语言学简明教程Chapter_5

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The word syntax, derived originally from Greek, is made up of two morphemes: syn “together”, and tax “to arrange”, hence the literal meaning “a setting out together” or “arrangement”. In linguistics, it refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the formation of sentences.
Which are grammatical and which are not, and why? Determiner + noun + verb + determiner+ noun + adv The dog ate the bone noisily. The boy kicked the ball angrily.
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Syntactic relations
（句法关系）
Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds: – relations of position – relations of substitutability – relations of co-occurrence
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Syntax (句法)
—a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
(---a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
Traditionally a verb, e.g. in Latin or Greek, inflected for ‘person’ and ‘number’. Now more generally of any verb whose form is such that it can stand in a simple declarative sentence.
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Clause can be classified into FINITE（限定 性) and NON-FINITE（非限定性） clauses, the latter including the traditional infinitive phrase, participial phrase, and gerundial phrase.
句法学研究组词成句的规则，研究句子内部组成成
分间的关系。)
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5.2 Word Classes and Word Order ①The boy kicked the ball angrily.
② Boy the ball kicked angrily. ③ The girl caught the boy angrily. ④ The flower smiles happily.
(coordinate sentence/compound sentence)
3) Because I was late, they went without me.
subordinator subordinate clause (从属句) main clause(独立句,主句)
complex sentence
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A finite clause（限定性分句） has a finite verb. A finite verb has tense. E.g.: “I run daily.” A non-finite clause（非限定性分句） has a verb without tense. E.g.: "...to run daily..."
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Positional relation or word order (syntagmatic relation 组合关系) refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of language, the sentence will be ungrammatical or nonsensical.
Chapter 5 Grammar: Clause
5.1 Introduction
Clause (小句/子句) —a group of words which form a grammatical unit and which contain a subject and a finite verb. A clause forms a sentence or part of a sentence and often funபைடு நூலகம்tions as a noun, adjective or adverb.
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Examples:
1) I hurried home.
( a sentence, also a clause, a simple sentence)
2) John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history.
coordinating conjunction