师大2003年What is it wrong to assume that the meaning of a sentence is the sum of the meaning of the words which compose it ?7 Define the following terms.(10 points) 中国海洋大学1999Phoneme ,consonant,morpheme,lexicon,syntax,endocentric construction,semantics,hyponymy ,language ,design feature8 Define the following terms .(20 points) 苏州大学1997 allophone morpheme assimilation internal authorityinterlanguage phatic communionclosed-class word government semantica triangic lingua francaWhat is the main grammatical difference between a sentence and a clause ? 同上6 Translate into chinese and exemplify each of the following.(10 points )Example : dialectal synonymsAnswer , 方言同义词，Fall and autumn are dialectal synonyms .homography homophony gradable opposites endocentric constuctionexocentric construction9 大连外国语学院1992年语言学全部试题 100 POINTSList the six important characteristics of human language .What are the types of morphemes ?Illustrate the deep and surface structures .What do u know about the semantic features ?How does language change ?10 Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another .Discuss the relationships between words ,using examples from the english language .(15 points ) 北外2003年试题11 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first and a second language? ( 30 points) 同上。

考研英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编36(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编36(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 2. Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)历史研究的方法论——1999年英译汉及详解【F1】While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.【F2】Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.【F3】During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.【F4】There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method”, frequently fall victim to the”technicist fallacy”. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.【F5】It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.1．【F1】正确答案：几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。

考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译orderly

考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译1.orderly ['ɔ:dəli]a. 整齐的，有秩序的，有条理的n. 勤务兵【同义词】regular；straight【真题例句】Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.（2003考研英语翻译）参考译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式去研究人类及其行为。

2.disorder [dis'ɔ:də]n. 混乱，杂乱；骚乱；失调，疾病[同义词]mess[真题例句]Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men. （2008考研英语阅读Test1）参考译文：与男性相比，面对压力时，女性更容易患上抑郁和焦虑症。

3.ordinary ['ɔ:dinəri, -neri-]a. 普通的，平凡的，平常的；平庸的【同义词】usual；general；average【真题例句】Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.（2016考研英语翻译）参考译文：虽然心理健康是我们生活的万灵丹，但它是也非常普通，因为你会发现它一直在指导你完成所有艰难的决定。

考研英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编25(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编25(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.【F2】A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages. Nearly half finally settled for lower pay and more than 13% are still out of work. The AEI example is only one of hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology, but leave the majority of their workers behind.【F3】Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century. One corporation economist says the growth of “machine job replacement” has been with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution, but never at the pace it is now. The human costs will be astonishing.【F4】”It’s humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.” Some workers, like Jane Matheson, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a new, and invariably smaller set of workers.【F5】The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment. Many drift into marginal areas. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than those who never find it.【F6】The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary... that new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it destroys.【F7】But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done. “We should treat this as an opportunity to give people more leisure. It may not be easy, but society will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor,” Seymour says. He predicts most people will work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern of the unem ployed is for now.【F8】Federally funded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology. For the next few years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going to be very tough indeed.9．【F1】正确答案：她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好18个。

考研英语真题翻译1990-2012打印版(附答案)

考研英语历年真题翻译部分(附答案，打印版)1990年 (2)1991年 (2)1992年 (3)1993年 (4)1994年 (4)1995年 (5)1996年 (5)1997年 (6)1998年 (6)1999年 (7)2000年 (8)2001年 (8)2002年 (9)2003年 (10)2004年 (10)2005年 (11)2006年 (11)2007年 (12)2008年 (13)2009年 (13)2010年 (14)2011年 (15)2012年 (15)真题翻译答案 (17)Part BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)1990年People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (21) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”(22) Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (23) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture” theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (24) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (25) Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (26) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (27) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (28) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1991年The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (31) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at thepresent rate of use.(32) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(33) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (34) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (35) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.1992年“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. 31) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. 32) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.33) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it.34) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test;What we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”. 35) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.1993年(31) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (32) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. (33) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (34) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-know n incident in one of Motiere’s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (35)Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.1994年According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (31) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (32) “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innum erable directions.”(33)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (34) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on theheavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (35)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.1995年The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.(35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1996年The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 31）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 32）This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 33）This seemsmostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a val id determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 34）However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to d eal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 35）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.1997年Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 31）Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.32）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “ I don’t like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.33）It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it.34）Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh o ther’s interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.35）When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mank ind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.1998年They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. Whatthe researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true1999年Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)31）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequentl y partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.32）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 33）During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 34）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research in terests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.35）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticismof sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.2000年Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］2001年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically。

考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译anecdote

考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译1. anecdote['ænikdəut]n. 轶事，趣闻，短故事【真题例句】There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.（1998考研英语阅读Text 2）参考译文：正如财政部长Robert Rubin所说的，大量有关生产力骤增的商业传奇与统计数据所反映的情况之间存在着“出入”。

2. condition[kən'diʃən]n.条件，状况，环境vt.决定；支配；训练【同义词】state; circumstance［真题例句］Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.参考译文：死亡是一种正常现象；我们的基因决定我们即使在最理想的环境里也会解体和灭亡。

（2003考研英语阅读text4）3. ditch[ditʃ]n.沟,沟渠,水沟[真题例句]Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.2016考研英语阅读Test4）参考译文：撇开对纸上油墨和纸页（翻动时发出的）沙沙声的怀旧之情不谈，有充足的原因促使人们放弃印刷品。

4. edit ['edit]v. 编辑，校订[真题例句]The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. （2015考研英语阅读Test4）参考译文：《世界新闻报》的编辑目的不是使读者明白事理，也不是要说几句公道话，或是想揭露普通的人性。

历年考研英语真题集含答案版

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview duringthe same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with anapplicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each textby choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of thenumbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside andoutside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development andhealth.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, theproblems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity toraise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internalscholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords“environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is oftenlocal:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium forexample .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this isan adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Frameworkfunding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at socialscientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a newprogram to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted inprotests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ;rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborativeendeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories,including health and demographic change food security, marine research and thebio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and whatit considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought toreceive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioralchange and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemmingclimate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns andpromoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle suchproblems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specificfunding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cuttingtopics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and thehumanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-includinggovernment, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part B: (10 points)Section III Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write yourtranslation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentsinto Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals whomade them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidencean impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expressionis a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardencreated by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, thesegardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration andcreative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst ofturbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot.(47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, asopposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much sothat where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemerbecomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by thestructuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environmentexist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they givewhere it either didn’ｔcomposure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take theirstand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from isso intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When weare deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization ofspirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day wefind ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yeteven so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence ofpetals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)Itis this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of wordgarden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuminguncanny representational forms.Section III WritingParty A51 Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college invitinghim/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B: (20 points)Part B52 Directions:Write an essay of about 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. Inyour essay, you should(1) describe the drawing briefly,(2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年考研英语真题答案2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an importantissue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that_3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind ofdecisions will be _4_ as impartialactivity makes it less likely that the court’sjudgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. Atthe very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to therest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_betweenthe court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart frompolitics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system wasdesigned to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with socialpolicy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions splitalong ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen asseparate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable[B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result20.[A]by allmesnsSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner thana brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place ofpraise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, wordsand other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because t he networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity toone format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replacedby CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium- television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow,to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments i nto Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remainsa major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable usto understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionaryor cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland andhis colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attemptsto find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languagewhich are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family treesthat between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammarshould show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or thepathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strongco-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of thesepatterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages arelire age-specific and not governed by universals[NxtPage]2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious But ---_1____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has littleto health.”　influence on physical filness Laughter does _2____short-term changes in thefunction of the heart and its blood vessels, _3___ heart rate and oxygen consumptionBut because h ard laughter is difficult to _4___, a good laugh is unlikely to have__5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughterapparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter. muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help__8__the effects of psychologicalstress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types ofemotional state. __10____one____9__feedback,that improve an individual’sclassical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _____11__ physicalreactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry___12___they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness a lso __13_____ tears,evidence s uggests t hat emotions can flow__14___ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologistFritz.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mentl [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, youare required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from thelist A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have beencorrectly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm asthe humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years anda medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in thehumanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students inEnglish drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages,philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% ofAmerican college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% inhistory and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educatedperson should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “generaleducation” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships forwhich they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partlybecause universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students wantto study humanities subjects: English departments aw arded more bachelor’s degreesin 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So,at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave theprofession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cancut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, t aught in different schools. Manystudents experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers muststudy a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top Americanuniversities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money foracademic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfoldbetween 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took itstoll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into aprerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of Americanprofessors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, arguesMr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specializationdisciplines acquire a monopoly not justare transmissible but not transferable.”Soover the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers ofknowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter theway in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies whichthey study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform andResistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking ofapplying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. Forsomething curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand,a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G → 41. → 42. →E → 43. → 44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentsinto Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depthexploration of the central idea of self-help writing.-that because(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all sharewe are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughtscan be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another.However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as theconscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control。

考研英语(完形填空)-试卷11

考研英语（完形填空）-试卷11(总分：120.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Use of English(总题数：3，分数：120.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：Next time you feel the flu coming on, think twice before reaching for painkillers—they could do more【C1】______than good. With the flu season【C2】______way across Europe and North America, millions will be taking flu【C3】______, which commonly include painkillers. The general【C4】______advice in the UK and the US is to take painkillers. But although painkillers can make you feel better they also lower fever, which can make the virus【C5】______. The first analysis of the effect of this on the【C6】______shows that painkillers taken at current levels to【C7】______fevers could cause 2, 000 flu deaths each year in the US alone. Fever is thought to be a 【C8】______against viruses, because many viruses find it hard to【C9】______above our normal 37 °C. Some studies have shown that lowering fever may【C10】______virus-related infections and increase the amount of virus we can【C11】______on to others. To find out what【C12】______this might have on a flu epidemic, David Earn and his colleagues【C13】______to a 1982 study which showed that ferrets, a【C14】______animal model for human flu produced more【C15】______flu virus if their fevers were lowered with painkillers. Earn"s team used these findings to estimate how much more virus people with【C16】______flu might produce if their fevers were【C17】______. With the help of a mathematical model, Earn"s team【C18】______their estimates to the number of people a year in the US who get flu,【C19】______fever and take the drugs. They found that painkillers as used in the US could be increasing the【C20】______of ordinary winter flu by up to 5 per cent.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.hurtB.painC.harm √D.work解析：解析：本段首句提及“在服用止痛药之前要三思”，结合第二段首句提到的“服用止痛药仅在美国每年都会造成2000人死于流感”，由此推断，止痛药虽然可以让你感觉好受些，但是副作用也是很明显的。

考研英语专业考试试卷真题

考研英语专业考试试卷真题一、听力理解（共30分）1. 短对话理解（每题1分，共10分）听下面10段对话，每段对话后有一个问题。

从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳答案。

[录音材料略]2. 长对话理解（每题2分，共10分）听下面2段较长的对话，每段对话后有2-3个问题。

从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。

[录音材料略]3. 短文理解（每题2分，共10分）听下面3篇短文，每篇短文后有2-3个问题。

从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。

[录音材料略]二、阅读理解（共40分）1. 快速阅读（每题2分，共20分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-10题。

根据文章内容，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确答案。

[文章内容略]2. 深度阅读（每题2分，共20分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答11-20题。

根据文章内容，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确答案。

[文章内容略]三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的文章，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

[文章内容略]四、翻译（共20分）1. 英译汉（每题5分，共10分）将下列英文句子翻译成中文。

[句子1][句子2]2. 汉译英（每题5分，共10分）将下列中文句子翻译成英文。

[句子1][句子2]五、写作（共30分）1. 小作文（10分）根据所给情景写一封书信或电子邮件。

[情景描述略]2. 大作文（20分）根据所给题目写一篇议论文。

[题目描述略]请注意：本试卷为模拟试卷，仅供学习参考，具体考试内容以官方发布的考试大纲为准。

祝各位考生考试顺利！。