学术英语理工类lecture11
学术英语理工详解答案Unit
carbon, as a volatile
derivative of methane and ethane.
is a high latitude region of a planet or natural satellite that is covered in ice.
Unit 3
Listening to Lectures
Unit 3
Listening to Lectures
1 Preparing for listening
1 What are thetdoefinaitionles ocf tthue froellowing tervpferoonrtetoioscntoaltoitononCt:hleimUanteiteCdhNanagtieon(sUNFrFaCmCeCwoorrkFCCC), aimed at fighting global warming.
Introducing the points to be covered in the talk directly
Unit 3 Listening to
2 Paying attention to
Lectu1Pirne)astTtrotoesdrtanursct ewitthhh,eeIti’lrhl tiasedlpkeeaaiabnsko:teutrr…oTtdehneundcsI’ltl ditiosocnusus…se to
is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use.
Unit 3
Listening to Lectures
(完整word版)学术英语理工类课后题答案(word文档良心出品)
Reading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
学术英语理工类 text11 Abstract
核电的风险摘要：核电的风险主要来自辐射对健康的危害，这些辐射主要来自于放射性材料。
他们可以穿透人体深处,破坏生物细胞,从而引发癌症；如果他们破坏生殖细胞,可能导致遗传疾病。
但是后者发生的概率远小于前者。
核反应堆事故也是核电的风险之一，由于具有纵深防御的策略，它们发生的几率非常小。
但是一旦发生，非常高的辐射剂量可以摧毁身体功能和在60天内导致死亡。
核工业的放射性废物必须与人隔离很长时间，放射性的大部分包含在乏燃料，而且体积小，因此非常容易处理。
在其它辐射问题上，如在核材料的开采和放射性物质的运输处理时也会产生辐射。
但放射性物质从核电站释放的对人类健康的影响在某种程度上取决于它的处理方式。
关键词：辐射、风险、核反应堆事故、放射性废品。
Risks of Nuclear PowerAbstract：The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation.The radiation mainly comes form the radioactive material.They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.But the rate of the latter is far less than the former. Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear power.But the nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potential effects is “defence in depth”, so they happen probability is exceedingly small. If they all fails,very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact withpeople for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care. At other radiation problems，for example, exploitation of materials and transport of radioactive materials also produce radiation.The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.Key words：radiation，risks，reactor accidents，radioactive waste。
理工类学术英语翻译text11核电的危险
Text 11 核电的危险RISKS OF NUCLEAR POWERBernard L. Cohen, .Professor at the University of PittsburghRadiationThe principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light---186,000 miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.辐射与核电相联系的主要危险来自辐射对健康的影响。
这种辐射包括亚原子颗粒以光速或接近光速运行——每秒186000英里。
它们可以深深穿透到身体内部，在体内它们可以损伤生物细胞，然后引发癌症。
如果它们攻击性细胞，它们可以导致子孙后代的基因疾病。
Radiation occurs naturally in our environment; a typical person is, and always has been struck by 15,000 particles of radiation every second from natural sources, and an average medical X-ray involves being struck by 100 billion. While this may seem to be very dangerous, it is not, because the probability for a particle of radiation entering a human body to cause a cancer or a genetic disease is only one chance in 30 million billion (30 quintillion).辐射在我们环境中自然地发生；通常每个人每秒钟受到来自自然源的15000个粒子的辐射，而一次普通的医疗X光检查则带有1，000亿个粒子的辐射。
学术英语理工讲义课后习题解答ppt课件
10
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
What topic does each essay address? Do you think they are appropriate according to the four principles mentioned on Page 2?
Genetic engineering
– If the topic is too general, how do you narrow it down to a more manageable topic?
Universe
– Can you suggest some
appropriate topics of each
appropriate topics of each
subject?
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Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Topics Energy
Your narrower subtopics
Questions
– Is the topic appropriate for a 1500-word essay? Why or why a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Topics Global Warming
Cancer
Your narrower subtopics
Questions
– Is the topic appropriate for a 1500-word essay? Why or why not?
subject?
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Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
学术英语理工类课后题答案
Reading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
学术英语-理工-lecture11-原文.docx
Lecture 11 Four lessons about climate crisisI’m really scared. I don’t think we’re gonna make it. Probably by now most of you have seen Al Gore’s amazing talk. Shortly after I saw that, we had some friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming, and everybody agreed, there’s a real problem. We’ve got a climate crisis. So, we went around the table to talk about what we should do. The conversation came to my 15-year-old daughter, Mary. She said, “I agree with everything that’s been said. I’m scared and I’m angry.” And then she turned to me and said, “Dad, your generation created this problem, you’d better fix it.” Wow. All theco nversation stopped. All the eyes turned to me. (Laughter) I didn’t know what to say. Kleiner’s second law is, “There is a time when panic is the appropriate response.” (Laughter) And we’ve reached that time. We cannot afford to underestimate this problem. If we face irreversible and catastrophic consequences, we must act, and we must act decisively. I’ve got to tell you, for me, everything changed that evening.And so, my partners and I, we set off on this mission to learn more, to try to do much more. So, we mobilized. We got on airplanes. We went to Brazil. We went to China and to India, to Bentonville, Arkansas, and to Washington, D.C. and to Sacramento. And so, what I’d like to do now is to tell you about what we’ve learned in those journeys. Because the more we learned, the more concerned we grew. You know, my partners atKleiner and I were compulsive networkers, and so when we see a big problem or an opportunity like avian flu or personalized medicine, we just get together the smartest people we know. For this climate crisis, we assembled a network, really, of superstars, from policy activists to scientists and entrepreneurs and business leaders. Fifty or so of them. And so, I want to tell you about what we’ve learned in doing that and four lessons I’ve learned in the last year.The first lesson is that companies are really powerful, and that matters a lot. This is a story about how Wal-Mart went green, and what that means. Two years ago, the CEO, Lee Scott, believed that green is the next big thing, and so Wal-Mart made going green a top priority. They committed that they’re gonna take their existing stores and reduce their energy consumption by 20 percent, and their new stores by 30 percent, and do all that in seven years. The three biggest uses of energy in a store are heating and air conditioning, then lighting, and then refrigeration. So, look what they did. They painted the roofs of all their stores white. They put smart skylights through their stores so they could harvest the daylight and reduce the lighting demands. And third, they put the refrigerated goods behind closed doors with LED lighting. I mean, why would you try to refrigerate a whole store? These are really simple, smart solutions based on existing technology.Why does Wal-Mart matter? Wel l, it’s massive. They’re the largestprivate employer in America. They’re the largest private user of electricity. They have the second-largest vehicle fleet on the road. And they have one of the world’s most amazing supply chains, 60,000 suppliers. If Wal-Mart were a country, it would be the sixth-largest trading partner with China. And maybe most important, they have a big effect on other companies.When Wal-Mart declares it’s gonna go green and be profitable, it has a powerful impact on other great institutions. So, I tell you this: When Wal-Mart achieves 20 percent energy reductions, that’s gonna be a very big deal. But I’m afraid it’s not enough. We need Wal-Mart and every other company to do the same.The second thing that we learned is that individuals matter, and they matter enormously. I’ve got another Wal-Mart story for you, OK? Wal-Mart has over 125 million U.S. customers. That’s a third of the U.S. population. Sixty-five million compact fluorescent light bulbs were sold last year.And Wal-Mart has committed they’re gonna sell another 100 million light bulbs in the coming year. But it’s not easy. Consumers don’t really like these light bulbs. The light’s kind of funny, they won’t dim, takes a while for them to start up. But the pay-off is really enormous. A hundred million compact fluorescent light bulb means that we’ll save 600 million dollars in energy bills, and 20 million tons of CO2 every year, year in andyear out. It does seem really hard to get consumers to do the right thing. It is stupid that we use two tons of steel, glass, and plastic to haul our sorry selves to the shopping mall. It’s stupid that we put water in plastic bottles in Fiji and ship it here. (Laughter)It’s hard to change consumer behavior, because consumers don’t know how much this stuff costs. Do you know? Do you know how much CO2 you generated to drive here or fly here? I don’t know, and I should. Those of us who care about all this would act better if we knew what the real costs were. But as long as we pretend that CO2 is free, as long as these uses are nearly invisible, how can we expect change? I’m really afraid, because I think the kinds of changes we can reasonably expect from individuals are gonna be clearly not enough.The third lesson we learned is that policy matters. It really matters. In fact, policy is paramount. I’ve got a behind-the-scenes story for you about that green tech network I described. At the end of our first meeting, we got together to talk about what the action items would be, how we’d follow up. And Bob Epstein raised a hand. He stood up. You know, Bob’s that Berkeley techie type who started Sybase. Well, Bob said the most important thing we could do right now is to make it clear in Sacramento, California that we need a market-based system of mandates that’s gonna cap and reduce greenhouse gases in California. It’s necessary and, just as important; it’s good for the California economy.So, eight of us went to Sacramento in August and we met with the seven undecided legislators and we lobbied for AB32. You know what? Six of those seven voted yes in favor of the bill, so it passed, and it passed by a vote of 47 to 32. (Applause) Please don’t. Thank you. I think it’s the most important legislation of 2006. Why? Because California was the first state in this country to mandate 25 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020. And the result of that is, we’re gonna generate 83,000 new jobs, 4 billion dollars a year in annual income, and reduce the CO2 emissions by 174 million tons a year. California’s only 7 percent of U.S. CO2 emissions. It’s only a percent and a half of the country’s CO2 emissions. It’s a great start, but I’ve got to tell you—where I started—I’m really afraid. In fact, I’m certain California’s not enough.Here’s a story about national policy that we could all learn from. You know Tom Friedman says, “If you don’t go, you don’t know?” Well, we went to Brazil to meet Dr. Hussain Goldemberg. He’s the father of the ethanol revolution. He told us that Brazil’s government mandated that every gasoline station in the country would carry ethanol. And they mandated that their new vehicles would be flex-fuel compatible, right? They’d run ethanol or ordinary gasoline. And so, here’s what’s happened in Brazil. They now have 29,000 ethanol pumps—this versus 700 in the U.S., and a paltry two in California—and in three years their new car fleet has gone from 4 percent to 85 percent flex-fuel. Compare that to the U.S.,5 percent are flex-fuel. And you know what? Most consumers who have them don’t even know it. So, what’s happened in Brazil is, they’ve replaced 40 percent of the gasoline consumed by their automotive fleet with ethanol. That’s 59 billion dollars since 1975 that they didn’t ship to the Middle East. It’s created a million jobs inside that country, and it’s saved 32 million tons of CO2. It’s really substantial. That’s 10 percent of the CO2 emissions across their entire country. But Brazil’s only 1.3 percent of the world’s CO2 emission. So, Brazil’s ethanol miracle I’m really afraid is not enough. In fa ct, I’m afraid all of the best policies we have are not gonna be enough.The fourth and final lesson we’ve learned is about the potential of radical innovation. So, I want to tell you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology. Every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease. That’s malaria. Six thousand people a day. All for want of two dollars worth of medications that we can buy at the corner drugstore. Well, two dollars, two dollars is too much for Africa. So, a team of Berkeley researchers with 15 million dollars from the Gates Foundation is engineering, designing a radical new way to make the key ingredient, called artemisinin, and they’re gonna make that drug 10 times cheaper. And in doing so, they’ll save a mi llion lives—at least a million lives, a year. A million lives. Their breakthrough technology is synthetic biology. This leverages millions of years of evolution by redesigning bugsto make really useful products. Now, what you do is, you get inside the microbe, you change its metabolic pathways, and you end up with a living chemical factory.Now, you may ask, John, what has this got to go with green and with climate crisis? Well, I’ll tell you a lot. They’ve now formed a company called Amyris, and this tech nology that they’re using can be used to make better biofuels. Don’t let me skip over that. Better biofuels are a really big deal. That means we can precisely engineer the molecules in the fuel chain and optimize them along the way. So, if all goes well, t hey’re gonna have designer bugs in warm vats that are eating and digesting sugars to excrete better biofuels. I guess that’s better living through bugs. Alan Kay is famous for saying the best way to predict the future is to invent it. And, of course, at Kleiner we, kind of, apologize and say the second best way is to finance it. And that’s why we’re investing 200 million dollars in a wide range of really disruptive new technologies for innovation in green technologies. And we’re encouraging others to do it as well. We’re talking a lot about this.In 2005, there were 600 million dollars invested in new technologies of the sort you see here. It doubled in 2006 to 1.2 billion dollars. But I’m really afraid we need much, much more. For reference, fact one: Exxon’s revenues in 2005 were a billion dollars a day. Do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in R&D? Second fact: the President’snew budget for renewable energy is barely a billion dollars in total, less than one day of Exxon’s revenues. Third fact: I bet you didn’t know that there’s enough energy in hot rocks under the country to supply America’s energy needs for the next thousand years. And the Federal budget calls for a measly 20 million dollars of R&D in geothermal energy. It is almost criminal that we are not investing more in energy research in this country. And I am really afraid that it’s absolutely not enough.So, in a year’s worth of learning we found a bunch of surprises. Who would have thought that a mass retailer could make money by going green? Who would have thought that a database entrepreneur could transform California with legislation? Who would have thought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America? And who would have thought that scientists trying to cure malaria could come up with breakthroughs in biofuels? And who would have thought that all that is not enough? Not enough to stabilize the climate. Not enough to keep the ice in Greenland from crashing into the ocean. The scientists tell us—and they’re only guessing—that we’ve got to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one half, and do it as fast as possible. Now, we may have the political will to do this in the U.S., but I’ve got to tell you, we’ve got only one atmosphere, and so som ehow we’re gonna have to find the political will to do this all around the world.Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell youwhat. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Green technologies—going green—is bigger than the Internet. It could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century. Moreover, if we succeed it’s gonna be the most important transformation for life on the planet since, as Bill Joy says, we went from methane to oxygen in the atmosphere. Now, here’s the hard question, if the trajectory of all the world’s companie s and individuals and policies and innovation is not gonna to be enough, what are we gonna do? I don’t know. Everyone here cares about changing the world and has made a difference in that one way or another.So, our call to action—my call to you—is for you to make going green your next big thing, your gig. What can you do? You can personally get carbon neutral. Go to or and buy carbon credits. You could join other leaders in mandating, lobbying for mandated cap and tra de in U.S. greenhouse gas reductions. There’s six bills right now in Congress. Let’s get one of them passed.And the most important thing you can do, I think, is to use your personal power and your Rolodex to lead your business, your institution,in going green. Do it like Wal-Mart, get it to go green for its customers and its suppliers and for itself. Really think outside the box. Can you imagine what it would be like if Amazon or eBay or Google or Microsoft or Apple really went green and you caused that to happen? It could be bigger than Wal-Mart. I can’t wait to see what we TEDsters do about this crisis. And I really, really hope that we multiply all of our energy, all of our talent, and all of our influence to solve this problem. Because if we do, I can look forward to the conversation I’m gonna have with my daughter in 20 years.。
实用英语理工 视频字幕 Lecture11-Four Lessons about Climate Crisis
I’m really scared. I don’t think we’re gonna make it. Probably by now most of you have seen Al Gore’s amazing talk. Shortly after I saw that, we had some friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming, and everybody agreed, there’s a real problem. We’ve got a climate crisis. So, we went around the table to talk about what we should do. The conversation came to my 15-year-old daughter, Mary. She said, “I agree with everything that’s been said. I’m scared and I’m angry.” And then she turned to me and said, “Dad, your generation created this problem, you’d better fix it.” Wow. All the conversation stopped. All the eyes turned to me. (Laughter) I didn’t know what to say. Kleiner’s second law is, “There is a time when panic is the
学术英语理工类abstrcat1,3,5,6,8,9,11,15,18
学术英语理工类abstrcat1,3,5,6,8,9,11,15,18南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractComputer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computerand do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractThis article aims to account for the advantages of cloud computering.At the begin of this article,it states what cloud computing is and the overall feature of cloud computering.Then the author lists all kinds of the cloud computering in order to reflect the virtue of it:the most basic ones being remote accessibility,lower costs,and quick re-provisions.At the section of Green computeing,it talks about energy efficient usage of computering resources which is an important advantage of the cloud computering.To draw a conclusion,the cloud computering combines remote accessibility,easy expansion,security and environmentally friendly into one,it is making changes to the whole world.南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractWith the development of social and technology, Artificialintelligence may replace human jobs in the future. There are a lot of news that reported artificial intelligence has play a important role in our life. For decades. People wrote about how machines replace humans. It will be better or ill. But all expected did not come. Around the time of the Revolution. Most of Americans worked in the farm. They farmed to keep themselves alive. With the development of traffic. Farming increasingly became a cash business. But as the agricultural industry grew, there are fewer and fewer workers who worked at farming and ranching. Today agricultural provides fewer than two million jobs. Because of automation happened. It bring better plows, planting and sowing machines. Agricultural become more and more scientific. The farmers’ children found new kinds of jobs in the city, they do not like stay on the farm. The early water-and-steam-powered factories also displace millions of craftsmen, because machine-handing factory workers made the goods better than the goods made by craftsmen. So that the number of factory jobs growing rapidly at that time. The automation of farming, craft work and manufacturing made products. Among them, food become cheaper and cheaper, so people can save money from food, then spend money on other expensive goods. Will A.I. machines takeover the best occupations? The author is optimist and may not agree that machines will replace南昌大学学术英语理工类Abstracthuman jobs.Text 6The article gives detailed explanation for game theory.Firstly the author states the research object of the game theory.Recent research has focused on games that are neitherzero-sum nor purely cooperative,but the games in which palyers must make choice allow for both competition and cooperation.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.Some games can be “solved" completely like tic-tac-toe,while others such as chess are too complex to perform in practice.A game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle is squared using a concept of equilibrium developed by John Nash,but this notion remains an incomplete solution to the problem of circular reasoning in simultaneous-move games.Then the author gives several examples including the prisoners' dilemma,mixing moves,strategic moves,bargaining,concealing and revealing information toillustrate some of the fundamentals of game theory.Though game theory has made some progress in solving several situations of conflict and cooperation recently,it remains far from complete and people still need to try more about the design of successful strategy.南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractText 8At the begin of this article,it states that there are unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small that we can’t see it―even with a light microscope and tells us the important of nanotechnology.Then in order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology ,we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved.The long of one nanometer is so small.When we measure the atomic scale,we can find that it ’s still small compare to the nannmeter.But in a lecture called “Small Wonders:The World of Nanoscience”,Nobel Prize winne r Dr.Horst Stormer said that the nanoscale is more interstesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something―it’s not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful.Then the article statesthat some predictions of nanotechnology such as the use of the rule of quantum mechanics,nanorobot.It nanotechnology in future.南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractText 11The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation.The radiation mainly comes form the radioactive material.They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.But the rate of the latter is far less than the former. Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear power.But the nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potential effects is “defence in depth”, so they happen probability is exceedingly small. If they all fails,very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact withpeople for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small involume and therefore easily handled with great care. At other radiation problems，for example, exploitation of materials and transport of radioactive materials also produce radiation.The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractText 15Genetically modified food caused a fierce debate in the modern society, especially in long agrarian tradition and vocal green lobbies in the country。
学术英语lecture11翻译
RISKS OF NUCLEAR POWER 核能的风险Bernard L. Cohen, Sc.D. 贝尔纳Sc.D Cohen l。
Professor at the University of Pittsburgh 匹兹堡大学的教授Radiation 辐射1The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light---186,000 miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny. 1与核电相关的主要风险来自于辐射对健康的影响。
这种辐射由亚原子粒子处于或接近光速旅行——每秒-186000英里。
他们可以穿透人体深处,在那里他们可以破坏生物细胞,从而启动癌症。
如果他们罢工生殖细胞,它们可以导致后代基因疾病。
2 Radiation occurs naturally in our environment; a typical person is, and always has been struck by 15,000 particles of radiation every second from natural sources, and an average medical X-ray involves being struck by 100 billion. While this may seem to be very dangerous, it is not, because the probability for a particle of radiation entering a human body to cause a cancer or a genetic disease is only one chance in 30 million billion (30 quintillion). 2自然辐射发生在我们的环境中,一个典型的人,总是被15000的辐射粒子每秒钟从天然来源,和平均医用x射线是被1000亿年。
学术英语 理工 lecture11 原文
Lecture 11 Four lessons about climate crisisI’m really scared. I don’t think we’re gonna make it. Probably by now most of you have seen Al Gore’s amazing talk. Shortly after I saw that, we had some friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming, and everybody agreed, there’s a real problem. We’ve got a climate crisis. So, we went around the table to talk about what we should do. The conversation came to my 15-year-old daughter, Mary. She said, “I agree with everything that’s been said. I’m scared and I’m angry.” And then she turned to me and said, “Dad, your generation created this problem, you’d better fix it.” Wow. All theco nversation stopped. All the eyes turned to me. (Laughter) I didn’t know what to say. Kleiner’s second law is, “There is a time when panic is the appropriate response.” (Laughter) And we’ve reached that time. We cannot afford to underestimate this problem. If we face irreversible and catastrophic consequences, we must act, and we must act decisively. I’ve got to tell you, for me, everything changed that evening.And so, my partners and I, we set off on this mission to learn more, to try to do much more. So, we mobilized. We got on airplanes. We went to Brazil. We went to China and to India, to Bentonville, Arkansas, and to Washington, D.C. and to Sacramento. And so, what I’d like to do now is to tell you about what we’ve learned in those journeys. Because the more we learned, the more concerned we grew. You know, my partners atKleiner and I were compulsive networkers, and so when we see a big problem or an opportunity like avian flu or personalized medicine, we just get together the smartest people we know. For this climate crisis, we assembled a network, really, of superstars, from policy activists to scientists and entrepreneurs and business leaders. Fifty or so of them. And so, I want to tell you about what we’ve learned in doing that and four lessons I’ve learned in the last year.The first lesson is that companies are really powerful, and that matters a lot. This is a story about how Wal-Mart went green, and what that means. Two years ago, the CEO, Lee Scott, believed that green is the next big thing, and so Wal-Mart made going green a top priority. They committed that they’re gonna take their existing stores and reduce their energy consumption by 20 percent, and their new stores by 30 percent, and do all that in seven years. The three biggest uses of energy in a store are heating and air conditioning, then lighting, and then refrigeration. So, look what they did. They painted the roofs of all their stores white. They put smart skylights through their stores so they could harvest the daylight and reduce the lighting demands. And third, they put the refrigerated goods behind closed doors with LED lighting. I mean, why would you try to refrigerate a whole store? These are really simple, smart solutions based on existing technology.Why does Wal-Mart matter? Wel l, it’s massive. They’re the largestprivate employer in America. They’re the largest private user of electricity. They have the second-largest vehicle fleet on the road. And they have one of the world’s most amazing supply chains, 60,000 suppliers. If Wal-Mart were a country, it would be the sixth-largest trading partner with China. And maybe most important, they have a big effect on other companies.When Wal-Mart declares it’s gonna go green and be profitable, it has a powerful impact on other great institutions. So, I tell you this: When Wal-Mart achieves 20 percent energy reductions, that’s gonna be a very big deal. But I’m afraid it’s not enough. We need Wal-Mart and every other company to do the same.The second thing that we learned is that individuals matter, and they matter enormously. I’ve got another Wal-Mart story for you, OK? Wal-Mart has over 125 million U.S. customers. That’s a third of the U.S. population. Sixty-five million compact fluorescent light bulbs were sold last year.And Wal-Mart has committed they’re gonna sell another 100 million light bulbs in the coming year. But it’s not easy. Consumers don’t really like these light bulbs. The light’s kind of funny, they won’t dim, takes a while for them to start up. But the pay-off is really enormous. A hundred million compact fluorescent light bulb means that we’ll save 600 million dollars in energy bills, and 20 million tons of CO2 every year, year in andyear out. It does seem really hard to get consumers to do the right thing. It is stupid that we use two tons of steel, glass, and plastic to haul our sorry selves to the shopping mall. It’s stupid that we put water in plastic bottles in Fiji and ship it here. (Laughter)It’s hard to change consumer behavior, because consumers don’t know how much this stuff costs. Do you know? Do you know how much CO2 you generated to drive here or fly here? I don’t know, and I should. Those of us who care about all this would act better if we knew what the real costs were. But as long as we pretend that CO2 is free, as long as these uses are nearly invisible, how can we expect change? I’m really afraid, because I think the kinds of changes we can reasonably expect from individuals are gonna be clearly not enough.The third lesson we learned is that policy matters. It really matters. In fact, policy is paramount. I’ve got a behind-the-scenes story for you about that green tech network I described. At the end of our first meeting, we got together to talk about what the action items would be, how we’d follow up. And Bob Epstein raised a hand. He stood up. You know, Bob’s that Berkeley techie type who started Sybase. Well, Bob said the most important thing we could do right now is to make it clear in Sacramento, California that we need a market-based system of mandates that’s gonna cap and reduce greenhouse gases in California. It’s necessary and, just as important; it’s good for the California economy.So, eight of us went to Sacramento in August and we met with the seven undecided legislators and we lobbied for AB32. You know what? Six of those seven voted yes in favor of the bill, so it passed, and it passed by a vote of 47 to 32. (Applause) Please don’t. Thank you. I think it’s the most important legislation of 2006. Why? Because California was the first state in this country to mandate 25 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020. And the result of that is, we’re gonna generate 83,000 new jobs, 4 billion dollars a year in annual income, and reduce the CO2 emissions by 174 million tons a year. California’s only 7 percent of U.S. CO2 emissions. It’s only a percent and a half of the country’s CO2 emissions. It’s a great start, but I’ve got to tell you—where I started—I’m really afraid. In fact, I’m certain California’s not enough.Here’s a story about national policy that we could all learn from. You know Tom Friedman says, “If you don’t go, you don’t know?” Well, we went to Brazil to meet Dr. Hussain Goldemberg. He’s the father of the ethanol revolution. He told us that Brazil’s government mandated that every gasoline station in the country would carry ethanol. And they mandated that their new vehicles would be flex-fuel compatible, right? They’d run ethanol or ordinary gasoline. And so, here’s what’s happened in Brazil. They now have 29,000 ethanol pumps—this versus 700 in the U.S., and a paltry two in California—and in three years their new car fleet has gone from 4 percent to 85 percent flex-fuel. Compare that to the U.S.,5 percent are flex-fuel. And you know what? Most consumers who have them don’t even know it. So, what’s happened in Brazil is, they’ve replaced 40 percent of the gasoline consumed by their automotive fleet with ethanol. That’s 59 billion dollars since 1975 that they didn’t ship to the Middle East. It’s created a million jobs inside that country, and it’s saved 32 million tons of CO2. It’s really substantial. That’s 10 percent of the CO2 emissions across their entire country. But Brazil’s only 1.3 percent of the world’s CO2 emission. So, Brazil’s ethanol miracle I’m really afraid is not enough. In fa ct, I’m afraid all of the best policies we have are not gonna be enough.The fourth and final lesson we’ve learned is about the potential of radical innovation. So, I want to tell you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology. Every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease. That’s malaria. Six thousand people a day. All for want of two dollars worth of medications that we can buy at the corner drugstore. Well, two dollars, two dollars is too much for Africa. So, a team of Berkeley researchers with 15 million dollars from the Gates Foundation is engineering, designing a radical new way to make the key ingredient, called artemisinin, and they’re gonna make that drug 10 times cheaper. And in doing so, they’ll save a mi llion lives—at least a million lives, a year. A million lives. Their breakthrough technology is synthetic biology. This leverages millions of years of evolution by redesigning bugsto make really useful products. Now, what you do is, you get inside the microbe, you change its metabolic pathways, and you end up with a living chemical factory.Now, you may ask, John, what has this got to go with green and with climate crisis? Well, I’ll tell you a lot. They’ve now formed a company called Amyris, and this tech nology that they’re using can be used to make better biofuels. Don’t let me skip over that. Better biofuels are a really big deal. That means we can precisely engineer the molecules in the fuel chain and optimize them along the way. So, if all goes well, t hey’re gonna have designer bugs in warm vats that are eating and digesting sugars to excrete better biofuels. I guess that’s better living through bugs. Alan Kay is famous for saying the best way to predict the future is to invent it. And, of course, at Kleiner we, kind of, apologize and say the second best way is to finance it. And that’s why we’re investing 200 million dollars in a wide range of really disruptive new technologies for innovation in green technologies. And we’re encouraging others to do it as well. We’re talking a lot about this.In 2005, there were 600 million dollars invested in new technologies of the sort you see here. It doubled in 2006 to 1.2 billion dollars. But I’m really afraid we need much, much more. For reference, fact one: Exxon’s revenues in 2005 were a billion dollars a day. Do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in R&D? Second fact: the President’snew budget for renewable energy is barely a billion dollars in total, less than one day of Exxon’s revenues. Third fact: I bet you didn’t know that there’s enough energy in hot rocks under the country to supply America’s energy needs for the next thousand years. And the Federal budget calls for a measly 20 million dollars of R&D in geothermal energy. It is almost criminal that we are not investing more in energy research in this country. And I am really afraid that it’s absolutely not enough.So, in a year’s worth of learning we found a bunch of surprises. Who would have thought that a mass retailer could make money by going green? Who would have thought that a database entrepreneur could transform California with legislation? Who would have thought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America? And who would have thought that scientists trying to cure malaria could come up with breakthroughs in biofuels? And who would have thought that all that is not enough? Not enough to stabilize the climate. Not enough to keep the ice in Greenland from crashing into the ocean. The scientists tell us—and they’re only guessing—that we’ve got to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one half, and do it as fast as possible. Now, we may have the political will to do this in the U.S., but I’ve got to tell you, we’ve got only one atmosphere, and so som ehow we’re gonna have to find the political will to do this all around the world.Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell youwhat. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Green technologies—going green—is bigger than the Internet. It could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century. Moreover, if we succeed it’s gonna be the most important transformation for life on the planet since, as Bill Joy says, we went from methane to oxygen in the atmosphere. Now, here’s the hard question, if the trajectory of all the world’s companies and individuals and policies and innovation is not gonna to be enough, what are we gonna do? I don’t know. Everyone here cares about changing the world and has made a difference in that one way or another.So, our call to action—my call to you—is for you to make going green your next big thing, your gig. What can you do? You can personally get carbon neutral. Go to or and buy carbon credits. You could join other leaders in mandating, lobbying for mandated cap and trade in U.S. greenhouse gas reductions. There’s six bills right now in Congress. Let’s get one of them p assed.And the most important thing you can do, I think, is to use your personal power and your Rolodex to lead your business, your institution,in going green. Do it like Wal-Mart, get it to go green for its customers and its suppliers and for itself. Really think outside the box. Can you imagine what it would be like if Amazon or eBay or Google or Microsoft or Apple really went green and you caused that to happen? It could be bigger than Wal-Mart. I can’t wait to see what we TEDsters do about this crisis. And I really, really hope that we multiply all of our energy, all of our talent, and all of our influence to solve this problem. Because if we do, I can look forward to the conversation I’m gonna have with my daughter in 20 years.。
学术英语理工版课文翻译text1-11(1)
Text 1 电脑黑客如何进入电脑这好像是一个直接的问题，但是内涵很复杂，答案绝不简单，如果随便地回答，那么黑客通过利用弱点进入目标电脑系统。
但是为了提供更多细节，我们还是从头说起。
“hacker”这个词在意义和解释上都很有争议。
有些人说hackers(开路人) 是好人，他们只是推动了知识的边界，并没造成什么伤害（至少不是故意的），而crackers (打砸者)是真正的坏蛋。
这种争论没有什么效果，如果是为了这种讨论的目的，术语“未授权的使用者”（UU）就足够用了。
这个术语包含了所有不同类型的人，从那些参与有组织犯罪行为的人到那些内部人士，他们突破了在系统中被授予的权限。
接下来我们探讨一下“进入”电脑意味着什么。
这可以指获得电脑系统储存的内容，获得系统的处理能力，或者捕获系统之间交流的信息。
每种攻击都需要不同的技巧，以不同的弱点为目标。
那么“未授权的使用者”利用的是什么？弱点存在于每个系统中，并且有两种弱点：已知的和未知的。
已知的弱点通常因为需要某些能力而存在。
比如，为了某个商业过程，你需要不同的人使用一个系统，你就有一个已知的弱点：使用者。
另一个已知弱点的例子是通过互联网交流的能力，为了具备这个能力，你要给未知和不被信任的实体开通一条路径。
未知的弱点是系统的拥有者或操作者所不了解的，可能是劣质工程的结果，或者是某些被需要的能力产生的非故意的结果。
按照定义，弱点可能被利用。
这些弱点可以是低级的密码保护，也可以是让电脑开着，让办公室的访客可以利用。
只要坐在接待员的桌前，用他的电脑获得需要的信息，就有超过一种技术被利用。
低级的密码（比如，用户名“Joe Smith”, 密码也是“Joe Smith”）也是接近电脑的丰富的来源：密码破译程序可以很容易在几分钟内确认字典中的单词、姓名，甚至常见短语。
通过用数字代替字母，使这些密码更复杂。
比如用0来代替字母O，并不会使任务更复杂。
当未获授权的使用者使用有效的用户名—密码组合，进入系统就是简单的登录了。
学术英语理工版课文翻译text1-11(1)
Text 1 电脑黑客如何进入电脑这好像是一个直接的问题，但是内涵很复杂，答案绝不简单，如果随便地回答，那么黑客通过利用弱点进入目标电脑系统。
但是为了提供更多细节，我们还是从头说起。
“hacker”这个词在意义和解释上都很有争议。
有些人说hackers(开路人) 是好人，他们只是推动了知识的边界，并没造成什么伤害（至少不是故意的），而crackers (打砸者)是真正的坏蛋。
这种争论没有什么效果，如果是为了这种讨论的目的，术语“未授权的使用者”（UU）就足够用了。
这个术语包含了所有不同类型的人，从那些参与有组织犯罪行为的人到那些内部人士，他们突破了在系统中被授予的权限。
接下来我们探讨一下“进入”电脑意味着什么。
这可以指获得电脑系统储存的内容，获得系统的处理能力，或者捕获系统之间交流的信息。
每种攻击都需要不同的技巧，以不同的弱点为目标。
那么“未授权的使用者”利用的是什么？弱点存在于每个系统中，并且有两种弱点：已知的和未知的。
已知的弱点通常因为需要某些能力而存在。
比如，为了某个商业过程，你需要不同的人使用一个系统，你就有一个已知的弱点：使用者。
另一个已知弱点的例子是通过互联网交流的能力，为了具备这个能力，你要给未知和不被信任的实体开通一条路径。
未知的弱点是系统的拥有者或操作者所不了解的，可能是劣质工程的结果，或者是某些被需要的能力产生的非故意的结果。
按照定义，弱点可能被利用。
这些弱点可以是低级的密码保护，也可以是让电脑开着，让办公室的访客可以利用。
只要坐在接待员的桌前，用他的电脑获得需要的信息，就有超过一种技术被利用。
低级的密码（比如，用户名“Joe Smith”, 密码也是“Joe Smith”）也是接近电脑的丰富的来源：密码破译程序可以很容易在几分钟内确认字典中的单词、姓名，甚至常见短语。
通过用数字代替字母，使这些密码更复杂。
比如用0来代替字母O，并不会使任务更复杂。
当未获授权的使用者使用有效的用户名—密码组合，进入系统就是简单的登录了。
学术英语视听说unit11,LincolnandKennedy
学术英语视听说unit11,LincolnandKennedyIn this lecture, I’d like to share some thoughts about two famous Americans — Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy. First, I’ll talk about some of the major differences between the two men. Then, I’ll tell you some similarities between Lincoln and Kennedy. In other words, I’ll talk a little about their family and educational backgrounds. Then I’ll talk a little more about their political lives. And finally, I’ll end by saying a few words about their tragic fates.Both Lincoln and Kennedy were assassinated, killed while in office. I’m old enough to remember the day in 1963 that president Kennedy was shot in Dallas, Texas. It was a pretty sad day. But I don’t want to talk that sad day now.How were Lincoln and Kennedy different? Let’s see. One thing, they lived in different timesand had very different family and educational backgrounds.Kennedy lived i n the 20th century, last century.Lincoln lived in the 19th century. Kennedy was born in 1917, whereas Lincoln was born m ore than a hundred years earlier, in 1809. As for their family backgrounds, Kennedy came from a r ich family, while Lincoln’s family was anything but rich.Because Kennedy came from a wealthy family, he was able to attend expensive private schoo ls. He graduated from Harvard University. On the other hand,Lincoln, had only one year of formal education. In spite of his lack of formal education, Linc oln became a well-known lawyer. He taught himself law by reading law books.You might say, Lincoln was a self-educated man。
学术英语(理工)讲义+课后习题解答
Academic English for Science and Engineering
h
1
h
2
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
Unit Contents
1 Deciding on a topic
2 Formulating a research question
3 Writing a working title
appropriate topics of each
h subject?
7
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Topics Energy
Genetic engineering
Universe
Your narrower subtopics
Questions
5 be used to
(识别p)hpyositceanltliyal terrorists
6 deal the matter withstrhaimightforward (完全地)
7 start with a prceattpyability
(直截了当) question
8 beyond thtaerget
缺答案
h
11
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 1
1 What does “unauthorized user” refer to?
This term covers the entire range of folks, from those involved in organized criminal activities to insiders who are pushing the limits of what they are authorized to do on a system.
学术英语理工讲义课后习题解答ppt课件
5
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
City Development Sustainable Development of Cities Sustainable Development of Big Cities Sustainable Development of Chinese Big Cities Sustainable Development of Chinese Big Cities from the Biological Perspective
appropriate topics of each
subject?
7
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Topics Energy
Your narrower subtopics
Questions
– Is the topic appropriate for a 1500-word essay? Why or why not?
limiting the flow of data to and from the
Internet to only the few select ports you
actually need;
– Make sure your anti-virus software is up-to-
date and check frequently to see if there are
Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text 2 describes the various electronic threats a computer might face.
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Four Lessons about Climate Crisis
I’m really scared. I don’t think we’re gonna make it. Probably by now most of you have seen Al Gore’s amazing talk. Shortly after I saw that, we had some friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming, and everybody agreed, there’s a real problem. We’ve got a climate crisis. So, we went around the table to talk about what we should do. The conversation came to my 15-year-old daughter, Mary. She said, “I agree with everything that’s been said. I’m scared and I’m angry.” And then she turned to me and said, “Dad, your generation created this problem, you’d better fix it.” Wow. All the conversation stopped. All the eyes turned to me. (Laughter) I didn’t know what to say. Kleiner’s second law is, “There is a time when panic is the appropriate response.” (Laughter) And we’ve reached that time. We cannot afford to underestimate this problem. If we face irreversible and catastrophic consequences, we must act, and we must act decisively. I’ve got to tell you, for me, everything changed that evening. And so, my partners and I, we set off on this mission to learn more, to try to do much more. So, we mobilized. We got on airplanes. We went to Brazil. We went to China and to India, to Bentonville, Arkansas, and to Washington, D.C. and to Sacramento. And so, what I’d like to do now is to tell you about what we’ve learned in those journeys. Because the more we learned, the more concerned we grew. You know, my partners at Kleiner and I were compulsive networkers, and so when we see a big problem or an opportunity like avian flu or personalized medicine, we just get together the smartest people we know. For this climate crisis, we assembled a network, really, of superstars, from policy activists to scientists and entrepreneurs and business leaders. Fifty or so of them. And so, I want to tell you about what we’ve learned in doing that and four lessons I’ve learned in the last year. The first lesson is that companies are really powerful, and that matters a lot. This is a story about how Wal-Mart went green, and what that means. Two years ago, the CEO, Lee Scott, believed that green is the next big thing, and so Wal-Mart made going green a top priority. They committed that they’re gonna take their existing stores and reduce their energy consumption by 20 percent, and their new stores by 30 percent, and do all that in seven years. The three biggest uses of energy in a store are heating and air conditioning, then lighting, and then refrigeration. So, look what they did. They painted the roofs of all their stores white. They put smart skylights through their stores so they could harvest the daylight and reduce the lighting demands. And third, they put the refrigerated goods behind closed doors with LED lighting. I mean, why would you try to refrigerate a whole store? These are really simple, smart solutions based on existing technology. Why does Wal-Mart matter? Well, it’s massive. They’re the largest private employer in America. They’re the largest private user of electricity. They have the second-largest vehicle fleet on the road. And they have one of the world’s most amazing supply chains, 60,000 suppliers. If Wal-Mart were a country, it would be the sixth-largest trading partner with China. And maybe most important, they have a big effect on other companies. When Wal-Mart declares it’s gonna go green and be profitable, it has a powerful impact on other great institutions. So, I tell you this: When Wal-Mart achieves 20 percent energy reductions, that’s gonna be a very big deal. But I’m afraid it’s not enough. We need Wal-Mart and every other company to do the same. The second thing that we learned is that individuals matter, and they matter enormously. I’ve got another Wal-Mart story for you, OK? Wal-Mart has over 125 million U.S. customers. That’s a third of the U.S. population. Sixty-five million compact fluorescent light bulbs were sold last year. And Wal-Mart has committed they’re gonna sell another 100 million light bulbs in the coming year. But it’s not easy. Consumers don’t really like these light bulbs. The light’s kind of funny, they won’t dim, takes a while for them to start up. But the pay-off is really enormous. A hundred million compact fluorescent light bulb means that we’ll save 600 million dollars in energy bills, and 20 million tons of CO2 e