IBC 25章(501-506)共6页

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IBC 12章(249-252)共4页

P.24912章内部环境1201节总则1201.1 范围. 此规范管理范围包括通风，温度控制，照明，庭院，声音传送，房间大小，周围材料及建筑内部防鼠害措施。

1202节定义1202.1 总则.此章节中及规范别处应用的词汇条款释义如下：日光室添加层. 在现有结构上添加一附加层，其玻璃部分超过建筑外墙及屋顶总面积的百分之四十隔热.空气地空间的隔断，在阳光添加层和居住单元之间，由现有幕墙，新幕墙，及门窗组成。

1203节通风1203.1 总则.建筑应根据1203.4节配置自然通风，并根据国际机械规范配置机械通风。

1203.2 顶楼空间. 密闭的顶楼及形成的密闭拉夫特空间椽空间，此处吊顶直接作用于屋顶框构件的下方，此处每一个分离空间都应通过通风开口实现空气对流，免受雨雪的进入。

阻塞和桥接不应阻碍空气的流通。

一英寸（25mm）的铝板安装于隔离层和屋面板。

无网通风区域不下于空间通风区域面积的1/150 所需通风区域的百分之五十位于空间上部分。

此处位于屋檐和檐口上至少3英尺（914mm），以保持两者平衡排除情况:最小无网通风区域为通风面积的，如果按照ASTM E 96缓凝剂传输速度不超过1perm ，则安装于顶楼隔板的暖面，位于空间上半部（屋檐檐口上方大于等于3英尺处）的通风设备提供百分之五十通风区域。

1203.2.1 顶楼内开口. 建筑顶楼空间的外开口目的在于适应人居住，此处应覆盖有防腐蚀金属丝布，细目镀锌铁丝网，穿孔塑胶或类似材料以防止鸟类，松鼠，老鼠，蛇及其他活物进入。

此处开口介于1/8 英寸(3.2 mm)和1/4 英寸(6.4 mm)之间. 如顶楼区域有燃烧气体，则根据国际机械规范第七章执行措施1203.3 地板下通风.楼板梁底部和建筑下方土壤间的空间（除了地下室及地窖占用空间）应通过地基墙和外墙配备通风开口。

以提供地板下空间的空气对流。

1203.3.1 地下通风开口. 最小通风开口净面积不少于1平方英尺/150平方英尺爬行空间(0.67 m2 /100m2). 通风开口应被以下材料覆盖其高度和宽度，覆盖物尺寸不超过四分之一英寸（6mm）1. 穿孔金属板厚度不少于0.070 英寸(1.8 mm)2. 延伸金属板厚度不少于0.047 英寸(1.2 mm)3. 铸铁格栅栏4. 挤压承重通风管5. 细目镀锌钢丝网，大于0.035 英寸(0.89 mm) 线圈6.防腐蚀金属丝网, 尺寸不超过1/8 英寸(3.2 mm).1203.3.2排除情况.1. 如气候条件允许，有通往室内通风口的情况下，不要求由通往室外的通风口。

IBC产品型号表

IBC产品型号命名规则及相关说明为了规范IBC产品规格型号名称，统一产品型号名称，避免在产品信息传递过程中出现由于名称、叫法不同而造成的混乱情况，现根据其内胆种类及配件的组合情况对不同型号IBC产品进行编号。

1. IBC产品型号组成：阀门代码顶盖密封圈代码顶盖代码内胆原料及重量代码内胆颜色代码SM13复合框架2. 命名规则：如上图所示，IBC产品型号由6部分数字和字母组合而成，分别说明如下：（1）第一部分代码代表IBC框架的类型，由于IBC产品的框架将仅保留SM13钢塑复合型的框架，因此以“S”代表此类型框架。

对目前还在使用的全钢框架，则用字母“T”表示此类框架。

（2）第二部分代码代表内胆的颜色，由一个字母表示，代码及颜色对应如下：（3）第三部分代码代表内胆的原料和重量，由字母“M”和一个数字组成，对应关系如下：（4）第四部分代码代表不同类型的顶盖，由字母“L ”和一个数字组成，代码与顶盖类型对应如下：（5）第五部分代码代表了不同类型的顶盖密封圈，由一个字母和一个数字表示，代码与密封圈对应关系如下：（6）第六部分代码代表了不同类型的阀门，由字母“V ”和一个数组组成，代码与阀门类型对应如下：3. 相关说明（1）根据以上规则将各部分代码进行组合，即可获得不同配件组合的IBC产品的型号，如：S-O-M1-L1-T1-V2，表示钢塑复合框架，本色内胆，采用HDPE4261AG UV 6005原料，内胆重量17.5kg，DN150大盖，带2"中盖和3/4"小盖，安装D15透气膜，发泡天然橡胶密封圈，配DN50蝶阀，出口2” Camlock 快速接头。

（2）由于标牌目前统一尺寸，只有个别客户需特殊标牌尺寸及数量，因此对于特殊标牌IBC产品，可增加第七部分内容，以“×P×”，字母P代表标牌，字母P前面的数字代表每个IBC所需标牌数量，后面数字代表标牌类型。

如无该部分则表示采用统一尺寸标牌，数量默认为两块。

IADC_部分5

Table of Contents - Chapter CCasing and TubingI. Care And Use Of Casing.......................................................................................................................C-4Introduction........................................................................................................................................C-4I. Transportation.................................................................................................................................C-4II. Preparation And Inspection Before Running....................................................................................C-4 III. Rig Equipment..............................................................................................................................C-4 IV. Pre-running Preparations...............................................................................................................C-5 V. Running Casing...............................................................................................................................C-6 VI. Causes Of Casing Troubles.........................................................................................................C-16 VII. Recovery Of Casing..................................................................................................................C-19 VIII. Reconditioning.........................................................................................................................C-20 IX. Field Welding Of Attachments On Casing....................................................................................C-20 II. Care And Use Of Tubing....................................................................................................................C-24 Introduction......................................................................................................................................C-24I. Transportation...............................................................................................................................C-24II. Preparation And Inspection Before Running..................................................................................C-24 III. Rig Equipment............................................................................................................................C-24 IV. Pre-running Preparations.............................................................................................................C-25 V. Running........................................................................................................................................C-26 VI. Pulling Tubing.............................................................................................................................C-36 VII. Causes Of Tubing Troubles........................................................................................................C-37 VIII Reconditioning..........................................................................................................................C-37Chapter CCasing And TubingThe IADC Drilling Manual is a series of reference guides for use in field operations covering a variety of subjects related to drilling operations.The contents of this (these) volume (s) are assembled by a wide range of members of the drilling industry inter-ested in providing information to field personnel to encourage proper operations, maintenance and repair of equip-ment and training and safety of personnel.It is not intended that the contents of this manual replace or take precedence over manufacturer's, operators or individual drilling company recommendations, policies and/or procedures. In those areas where local, state and federal law is in conflict with the contents then it is deemed appropriate to adhere to suer laws. IADC has endeav-ored to insure the accuracy and reliability of this data, however, we make no warranties or guarantees in connec-tion with these recommendations.As technology continues to develop this manual will be updated. It is important that the user continue to update their knowledge through research and study.I. Care And Use Of CasingIntroductionThis section is based on API RP 5C1, Care and Use of Casing and Tubing. Additional Data is included in Subsec-tion VI B.I. TransportationReference is made to Section B4-1 regarding transportation of drill pipe. The same principles apply to the care and handling during transportation of all threaded tubular goods including casing and tubing.II. Preparation And Inspection Before RunningA. InspectionNew casing is delivered free of injurious defects as defined in API Spec. 5D and within the practical limits of the inspection procedures therein prescribed. Some users have found that, for a limited number of critical well applica-tions, these procedures do not result in casing sufficiently free of defects to meet their needs for such critical applications. Various nondestructive inspection services have been employed by users to assure that the desired quality of casing is being run. In view of this practice, it is suggested that the individual user:1. Familiarize himself with inspection practices specified in the standards and employed by the respective mills, and with the definition of "defect" contained in the standards.2. Thoroughly evaluate any nondestructive inspection to be used by him on API tubular goods to assure himself that the inspection does in fact correctly locate and differentiate injurious defects from other variables which can be and frequently are sources of misleading "defect" signals with such inspection methods.B. Thread ProtectorsAll casing, whether new, used, or reconditioned, should always be handled with thread protectors in place. Casing should be handled at all times on racks or on wooden or metal surfaces free of rocks, sand, or dirt other than normal drilling mud. When lengths of casing are inadvertently dragged in the dirt, the threads should be recleaned and serviced again as outlined in Par. IV-A.III. Rig EquipmentSlip elevators are recommended for long strings. Both spider and elevator slips should be clean and sharp and should fit properly. Slips should be extra long for heavy casing strings. The spider must be level.Note: Slip and tong marks are injurious. Every possible effort should be made to keep such damage at a minimum by using proper up-to-date equipment.If Collar-pull elevators are used, the bearing surface should be carefully inspected for:1) uneven wear which may produce a side lift on the coupling with danger of it jumping off, and2) uniform distribution of the load when applied over the bearing face of the coupling.Spider and elevator slips should be examined and watched to see that all lower together. If they lower unevenly, there is danger of denting the pipe or badly slip-cutting it.Care must be exercised, particularly when running long casing strings, to insure that the slip bushing or bowl is in good condition. Tongs should be examined for wear on hinge-pins and hinge-surfaces. The back-up line attachment to the back-up post should be corrected if necessary to be level with the tong in the back-up position, so as to avoid uneven load distribution on the gripping surfaces of the casing. The length of the back-up line should be such as to cause minimum bending stresses on the casing to allow full stroke movement of the make-up tong.IV. Pre-running PreparationsA. Thread PreparationThe following precautions should be taken in the preparation of casing threads for makeup in the casing strings: 1. Immediately before running, remove thread protectors from both field and coupling ends and clean the threads thoroughly, repeating as additional rows become uncovered.2. Carefully inspect the threads. Those found damaged, even slightly, should be laid aside unless satisfactory means are available for correcting thread damage.3. The length of each piece of casing shall be measured prior to running. A steel tape calibrated in decimal feet to the nearest 0.01 ft should be used. The measurement should be made from the outermost face of the coupling or box to the position on the externally threaded end where the coupling or the box stops when the joint is made up powertight.On round thread joints, this position is to the plane of the vanish point on the pipe; on buttress thread casing, this position is to the base of the triangle stamp on the pipe; and, on extreme line casing, to the shoulder on the exter-nally threaded end. The total of the individual lengths so measured will represent the unloaded length of the casing string.The actual length under tension in the hole can be obtained by consulting graphs which are prepared for this purpose and which are available in most pipe handbooks.4. Check each coupling for makeup. If the standoff is abnormally great, check the coupling for tightness. Tighten any loose couplings after thoroughly cleaning the threads and applying fresh compound over entire thread surfaces, and before pulling the pipe into the derrick.5. Before stabbing, liberally apply thread compound to the entire internally and externally threaded areas. It is recommended that high pressure modified thread compound as specified in API Bul. 5A2: Bulletin on Thread Compounds be used, except in special cases where severe conditions are encountered, it is recommended that high pressure silicone thread compound as specified in Bul. 5A2 be used.6. Place clean thread protector on the field end of the pipe so that the thread will not be damaged while rolling pipe on the rack and pulling into the derrick. Several thread protectors may be cleaned and used repeatedly for this operation.7. If a mixed string is to be run, check to determine that appropriate casing will be accessible on the pipe rack when required according to the program.8. Connectors used as tensile and lifting member should have their thread capacity carefully checked to assure that the connector can safely support the load.9. Care should be taken when making up pup joints and connectors to assure that the mating threads are of the same size and type.B. Drifting of CasingIt is recommended that each length of the casing be drifted for its entire length with mandrels just before running as follows:Casing size, inch Drift Mandrel Size, inc. Length Diameter, min.8-5/8 and smaller 6 d - 1/89-5/8 to 13-5/8 12 d - 5/3216 and larger 12 d - 3/16C. Handling from Rack to FloorLower or roll each piece of casing carefully to the walk without dropping. Use rope snubber if necessary. Avoid hitting casing against any part of derrick or other equipment. Provide a hold-back rope at window. For mixed or unmarked strings, a drift or "jack rabbit" should be run through each length of casing when it is picked up from the catwalk and pulled onto the derrick floor, to avoid running a heavier length or one with a lesser inside diameter than called for in the casing string.V. Running CasingA. StabbingDo not remove thread protector from field end of casing until ready to stab.If necessary, apply thread compound over entire surface of threads just before stabbing. The brush or utensil used in applying thread compound should be kept free of foreign matter and the compound and the compound should never be thinned.In stabbing, lower casing carefully to avoid injuring threads. Stab vertically, preferably with assistance of a man on the stabbing board. If the casing stand tilts to one side after stabbing, lift up, clean, and correct any damaged thread with three-cornered file, then carefully remove any filings and reapply compound over the thread surface. After stabbing, the casing should be rotated very slowly at first to insure that threads are engaging properly and not cross-threading. If spinning line is used, it should pull close to the coupling.B. Make-up, Power TongsThe use of power tongs for making up casing made desirable the establishment of recommended torque values for each size, weight, and grade of casing. Early studies and test indicated that torque values are affected by a large number of variables, such as: variations in taper, lead, thread height and thread form, surface finish, type of thread compound, length of thread, weight and grade of pipe, etc. In later studies on make-up torque, it was observed that the API round thread joint pullout strength formula in API Bul. 5C3 contains several of the variables believed to affect make-up torque. Through investigations, it was found that the torque values obtained by dividing the calcu-lated pullout values by 100, were generally comparable to those values obtained by field make-up tests where the API modified thread compound was used.This procedure was therefore used to establish the optimum make up torque values listed in Table C1-1.Table C1-1a 8-Rd ST Casing Make-up TorqueFor Full Size Image of This Table Click HereTable C1-1b 8-Rd LT Casing Make-up TorqueFor Full Size Image of This Table Click HereMinimum torque values listed are 75% of optimum values and maximum values listed are 125% of optimum values. All values are rounded to the nearest 10 foot pounds. These values must necessarily be considered a guide only, due to the very wide variations in torque requirements that can exist for a specific connection. Because of this, it is essential that torque be related to made-up position as outlined in the following:a. It is advisable when starting to run casing from each particular mill shipment to make up sufficient joints to determine the torque necessary to provide proper make-up see Par. V-C for proper number of turns beyond hand-tight position. These values may indicate that a departure from the recommended optimum values listed inTable C1-1 is advisable.If other optimum values are chosen, the minimum torque should be not less than 75 per cent of the optimum selected. The maximum torque should be not more than 125 per cent of the optimum torque.b. The power tong should be provided with a reliable torque gage of know accuracy. In the initial stages of make-up, any irregularities of make-up or in speed of make-up should be observed, since these may be indicative of crossed threads, dirty or damage threads, or other unfavorable conditions.c. Continue the make-up, observing both the torque gage and the approximate position of the coupling face with respect to the last scratch position.d. The optimum torque values shown in the following tabulation have been selected to give optimum make-up under normal conditions and should be considered as satisfactory providing the face of the coupling is flush with the last scratch or within two thread turns plus or minus of the last scratch.e. If the make-up is such that the last scratch is buried two thread turns and the minimum torque shown in Table C1-1 is not reached, the joint should be treated as a questionable joint as provided under Par. V.D.If several threads remain exposed when the optimum torque is reached, apply additional torque up to the maximum shown in Table C1-1. If the standoff (distance from face of coupling to the last scratch) is greater than three thread turns when the maximum torque is reached, the joint should be treated as a questionable joint as provided under Par. V.D.g. Make-up torque values for buttress thread casing connections should be determined by carefully noting the torque required to make up each of several connections to the base of the triangle, then using the torque value thus established, make up balance of the pipe of that particular weight and grade in the string.C. Make-up, Conventional TongsWhen conventional tongs are used for casing make-up, tighten with tongs to proper degree of tightness. The joint should be made up beyond the hand-tight position at least 3 turns for sizes 4-1/2 through 7 inch, and at least 3-1/2 turns for sizes 7-5/8 inch and larger, except 9-5/8 inch and 10-3/4 inch grade P-110 and 20 inch grade J-55 and K-55 which should be made up 4 turns beyond hand-tight position. When using a spinning line it is necessary to compare handtightness with spin-up tightness. In order to do this, make up the first few joint to the handtight position, then back off and spin up joints to the spin-up tight position. Compare relative position of these two make-ups and use this information to determine when the joint is made up the recommended number of turns beyond handtight.D. Questionable Make-upJoints that are questionable as to their proper tightness should be unscrewed and the casing laid down for inspec-tion and repair. When this is done, the mating coupling should be carefully inspected for damaged threads. Parted joints should never be reused without shopping or regaging, even though the joints may have little appearance of damage.If casing has a tendency to wobble unduly at its upper end when making up, indicating that the thread may not be in line with the axis of the casing, the speed of rotation should be decreased to prevent galling of threads. If wobbling should persist despite reduced rotational speed, the casing should be laid down for inspection. Serious consideration should be given before using such casing in a position in the string when a heavy tensile load is imposed.In making up the field joint it is possible for the coupling to make up slightly on the mill end. This does not indicate that the coupling on the mill end is too loose, but simply that the field end has reached the tightness with which the coupling was screwed on at the mill.E. Lowering CasingCasing strings should be picked up and lowered carefully, and care exercised in setting slips to avoid shock loads. Dropping a string even a short distance may loosen couplings at the bottom of the string. Care should be exercised to prevent setting casing down on bottom, or otherwise placing it in compression because of the danger of buckling, particularly in that part of the well where hole enlargement has occurred.Definite instructions should be available as to the design of the casing string, including the proper location of the various grades of steel, weights of casing, and types of joint. Care should be exercised to run the string in exactly the order in which it was designed. If any length cannot be clearly identified, it should be laid aside until its grade, weight, and the type of joint can be positively established.To facilitate running and to assure adequate hydrostatic head to contain reservoir pressures, the casing should be periodically filled with mud while being run. A number of things govern the frequency with which filling should be accomplished: weight of pipe in the hole, mud weight, reservoir pressure, etc. In most cases, filling every 6-10 lengths should suffice. In no case should the hydrostatic balance of reservoir pressure be jeopardized by too infrequent filling. Filling should be done with mud of the proper weight, using a conveniently located hose of adequate size to expedite the filling operation. A quick-opening/closing plug valve on the mud hose will facilitate the operation and prevent overflow. If rubber hose is used, it is recommended that the quick-closing valve be mounted where the hose is connected to the mud line, rather that at the outlet end of the hose. It is also recom-mended that at least one other discharge connection be left open on the mud system to prevent build-up of exces-sive pressure when the quick closing valve is closed while pump is still running. A copper nipple at the end of the mud hose may be used to prevent damaging of the coupling threads during the filling operation.Note: The foregoing mud fill-up practice will be unnecessary if automatic fill-up casing shoes and collars are used.F. Casing Landing ProcedureDefinite instructions should be provided for the proper string tension, also on the proper landing procedure after the cement has set. The purpose is to avoid critical stresses or excessive and unsafe tensile stresses at any time during the life of the well. In arriving at the proper tension and landing procedure, consideration should be given to all factors such as well temperature and pressure, temperature developed due to cement hydration, mud temperature and changes of temperature during producing operations. The adequacy of the original tension safety factor of the string as designed will influence the landing procedure and should be considered. If after due consideration it is not considered necessary to develop special land procedure instructions (and this probably applies to a very large majority of the wells drilled), then the procedure should be followed of landing the casing in the casing head at exactly the position in which it was hanging when the cement plug reached its lowest point or "as cemented". VI. Causes Of Casing TroublesA. GeneralThe more common causes of casing troubles are as follows:1. Improper selection for depth and pressures encountered.2. Insufficient inspection of each length of casing or of field-shop threads.3. Abuse in mill, transportation, and field handling.4. Non-observance of good rules in running and pulling casing.5. Improper cutting of field-shop threads.6. The use of poorly manufactured couplings for replacements and additions.7. Improper care in storage.8. Excessive torquing of casing to force it through tight places in the hole.9. Pulling too hard on string (to free it). This may loosen the couplings at the top of the string. The should be retightened with tongs before finally setting the string.10. Rotary drilling inside casing. Setting the casing with improper tension after cementing is one of the greatest contributing causes of such failures.11. Wire-line cutting, by swabbing or cable-tool drilling.12. Buckling of casing in an enlarged, washed-out uncemented cavity if too much tension s released in landing.13. Dropping a string, even a very short distance.14. Leaky joints, under external or internal pressure, are a common trouble, and may be due to:a. Improper thread compound.b. Under-tonging.c. Dirty threads.d. Galled threads, due to dirt, careless stabbing, damaged threads, too rapid spinning, over-tonging, orwobblingduring spinning or tonging operations.e. Improper cutting of field-shop threads.f. Pulling too hard on string.g. Dropping string.h. Excessive making and breaking.i. Tonging too high on casing, especially on breaking out. This gives a bending effect which tends to gallthe threads.j. Improper joint make-up at mill.k. Casing ovality of out-of-roundness.l. Improper landing practices which produces stresses in the threaded joint in excess of the yield point.B. Casing Wear - Drilling Operations1. Definition.Casing Wear may be defined as localized removal of metal from casing ID as a result of metal to metal contact between the drill stem assembly and the casing during various drilling operations, by a combination of rotation and longitudinal movement. As covered in Section B1, page 1, the drill stem assembly is defined as the drill string (drill pipe plus tool joints), plus all other components, as may be described in a "packed hole" assembly. This includes the Kelly, drill collars (round, square, or spiral), stabilizers, reamers, and the bit. Longitudinal movement would include complete tripping of the drill string in and out of the hole, reaming, drilling of a whipstock, directional drilling procedures, the action of the wire line for inside tools involving surveys, coring milling, fishing, etc. To maintain the necessary close OD tolerance, all blades and cutting edges must have the most wear resistant materials economi-cally available. This is coarse particle tungsten carbide, with proper matrix or binding materials and techniques of application.2. History.From 1942 to 1961 both operators and contractors utilized tungsten carbide hardfacing on their tool joints all over the free world in directional holes as well as crooked holes, and little or no casing wear problems were experi-enced. Only after these higher lateral thrust loads from greater weights, higher rpm, the introduction of the "packed hole" assembly concept, and more sharply deflected holes, did operators experience severe casing wear. This severe wear in the casing could be pinpointed at these sharp angles or changes in direction. All these facts and proven data provide sufficient proof to support the conclusion that casing wear can and does occur with or without hardfacing and that there are numerous factors, other than hardfacing, which must be considered when we analyze the various causes of casing wear. Many of the same factors which contribute to casing wear may also contribute to "heat checking" of the tool joints, Section B-2.3. Investigations.Manufacturers of both tungsten carbide and alloy hardfacing materials for commercial use have developed infor-mation which ties in closely with that developed by tool joint manufacturers. Field performance data, combined with laboratory data, shows that continuous, smooth, uniform deposits of fine particle tungsten carbide will providea reasonably good bearing.4. Rotation and Tripping.There is sufficient data from laboratories and field to prove that most casing wear occurs relatively high in the hole, and generally at a dog leg, after substantial hole is drilled below. Casing wear can. occur either from rotation or tripping, or from both. Variables which control the degree of casing wear are the magnitude of lateral thrust loads, rpm, surface conditions of the drill stem members (hard or soft, rough or smooth), vertical alignment of the Kelly, and, of course, the amount and quality of drilling mud between the surfaces of the drill stem members and casing. Specimens of worn casing often times show deep longitudinal marks, scratches, and grooves from such tripping.5. Other Contributing Factors.Deep grooves from wire lines are most convincing evidence of cutting action by longitudinal movement inside casing. It can be shown also that following a complete trip of the drill stem some of these longitudinal scratches and grooves can and often are wiped out by rotation of the drill string. Observations also show that the maximum wear area of most of these worn specimens is generally the radius of the drill pipe itself. Therefore, when we consider that there is over 30' of drill pipe and 17' of tool joint OD length, and only 3" of this may or may not be hardfaced, we must conclude that the drill pipe itself can and often does produce more wear insidethe casing than some of these other members of the drill stem assembly. The very fact that most drill pipe showssubstantially more body wall wear in directional holes, key seats, and dog legs is indicative that drill pipe contacts the casing or the formation with substantial lateral thrust loading. Sufficient field and laboratory data is also avail-able to show that under the above conditions OD and body wall wear is one of the greatest limiting factors in the life of the drill string.The degree or amount of casing wear also depends to a very great extent upon the amount of abrasive and sand particles in the mud. Rough surfaces or soft surfaces have a greater tendency to hold sand in position and cut casing more rapidly. Some operators have experienced holes worn in casing where external flush drill pipe no external tool joint OD - was used in directional drilling operations. It has been shown repeatedly in lab investiga-tions that rough, non-hardfaced tool joints can and do cut casing when subjected to certain lateral thrust loads and in combination with relatively high rpm. Specimens with softer surfaces show a higher percent increase in casing cutting tendency than harder surfaces.6. Suggested Controls.There are no foolproof methods for complete elimination of casing wear or "heat checking" as described above. However, the following are worth serious consideration:a. Keep the Kelly and drill pipe as straight as possible.b. Double check proper vertical alignment of the Kelly over well head. The Kelly must be straight.c. Utilize data in Lubinski's work in "Maximum Permissible Dog Legs", as to the rate of change of angles.d. Wipe out all known key seats or sharp dog legs.e. Control of OD wear of tool joints by the proper use of a continuous, smooth application of fine particletungsten carbide hardfacing. This also provides a better bearing against the casing. The OD of the tooljoint is the main controlling factor in its torsional strength with respect to the drill pipe to which it is attached.f. Avoid critical speeds which can contribute to increased casing wear, heat checking, and other costlyperformance problems.g. Control sand content of drill fluid.h. Drill pipe run inside casing should be equipped with suitable drill pipe protectors.7. Conclusions.Most operators agree with the concept that casing wear occurs because a combination of rotation and tripping. Some operators have evidence that above critical rotary speed and lateral thrust load, casing cutting increases quite rapidly. This is particularly true where relatively high lateral thrust loads are involved.VII. Recovery Of CasingBreak-out tongs should be positioned close to the coupling but not too close since a slight squashing effect where the tong dies contact the pipe surface cannot be avoided especially if the joint is tight and/or the casing is light. Keeping a space of 1/3 to 1/4 of the diameter of the pipe between the tong and the coupling should normally prevent unnecessary friction in the threads. Hammering the coupling to break the joint is an injurious practice.If tapping is required, use the flat face, never the peen face of the hammer, and under no circumstances should a sledge hammer be used. Tap lightly near the middle and completely around the coupling, never near the end nor on the opposite sides only.Great care should be exercised to disengage all of the threads before lifting the casing out of the coupling. Do not jump casing out of coupling.。

Contributing Authors

Project no.FP6-507752MUSCLENetwork of ExcellenceM ultimedia U nderstanding through S emantics,C omputation and LE arningProgress on Applications of Machine LearningTechniquesDue date of deliverable:31.09.2005Actual submission date:10.10.2005Start date of project:1March2004Duration:48MonthsWorkpackage:8Deliverable:D8.1c(5/5)Editors:Rozenn DahyotDepartment of StatisticsTrinity College DublinDublin2,Ireland Revision1.0Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme(2002-2006)Dissemination LevelPU Public x PP Restricted to other programme participants(including the commission Services)RE Restricted to a group speciﬁed by the consortium(including the Commission Services) CO Conﬁdential,only for members of the consortium(including the Commission Services)Keyword List:Contributing AuthorsArnaldo de Albuquerque Araújo ENSEA Patrick Bouthemy IRISA Guillermo Cámara Chávez ENSEA Matthieu Cord ENSEA Rozenn Dahyot TCD Alain Lehmann IRISA Attila Licsár SZTAKI Tamás Szirányi SZTAKI Jian-Feng Yao IRISAContentsWP7:State of the Art1 Contents6 1Introduction7 I Video Content Analysis9 2Introduction11 3Video model133.1Basic deﬁnitions (13)3.2Types of transitions (14)3.2.1Cuts (14)3.2.2Fades and dissolves (14)4Video Segmentation194.1Basic deﬁnitions (19)4.2Feature extraction (20)4.2.1Visual features (21)4.2.2Auditory modality (26)4.2.3Textual modality (27)4.3Pattern recognition for video segmentation (27)4.3.1Structural segmentation (28)4.3.2Content segmentation (28)5Shot boundary detection315.1Basic deﬁnitions (31)5.2Threshold-based approaches (32)5.2.1Sharp cut (32)5.2.2Gradual transition (36)5.2.3Performance comparison of shot boundary detection algorithms (38)5.2.4State of the art (39)5.3Learning-based approaches (41)5.4Final considerations (43)II Other Applications45 6Comparison of video dynamic contents without feature matching by using rank-tests476.1Introduction (47)6.2Classiﬁcation Framework (48)6.2.1Dissimilarity measure between two video segments (48)6.2.2Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test (49)6.2.3Feature combination by weighting (51)6.3Local Motion Features (52)6.3.1Interest Point Selection (52)6.3.2Trajectorial Information (53)6.3.3Motion Intensity Information (54)6.4Motion Event Classiﬁcation (55)6.4.1Gesture Video Database (55)6.4.2Basketball Video Database (57)6.5Summary and Conclusions (57)7User-adaptive hand gesture recognition system with interactive training597.1Introduction (59)7.2Overview of gesture recognition in a camera-projector system (60)7.3Main steps of the camera-projector system (61)7.3.1Segmentation and background generation (62)7.3.2Hand segmentation (62)7.4Gesture recognition (63)7.5Overview of the interactive training method (64)7.5.1Unsupervised training of hand gestures (65)7.5.2Supervised training of hand gestures (65)7.6Experimental results (66)7.7Conclusions (68)Bibliography68Chapter1IntroductionTheﬁrst part of this report proposes a review on shot change detection methods,starting with a set of deﬁnitions about the nature of possible changes and the presentation of visual and audio features used for the task.Occurrences of shot changes in the video-audio visual stream are made by using appropriate dissimilarity measures in between successive features in the stream.The choice of this measures relies also on the nature,abrupt or gradual,of the changes. The decision or classiﬁcation of the frames into classes(frame intra-shot,frame in transition, etc.)can be performed by different techniques,from standard thresholding approaches to more sophisticated machine learning techniques.In the second part of this report,two methods are presented with applications to gesture recognition.In chapter6,a novel and efﬁcient dissimilarity measure between video segments is presented.Local spatio-temporal descriptors are considered to be realizations of an unknown, but class-speciﬁc distribution.The similarity of two video segments is then calculated by eval-uating an appropriate statistic issued from a rank test.It does not require any matching of the local features between the two considered video segments,and can deal with a different number of computed local features in the two segments.Furthermore,the measure is self-normalized which allows for simple cue integration,and even on-line adapted class-dependent combination of the different descriptors.Satisfactory results have been obtained on real video sequences for two motion event recognition problems,gesture recognition and basket ball event classiﬁcation.The last chapter7proposes a vision-based hand gesture recognition system with interactive training,aimed to achieve a user-independent application by on-line supervised ual recognition systems involve a preliminary off-line training phase,separated from the recogni-tion phase.If the system recognizes unknown(non-trainer)users the recognition rate of gesture classes could decrease.The recognition has to be suspended and all gestures need to be retrained with an improved training set,resulting in inconveniences.This new approach introduces an on-line training method embedded into the recognition process,being interactively controlled by the user and adapting to his/her gestures.The main goal is that any non-trainer users be able to use the system instantly and if the recognition accuracy decreases only the faulty de-tected gestures be retrained realizing fast adaptation.The proposed system is implemented as a camera-projector system in which users can directly interact with the projected image by hand gestures,realizing an augmented reality tool in a multi-user environment.The emphasis is on the novel approach of dynamic and quick follow-up training capabilities instead of handlinglarge pre-trained databases.Part IVideo Content AnalysisChapter2IntroductionThe development of shot boundary detection algorithms was initiated some decades ago by the intention to detect sharp cuts in video sequences.A vast majority of all works published in the area of content-based video analysis and retrieval are related in one way or another with the problem of shot boundary detection.So,it is not surprising that shot boundary detection provides a base for nearly all video abstraction and high-level video segmentation approaches. Therefore,resolving the problem of shot boundary detection is one of the principal prerequisites for revealing video content structure in a higher level.There are two kinds of shot boundaries in videos,sharp shot changes,called cuts,and gradual transition between two different shots.A common approach to detect shot boundaries is by computing the difference between two adjacent frames(color,motion,edge and/or texture features)and compare it to a preset threshold (threshold-based approach).A problem with this approach is that it is hard to select a threshold that will work with different shot transitions.To avoid this problem,we consider video shot segmentation from a different perspective,as a categorization task,using a machine learning approach.By turning the problem into a classiﬁcation problem,the need for thresholding is eliminated and every frame in the video stream is classiﬁed as either a“common shot frame”, a“cut frame”,or a“gradual transition frame”.The classiﬁcation framework allows us to use many different kinds of video features in an integrated structure.The objective of learning is to create systems that can improve their performance in a certain task whereas they acquire experience or data.In many natural learning tasks,this experience or data is gained interactively,by taking actions,doing queries,or making experiments.Most of machine learning research,nevertheless,treats the learner as a passive recipient of data to be processed.This“passive”approach does not pay attention to the fact that,in many situations, the learner’s most powerful tool is its ability to act,to collect data,and to inﬂuence the world it is trying to understand.Active learning is the study of how to use this ability effectively.The aim of active learning methods is to produce concise and highly informative training sets.This work focuses on the exploitation of features based on frame differences for pixel,block-based,histogram comparisons.Another visual features used are the phase correlation(motion-based)[70]and edge change ratio[78].After the feature extraction these features are classiﬁed.The text is organized as follows.In Chapter2,we present the video model,basic deﬁnitions that will hold within this text.In Chapter3,we show a description of video segmentation.In Chapter4,different approaches for shot boundary detection are presented,and also an overviewof the methods that are used for detecting cuts and gradual transitions.Chapter3Video modelDigital video now plays an important role in education,entertainment and other multimedia applications.It has become extremely important to developed mechanism for processing,ﬁlter-ing,indexing and organize the digital video information so that useful knowledge can be derived from the mass information that it is now available.The two most important aspects of video are its contents and its production style[24].The form is the information that is being transmitted and the latter is associated with the category of a video(commercial,drama,scienceﬁction, etc.).In this chapter we will deﬁne some of the concepts used in literature;like shot,scene and keyframe.Also,we present the most popular types of transitions(sharp cuts and gradual transitions).All this basic deﬁnitions were abstracted from[28].3.1Basic deﬁnitionsLet A⊂N,A=0,...,H−1×0,...,W−1,where H and W are the height and width of a frame,respectively.Deﬁnition3.1(Frame)A frame f t is a function from A to N where for each spatial position (x,y)in A,f t(x,y)represents the value of the pixel(x,y)at time t.Deﬁnition3.2(Video)A video V is a sequence of frames f t with an accompanying audio track and can be described by V=(f t)t∈[0,T−1],where T is the number of frames contained in the video.The number of frames is directly associated with the frequency and the duration of visualization.A video is typically composed by a large amount of information that is hard to be physically or semantically related.The fundamental unit in a video is a shot(will be deﬁned below)that captures an uninter-rupted recording of a camera,where camera motion and object motion is permitted.A scene is composed by a small number of shots.While a shot represents a physical video unit,a scene represents a semantic video unit.Deﬁnition3.3(Shot)A shot is the fundamental unit of a video,because it captures a continu-ous action from a single camera.A shot represents a spatio-temporally frame sequence.Deﬁnition3.4(Scene)A scene is composed by small number of shots that are interrelated and uniﬁed by similar features and by temporal proximity.Deﬁnition3.5(Key-frame)A key-frame is a frame that represents the content of a shot or scene.This content must be the most representative as possible.Different kinds of transitions bounder a shot from an other.There exists sharp and gradual transitions.3.2Types of transitionsThe process of video production involves shooting and edition operations.Theﬁrst is for pro-duction of shots and the second one if for compilation of the different shots into a structured visual presentation[24].When we refer to compilation we are talking about the transition between consecutive shots.Deﬁnition3.6(Transition)Shots are separated by editing effects,these effects are known as ually,a transition consists of the insertion of a series of artiﬁcial frames pro-duced by an editing tool.We will deﬁne some notations for understanding the transitions types.P denote the shot before a transition and Q the shot after a transition.P(t)represents the t-th frame in shot P.The transition between shots P and Q is denoted by C,the transition begins at time t0and ends at time t1.A frame C(t)represents a frame at time t in the transition C,where t∈]t0,t1[.Transitions are usually subdivided into sharp transitions(cuts)and gradual transitions(dis-solves,fades and wipes).3.2.1CutsThe simplest transition is the cut,and also is the easiest transition to identify.A cut is char-acterized by the abrupt change between consecutive shots.Figure3.1shows an example of a cut.Deﬁnition3.7(Cut)Also now as a sharp transition,a cut is a type of transition where two consecutive shots area concatenated,i.e.,the transition is abrupt.3.2.2Fades and dissolvesFades and dissolves are video editing operations that are done in a laboratory through optical processes.They make the boundary of two shots spread across a number o frames[14].So,the have an starting and ending frame that identiﬁes the transition sequence.(a)(b)(c)(d)(d)(e)(f)(g)Figure3.1:An example of a cutDeﬁnition3.8(Fade-out)The fade-out process is characterized by a progressive darkening of a shot P until the last frame becomes completely black.The frames of a fade-out can be obtained by(t)=α(t)×G+(1−α(t))×P(t)(3.1)T fwhereα(t)is a monotonic transformation function that it is usually linear,G represents the last frame,which is a monochromatic(e.g.white or black)and t∈]t0,t0+d[where d represents the duration of the fade.Deﬁnition3.9(Fade-in)The fade-in process is characterized by a progressive appearing of shot Q.Theﬁrst frame of the fade-in is a monochrome frame G.The frames of a fade-in can be obtained by(t)=(1−α(t))×G+α(t)×P(t)(3.2)T fiFigure3.2shows a fade-in and fade-out.Deﬁnition3.10(Dissolve)The dissolve is characterized by a progressive change of a shot P into a shot Q with non-null duration.Each transition frame can be deﬁned byT d(t)=(1−α(t))×P(t)+α(t)×Q(t)(3.3) Figure3.3displays an example of dissolving.A video sequence is a rich multimodal[63],[37]information source,containing audio, speech,text(if closed caption is available),color patterns and shape of imaged object,and motion of these objects[33].Figure3.2:An example of fade-in(top)and fade-out(bottom).Figure 3.3:An example of dissolve.Chapter4Video SegmentationFor analysis purposes the authors of[63]treat video analysis and indexing as the inverse of an authoring process.Theﬁrst step in this inversion process is the segmentation of the video in its layouts and content elements.In many cases segmentation can be viewed as a classiﬁcation problem.Therefore,patterns of interest must be distinguished that can be used for support decisions about layout and their content categories.First,we present some basic deﬁnitions that are used in this chapter.Then,we will discuss some approaches used for feature extraction. Finally,as we have already said,video segmentation could be viewed as classiﬁcation problem so we develop a brief presentation of pattern recognition.4.1Basic deﬁnitionsIn this section we present deﬁnitions that will be used in the next sections.Deﬁnition4.1(Authoring process[63])Video made requires an author who conceives the idea for the video and produces theﬁnal result,consisting of speciﬁc content and a layout. An author uses visual,auditory and textual modalities to express his or her idea.Deﬁnition4.2(Multimodality[63])The capacity of an author of a video to express a pre-deﬁned semantic idea,combining syntactic structure of each modality(visual,auditory and textual)with a speciﬁc content,using at least two information channels.Three information channels or modalities are considered within a video document:•Visual modality:contains everything,either naturally or artiﬁcially created,that can be seen in a video;•Auditory modality:contains speech,music,and environmental sounds that can be heard in a video;•Textual modality:contains textual resources that describe the content of a video.Deﬁnition4.3(Content[63])The content perspective relates segments to elements that an au-thor uses to create a video.The following elements can be distinguished[7]:•Setting:time and place where a history of a video occurs;•Objects:noticeable static or dynamic entities in the video;•People:human appears in the video.Deﬁnition4.4(Layout[63])Temporal sequence of fundamental units(syntactic structure)for each modality,which it self do not have a temporal dimension.The nature of these units is the main factor discriminating the different modalities.The fundamental units of visual modality are the single image frames,for auditory modality is a set of audio samples,and for textual modality are individual characters.A continuous sequence of fundamental units resulting from an uninterrupted sensor recording is known as sensor shot. For the visual and auditory modality this leads to:•Camera shots:result of an uninterrupted recording of a camera;and•Microphone shots:result of an uninterrupted recording of a microphone.For text,sensor recording do not exist.Deﬁnition4.5(Pattern[71])A pattern is a form,template,or model(or,more abstractly,a set of rules)which can be used to make or to generate things or parts of a thing,especially if the things that are generated have enough in common for the underlying pattern to be inferred or discerned,in which case the things are said to exhibit the pattern.The detection of underlying patterns is called pattern recognition.In our work the visual features are the patterns that will be classiﬁed.4.2Feature extractionMost of the activities in automatic detection of video is concentrated on the detection of shot boundaries.We have two kinds of shot boundaries:sharp shot transitions(cuts)and gradual shot transitions(fades,dissolves,wipes and mattes).Various algorithms,in visual modality,are proposed in video indexing literature for sharp cut detection[8],[20],[30],[51];all of these algorithms relies on comparison of successive frames with someﬁxed or dynamic threshold on either pixel,edge,block or frame level.Block level features can be derived from motion vectors.Transition edits are an important clue for shot boundaries,and because that transitions are gradual,comparison of successive frame is insufﬁcient[14],[78].In the auditory modal-ity,detection of sharp cuts can be accomplished identifying silences and transition points,i.e., locations where the category of the underlying signal changes.4.2.1Visual featuresAutomatic detection is based on the information that it is extracted from the shots which can tell us when a scene cut occurs(brightness,color distribution change,motion,edges,etc.).It is easy to detect cuts between shots with little motion and constant illumination,this is done by looking for sharp brightness changes.In the presence of continuous object motion,or camera movements,or change of illumination in the shot is difﬁcult to understand when the brightness changes are due to these conditions or to the transition from one shot to an other.So,it is necessary to use different visual features to avoid this kind of problems.In the next subsections we will review some visual features used for shot boundary detection.Color momentsThe basis of color moments lays in the assumption that the distribution of color in an image can be interpreted as a probability distribution.Probability distributions are characterized by a number of unique moments(e.g.Normal distributions are differentiated by their mean and vari-ance).It therefore follows that if the color in an image follows a certain probability distribution, the moments of that distribution can then be used as features to identify that image based on color.Color moments have been successfully used in many retrieval systems.Theﬁrst order (mean),the second(variance)and the third order(skewness)color moments have proven to be efﬁcient and effective in representing color distributions of images[16].Theﬁrst three order moments are calculated as:µi=1NN∑j=1f i j(4.1)σi=(1NN∑j=1(f i j−µi)2)12(4.2)s i=(1NN∑j=1(f i j−µi)3)13(4.3)where f i j if the i th color channel at the j th image,and N is the number of pixels.Color coherence vectorIn[45]was proposed an other way to incorporate spatial information into the color histogram, color coherence vector(CCV).The authors deﬁne a color’s coherence as the degree to which pixels of that color are members of large similarity-colored regions,these are known as coherent regions.Each histogram bin is partitioned into two groups:1.coherent:if it belongs to a large uniformly-color region;2.incoherent:if it does not.The CCV of a image is deﬁned as the vector<(α1,β1),(α1,β1),...,(αN,βN)>,whereαi denote the number of coherent pixels andβi denote the number of incoherent pixels.Figure4.1(a)shows the coherent and incoherent vector of Figure3.1(c),the threshold used was40,i.e.,a region is considerate coherent if it has more than40elements.In Figure4.1(b) we could that the sum of the coherent and incoherent vectors is equal to histogram vector.Color correlogramIn[26]the color correlogram was proposed to characterize the color distributions of pixels and the spatial correlation pairs of colors.Theﬁrst and the second dimension of the3D histogram are the colors of any pair of colors and the third dimension is their spatial distance.So,a color correlogram is a table where the k-th entry for(i,j)speciﬁes the probability ofﬁnding a pixel of color i at a distance k from a pixel of color i.Let I represent the entire set of image pixels and I c(i)represent the set of pixels whose color are c(i).So,the correlogram is deﬁned as:[p2∈I c(j)||p1−p2|=k](4.4)γ(k)i,j=Pr p1∈I c(i),p2∈Iwhere i,j∈1,2,...,N,k∈1,2,...,d,and|p1−p2|is the distance between pixels p1and p2.Compared to the color histograms and CCV,the correlogram provides the best retrieval,but is also the most computacional expensive.Figure4.2(a)shows the color correlogram of Figure3.1(c)just using the red band of the image and(b)shows the color correlogram using the three bands.Edge change ratioZabih et.al.proposed a video segmentation based on local features[78].This algorithm considers edge images and uses grey-level information.During scene breaks or fades new edges appears far from old edges and also old edges disappear far from new edges.For detecting cuts it is necessary to count the number of entering(ρin)and exiting(ρout)pixels in two consecutive frames.Figure4.3shows a sketch of this method.Theﬁrst step of the algorithm consists inﬁnding the edges for each couple of frames f t and f t+1.For that,we smooth the frames using a gaussianﬁlter and then Canny edge detector [66].Then,they compute how many pixels in f t are close to their nearest neighbour in f t+1, and viceversa.Variablesρin andρout are used as a dissimilarity measure between a couple of consecutive frames.Frame dissimilarity is detected if:ρ=max(ρin,ρout)(4.5) exhibits a peak.For cut detection,they deﬁned aﬁxed threshold and aﬁxed frame window.If ρexceeds the threshold,the frame is marked as a scene break.Phase correlation method(PCM)An other useful motion feature is the PCM between two frames[70].The phase-correlation method measures the motion directly from the phase correlation map(shift in the spatial domain(a)(b)Figure4.1:Coherence Color Vector,(a)coherent and incoherent vector of Figure3.1(c),and(b)histogram and sum of coherent and incoherent vector.(a)(b)Figure4.2:Color Correlogram,(a)Color Correlogram of red band of Figure3.1(c),and(b) using the three bands.is reﬂected as a phase change in the spectrum domain),it gives a more accurate and robust estimate of the motion vector,and a motionﬁeld with much lower entropy.When one frame is the translation of the other,the PCM has a single peak at the location corresponding to the translation vector.When there are multiple objects moving,the PCM tends to have many peaks,see Figure4.4.The steps for calculating the PCM are:1.Given a block B1,B2from each image.pute2D FFT of each.CutEdge DetectionExiting edges Entering edges Figure4.3:Maps of entering and exiting pixels into consecutive frames.pute cross-power spectrum.Normalized value of:FB1FB2∗4.Take IFFT to get Phase Correlation Function.5.This is very similar to the correlation function between the two blocks(a)(b)Figure4.4:Phase correlation.4.2.2Auditory modalitySeveral researchers have started to investigate the potencial of analyzing the accompany audio signal for video classiﬁcation[70],[33],also they realize that audio characteristics are equally, if not more,important when it comes to understanding the semantic contend of a video.For example,it is possible to determinate whether a TV program is a news report,a commercial,or sports game without watching the video.This possible,because the audio in a football game is very different from an audio of a news report.In[46]it is shown that average energy,E n,is sufﬁcient measure for detecting silence seg-ments.E n is computed for a window of size n(audio frame-level),and if the average for all windows in a segment(audio clip-level)falls below a given threshold,a silence is marked.In [33]used the ratio of the number of nonsilence frames to the total number of frames in a clip where silence detection is based on both volume and zero crossing rate(ZCR).Saraceno et al.[58]classify audio according to silence,speech,music,or noise and use this information to ver-ify shot boundaries.Saunders proposed to use four statistics of the ZCR as feature[60].These are:1.standard deviation ofﬁrst order differences;2.third central moment about the mean;3.total number of zero crossing exceeding a threshold,and4.difference between the number of zero crossing above and below the mean values. Combined with the volume information can discriminate speech and music at high accurracy of 98Since the frame with a high energy has more inﬂuence on the perceived sound by human ear,[33]proposed using a weighted of corresponding audio frame-level features,where the weighting for an audio frame is proportional to the energy of the frame.This is very useful when there are many silent frames in an audio clip because the frequency features in silent audio frames are almost random.An other audio contend categorization was proposed by[72],which divides audio content into ten groups:animal,bells,crowds,laughter,male speech,female speech,telephone and water.An other interesting work related to general audio content classiﬁcation was proposed in [82].They exploreﬁve kinds of audio features:energy,ZCR,fundamental frequency,timber and rhythm.4.2.3Textual modalityTokenization is theﬁrst step in reconstruction the textual layout,in this phase the input text is divided into units called tokens and characters.Depending in the granularity used,the detection of text shots can be achieved in different ways.If we only are focused in singles words we can use the occurrence of white spaces as the main clue.However,this is not always possible, because of the occurrence of periods,single apostrophes and hyphenation[36].When more context is taken into account one can reconstruct sentences from textual layout.A basic heuristic for the reconstruction of sentences is the detection of periods,about90%of periods are sentence boundary indicators[36].Transitions are typically found by searching for predeﬁned patterns.4.3Pattern recognition for video segmentationTheﬁrst stage in the inverse of an authoring process is the segmentation of a video into struc-tural layout components(structural segmentation)and their associated content(content seg-mentation).First,patterns of interest(features extraction)must be distinguished so they can be。

千字表501-750去字版

千字表501-750去字版501 mèi(妩 ) 502 mèi(魑魍魉) 503 máng（流）504 méng(朦 )505 méng （柠） 506 měng（元素） 507 mī（猫）508 mǐ（披之音）mí（奢）509 mī（眼） 510 mì（寻） 511 miǎn( 怀) 512 miáo（准） 513 miǎo( 小茫）514 miǎo(视) 515 miè(诬 ) 516 mǐn（器） 517 m ǐn（南） 518 mǐn(怜 )519 míng( 思苦想) 520 míng( 记刻) 521 miù(差之毫厘，以千里论) 522 mó（馍） 523 mó( 摹临) 524 mò（莉） 525 mò(落 ) 526 mù(栉风雨) 527 mù(招捐) 528 mù( 邻) 529 mù( 霭)N530 nà(按手印)531 náo(百折不阻 ) 532 nǎo(玛 )533 nà( 喊唢 ) 534 něi(冻气 ) 535 nī( 子)536 nì(藏销声迹) 537 nì( 水爱) 538 nì(油 )539 niǎn( 麻绳灯儿) 540 niǎn( 上出去) 541 niǎn(石米) 542 niè( 耳) 543 niè(罪种) 544 nǐng( 螺丝钉) n íng（毛巾）nìng（脾气）545 níng(狰笑) 546 níng( 檬条) 547 nìng(泥 ) 548 niǔ(电 ) 549 nóng( 包肿) 550 nüè( 疾）yào（子）551 nuè(暴待) 552 nuò( 夫弱) 553 nuò( 米香 ) 554 ōu（斗）555 ōu（海鸟）556 ǒu（吐心沥血）557 ǒu （莲粉）P558 p ā（下大马） 559 p ā（响） 560 p á（钉） b à（犁） 561 p ái （徊） 562 p ài （澎） 563 p ān （姓） 564 p àn （湖河） 565 p āng （乒球） 566 p áng （蟹） 567 p áo （土）b ào( 冰） 568 p áo （旗长） 569 p èi （充丰） 570 p ēng （响） 571 p ēng （饪调） 572 p éng （水姓） 573 p éng （湃湖） 574 p éng （乌船帐） 575 p ī（毛土） 576 p ī（开头盖脸）p ǐ （腿） 577 p ī（雳） 578 p í（酒） 579 p ì（荒静） 580 pi ān （风度起舞）581 pi ē（开）pi ě（一一捺） 582 p ìn （用招） 583 p īng （乓球） 584 p íng （草停机）585 p ò（魂落） 586 p ú（人奴） p ū（前后继） 587 p ú （萨提） 588 p ǔ（花园） 589 p ù（布飞） 590 p ù（一十寒）b ào （光）Q591柒q ī592 q ī（凉惨） 593 q í（祷福）594 q í （肚橙）595 qí（岖）596 qí（鱼）597 qǐ（丐讨）598 qì（今）599qì（哭鬼神）600 qiā（指一算）601 qià（融接）602 qián（子铁）603 qián（坤隆）604 qián（江）605 qiǎn（责）606 qiàn（镶入）607 qiàn（道意）608 qiàng（声）609 qiāo（高板）610 qiāo（铁）611 qiáo（华胞）612 qiáo（悴）613 qiào（俊皮）614 qiào（峻春寒料）615 qiào（门诀）616 qiào(尾巴） qiáo（首）617 qiào （开门）618 qiè（胆懦）619 qīn（佩差）620 qín（菜西）621 qín（拿住）622 qǐn（室食难安）623 qìn（园春）624 qīng（我我）625 qīng（蜓）626 qíng（引天柱）627 qióng（楼玉宇海）628 qiú（犯禁）629 qū（崎）630 qú（道水）631 quán （愈）632 qué（腿子）R633 rǎn（升起姓）634 ráng（西瓜）635 rén（戌）636 rèn（刀开）637 rèn（缝）638 rèn（坚带）639 róng（兵相见马生涯）640 róng（毛毛）641 r óng （椰城） 642 r óng （树）643 r ǒng （杂长） 644 r óu （搓捏） 645 r óu （躏踏）646 r ú（动虫） 647 汝r ǔ648 r ù（被子）649 ru ǐ（花） 650 r ùn （土年）S651 s āi （红帮） 652叁s ān653 s āo （首弄姿头） 654 s āo （动乱） 655 s ào （害子）s āo （气腥） 656 s è（羞青）657 s è（萧） 658 sh ā（鱼大白） 659 sh à（白星） sh ā（风景） 660 sh à（一时） 661 sh āi （选子）662 sh ān （除掉） 663 sh ān （动情）664 sh àn （自长） 665 sh àn （养） 666 shang （衣） sh áng （霓） 667sh ǎng （午） 668sh āo( 信带）669 sh áo （子汤） 670 sh ē（侈靡）671 sh è（免特） 672 sh ēn （吟） 673 sh ēn （士乡） 674sh ěn （阳姓） 675 sh ēng （歌鼓瑟吹） 676 sh ēng （外） 677 sh ǐ（有的放量） 678 sh ǐ（尿拉） 679 sh ì（有无恐才傲物） 680 sh ì（擦去） 681 sh ì（子饼）682 shì（好酒）683 shì（言发）684 shū（洗子）685 shū（女贤）686 shú（救罪）687 shǔ（锦巴）688 shǔ（光色）689 shù（宽饶）690 shù（民出）691 shù（别）692 shù（洗口）693 shuài（蟋）694 shu ān（住）695 shuān（剂皮）696 shuàn（羊肉手）697 shǔn（吸咂）698 shuò（闪）699 shuò（士果）700 sòu（咳）701 sī（鸣哑）702 sì（时）703 sì（机窥）cì（候）704 sì（祭天）705 sì（放酒）706 sòng （诉案）707 sòng（朗读）708 sū（软脆）709 sù（米沧海一）710 sù（追源）711 suí（朝炀帝）712 suì（鬼鬼作）713 suì(道洞）714 suō（使挑）715 suō（穿子）716 suō（哆啰）717 suǒ（碎屑）T718 tà（糟）719 tái（海青）tāi（舌）720 tài（淘优胜劣）721 tān（痪软）722 tán（吐盂）723 tán（天方夜）724 tán（香木）725 tǎn（地毛）726 táng（海梨）727 táng（胸开破肚）728 tǎng（若使）729 tǎng（流血）730 tàng（滚发）731 tāo（不绝天）732 téng（写录）733 tī（挑牙）734 tì（抽子）735 tì（发毛）736 tì（鼻流）737 tì（警“惕励”或“惕厉”）738 tián（静淡）739 tiǎn（一嘴）740 tiáo（千里）741 tiē（服） tiě（谢） tiè（字）742 tóng（红云密布）743 tóng（孔美）744 tǒng（刀子娄子）745 tū（显凹）746 tū（顶头）747 tuí（废然）748 tuì（变蝉）749 tuì（色毛）750 tún（集 )。

物理化学题库简答题(60题,6页)汇总

第四部分：简答题(60题)第一章；气体501压力对气体的粘度有影响吗？答：压力增大时，分子间距减小，单位体积中分子数增加，但分子的平均自由程减小，两者抵消，因此压力增高，粘度不变。

第二章：热力学第一定律502说明下列有关功的计算公式的使用条件。

(1)W=- p(外)△ V(2)W=- nRTInV2N1(3)W = -nR(T2-TJ/(1 - ■) 丫= Cp/Cv答：由体积功计算的一般公式W二- p(外)dV可知：(1)外压恒定过程。

(2)理想气体恒温可逆过程(3)理想气体绝热可逆过程。

503从同一始态膨胀至体积相同的终态时，为什么理想气体的恒温膨胀功总大于绝热可逆膨胀功？答：两过程中压力下降程度不同，理想气体恒温可逆膨胀过程中从环境吸热因此压力下降较小，而理想气体绝热可逆膨胀过程中无法从环境吸热故压力下降较大，因此理想气体恒温可逆膨胀过程所做的功总是大于绝热可逆膨胀过程所做的功。

504系统经一个循环后，△ H、△ U、Q W是否皆等于零？答：否。

其中H和U为状态函数，系统恢复至原态后其值复原，即△ H= 0、△ U= 0。

而热与功是与途径有关的函数，一般不会正好抵消而复原，除非在特定条件下，例如可逆绝热膨胀后又可逆绝热压缩回至原态，或可逆恒温膨胀后又可逆恒温压缩回至原态等。

505 25 C 100KPa下液态氮的标准摩尔生成热.：f H ；(298K)为零吗？答：否。

因为按规定只有25C 100Kpa下最稳定的单质的标准摩尔生成热才为零。

液态氮虽为单质，但在25C 100Kpa下不能稳定存在，故其厶f H；(298K)不等于零。

只有气态氮的厶f H：(298K)才为零。

506热力学平衡态包括哪几种平衡？答：热平衡、力平衡、相平衡、化学平衡。

507卡诺循环包括哪几种过程？答：等温可逆膨胀、绝热可逆膨胀、等温可逆压缩、绝热可逆压缩。

508可逆过程的特点是什么？答：1)可逆过程以无限小的变化进行，整个过程由一系列接近平衡态的状态构成。

IBC 附录K(609-636)共28页

P.609附录K ICC 电力规范目录K1章范围. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611K101 总则. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611K102 适用性. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611K2章定义. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613K201 总则. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613K202 总体定义. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613K3章组织和实施. . . . . . . . . . . . . 615K301 电力检查部. . . . . . . . 615K302规范官员的权利和义务. . . . . 615K303占用证书. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615K4章许可和费用. . . . . . . . . 617K401 总则. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617K402 申请. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617K403 条件. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617K404 费用. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 K5帐施工文件. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619K501 总则. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619K502 文件检查. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619K503 负责的设计机构. . 619K504 提交处理. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620K6章批准. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621K601 总则. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621K602 测试. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621K603 其他工程设计. . . . . . . . . . . . 621K7章检查和测试. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623K701 总则. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623K702 要求的检验. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623K703 测试. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624K8章公用服务工程. . . . . . . . . 625K801 总则. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625K9章不安全系统和设备. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627K901 情况. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627K10章违规. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629K1001 非法行为. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629K1002 违规通知. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629K1003 处罚. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629K1004 停工命令. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629K11章上诉方法. . . . . . . . . . 631K1101 总则. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 K1102 会员资格. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 K1103 规程. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631K12章电力条款. . . 633K1201 总则. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 K1202 条款. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633K1203 现有电力设备. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634K13章参考标准. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635P.610 无内容P.611K1章范围K101 总则K101.1标题.此规章作为电业规范-管理规定[管辖名称] 被引用并作为“规范”被参照K101.2 目的.规范的目的在于通过控制规范设计，施工，安装，材料治疗，位置，操作，维修或电气设备应用，提出一个最低最低标准来保证生命健康，财产，公共设施安全。

La Huelga de Brazos Caídos

La Huelga de Brazos CaídosPor Roberto Fernández Durán ÍndiceIntroducción (3)I. Fuerza pública y pueblo (4)II. Un martes, a las nueve de la noche (8)III. En Cartago, la heroica ciudad (11)IV. El fantasma del miedo (14)V. Las tres factores (20)VI. Mariachis de cobija (25)VII. Mariachis de corbata (29)VIII. Hay un frente impalpable (32)IX. El tiempo detenido (39)X. Milagro en la alta noche (44)Epílogo (51)INTRODUCCIÓNEn la noche de julio, Juan Morales piensa.Sobre el tejado roto de la casa rural corre la lluvia, inclemente, incesante y tenues chorros finos de agua clara caen en la habitación. Una columna azul sube de sucigarrillo encendido, diluyéndose poco a poco en el aire. A ratos, un golpe de viento la agita, rompiendo con violencia su continuada ascensión oscilante.Perdido tras el humo, en la noche de julio, Juan Morales piensa.Ya pronto hará seis años que una vez estuvo acostado, en una noche de julio y lluvia, perdido también tras la asociación vertiginosa de sus ideas. Y ahora en Juan Morales se va abriendo lentamente un oculto camino que desde, la memoria busca el alma. La vida fluye en el recuerdo. Las escenas aclaran y se animan y los actos cobran realidad y significado.I. FUERZA PUBLICA Y PUEBLOFrente la plaza de la Artillería, en San José, el Gobierno ha disuelto a tiros una de las muchas manifestaciones populares de solidaridad con la huelga de brazos caídos. Es cerca de la media noche del martes veintidós de julio, de mil novecientos cuarenta y siete y dos cadáveres, un herido de gravedad, y varios leves son el saldo trágico y el testimonio acusador del abuso de la fuerza pública en poder de políticos inescrupulosos y funcionarios venales.Juan Morales ha visto caer los heridos y ha esperado la llegada de las ambulancias de la Cruz Roja que los transportan al San Juan de Dios. Con los ojos desmesuradamente abiertos por la incredulidad y el miedo se ha acercado a los muertos: uno yace de espaldas en la esquina opuesta al Banco Nacional; el otro está tendido veinticinco varas al Oeste, sobre la media calle.Como obedeciendo a una consigna, los compañeros de hacesólo un instante están callados. El silencio es solamente interrumpido de tarde en tarde por las voces de la policía, acantonada en el cuartel y en la calle del Congreso:-Alto ¡Devuélvase!Se impide el paso. Se obliga a todo el mundo a devolverse bajo la amenaza del máuser y la ametralladora de pecho.Más tarde, al no poder conciliar el sueño, Juan Morales trata de recordar los acontecimientos de los últimos días. Comprende que vale la pena fijarlos claramente en la memoria, pues, como cada uno de manifestantes del lunes y del martes, sabe que está viendo momentos importantes enlos cuales cada persona es como la gota de una gran marejada. Es que en determinadas ocasiones, el pueblo pareciera escuchar una voz al conjuro de la cual toda la angustia, todo el dolor y la sed de justicia se canalizan en una dramática necesidad de acción. Y cuando el puebloactúa la historia acelera su ritmo y sus páginas más brillantes quedan escritas con sangre generosa de víctimas heroicas.El domingo veinte de julio, sorpresivamente, los militares habían sometido Cartago al terror. Al salir la gente de los teatros, tomando los más el rumbo a la Avenida Central para hacer la acostumbrada ronda, había sido atacada súbitamente por la policía, armada hasta los dientes, que salía de lugares estratégicos previamente ocupados, como las bodegasdel Ferrocarril del Norte, el parque Jesús. Jiménez y las de la Iglesia Parroquial. Sin distingos de ninguna naturaleza, mujeres, y hombres, ancianos y niños fueron objeto de una persecución encarnizada, cruel y violenta. Como los cartagineses hicieran frente a la fuerza pública, desarmando a varios policías, las autoridades consideraron llegado el momento de hacer funcionar ametralladoras de pie instaladas con anterioridad. Los ciudadanos que estaban en la Avenida Central, el Parque Principal y las cercanías del Banco de Crédito Agrícola, hubieron de soportar el fuego sostenido de esas armas, además de las ráfagas de ametralladoras de pecho disparadas por la oficialidad.Con bombas lacrimógenas y disparos de ametralladoras se obligó al público a desalojar los sitios de reunión, para ser atacado al salir por la policía. La furia oficialista llegó a tal grado, que fueron agredidos el Juez Civil de la Provincia y un Magistrado Suplente en ejercicio.Como el ataque obedecía a un plan preconcebido, la policía se dio a la búsqueda de los jefes de la oposición, tarea que no resulto difícil, pues los dirigentes estuvieronjunto al pueblo en los momentos de peligro. Casi ninguno se libró de la violencia desencadenada y casi todos fueronvíctimas de bárbaras flagelaciones.Tan enconada fue la persecución; tan inhumano el ataque de la fuerza pública, que a nadie extrañó el que no se respetase ni la puerta venerable del Hospital Max Peralta, en donde los cirujanos se vieron obligados a improvisar una sala de operaciones, ya que los gases de una bombalacrimógena habían tornado irrespirable el ambiente en la sala de cirugía. Aquellos que en la calle cercana al hospital esperaban por noticias, de los heridos, fueron desalojados por las autoridades, ametralladora en mano. Al día siguiente en Cartago no sólo se hizo el recuento de heridos y pérdidas; se tomó nota de las personas que habían actuado en contra de la ciudadanía, para un ajuste de cuentas que se adivinaba cercano. Y se hizo también un balance de la situación. Pudo confirmarse entonces que el plan de ataque había sido elaborado de antemano en San José y que habían participado, además de los policías de Cartago, destacados elementos de la capital, entre ellos el propio Edecán del Presidente de la República, quien llegó a Cartago en el momento del ataque en un carro blindado, e impartió órdenes para perseguir a los oposicionistas.Las funestas predicciones que los cartagineses habían venido haciendo desde muchos días atrás, quedaban confirmadas por la trágica realidad. Se pudo entender entonces por que se mantenía en la Comandancia a un militararbitrario; por qué el envío de tropas y armas de San José; por qué la actitud desafiante de los funcionarios de la Comandancia. Se supo entonces por qué la noche anterior al atropello las autoridades, vestidas de civil y a lasórdenes de un comunista, provocaban abiertamente a los miembros de la oposición, alardeando de su bandería calderonista. Se pudo entender también el por qué, con el nombramiento del Comandante de Plaza, se había reiniciado una era de violencias y arbitrariedades; por que el cuartel de policía se había convertido en un centro de política caldero-comunista y por que a todas, horas y especialmente por la noche, visitaban la institución destacados elementos de los partidos del Gobierno. Se tuvo la convicción entonces de que todo era parte de un plan para amedrentaral sector de opinión oposicionista y perdió importancia el hecho escandaloso de pocos días atrás, cuando el Comandante lanzó a la calle varios piquetes de policía al mando de un civil, hampón de varios líos judiciales, con el fin de provocar a los ciudadanos, atropellándolos luego.Sin embargo, el intento de las autoridades para amilanar a un pueblo de bien probada rebeldía tuvo un resultado contrario a lo previsto por los provocadores, pues inmediatamente después del brutal atentado, la oposición cartaginesa se declaró en huelga de brazos caídos,propuesta a mantenerse en tal estado hasta que fuese encontrada una fórmula satisfactoria que garantizase la seguridad y la vida. Se dispuso un paro general de actividades que comprendió, desde el Banco de CréditoAgrícola hasta el más humilde de los tramos del mercado. Los profesionales cerraron sus oficinas y fueronparalizados los transportes. Al mismo tiempo, todas las entidades públicas y privadas de la ciudad dirigieron al Presidente de la República encendidos mensajes de protesta, en los cuales lo responsabilizaban por lo ocurrido y por lo que pudiera ocurrir y le notificaban la actitud de huelga unánimemente adoptada.A pesar de la prohibición del Presidente de la República quien alegó que un acto de esa naturaleza quedaba comprendido en las prohibiciones del Código Electoral, los comités directivos del partido oposicionista convocaron para una manifestación que debía efectuarse a las cinco de la tarde del lunes veintiuno de julio. No se tomó en cuenta la objeción presidencial, pues el acto era cívico y nopolítico: Cartago había sido sometido al terror y sus habitantes se habían enfrentado valientemente a los rifles, las ametralladoras, la cincha y los gases lacrimógenos dela policía. La oposición de San José estaba en el deber de hacer patente su solidaridad con los cartagineses y dehacerles, sentir que estaba dispuesta a compartir con ellos su suerte.Minutos antes de la hora señalada la gente empezó a afluir al punto de reunión, llenando en pocos minutos la explanada de La Soledad. La manifestación constituyó un alto testimonio de fervor cívico y el pueblo mostró en ella la decisión de hacer que se respetasen sus derechos.Frente al Diario de Costa Rica la multitud aplaudió a los ciudadanos que pronunciaron discursos desde los balconesdel periódico. Y como el Jefe de la Oposición se encontraba fuera de San José se le esperó hasta las primeras horas de la noche, en que de regreso, improvisó una pieza oratoria para felicitar al pueblo por su resolución y recomendarle proceder con cordura.-La oposición -dijo- tomará siempre decisiones firmes a base de la necesaria reflexión.II. UN MARTES A LAS NUEVE DE LA NOCHEAl recordar los hechos del domingo y del lunes, Juan Morales busca en los periódicos del día el telegrama del Presidente de la República al Jefe de la Oposición, y la respuesta de éste. Lee:Casa Presidencial, 21 de Julio 1947, 11 y 45.A don Otilio Ulate, San José.Enterado de la convocatoria que se ha hecho para que elementos de su partido celebren en San José hoy una manifestación y un desfile, me adelanto a recordarle que de acuerdo con el Código Electoral están, prohibidos los desfiles políticos. Creo que usted debe dar instrucciones a sus partidarios para que se respete la prohibición delCódigo. De lo contrario usted asumirá las consecuencias que sobrevengan si las autoridades de policía se ven obligadas a intervenir en resguardo del orden y cumplimiento de las disposiciones de la ley. Atentamente,-TEODORO PICADO. Licenciado don Teodoro Picado San José.Las consecuencias de lo que sobrevenga debe asumirlas usted o su candidato según quien sea el responsable de que anoche se disparara con ametralladoras y fusiles, y se lanzaran gases lacrimógenos contra una ciudad indefensa. Personalmente oí de las Hermanas Terciarias en el Hospital de Cartago cómo ellas mismas sufrían los efectos de los gases mientras ayudaban a la atención de los heridos hechos por la policía. Si el Código Electoral le sirve a usted para amenazar a la Oposición injustamente agraviada, lasmás elementales leyes humanas lo deberían obligar a impedir que la policía le rompiera el cráneo a un joven, como en el caso de don Fernando Volio hijo, por haber acudido en ayuda de su padre y con los puños vacíos mientras la policía lo flagelaba en el suelo. Ningún código del mundo autoriza a ningún gobernante para hacer disparar ametralladoras yrifles sobre una ciudad que no tiene armas, por sus opiniones políticas. Su candidato hace reuniones y desfiles cuando le viene en gana; su policía lo acompaña y el Código Electoral no autoriza que se descargue el black jack sobre los ciudadanos ni que se ofenda como aquí en Zarcero, a las señoras, para todo lo cual usted se hace de la vista gorda, en tanto que nos amenaza cuando, con el corazón herido, nos alistamos para hacer una protesta cívica por la sangre que usted o su candidato hicieron correr en Cartago. El caminode mi deber me lo marca mi conciencia y le ruego no imponerse tarea de decirme qué es lo que yo debo hacer,sino preguntarle a su propia conciencia qué es lo que usted debe hacer como gobernante. Le ruego además, imponerse del telegrama que le dirijo a don Mario Echandi para que conozca la actitud que asumo en estas circunstancias. Atentamente,-OTILIO ULATE.Señor don Mario Echandi:Rogándole reunir comités directivos en sesión permanente y delegando yo en ellos mis funciones por imposibilidad de estar temprano de regreso, sírvase someter a consideración siguiente telegrama: (el dirigido a Teodoro Picado). Mi opinión es que manifestación se lleve adelante si comités consideran llegado ya momento de enfrentar resolución popular a la violencia oficial. Caso contrario puede sermás eficaz promover para dentro de tres o cuatro días gran movimiento nacional desobediencia y brazos caídos.Simultáneamente sugiero que por conducto de don Juan Dent se interpele al gobierno sobre si al amenazar a laOposición por manifestación de protestas contra atentado criminal de la República anoche en Cartago está dispuesto a dar garantías en aquella ciudad y resto República y ejercer sanciones y cuáles son específicamente las garantías y las sanciones. Afmo.,-OTILIO ULATE.Por los diarios se había enterado la gente de un memorandum, suscrito por el Presidente y resultado de la conferencia sugerida por el Jefe de la Oposición. Decíaasí:Memorandum para don Juan Dent.1) Insisto en que los desfiles políticos son prohibidos en esta etapa de la campaña política. No obstante ello, en obsequio a mi deseo de que no se produzcan choques de los manifestantes con la policía, y de acuerdo, con los deseos de usted, he dado instrucciones a las autoridades para que toleren dicho desfile de la explanada de La Soledad hastael edificio del «Diario de Costa Rica», donde habrá de terminarse, para evitar mayores trastornos u oportunidad de rozamiento con los demás partidos.Es entendido a su vez, que los oradores y dirigentes de la manifestación tratarán por todos los medios que estén a su alcance de evitar que los manifestantes ataquen propiedades de sus adversarios políticos o tengan incidentes con éstos.2) En lo que toca a la situación de Cartago debo advertir que la policía permanece reconcentrada, no obstante que los ulatistas han asaltado el club calderonista y han detenido un camión que traía para esta capital la leche de losseñores Francisco Calderón, Joaquín Aguilar Esquivel y Fernando Esquivel. Procuro designar un primer comandante que, a mi juicio, inspire confianza. Debo advertir que el Coronel Vaglio desempeña su cargo interinamente.TEODORO PICADO Cuando el permiso llegó a conocimiento de los oposicionistas, ya el desfile en disputa había recorrido toda la Avenida Central y comenzaban a llenarse de gentelas calles cercanas al «Diario de Costa Rica».La huelga nacional de brazos caídos fue proclamada oficialmente por la Oposición, a las nueve de la noche del martes veintidós de julio, después de una reunión de cuatro horas de los miembros de los comités, del Partido Unión Nacional y de los diputados oposicionistas. Se había deliberado largamente y a pesar de estar todos de acuerdo en la idea de un paro general, un grupo lo quería inmediato, mientras que otro había sugerido el previo nombramiento de un comité organizador el cual habría defijar el momento en que la huelga debiera producirse.El primer criterio prevaleció y en la decisión tuvieron peso las manifestaciones de los Jefes de Acción del Partido en Alajuela y Heredia, quienes garantizaron que en sus ciudades todo estaba listo para un paro inmediato. Vehementemente, una delegación de Puriscal insistió en la huelga inmediata y grupos de ciudadanos, de todas las clases, invadieron el edificio del Partido a un solo grito: -¡Huelga! ¡Huelga!Miles de ciudadanos, congregados por las sirenas de losperiódicos al servicio de la oposición, leyeron entusiasmados la noticia escrita con grandes caracteres en las pizarras:-¡Huelga! ¡Huelga!Y hacia todos los rumbos de la ciudad capital partieron improvisadas manifestaciones de júbilo. En una de ellas iba Juan Morales cuando la policía hizo fuego.III. EN CARTAGO LA HEROICA CIUDADAl despertar de una agitada noche de insomnios, Juan Morales busca ansiosamente las noticias en los periódicos. Por estos se entera que desde la misma noche comenzó la labor de los comités provinciales, para organizar la huelga en cada una de las localidades cabeceras.En lugar visible de las primeras páginas; el boletínoficial oposicionista:EL COMITE DE HUELGA NACIONAL hace saber a sus partidarios que la huelga decretada tiene carácter de resistenciapacífica y que desautoriza cualquier acto de violencia contra personas o propiedades.El Comité sesionará en las horas de la mañana de hoy en el Club del Partido Unión Nacional y dará las instruccionesdel caso.Lee también en los periódicos que el día anterior los estudiantes, desfilando por calles céntricas, habíanllegado al Parque Central de San José, en donde celebraron un mitin de protesta, decidiendo dirigirse telegráficamente al Presidente Picado en solicitud de la inmediata remoción de las autoridades culpables del asalto contra los cartagineses.Que en el momento en que la huelga es declarada, los estudiantes universitarios y de enseñanza secundaria deciden no asistir a clases en apoyo al movimiento, con la aprobación del Consejo Estudiantil Universitario. Y que anuncian para las nueve de La mañana, un desfile al grito de "queremos autoridades decentes".A pesar de su intransigencia, el Gobierno no ha podido desentenderse del comportamiento escandaloso de las autoridades destacadas en Cartago y se ha visto forzado a levantar una información sobre los sucesos del domingo, como resultado de la cual anuncia el nombramiento del Coronel Mario Jiménez Tinoco para Primer Comandante y eldel Coronel Héctor Sáenz Mata para Segundo Comandante de Cartago, y el traslado de Vaglio al Cuartel Bella Vista de San José.Se rumora al mismo tiempo que más de cien policías josefinos, pertenecientes a los cuarteles Principal y de Artillería, y concentrados en Cartago, serán trasladados ala capital como una de las primeras disposiciones del nuevo Comandante.Al abrir fuego el Gobierno contra los manifestantes de San José, en la noche del martes, cerró sus posibilidades para un fácil entendimiento con la Oposición. Esta, en adelante, no se limitará a pedir remociones en el personal militar, sino que exigirá garantías efectivas de carácter político, para situarse en un plano de igualdad en las elecciones presidenciales con los partidos calderonista y comunista aliados y mantenedores del Gobierno. Todo esto además delas garantías para la vida y seguridad de las personas no adictas al oficialismo, exigidas en un principio por los cartagineses y acogidas por todo el país.En tal forma, ya en la mañana del miércoles 23 de julio no podía impresionar favorablemente a nadie la noticia de un simple cambio de Comandantes y el rumor de que los policías josefinos serían reintegrados a sus cuarteles en lacapital. Ya el día anterior, delegados de Cartago habían manifestado al Jefe de la Oposición que aceptaban los nuevos Comandantes, pero que además, exigían otros cambios en la plana mayor de la Comandancia, amén del cambio total de la policía, exigencias que don Otilio Ulate trasmitió a dos Coroneles, delegados del Presidente, quienes lo habían convocado a una reunión. Las peticiones fueron aceptadas, con la única salvedad de que el cambio del personal de la policía sería paulatino, hasta su total sustitución.Una nueva conferencia tuvo el señor Ulate, en su oficina, con los delegados de Cartago, a quienes impuso de laactitud del Ejecutivo. Pensaba que Cartago había de decidir si las condiciones se aceptaban, finalizando la huelga, osi se persistía en esta ya que era esa ciudad la que desde el domingo había hecho el sacrificio, padecido el martirio y realizado la huelga con éxito sorprendente. La respuesta de los delegados fue: si se declarase a partir delmiércoles una huelga nacional, Cartago se uniría a ese movimiento; si la huelga no fuese declarada, o si se aplazase, Cartago no podría convenir en la espera y en ese caso aceptaría la propuesta del Gobierno, dando por terminada la huelga local.Fue después de estas conversaciones que tuvo lugar lareunión de Comités oposicionistas, en la cual se declaró la huelga. El señor Ulate se negó a hablar por radio y a pronunciar el discurso que delirantemente se le pedía, pues opinaba que era justo proclamar la huelga en Cartago. Acompañado por don José Figueres, Jefe de Acción delPartido oposicionista, se dirigió a la heroica ciudad, en donde, en una gran asamblea popular improvisada, hizo laproclamación oficial de la huelga, dando las siguientes instrucciones: Primera: la huelga debe desarrollarse ordenada y pacíficamente, porque no tiene carácter revolucionario y no es prudente exponer masas inermes a la furia policíaca. Segunda: deben suprimirse las manifestaciones que puedan dar pretexto para ataques, así como también debe evitarse toda discusión con las autoridades o los adversarios políticos, dedicándose cada uno a contribuir a la huelga silenciosamente. Y tercera: como no se trata de derrocar al Gobierno, la huelga cesará tan pronto como se obtengan garantías de libertadelectoral.De regreso a San José, los militares con quienes había conferenciado en la mañana le notificaron que se había dispuesto enviar fuerzas a Cartago, a las cinco de la madrugada del miércoles, para ocupar la ciudad militarmente y para impedir por la fuerza el cierre de los establecimientos. Les repitió que todo se podía arreglar si el Presidente garantizaba la libertad electoral, redactando al efecto un pliego de demandas, en compañía de un grupo de dirigentes de la oposición.El Presidente Picado, al recibir el pliego, lo rechazó de plano. El mandatario se había trasladado al Cuartel Bella Vista y mostró a las claras la actitud intransigente quesería su característica al correr de los doce días de huelga. Al enterarse del rechazo, el señor Ulate decidió advertir a los cartagineses de los peligros que los amenazaban y con tal fin envió un emisario de confianza el cual, tras vencer muchas dificultades, pues el camino estaba bloqueado por la policía, pudo al fin trasmitir el mensaje.IV. EL FANTASMA DEL MIEDOCon las noticias de los periódicos aguijoneando su angustia, Juan Morales sale a observar por las calles. Esla primera vez que una huelga de no cooperación se declara en el país y no puede atribuirse a falta de fe el que un hombre dude del éxito del movimiento.El sol está alto en la clara mañana cuando Juan Morales se ve obligado a detenerse, porque la emoción ha llenado sus ojos de lágrimas. El San José que ha mirado es algodiferente de la despreocupada y alegre ciudad cotidiana. Las cerradas puertas del comercio de los Bancos; de las oficinas, dan a la capital una gravedad de siglos. Sin saber exactamente por que, Juan Morales piensa en las piedras y en los cementerios. Comprende que muchos de los que a su lado pasan piensan en la muerte.-Será la voluntad de sacrificio -se dice- o más bien el temor de ser asesinado como los dos hombres de anoche. Otal vez nada más que el grave ambiente, extraño y nuevo.Se entera de que sólo unas pocas pulperías pequeñas permanecen abiertas; que los empleados de los Bancos han constituido un Comité de Huelga con representación del noventa por ciento del total, obligando al cierre de las instituciones por falta de personal para atender alpúblico; que se han comprometido bajo juramento a aceptar solidariamente las consecuencias de su actitud, declarando que se juega el destino de la Patria y que ningún hombre honrado y digno puede ceder un ápice. Se entera también de que las empresas de aviación están cerradas.En los días sucesivos se agregarán a la paralización de actividades el cuerpo médico, las barberías, los teatros, las carnicerías, las telefonistas, el personal del Ferrocarril del Norte, los empleados del tranvía, los dry cleanings, los depósitos de madera, las farmacias, los empleados judiciales, 135 agentes viajeros y los trabajadores de las Compañías Eléctricas.La policía acantonada en las calles cercanas a la Avenida Central, ha reprimido salvajemente la manifestación estudiantil anunciada en los diarios, disparando losmáuseres al cuerpo, a matar.Las autoridades se han acostumbrado pronto a asesinar, y su saña va en aumento. Al mediodía los gendarmes caen sobrelas estaciones radioemisoras al servicio de la oposición,decomisándoles piezas esenciales y dejándolas inútiles. Entretanto, las emisoras al servicio del Gobierno se dedican a propalar falsas noticias, resguardados sus estudios por piquetes de policía fuertemente armada. Y aunque inmediatamente después del atropello los oposicionistas presentan recursos de habeas corpus, se estima que estos no serán conocidos, por la Corte Suprema de Justicia antes del lunes.El Gobierno ha violado la libertad de pensamiento y de expresión, sin estar suspendidas las garantías constitucionales.Mientras las estaciones radiodifusoras son clausuradas, el Gobierno desata tremendas balaceras en el propio corazón de la capital. Frente al Diario de Costa Rica son atacados vilmente los ciudadanos que esperaban noticias y observaban los acontecimientos, y algunas balas horadan las paredesdel periódico. Al mismo tiempo, policía y jeeps dispara sin piedad sobre las personas que transitan en la cercanía de los Juzgados, hiriendo a varios ciudadanos y asesinando al escribiente de la Alcaldía Primera Civil. El número devíctimas va aumentando. Diez muertos y dieciocho heridos reportan los informes del Hospital San Juan de Dios. Y el alto porcentaje de muertos se atribuye a la horrible circunstancia de que las fuerzas gobiernistas están usando proyectiles de fragmentación. Un hilo de sangre va uniendo a los costarricenses, y el pueblo, en el dolor y el sacrificio, va afirmando su voluntad de triunfo.Por la noche, Juan Morales escucha nuevos tiroteos. Se entera que cerca de la estación del Atlántico un hombre ha sido herido y que en la vecindad del Hotel Europa los comunistas, ebrios de alcohol y sangre, han atacado a bala a un caballero que acompañaba a su esposa, dejándolotendido sobre la acera, entre la vida y la muerte.El Gobierno ha armado a tres mil comunistas, con los que ha reforzado el ejército. Y la noche asombrada del miércoles veintitrés, contempla a unos extraños personajes provenientes de las regiones costaneras que, envueltos en cobijas de lana o algodón, patrullan por las calles de San José. En cada esquina cuatro o cinco, armados de máuser y con fajas de tiros en la cintura, medio ebrios con el guaro que personajes influyentes del Gobierno les repartieran para hacerlos más irresponsables y crueles. La policía permanece concentrada en los cuarteles, ante el temor de represalias por parte de la oposición y lista para ser transportada al lugar en que se presenten los temidos disturbios.。

IBC 31章(529-534)共6页

P.5293101部分总述3101.1 范围本章节的条款规定了特殊建筑结构，其中包括薄膜结构、临时结构、人行横道、通道、天蓬及遮蓬、雨篷、标志牌、塔及天线。

3102部分薄膜结构3102.1 总述本章节的条款适用于空气支护、充气、薄膜覆盖电缆及薄膜覆盖框架结构，这些统称为薄膜结构，安装期限大于等于180天。

短期安装的薄膜结构须符合国际防火规范的要求。

薄膜结构还包括存水设施、净水器、水加工厂、废水处理厂、温室及其他不用于人类居住的设施，这些设施仅须满足部分3102.3.1及3102.7的要求。

3102.2 定义本章使用的、或本章程其他部分所使用的下列词语及术语，具体含义如下：充气结构：由单人小室或管道中的空气加压而保持的构造形状在可用区域上形成筒形穹顶。

该结构不占用加压区域来支护结构。

空气支护结构：通过气压在建筑物内部形成的构造形状，在上升的压力区域内使用该区域。

空气支护结构主要为两种类型：双层外板：与单层外板相类似，但是带有衬里材料，使其与外部板相分离，并带有空隙，以便绝缘、隔声、美观等其他用途。

单层外板：仅带有单一的外部板，因此气压直接作用在外板上。

电缆限制、空气支护结构：通过电缆及腹板来限制结构上升，该电缆及腹板固定在底板上。

使用多种方法将加固电缆及腹板附在薄膜或薄膜的主要部件上。

这不属于电缆支护结构。

薄膜覆盖电缆结构：在非压缩结构中，桅杆及电缆系统为薄膜天气屏障提供支护及张力、为结构提供了薄膜冲击稳定性。

薄膜覆盖框架结构：在非气压建筑物中，结构由坚固的框架组成以便支护张紧薄膜从而提供了天气屏障。

非燃薄膜结构：在薄膜结构中，薄膜及其所有结构部件须为非燃的。

3102.3 建筑类型：非燃薄膜结构视为类型ⅡB建筑结构。

根据部分3102.3.1的要求带有许可的薄膜的非燃框架及电缆支护结构须被视为类型ⅡB建筑结构。

根据部分3102.3.1的要求带有许可薄膜的大木框架支护结构须被视为类型Ⅳ建筑结构。

其他薄膜结构被视为类型Ⅴ建筑结构。

LSA_code

m
I:UISC\66\24-Al.
பைடு நூலகம் MSC 66/24/Add. 1 ANNEX 3 Page4
-..
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7 _ ’
CHAPTER 1.1 Definitions
I - GENERAL
1.1.1 Convention means the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended 1.1.2 Effective clearing ofthe ship is the ability of the free-fall lifeboat to move away from the ship after free-fall launching without using its engine. 1.1.3 Free-fall acceleration is the rate of change of velocity experienced by the occupants during launching of a free-fall lifeboat.
seagoingcondition.
1.1.9 Retro-reflective material is a material which reflects in the opposite direction a beam of light directed on it. -.
1.1.10 Water-entry angle is the angle between the horizontal and the launch rail of the lifeboat when it first entersthe water. 1.1.11 The terms used in this Code have the same meaning as those defined in regulation IW3.

Centro de Investigaci´o n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Departamento de Ingenier´ıa El´e ctrica2nd International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering(ICEEE)XI Conference on Electrical Engineering(CIE2005)Mexico City,MexicoSeptember7-9,2005Final Program&Abstract BookThis book was elaborated using L A T E X2e. CINVESTAV,August2005ContentsMessage from the conference chair4 Message from the Head of the EED5 2nd ICEEE-CIE Organizing Committee7 Topic Chairs8 Reviewers9 Final Program11 Courses19 Round table sessions21 General Information21 Keynote Speakers22 Plenary Conferences Abstracts23 Abstract Book27 Autor Index63Message from the conference chairWe begin our joint Conference,namely ICEEE-CIE2005,with the desire to meet col-leagues and friends from Mexico and abroad.We mean students,professors and pro-fessionals that design,develop and propose technological and engineering solutions for electrical and electronics systems,whether as research work or immediate application. Certainly,this Conference is an opportunity to do so.It is worth pointing out that it is the second time this technical forum is presented as an international event and whose diﬀusion has been excellent due to the means of the prestigious institution:the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,IEEE.In this respect,we are also grateful to Cinvestav by its support providing facilities andﬁnances.Looking at the ICEEE-CIE2005program,we can mention that the technical topics cover a wide spectrum of areas,namely in computer science,bioelectronics,communica-tion systems,solid-state electronics,VLSI design,electronic materials and mechatronics. They reﬂect modern engineering techniques and methods,which belong to those proposed by experienced experts that work in academia,laboratories and industry,in collaboration with students and specialized technicians.In summary,we are going to witness relevant results that might help ours,fulﬁlling the early objectives of this Conference.We realize that the quality of the selected papers for oral presentation is high due in part to the participation of foreign reviewers,who kindly accepted the silent task of eval-uating the original manuscripts in collaboration with national ones.We recognize that the participation of keynote speakers is a cornerstone on which this Conference builds its success.In particular,ﬁve full professors,each one invited by the Sections of the host Electrical Engineering Department,enhance this issue.Some words for visitors from abroad follow.Mexico is a modern Spanish-speaker coun-try,where the friendship is a distinctive gesture that foreigners always appreciate,there-fore,this event is a vehicle to try.Our city,which is taken into account as the largest in the world,is also warm even though its thoughtful people and Cinvestav is not the exception to the rule.In the context of both the initial preparation and theﬁnal process of setting details of the Conference,we want to thank to Mrs.Carmen Quintero,Judith Esparza,Anabel D´ıaz,Miguel-Angel Velasco,Emilio Espinosa,Gabriel Vega Mart´ınez and student Victor Ponce for oﬀering their timely and valuable skills.Finally,on behalf of the ICEEE-CIE2005organizing committee I welcome to everyone attending this fruitful three-day academic meeting.Likewise,enjoy your stay in our city! Sincerely,Felipe G´o mez-Casta˜n edaICEEE-CIE2005Conference Chair.Message from the Head of the EEDDear Coleagues:On behalf of the Electrical Engineering Department(EED)at the Center of Research and Advanced Studies(Cinvestav),it is my privilege to welcome you to the Second In-ternational Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering(ICEEE)and the XI Conference on Electrical Engineering(CIE).This occasion is quite special since we are celebrating eleven years of the CIE which has been organized as an annual event by the EED.Furthermore,we are initiating today a new adventure:The ICEEE organized for the this time in the EED’s Mexico city main campus.As you know,this time our venue is M´e xico,City where we expect an intensive interaction among scholars and electrical engineering practitioners from all over the world,especially,from the Americas.One of the main objectives of the ICEEE is to provide a forum to spread and promote the disciplines cultivated by the EED,namely:Bioelectronics,Communications,Com-puter Science,Mechatronics and Solid State Electronics.Likewise,this event represents an opportunity to make known scientiﬁc and technological contributions achieved by other Mexican institutes.Throughout its forty two years of existence and as its most important reason to be, the EED faculty has strived to promote science and technology in Mexico.Such task has not been only limited to pure academic developments but also has decisively con-tributed to improvements and developments in a variety of national industry products and applications.That is why the ICEEE and CIE-2005conferences have always had the presence of industry representatives whose participation we welcome.In this sense,the ICEEE comes to crown and consecrate the entire academic and research eﬀorts of the EED faculty during all these years.Given the rich diversity of Electrical Engineering disciplines cultivated by the EED,an international and national committee in diﬀerent specialties was assembled together to perform a rigorous review process of the submitted papers.In this way,we are in the position to guarantee both,the quality of the conference and the beneﬁt that all delegates can obtain from attending our ICEEE/CIEEE-2005conference.Attendees willﬁnd that there is a lot to learn from the scientiﬁc and technological exchange to be provided by this forum.Assistance willﬁnd an opportunity to increase their awareness of nowadays most relevant electrical engineering problems.For all the aforementioned,this even constitutes a high priority means to promote the technological advanced of our countries.Another milestone achieved recently by Cinvestav was our graduate student number 5324.Out of this number,the EED alone has contributed with824graduated students,be-ing the highest number ever obtained by any Electrical Engineering post-graduate school in Mexico.Finally,on behalf of all the faculty member of the EED,I would like to thank all those who have worked so hard to make these conferences possible.Particularly,we are grateful to our director,Rosalinda Contreras,to IEEE and to our sponsors for all the support given to us towards the organization of this event.We hope that you will enjoy the Conferences and that you willﬁnd some free time to relax and get to know the Mexico city.Ernesto SuasteHead of the EED2nd ICEEE-CIE Organizing Committee Dr.Felipe G´o mez-Casta˜n eda(Conference Chairman)Dr.Carlos Alvarado-Serrano(Proceedings Editor)Dr.Rafael Castro-Linares(Tutorials)Dr.Luis Gerardo de la Fraga(Technical Program)Dr.Felipe Alejandro Cruz-P´e rez(Advertising)Dr.Ernesto Suaste-G´o mez(Industrial Relations and Exhibit)Dra.Xiaoou Li Zhang(Logistics)Technical SupportJudith Esparza(System and On-Line Submission)Ma.del Carmen Quintero(Administrative Assistant)Ricardo G´o mez(Exhibiting Assistant)Conference Management System CINVESTAV(On-Line Paper Submission and Reviewing System)Topic Chairs Bioengineering and Medical Electronics Electrical PowerElectronic CircuitsCarlos Alvarado SerranoCINVESTAV-IPN. Communication SystemsMauricio Lara-Barr´o nCINVESTAV-IPN.Computer ScienceXiaoou Li ZhangCINVESTAV-IPN.Solid-State Electronics and VLSI Semiconductor MaterialsMar´ıa de la Luz Olvera-AmadorCINVESTAV-IPN.Automatic Control and Mechatronics Rafael Castro-LinaresCINVESTAV-IPN.ReviewersAbraham Claudio S´a nchez.........................................CENIDET,M´e xico Aldo Orozco...............................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Alfonso Guti´e rrez Aldana...........................................CIC-IPN,M´e xico Andr´e s Iv´a n Oliva Arias...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Ante Salcedo Gonz´a lez.................................................ITAM,M´e xico Antonio F Mondragon Torres..............................Texas Instruments,U.S.A. Arturo Escobosa...........................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Arturo Hern´a ndez Aguirre............................................CIMAT,M´e xico Arturo Morales-Acevedo...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Arturo Veloz Guerrero...................................................Intel,M´e xico Arturo Vera Hern´a ndez....................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Carlos A.Coello Coello....................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Carlos Alberto Cruz Villar.................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Carlos Alvarado Serrano...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Carlos Arist´o teles De La Cruz Blas...........Universidad P´u blica de Navarra,Espa˜n a Christopher Druzgalski...............................................CSULB,U.S.A. Claude Moog........................................................IRCCyN,France David H.Covarrubias Rosales.......................................CICESE,M´e xico Demetrio Villanueva Ayala.................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Deni L.Torres Rom´a n.....................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Dominique boratoire LSR Logiciels Systemes Resea,France Edgar Ch´a vez.............Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol´a s de Hidalgo,M´e xico Eduardo Moreno.............................................ICIMAF,CITMA,Cuba Ernesto Suaste.............................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Felipe Alejandro Cruz P´e rez...............................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Felipe G´o mez Casta˜n eda...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Fernando Ram´ırez Mireles.............................................ITAM,M´e xico Francisco Javier Garc´ıa Ugalde................Facultad de Ingenier´ıa,UNAM,M´e xico Francisco J.Garc´ıa S´a nchez....................Universidad Sim´o n Bol´ıvar,Venezuela Francisco J.Ruiz-S´a nchez..................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Francisco Rodr´ıguez-Henr´ıquez.............................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Gabriel Romero Paredes Rubio............................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Giselle M.Galv´a n-Tejada..................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Guang-Bin Huang.......................Nanyang Technological University,Singapore Guillermo Morales-Luna...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Henri Huijberts................................University of London,United Kingdom Horacio Soto Ortiz..................................................CICESE,M´e xico Ieroham Baruch...........................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Isaac Rudomin.................................................ITESM-CEM,M´e xico Javier E.Gonz´a lez Villarruel.........................................ITESM,M´e xico Jes´u s Carrillo L´o pez...........................................BUAP,Puebla,M´e xico Joaquin Alvarez.....................................................CICESE,M´e xico Jorge Carlos Mex Perera.........................ITESM,Campus Monterrey,M´e xicoJos´e Alfredo´Alvarez-Ch´a vez.............University of Southampton,United Kingdom Jos´e Luis Medina Monroy...........................................CICESE,M´e xico Jos´e Luis Ramos Quirarte........................Universidad de Guadalajara,M´e xico Jos´e Miguel Rocha P...............Freescale Semiconductor,Motorola Puebla,M´e xico Jose Rosario Gallardo Lopez.........................................CICESE,M´e xico Juan Humberto Sossa Azuela.......................................CIC-IPN,M´e xico Juan Manuel Hern´a ndez Cid..........................................ITESO,M´e xico Luis Gerardo de la Fraga...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Manuel Duarte-Mermoud.................................Universidad de Chile,Chile Maria De La Luz Olvera Amador..........................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Mariano Aceves Mijares......................................INAOE,Puebla,M´e xico Mario Alfredo Reyes Barranca.............................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Mauricio Lara.............................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Mauricio Ortega L´o pez....................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico M´a ximo L´o pez-L´o pez......................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico MengChu Zhou...........................................................NJIT,USA Miguel´Angel Le´o n Ch´a vez....................................BUAP,Puebla,M´e xico Miguel Garc´ıa-Rocha......................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Mohamed Moustafa Abd-El Aziz Moustafa.......The Cabinet-Information&DecisionSupport.Egypt Oscar Castillo...............................Instituto Tecnol´o gico de Tijuana,M´e xico Oscar D´ıaz...................................University of the Basque Country,Spain Pablo Rogelio Hern´a ndez Rodr´ıguez........................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Rafael Castro-Linares......................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Ram´o n Mart´ın Rodr´ıguez Dagnino...............ITESM,Campus Monterrey,M´e xico Ram´o n Parra Michel............................ITESM Campus Guadalajara,M´e xico Ram´o n Pe˜n a Sierra........................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Ricardo G´o mez Villanueva.................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Roberto Mu˜n oz Guerrero..................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Rodolfo Quintero Romo....................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Rogelio Alc´a ntara Silva.......................Facultad de Ingenier´ıa,UNAM,M´e xico Valeri Kontorovich Mazover................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Vicente Parra Vega........................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Xiaoou Li..................................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Yasuhiro Matsumoto.......................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xicoFinal ProgramWednesday7,September2005Auditory Room1Room2 8:309:30Registration9:309:50Opening Ceremony10:0011:00PLE1EP11SSE1111:0011:30Break Break Break11:3012:30CS1EP12SSE1212:3013:30CS1MEC11BIO1113:3015:00Lunch Lunch Lunch15:0016:00CS2MEC12BIO1216:0017:00CS2COM1BIO217:0018:00-COM1BIO218:00-Welcome cocktailThrusday8,September2005Auditory Room1Room2 9:0010:00COM2SSE2BIO3 10:0011:00PLE2SSE2BIO3 11:0011:30Break Break Break 11:3012:30PLE3COM3EP2 12:3013:30Round-T1COM3EP2 13:3015:00Lunch Lunch Lunch 15:0017:00CS31MEC21EP3 17:0017:30Break Break–17:3018:10CS32MEC22–Friday9,September2005Auditory Room1Room2 9:0010:00–EC1SEM1 10:0011:00PLE4EC1SEM1 11:0011:30Break Break Break 11:3012:30PLE5EC2SEM2 12:3014:00Round-T2EC2SEM2 14:00-Closing CeremonySymbol list:PLE PlenaryBIO Bioengineering and Medical ElectronicsCOM Communication SystemsCS Computer ScienceSSE Solid-State Electronics and VLSIMEC Mechatronics and Automatic ControlEC Electronic CircuitsSEM Semiconductor MaterialsEP Electrical PowerRound-T Round Table1CS1Computer ScienceWednesday11:30-13:30AuditoryChair:Dr.Luis Gerardo de la Fraga..................1.111:30-11:50.An Algorithm for Reduct of Boolean Functions Basedon Primes (27)1.211:50-12:10.A Virtual Machine for the Ambient Calculus (27)1.312:10-12:30.Algorithms for Robust Graph Coloring on Paths (27)1.412:30-12:50.Animation of Deformable Objects Built with SimplexMeshes (27)1.512:50-13:10.Mathematical Tools for Speeding Up the Determina-tion of Conﬁgurations of the n-Dimensional Orthogonal Pseudo-Polytopes (28)1.613:10-13:30.Non-Linear Filters for colour imaging implemented byDSP (28)2CS2Computer ScienceWednesday15:00-17:00AuditoryChair:Dra.Xiaoou Li...........................2.115:00-15:20.Environmental Sounds Recognition System Using theSpeech Recognition System Techniques (28)2.215:20-15:40.Analysis of Audio Watermarking Schemes (29)2.315:40-16:00.Wavelet Domain Statistical Order Filter using the Tri-State Median Filter Algorithm (29)2.416:00-16:20.Analysis of a DFT-Based Watermarking Algorithm..292.516:20-16:40.Implementation of Artiﬁcial Neural Networks for Recog-nition of Target and Clutter Images (30)2.616:40-17:00.SIMD Architecture for Image Segmentation using So-bel Operators Implemented in FPGA Technology (30)3CS31Computer ScienceThursday15:00-17:00AuditoryChair:Dr.Arturo D´ıaz P´e rez.......................3.115:00-15:20.Mobile RFID Reader with Database Wireless Synchro-nization (30)3.215:20-15:40.Experimental Analysis of Wireless Propagation Modelswith Mobile Computing Applications (31)3.315:40-16:00.Performance Analysis of the Conﬁdentiality SecurityService in the IEEE802.11using WEP,AES-CCM,and ECC (31)3.416:00-16:20.A Tool for Analysis of Internet Metrics (31)3.516:20-16:40.A Library Framework for the POSIX Application-Deﬁned Scheduling Proposal (31)3.616:40-17:00.Dynamic invocation of Web services by using aspect-oriented programming (32)4CS32Computer ScienceThursday17:30-18:10AuditoryChair:Dr.Arturo D´ıaz P´e rez.......................4.117:30-17:50.LIDA/REC Visual Language for Databases interfacePostgreSQL (32)4.217:50-18:10.Aspect-Oriented Web Services Orchestration (33)5COM1Communication SystemsWednesday16:00-18:00Room1Chair:Dr.Aldo Gustavo Orozco Lugo.................5.116:00-16:20.Adaptive Echo Canceller Using a Modiﬁed LMS Algo-rithm (33)5.216:20-16:40.The Universality of the Prolate Spheroidal Wave Func-tions for Channel Orthogonalization and its Modeling (33)5.316:40-17:00.On the generalized and modiﬁed Suzuki model(GMSM):approximations and level crossing statistics (34)5.417:00-17:20.On MIMO Space-Time Coded Systems:Unleashingthe Spatial Domain (34)5.517:20-17:40.On the design of an FPGA-Based OFDM modulatorfor IEEE802.11a (34)5.617:40-18:00.DSP Digital Modulation Software Implementation andRF Impairments Analysis (35)6COM2Communication SystemsThursday9:00-10:00AuditoryChair:Dr.Javier Gonz´a lez........................6.19:00-9:20.State of the Art in Ultra-Wideband Antennas (35)6.29:20-9:40.Design and Simulation of a1to14GHz BroadbandElectromagnetic Compatibility DRGH Antenna (35)6.39:40-10:00.RF System Concepts Applied to Digital Wireless Re-ceivers Design Based on wireless standards (36)7COM3Communication SystemsThursday11:30-13:30Room1Chair:Dra.Giselle Galv´a n Tejada...................7.111:30-11:50.Design of a Backup Wireless Network for the Depart-ment of Electrical Engineering of CINVESTAV-IPN (36)7.211:50-12:10.Cell Planning Based on the WiMax Standard for HomeAccess:A Practical Case (36)7.312:10-12:30.Performance Analysis of an All-Optical WavelengthConverter Using a Semiconductor Optical Ampliﬁer Simulator (37)7.412:30-12:50.Quasi Mobile IP-based Architecture for Seamless In-terworking between WLAN and GPRS Networks (37)7.512:50-13:10.Design and Veriﬁcation Based on Assertions:SomeStatistics (37)7.613:10-13:30.Traﬃc Analysis for IP Telephony (38)8BIO11Bioengineering and Medical ElectronicsWednesday12:30-13:30Room2Chair:Dr.Pablo Rogelio Hern´a ndez Rodr´ıguez...........8.112:30-12:50.A Microprocessor-Based System for Pulse-Echo Over-lap Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity (38)8.212:50-13:10.Rotation Eﬀects of an Axicon Ultrasonic Transducerwhen Measuring a Blood Flow Rate (38)8.313:10-13:30.Experimental Estimation of Acoustic Attenuation andDispersion (38)9BIO12Bioengineering and Medical ElectronicsWednesday15:00-16:00Room2Chair:Dr.Pablo Rogelio Hern´a ndez Rodr´ıguez...........9.115:00-15:20.New X-wave Solutions of Isotropic/Homogenous ScalarWave Equation (39)9.215:20-15:40.Feasibility study of using ultrasonic transducer borderwaves for centering hydrophones in ultrasonicﬁeld characterization399.315:40-16:00.ELF magneticﬁelds generator,variable in intensityand frequency for biological applications (39)10BIO2Bioengineering and Medical ElectronicsWednesday16:00-18:00Room2Chair:Dr.Roberto Mu˜n oz Guerrero..................10.116:00-16:20.Automatic Detection of ECG Ventricular ActivityWaves using Continuous Spline Wavelet Transform (40)10.216:20-16:40.Crayﬁsh Brain States Characterization with WaveletTransform (40)10.316:40-17:00.Measurement of Skin-Electrode Impedance for a12-lead Electrocardiogram (41)10.417:00-17:20.Cancer Model Identiﬁcation Via Sliding Mode andDiﬀerential Neural Networks (41)10.517:20-17:40.Experimental Seat for the Study of the Eﬀects of Ran-dom Pneumatic Stimulation for the Prevention of Pressure Ulcers.41 11BIO3Bioengineering and Medical ElectronicsThursday9:00-11:00Room2Chair:Dr.Arturo Vera Hern´a ndez...................11.19:00-9:20.Foveal model of artiﬁcial retina with phototransistors inDarlington conﬁguration in the high-resolution region (42)11.29:20-9:40.Distributed Retinal Stimulation Model Based on Adap-tive System (42)11.39:40-10:00.Chromatic Pupillary Response in Diabetic Patients (42)11.410:00-10:20.Neuro Tracking Control for Glucose-Insulin InteractionModel (43)11.510:20-10:40.PVDF Strength Sensor for Biomechanical Analysis inMice (43)11.610:40-11:00.Conception and Realization of a3D Dynamic Sensoras a Tool in Human Walking Study (43)12MEC11Mechatronics and Automatic ControlWednesday12:30-13:30Room1Chair:Dr.Gerardo Silva Navarro....................12.112:30-12:50.New Results on the Energy-Based Control of SeriesResonant Inverters (44)12.212:50-13:10.Modeling and Controller Design of a Magnetic Levita-tion System (44)12.313:10-13:30.Global observability and detectability analysis for aclass of nonlinear models of biological processes with bad inputs..44 13MEC12Mechatronics and Automatic ControlWednesday15:00-16:00Room1Chair:Dr.Gerardo Silva Navarro....................13.115:00-15:20.On New Passivity Property:Review and Extension toMechanical Rotational Systems (44)13.215:20-15:40.Fault Detection Using Dynamic Principal ComponentAnalysis by Average Estimation (45)14MEC21Mechatronics and Automatic ControlThursday15:20-17:00Room1Chair:ardo Aranda Bricaire..................14.115:20-15:40.Stability of a diamond-type quasipolynomial family..4514.215:40-16:00.Lyapunov Matrices for Time Delay Systems (45)14.316:00-16:20.Lyapunov Matrices for Neutral Type Time Delay Sys-tems (45)14.416:20-16:40.Solving the Coupled Riccati Equation for the N-PlayersLQ Diﬀerential Game (46)14.516:40-17:00.Improving Stability and Performance in a GeneralizedMinimum Variance Controller using Dynamic Pole Assignment (46)15MEC22Mechatronics and Automatic ControlThursday17:30-18:50Room1Chair:Dr.Vicente Parra Vega......................15.117:30-17:50.Stable Task Space Neurocontroller for Robot Manipu-lators without Jacobian Matrix (46)15.217:50-18:10.New Position Controllers for Robot Manipulators (46)15.318:10-18:30.A design strategy of discrete event controllers for au-tomated manufacturing systems (47)15.418:30-18:plexity and Path Planning for a car-like robot..47 16SSE11Solid-State Electronics and VLSIWednesday10:00-11:00Room2Chair:Dr.Alfredo Reyes Barranca...................16.110:00-10:20.Morphological eﬀects and their relation with the elec-trical resistivity measured during the initial stages of growth ofAu/glas (47)16.210:20-10:40.Charging/discharging eﬀects in nc-Si/SiO2superlat-tice prepared by LPCVD (48)16.310:40-11:00.Eﬀect of Nitrogen in the Photoluminescence of SiliconRich Oxideﬁlms prepared by LPCVD (48)17SSE12Solid-State Electronics and VLSIWednesday11:30-12:30Room2Chair:Dr.Alfredo Reyes Barranca...................17.111:30-11:50.SnO2,SnO2/Ag and Ag/SnO2Thin Films used asPropane Sensors (48)17.211:50-12:10.Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Spin-Dipole Waves in theMillimeter Wave Range (48)18SSE2Solid-State Electronics and VLSIThursday9:00-11:00Room1Chair:Dr.Jos´e A.Moreno Cadenas..................18.19:00-9:20.Polyimide Passivation Approaches on Double-Mesa Thyris-tors (49)18.29:20-9:40.A Low-Power Bootstrapped CMOS Full Adder (49)18.39:40-10:00.An Improved EKV Model for Partially Depleted SOIDevices (49)18.410:00-10:20.Macromodel for CMOS Photogate-Type Active PixelSensors (50)18.510:20-10:40.Linear theory of the thermoelectric cooling based onthe Peltier eﬀect (50)18.610:40-11:00.Fuzzy Equalizer in VLSI (50)18.711:00-11:20.1-D BJT Parameter Extraction for Cuasi-3D Simula-tion of Four-Layer Devices (50)19EP11Electrical PowerWednesday10:00-11:00Room1Chair:Ing.Jos´e A.Urbano Castel´a n..................19.110:00-10:20.Modeling of the Circuit Parameters of an Induction De-vice for Heating of a Non-Magnetic Conducting Cylinder by Meansof a Travel (51)19.210:20-10:ing Edsa on Radial Primary Feeder Capacitor Sizeand Location Simulation (51)19.310:40-11:00.A Complex Fault-Tolerant Power System Simulation.51 20EP12Electrical PowerWednesday11:30-12:30Room1Chair:Ing.Jos´e A.Urbano Castel´a n..................20.111:30-11:50.Internal Winding Faults in Three-Phase Five-LimbTransformer (52)20.211:50-12:10.Analysis of the generator-transformer interaction inthe abc reference (52)21EP2Electrical PowerThursday11:30-13:30Room2Chair:Dr.Francisco Ru´ız S´a nchez...................21.111:30-11:50.Dinamics of Solar-Powerwd Fractional Horse PowerMotor (52)21.211:50-12:10.Sliding Mode Observer-Based Control for a Series Ac-tive Filter (53)21.312:10-12:30.Fuzzy Logic Enhanced Speed Control System of a VSI-Fed Three Phase Induction motor (53)21.412:30-12:50.Intelligent Control of the Regenerative Braking in anInduction Motor Drive (53)21.512:50-13:10.Analysis of Propulsion Systems in Electric Vehicles..54 22EP3Electrical PowerThursday15:20-17:00Room2Chair:To be deﬁned............................22.115:20-15:40.Electrical Network Simulation for Increasing Quality.5422.215:40-16:00.A trust-region algorithm based on global SQP for re-active power optimization (54)22.316:00-16:20.Stability Analysis of Power Market with Bounded Ra-tionality Cournot Game (54)22.416:20-16:40.A RBFN Hierarchical Clustering Based Network Parti-tioning Method for Zonal Pricing (55)23EC1Electronic CircuitsFriday9:40-11:00Room1Chair:Dr.Hildeberto Jard´o n Aguilar.................23.19:40-10:00.MMIC Diﬀerential Ampliﬁer Implementation Based onRF&MW Analytical Tools (55)23.210:00-10:20.900MHz band class E PA using high voltage n-channeltransistors in standard CMOS technology (56)23.310:20-10:40.Eﬃcient Design Approach for a SiGe HBT OscillatorIncorporating Reﬂection Sapphire Loaded Cavity Resonator (56)。

Geoneutrinos in Borexino

a r X i v :h e p -e x /0604019v 1 10 A p r 2006Geoneutrinos in BorexinoMarco G.Giammarchi and Lino Miramonti 1Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Universit`a di Milano and Infn.Via Celoria 16,20133Milano,Italy Abstract.This paper describes the Borexino detector and the high-radiopurity studies and tests that are integral part of the Borexino technology and development.The application of Borexino to the detection and studies of geoneutrinos is discussed..1.The Gran Sasso National Laboratory The Gran Sasso National Laboratory (Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso -LNGS),home of the Borexino experiment,is the world’s largest underground laboratory.It is located in the center of Italy in the highway tunnel between Teramo and L’Aquila under the ”Monte Aquila”(Gran Sasso mountain).The laboratory is ﬁnanced and operated by the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (Infn).Its total underground volume is about 180,000m 3with an area greater than 13500m 2.It is composed of three main experimental halls (20m high,18m wide and 100m long).The overburden rock is on the average about 1,400m,equivalent to 3,700meters of water.The muon ﬂux is reduced by about 6orders of magnitude to a value of approximately 1.1muons per square meter per hour,whereas the neutron ﬂux is of the order of 3×10−6neutrons per square centimeter per second with energies greater than 2.5MeV.The rock of the Gran Sasso mountain has a density of 2.71±0.05g ·cm −3,and consists mainly of CaCO 3and MgCO 3[1].The primordial radionuclide content of the rock of Hall C is 0.66±0.14ppm for 238U,0.066±0.025ppm for the 232Th and 160ppm for K [2].Theradioactive content of the concrete employed as experimental hall liner is 1.05±0.12ppm for 238U and 0.656±0.028ppm for the 232Th [3].The LNGS hosts about 15experiments of astroparticle physiscs such as neutrino research,double beta decay physics,dark matter studies and nuclear astrophysics.Interdisciplinary studies (biology,geology)are also conducted in the LNGS underground location.The Borexino detector is located in one of the big underground experimental halls,hall C.2.The Borexino detectorBorexino is a real time experiment whose main goal is to study the low energy (sub-MeV)solar neutrinos,and in particular the 862keV 7Be solar neutrino line,through the neutrino-electron elastic scattering reaction.The maximum energy of the recoiling electron is 664keV and the experimental design threshold is set at 250keV [4].1talk given by M.G.GiammarchiBorexino is an unsegmented scintillation detector featuring300tonnes of well shielded liquid ultra-pure scintillator viewed by2200photomultipliers(PMT).The detector core is a transparent spherical vessel(Nylon Sphere,100µm thick),8.5m of diameter,ﬁlled with300tonnes of liquid scintillator and surrounded by1,000tonnes of high-purity buﬀer liquid.The scintillator mixture is PC(Pseudocumene)and PPO(1.5g/l)as aﬂuor,while the buﬀer liquid will be PC alone (with the addition of DMP as light quencher).The photomultipliers are supported by a Stainless Steel Sphere,which also separates the inner part of the detector from the external shielding, provided by2400tonnes of pure water(water buﬀer),seeﬁgure??.An additional containment vessel(Nylonﬁlm Radon barrier)is interposed between the Nylon Sphere and the photomultipliers,with the goal of reducing Radon diﬀusion towards the internal part of the detector.The outer water shield is instrumented with200outward-pointing PMT’s serving as a veto for penetrating muons,the only signiﬁcant remaining cosmic ray background at the Gran Sasso depth.The innermost2200photomultipliers are divided into a set of1800PMT’s equipped with light cones(so that they see light only from the Nylon Sphere region)and a set of400PMT’s without light cones,sensitive to light originated in the whole Stainless Steel Sphere volume. This design greatly increases the capability of the system to identify muons crossing the PC buﬀer(and not the scintillator).The Borexino design is based on the concept of a graded shield of progressively lower intrinsic radioactivity as one approaches the sensitive volume of the detector;this culminates in the use of 200tonnes of the low background scintillator to shield the100tonnes innermost Fiducial Volume. In these conditions,the ultimate background will be dominated by the intrinsic contamination of the scintillator,while all backgrounds from the construction materials and external shieldings will be negligible.Borexino also features several external plants and puriﬁcation systems conceived to purify the experimentalﬂuids(water,nitrogen and scintillator)used by the experiment.The main problem of a real time experiment with such a low energy threshold is the natural radioactivity which is present in any environment and in any material.For these reasons an intense R&D program has been carried out in the last ten years to develop methods for selecting low radioactivity materials and/or purify them.An eﬀort in thisﬁeld has to be complemented by a comparably thorough research concerning detection and measurement of very low radioactivity levels.In this context four puriﬁcation methods have been developed: distillation,water extraction,stripping with ultrapure N2,solid gel column(Si gel,Al gel) adsorption.Signiﬁcative results have been achieved by the Collaboration as for example:10−16−10−17(g of contaminants/g of material)for232Th and238U family and a fewµBq of Rn-222in gases and liquids.In addition the organic solvent selected by the collaboration showed a14C concentration clearly below10−17in its ratio to12C;this impurity is particularly important because it cannot be removed by chemical puriﬁcation processes.For the measurements of these ultralow radioactivity levels,dedicated methods were developed.In addition to small-scale techniques(Ge underground detectors in Rn-free environments,Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectometer,high sensitivity Neutron Activation,Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy etc...[5])a prototype of the Borexino detector, the Counting Test Facility(CTF),has been constructed on purpose and operated in the Hall C of LNGS.The radiopurities and sensitivities reached are summarized below and correspond to the lowest radioactivity levels obtained by the Borexino Collaboration,in preparation of the experiment:•Bulk material radiopurities of10−10g/g for238U and232Th,∼10−5for nat K,few tenths of mBq/kg for60Co,have been measured with Ge detectors in construction materials such asstainless steel,photomultipliers,metal and plastic gaskets,products for PMT sealing,etc...•Radon emanations of10µBq/m2from plastic materials,0.1mBq/m3for Rn-222and1 mBq/m3for Ra-226in water,below1mBq/m3for the N2used for scintillator stripping.•Radiopurity levels of a few times10−15g/g238U,232Th and40K have been reached with ICMPS in measuring the Borexino and CTF shielding water.•Sensitivities of few ppt for238U and232Th concentrations have been obtained in the Nylon Sphere material measurements.•The radiopurity of the scintillator itself was measured to be at the level of few10−16g/g for238U,232Th and∼10−18for14C/12C in the Counting Test Facility.•Bulk radiopurity levels of10−13−10−14g/g for Au,Ba,Ce,Co,Cr,Cs,Ga,Hg,In,Mo, Rb;less than few10−15g/g for Cd,Sb,Ta,W;10−16−10−17g/g for La,Lu,Re,Sc,Th;less than1x10−17g/g for U,have been reached by means of Neutron Activation followed byβ-γdelayed coincidence analysis applied to the scintillator.•Kr and Ar contamination in nitrogen at0.005ppm(for Ar)and0.06ppt(for Kr)were obtained and measured with noble gas mass spectrometry.These results represent a milestone in the development of the Borexino detector and technique.Several of these concepts were incorporated in the construction of the high purity systems for the treatment of the most critical liquid,the scintillator of the experiment.3.The Counting Test FacilityThe CTF description and its performance have been published elsewhere[6,7,8].In this section we simply review the main features of this detector.The CTF consists of an external cylindrical water tank(⊘11×10m;≃1,000t of water) serving as passive shielding for4.8m3of liquid scintillator contained in an inner spherical vessel (Inner Vessel)of2.1m in diameter and observed by100PMT’s.An additional nylon barrier against Radon convection and a muon veto system were installed in1999.Figure??shows a picture of the CTF detector.The radio-purity level of the water is≃10−14g/g(U,Th),≃10−10g/g(nat K)and<5µBq/l for222Rn[6,8,9].The organic liquid scintillator has the same composition as in Borexino.The yield of emitted photons is≃104per MeV of energy deposited and theﬂuorescence peak emission is located at365nm.The principal scintillator decay time is≃3.5ns in a small volume,while for large volume(because of absorbtion and re-emission)this value is4.5–5.0ns.The attenuation length is larger than5m above380nm[10].The puriﬁcation of the scintillator is performed by recirculation from the Inner Vessel through a Radon stripping tower,a water extraction unit,a Si-Gel column extraction unit,and a vacuum distillation unit.The232Th and238U contaminations in the CTF liquid scintillator were found to be less than(2–5)·10−16g/g.The Inner Vessel for the liquid scintillator containment is made of nylon with a thickness of500µm,with excellent optical clarity at350-500nm.The collection of scintillation light is ensured by100PMT’s mounted to a7m diameter support structure inside the CTF tank.The photomultiplier tubes are8inches(Thorn EMI9351,the same as for Borexino)made of low radioactivity Schott8246glass and characterized by high quantum eﬃciency(26%at420 nm),limited transit time spread(σ=1ns),good pulse height resolution for single photoelectron pulses(Peak/Valley=2.5),low dark noise rate(0.5kHz),low after pulse probability(2.5%), and a gain of107.The PMT’s are equipped with light concentrators57cm long and with50cm diameter aperture.The PMT system provides an overall20%optical coverage for events taking place inside the Inner Vessel.The number of photoelectrons per MeV measured experimentally is (300±30)/MeV on average.The total background rate in the250-800keV energy range is about0.3counts/yr·keV·kg and appears to be dominated by external background from Radon in the shielding water(≈30 mBq/m3in the region surrounding the Inner Vessel).The internal background was measured to be less than0.01counts/yr·keV·kg.4.The Counting Test Facility related publicationsData collected with the Counting Test Facility have contributed signiﬁcantly to the best limits on quantities such as neutrino magnetic moment,electron lifetime,nucleon decays in invisible channels,violation of the Pauli exclusion principle,production of heavy-neutrinos in the sun.Concerning the study of the stability of the electron,the CTF data have been analyzed to search for the256keV line of the gamma emitted in the decay channel e→γν.Since we have found no signal,we established a limit on the electron lifetime ofτ≥4·1026(90%C.L.);this is still the best world limit for the electron decay in this channel[11].CTF data analysis has allowed the study of the neutrino magnetic moment,obtaining the limit ofµν≤0.5·10−10µB,still a very competitive result[12].We have also investigated the possibility of heavy neutrinos(M≥m e)emitted in the 8B reaction in the sun.Heavy neutrinos would decay to light neutrinos via the reaction νH→νL+e++e−.The analysis of the CTF energy spectrum has allowed to signiﬁcantly enlarge the excluded region of the parameter space with respect to previous experiments[13].The stability of nucleons bounded in nuclei has been studied in the Counting Test Facility searching for decays of single nucleon or pair of nucleons into invisible channels.The limits are comparable to or improve the previously set world limits[14].Furthermore a search was made for non-Paulian transitions of nucleons from nuclear1P shell to aﬁlled1S1/2shell obtaining the best limit on the Pauli exclusion principle[15].Other studies have concerned the search for anti-neutrinos coming from the sun[16]and the cosmogenic11C underground production[17].5.Geoneutrinos detectionOne of the possible application of a high mass well shielded scintillator detector such as Borexino is the search for geoneutrinos,a new and very interesting subject which we will discuss in the remaining of this paper.The conceptual foundations of Earth science rest on a variety of observables as well as interior characteristics.One of the most important interior parameter is the internally produced heat which is currently measured to be in the∼60mW/m2range(or30TW when integrated on the planet surface).Part of this energyﬂow is due to the presence of radioactive elements in the Earth interior, mainly naturally occurring Uranium and Thorium chain elements and potassium.Models of the Earth disperse about50%of the total U,Th in the crust while leaving the remaining half to the mantle.Roughly speaking,the35km thick continental crust contains a few ppm of U,Th while the much thinner(∼6km)oceanic crust has a typical concentration of∼0.1ppm.Our goal is to measure this radiogenic heat by detecting neutrinos emitted during the decays of the radioactive chains.For a given structure of naturally occurring radioactive families,a measurement of antineutrinoﬂux can be related to the U,Th family content of the Earth.In the case of the238U family(the235U leftover can be neglected)one can globally represent the full decay chain as:238U→206P b+8α+6e−+6νe+42.8MeV(2) where again a deﬁnite number of antineutrinos is emitted and a well deﬁned energy is released.Finally,antineutrinos are also emitted in the K terminations:40K→40Ca+e−+νenergy spectra produced by these three sources are plotted inﬁg.??.Our goal will be to detect antineutrinos emitted by these sources in order to measure the rates of occurrence of the above reactions.5.1.Principle of geoneutrino detectionWhile low energy neutrino detection oﬀers formidable experimental challenges due to backgrounds as explained above,antineutrinos were discovered in a reaction that naturally aﬀords a nice way to cope with the unwanted background events.The proposed detection reaction:νe+p→n+e+detection reaction has a threshold of of1.8MeV which is determined by the mass diﬀerence between neutron plus positron and the initial state proton.Therefore this reaction has the drawback of not being sensitive to the detection of K antineutrinos(see ﬁg.??).The detector will reconstruct the antineutrino energy based on the observed positron kinetic energy.The visible energy of the event has to take into account also the1.02MeV energy due to annihilation:E(vis)=K(e+)+1.02MeV(6) which is plotted inﬁg.??for the case of the U and Th chain.In turns,the energy of the antineutrino is shifted with respect to K(e+)by the Q-value of the reaction:E(νenergy isE(vis)=E(νoscillations in the Sun,muon induced neutron production andintroduced in the detecting volume either by natural bulk(226Ra)contamination or(perhaps most importantly)through222Rn diﬀusion.210Pb has anα-emitting daughter(210Po)which has a138days half-life and can give rise to the reaction13C(α,n)16O(9) This originates a chain of events closely mimicking the[12]H.O.Back et al.,Physics Letters B563(2003)37.[13]H.O.Back et al.,JETP Letters78(2003)261.[14]H.O.Back et al.,Physics Letters B563(2003)23.[15]H.O.Back et al.,European Physical Journal C37(2004)421.[16]M.Balata et al.,hep-ex/0602027.[17]M.Balata et al.,hep-ex/0601035.[18]R.S.Raghavan et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.80(1998)635.[19] F.Calaprice et al.,Geophys.Res.Lett.25(1998)1083.[20]T.Araki et al.,Nature436(2005)499.[21] F.Mantovani et al.,Phys.Rev.D69(2004)013001.。

规范文本-文档编辑手册 B20120510

密级：内部公开文档编辑手册（2012年5月）目录一. 前言 (3)1. 文档目的 (3)2. 适用范围 (3)二.文档名称格式 (3)1.文档类别 (3)2.文档命名格式 (3)三. 文档格式 (3)1. 页面设置 (3)2. 封页 (3)3. 目录 (4)4. 页眉页脚 (4)5. 结构层次 (4)6. 列表样式 (5)7. 段落 (5)8. 正文 (5)9. 表格 (5)10. 流程图格式 (6)11. 图片 (6)一、前言1.文档目的指导本公司各种文档编制工作，规范和统一文档风格。

2.适用范围本规范适用于公司一般的正式文档，包括制度、规范、项目技术文档等。

若无特殊情况（如客户对文档特定格式要求），必须严格按照本规范要求进行编制。

二、文档名称格式1.文档类别文档分A、B、C三类，A类代表正式文档，B类代表会上讨论文档，C类代表草稿文档2.文档命名格式对于保存在本地的DOC、EXCEL、PPT等文档，命名时遵循：{项目名称}-{有明确含义的文档名称}+空格+{文档类别}{文档完成日期}的形式进行命名。

如：工艺中国-项目介绍PPT C20120425。

三、文档格式1.页面设置1）纸型：A4，一般为纵向，如需要可将部分正文设为横向。

2）页边距：上下页边距2.00厘米，左页边距1.7厘米，右页边距1.2厘米。

2.封页封页为文档的第一页，需包含公司logo、文档密级、文档标题、编写日期等信息，具体格式见本文档。

需要保密的文档密级从高到低分为“绝密”、“机密”、“秘密”“内部公开”和“公开”五级，具体定义如下：1）绝密：涉及公司与客户或上游供应商，下游分销商所签订相关的文档资料。

仅限于公司最高管理层及各资料所涉及的经过相应管理人员授权的相关人员查阅。

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IBC--Chapter 2

5
A lead-in question
1. Can you define and identify universal cultural systems?
Universal cultural systems are formed out of common problems of all cultures. Systems that are universal to all cultures include economic, political, education, marriage and family, and social hierarchies and interaction.
6
1. Economic Systems
7
Economic systems
Socialism - You have two cows. Give one cow to your neighbor.
Communism - You have two cows. Give both cows to the government, and they may give you some of the milk.
China - China’s policies are determined by CPPCC. The Chinese Communist Party is the only legal political party.
United Kingdom - ruled by a constitutional monarchy with a parliament. The monarch is head of state, but elected officials govern through Parliament.

IBC-16章翻译汇总

P.277第16章结构设计1601部分总则1601.1 范围本章的条款将规定建筑的结构设计，结构及其在此规范中规定的结构相关部分。

1602部分定义和标记1602.1 定义以下的词语和术语在此章中具有以下所示的意义。

容许应力设计一种均衡结构部件的方法，这样，额定负载在部件中产生的弹性计算应力不会超过规定的容许应力（也叫“工作应力设计”）。

外部阳台向外突出的，由没有附件独立支撑的结构支撑的外部楼层。

静负荷融入到建筑中的建筑材料的重量，包括但不限于墙，地面，屋顶，天花板，楼梯，内置隔墙，表面，覆层和其他类似的包含建筑和结构配件，以及固定的修理设备的重量，例如天车，通风管道，升管，馈线，暖气，通风，空调系统以及喷洒灭火器系统。

平台在至少两个相对面上，由临近结构，和/或柱，支柱或其他独立支撑支持的外部地面。

设计强度标称强度的产品和阻抗系数（或强度下降系数）。

隔板一种水平或倾斜系统，用来将侧向力传送到抗垂直元件。

当使用“隔板”这个术语时，它应包括水平支撑系统。

堵塞隔板在轻型框架结构中，在隔板中所有不出现在框架构件上的护套边缘，隔板被支撑并被固定阻塞。

隔板边界在轻型框架结构中，剪力被转移到隔板护套内部或外部的位置。

或者转移到边缘构件，或转移到另一个抗阻力元件上。

隔板弦材与外施荷载垂直的隔板边缘构件，被假定为由于隔板运动引起的轴向应力。

柔性隔板隔板柔性是为了分布层剪力和扭矩，在ASCE 7 中12.3.1部分中指出，在1613.6.1中修改。

刚性隔板当隔板的横向变形小于或等于两倍平均层提力时，刚性隔板可以用来分布层剪力和扭矩。

负荷保持时间给定负载持续施加的时间，或同样负载间歇施加所累积的时间。

必要设施在来自于洪水，大风，降雪或地震等极端的环境负载下，建筑物和其他结构依然可用。

屏风隔墙由布制成的加工表面组成，没有连续的刚性衬背，直接与框架结构相连，垂直框架元件在中心的间距大于4英尺（1219mm）。

系数荷载标称荷载和负荷系数的结果。

ISBA25C16

国际海底管理局 ISBA /25/C/16 理事会Distr.: General1 March 2019 Chinese Original: English19-03828 (C) 110319 130319 *1903828*第二十五届会议理事会会议，第一部分2019年2月25日至3月1日，金斯敦议程项目14关于企业部有关事项的报告国际海底管理局理事会关于国际海底管理局秘书长企业部特别代表的决定国际海底管理局理事会，回顾理事会主席关于理事会第二十四届会议第二部分期间工作的声明，1 1. 表示注意到国际海底管理局秘书长企业部特别代表关于波兰政府与企业部组建联合企业的提案的报告；22. 请秘书长延长就组建联合企业的提案草案进行谈判并拟订一份有助于联合企业运作的商业建议书的时限，提案的部分内容已商定，但尚待核准，以期及时敲定提案，同时考虑到理事会期待将一份完整提案列入其2019年工作议程；3. 回顾联合企业的提案必须遵守《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第十一部分的协定》(“《协定》”)附件第2节的规定并以健全的商业原则为基础，以便理事会能够通过一项关于企业部独立运作的指示，同时忆及非洲集团2018年7月6日给管理局秘书处的说明中促请企业部投入运作的呼吁，该呼吁在理事会上届会议期间得到了跨区域支持；4. 请秘书长延长特别代表的合同并延续其职权范围，并为特别代表的相关工作提供所需资金，同时考虑到仍需最后确定与波兰组建联合企业；5. 认识到，在拟订和通过开发规章过程中，必须确保听取并考虑到企业部提出的观点；__________________1 ISBA/24/C/8/Add.1。

2 ISBA/25/C/7。

ISBA/25/C/1619-03828 2/26. 请秘书长邀请特别代表在第二十五届会议第二部分之前及期间，参加关于制定和缔结“区域”内矿物资源开发规章及其他有关事项的谈判，特别是陈述企业部的观点，鉴于ISBA/19/C/6号文件第17和18段提出了关于企业部在独立于秘书处开展运作之前的治理安排建议，同时考虑到管理局关于企业部运作的技术性研究，承诺在第二十五届会议上审议各项建议，其中包括任命一名临时总干事，根据《联合国海洋法公约》和《协定》的规定代表企业部在今后与保留区域有关的谈判中陈述观点并划定讨论范围，以便与其他国家、区域集团和其他实体讨论企业部运作的相关事项；7. 请秘书长设立自愿信托基金，用于提供特别代表开展工作所需的资金，并定期向大会报告基金状况；8. 鼓励成员国、观察员和其他利益攸关方向自愿信托基金捐款。

碧之轨迹收集与加成DP一览

本文件包含车子，料理，小说，家具等等收集元素。

所有有加成的DP（包括隐藏）均有，但基本无答案，适合看着DP加成推理。

无加成的并木有列出，还有羁绊系统等等。

羁绊系统主要人物6人【达成后能和罗爷大晚上在船上约会，组合战技强化，这个一周目只要达到必要点数并且S/L就可完成相应成就，一周目6人不是梦想，可战技强化只能保留一个，全强化需要6周目】艾莉必要点数20【第二章第一日隐藏--黑月长老孙子的向导+2】缇欧必要点数20【第三章第二日支线--米修拉姆主题公园打工+2】兰迪必要点数18诺埃尔必要点数22【第三章第三天支线--暴走车の追迹+2 第四章第一天隐藏--医疗物资の捜査+2】瓦吉必要点数18【第三章第一天隐藏--副局长的委托+2】莉夏必要点数11【第一章第一日欢乐街剧场+2 第二章第三日旧市街公寓+2 第三章第三日东街饭店+2 第四章第一日古战场+1】次要人物【奖励道具一周目可同时获得】达德利【必要点数6】第二章第二日找到雷克特及雾香之后条子本部 +2第三章第二日百货店二楼 +2第四章第一日后巷酒吧 +2奖励--组合战技强化伊利亚【必要点数7】第二章第一日欢乐街剧场 +2第三章第一日欢乐街剧场2楼 +2第三章第三日隐藏：秀丽的演技指导 +1终章碧之大树出现后（莉夏同行） +2奖励--舞姬的头饰 STR/ATS+50 SPD+10 命中率+50%塞西尔【必要点数6】第二章第一日支线：新教授协力任务后乌尔斯拉医院塞西尔宿舍内 +2第三章第二日乌尔斯拉医院小雨的病房 +2终章演讲后乌尔斯拉医院 2楼 +2奖励--情人之心 STR/DEF/ATS/ADF+100弗兰【必要点数6】第一章第二日条子本部 +2第二章第三日条子本部 +2第三章第三日条子本部奖励--弗兰的护身符 DEF+200 ADF+200 回避率+10%--------------------------以上四人完成对话即可获得-----------------------------琪雅【必要点数26】第一章第一日日曜学校 +2第二章第一日游击士协会二楼（黑月长老孙子的向导任务之前） +2第二章第三日图书馆 +2第三章第一日特务支援课 +2第三章第二日图书馆 +2第四章第一日特务支援课 +2奖励--零之神珠 STR/DEF/ATS/ADF+50 全状态异常无效秀丽【必要点数12】第一章第二日墓地 +2第二章第二日莱森高级公寓 +2第三章第三日隐藏：秀丽的演技指导 +6奖励：秀丽的帽子 SPD+15 MOV+5 回避率+20%琪雅对话可获得12点，加上家具的12点共24点秀丽共10点，所以间章沙滩找石头剧情两人一起的话个+2即可完成其余好感度：继承存档，零之轨迹中战技强化者+2导力器外壳更换 +1家具，每放置一个 +2家具集齐事件 +2第二章第一日做辛格向导的伙伴 +2第二章第二天支线--游击士的战斗对手，选择的队友 +2第二章第三天支线--共和国临检官的工作辅助，同行队友【此处为猜拳，具体的分配见还在天国的全DP】 +2间章涂防晒霜 +2间章沙滩排球【2人】 +2间章谁的泳装最漂亮 +4间章隐藏--穿泳装的诱饵【回答者】 +2间章游乐园占卜屋 +2间章游乐园镜之城 +2间章游乐园鬼屋 +2间章游乐园摩天轮 +2间章游乐园--咪西的挑战，伙伴【这里不选猫萝对得起她吗】 +2间章合体战技使用1次以上 +2【游乐园剧情结束时结算，使用次数增加点数不变】间章珠宝店买礼物【好感度第一的对象】 +2第三章第一天支线--假货商的追踪，选择的队友 +2第三章第三天支线--美食推荐 +1【此为第一天接到的支线任务，但要获得此好感度需要第三天才能完成】第四章第一天支线--选美的参赛者，被选者 +2终章塔顶剧情结束后合体战技使用3次以上 +2【第二次结算，使用次数增加点数不变】诺埃尔：谁的泳瓦吉：+PS隐藏不继承也可一周目完成六人【但是继承后可随便约人了】PS2：其中的非限定任务【游击士的对手这些】可随意排列，只要达到必要的点数即可PS3：终章飞船上到达必要点数的罗爷即可约她(他)了，记得存档收集成就序章DP：6第1章预兆~新的生活第2章第1日第3章西街杂货店--优雅衣镜第4章东街露天铺--古怪靠垫第5章赌场--安乐椅第6章导力工房--核心回路X2第7章IBC柜台--影丸储蓄罐第8章大圣堂日曜学校--琪雅小剧情第9章欢乐街彩虹剧团--莉夏小剧情第10章还有其他各地的一众小剧情第11章西街面包店每章都能获得新作面包旧城区大蚊子前--午餐汉堡欢乐街酒店三楼--大饱口福锅墓地小屋--鲜美三明治西街杂货店二楼--混合冰淇淋后巷酒吧--浓厚卡布奇诺隐藏任务：取缔飙车族3+2然后出发前往西克洛斯贝尔街道，中途触发剧情，回答 52，同时支线2的通缉魔兽终止。