甲状腺疾病英文版(ppt)
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甲状腺机能亢进症(英文)
✓ If ATD is chosen as the primary therapy for GD, the medication should be continued for approximately 12–18 months, and then discontinued if TSH levels are normal at that time.
甲状腺机能亢进症 （Hyperthyroidism）
CONTENTS
Definition and etiology Clinical menifestations Diagnosis Treatment
Abbreviation
➢ TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) 促甲状腺激素 ➢ TRAb (thyrotrophin receptor antibody) 促甲状腺激素受体抗体 ➢ TSI (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin) 甲状腺刺激性抗体 ➢ ATD (antithyroid drugs) 抗甲状腺药物 ➢ RAI (radioactive iodine) 放射性碘 ➢ GD (Graves disease) Gazole (CMZ)/methimazole (MMI) is the preferred agent in all patients who choose ATD therapy for GD.
✓ Patients should be informed about the side effects of ATDs and the necessity of informing the physician promptly.
Definition and Etiology
甲状腺机能亢进症 （Hyperthyroidism）
CONTENTS
Definition and etiology Clinical menifestations Diagnosis Treatment
Abbreviation
➢ TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) 促甲状腺激素 ➢ TRAb (thyrotrophin receptor antibody) 促甲状腺激素受体抗体 ➢ TSI (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin) 甲状腺刺激性抗体 ➢ ATD (antithyroid drugs) 抗甲状腺药物 ➢ RAI (radioactive iodine) 放射性碘 ➢ GD (Graves disease) Gazole (CMZ)/methimazole (MMI) is the preferred agent in all patients who choose ATD therapy for GD.
✓ Patients should be informed about the side effects of ATDs and the necessity of informing the physician promptly.
Definition and Etiology
thyroid甲状腺癌全英文简版
祝大家中秋节 快乐，工作顺 利，身体健康 ！
2015-4-16
Thank You!
2015-4-16
THYROID CANCER
1 where is it？ ANATOMY
2 why did it happen？
ETIOLOGY
3 what to do with it?
TREATMENT
4
2015-4-16
HOW BAD IS IT?
PROGNOSIS
femal (over 60 or under 30).
❷ Symptom ＆Sign:painless ;small and hard and fixed
solitary nodule;rapid growth(Ominous sign).
❸ Accessory examination：calcification;enlargement of neck lymph nodes.
The surgical methods differ from cancer types and lymphatic metastasis .
surgical method
Type of cancer cell
Lymphatic metastasis
2015-4-16
2015-4-16
THYROID ANATOMY
③
3.Nerves and vessels (both coupled): ①2 nerves :superior laryngeal nerve + recurrent laryngeal nerve. ②2 arterys:superior and inferior thyroid arterys ③3 veins:superior 、 middle and inferior thyroid veins. 4.Lymphatic drainage: knowing the way how throid cancer cell transfers is the foundation to lymphadenectomy .
甲状腺激素(thyroidhormone)PPT课件
2020/5/6
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抗甲状腺作用快而强，2周（10~15天）达最 大效应，超过2周后失去抑制甲状腺素合成的作 用。这是碘剂不能单独用于甲亢的药物治疗的原 因。
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临床应用
• 防治单纯性甲状腺肿（大脖子病） • 甲亢危象的治疗
– 合用硫脲类，危象消除即停药 • 甲亢的术前准备
– 术前2周加服碘剂
• 调节：
下丘脑分泌TRH
垂体前叶分泌TSH
T3 、T4 合成， 甲状腺增生
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5
【生理及药理作用】
• 维持生长发育
– 促进蛋白质合成及骨骼、CNS的生长发育。 T3 、 T4分泌不足：婴幼儿引起呆小病（克汀病），成 人可致粘液性水肿。
• 促进代谢
– 促进物质氧化，氧耗↑，BMR↑，产热↑。
• 长期服用T4能引起骨质疏松，可能降低癫痫发作阈，偶尔 诱发癫痫发作。
• 肾上腺皮质功能低下、急性心梗、甲亢病人禁用。
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药疗监护内容
• 必须遵医嘱按时用药，不可随意增减药量或症状好转而自 行停药。治疗期间应定期做甲状腺功能检查。
• 用药期间密切观察过量所致中毒反应。 • 不可局部涂擦碘酊、医用碘甘油，不吃含碘药物或含碘量
第一节 甲状腺激素
【甲状腺激素合成、贮存、释放】
胃肠I血液I-
I-
过氧化 物酶
Io
碘 化
Tyr TG
过氧
MIT化酶物 MIT+DIT
DIT 缩
合
DIT+DIT
T3腺泡腔
T3
蛋白水解酶
TG
T4
T4
MIT 一碘酪氨酸
DIT 二碘酪氨酸
甲状腺癌pptppt课件
（2）内放射治疗： 131I的射线（主要为β射线）具有破坏甲状 腺组织的作用，而分化型甲状腺癌具有摄131I的功能。因 此临床上用来治疗分化型甲状腺癌，特别是血行转移灶
（肺、骨）。
治疗
2、内分泌治疗
甲状腺癌的激素依赖现象早为人们所认识。某些分化性甲状腺 癌可受TSH刺激而生长。甲状腺素可抑制TSH的分泌，因此临 床上采用甲状腺素预防和治疗术后复发及转移。一般认为对分 化型癌有一定疗效，对未分化癌及髓样癌疗效差。
病因 诱因
• 电离辐射；缺碘与高碘；癌基因及生长因 子；性别与激素；家族遗传因素。
病理（分类）
类型
发生率 年龄
乳头状腺癌 60％
轻
女
滤泡状腺癌 20％
中
恶性程度
低度恶性 中度恶性
转移
颈淋巴结转移 血行转移-肺骨
未分化癌
15％
老
高度恶性 早期淋巴结转移
血行转移-肺骨
髓样癌
7%
中度恶性
淋巴结转移
血行转移
诊断
辅助检查： 1） ECT检查提示为温结节(最多见)；热结节(腺瘤伴 甲亢)；冷结节(腺瘤囊变、出血)
诊断
辅助检查： 2）降钙素水平明显升高 （髓样癌）
甲状腺球蛋白测定
3）超声检查提示实性或囊实 性混合肿块者
诊断
辅助检查：甲状腺彩超
分级
超声波所见
Ⅰ 圆形或椭圆形的无回声区域
主要的肿瘤 囊肿，腺瘤
结束语
当你尽了自己的最大努力时，失败 也是伟大的，所以不要放弃，坚持 就是正确的。
When You Do Your Best, Failure Is Great, So Don'T Give Up, Stick To The End
甲状腺功能亢进症精品PPT课件
二 甲状腺肿：弥漫性、质软、无压痛；动脉杂音。
三 突眼（25%～50%）：包括两种情况。
（一）非浸润性（单纯性、良性突眼） （1）上睑挛缩 （2）上睑迟滞（von Graefer征） （3）瞬目减少（Stellwag征）
（4）双眼向上看时，前额皮肤不能皱起（Joffroy征） （5）辐辏不良（Mobius征） （6）一般突眼度≤18mm
厚(aropachy)
➢ 自身免疫
甲状腺内有TSH受体(TSHR)特异性的T细胞浸润， 活化 后释放细胞因子,其中IL-10刺激B细胞分泌TSH受体抗 体（TRAb，IgG1型），也叫TBII(TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin）
TRAb有三种(classification by biologic effects)
第七篇 内分泌系统疾病 第九章
甲状腺功能亢进
（Hyperthyroidism）
学时数：3学时
讲授目的和要求
1.掌握甲状腺激素过多时的病理生理改变，掌握本病 的病因分类和发病机制。掌握本病的临床表现（包括 特殊临床表现）、诊断和鉴别诊断、药物治疗原则。 掌握甲状腺功能亢进症危象的诊断和处理原则。
2.了解本病同位素治疗和外科手术治疗的适应症。
临床表现
一 甲状腺激素分泌过多的表现(甲状腺毒症状) （一）高代谢症状群：产热和散热增多，蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物分
解加速。 （二）神经精神系统兴奋表现。 （三）血管系统：心动过速，房性心律失常，房颤,脉压增大，心脏病。 （四）消化系统：胃肠蠕动增快；肝脏功能轻度异常。 （五）肌肉骨骼系统:周期性麻痹,急慢性甲亢肌病，骨质疏松。 （六）其他(生殖、血液）
1）TSAb:thyroid-stimulating antibody
三 突眼（25%～50%）：包括两种情况。
（一）非浸润性（单纯性、良性突眼） （1）上睑挛缩 （2）上睑迟滞（von Graefer征） （3）瞬目减少（Stellwag征）
（4）双眼向上看时，前额皮肤不能皱起（Joffroy征） （5）辐辏不良（Mobius征） （6）一般突眼度≤18mm
厚(aropachy)
➢ 自身免疫
甲状腺内有TSH受体(TSHR)特异性的T细胞浸润， 活化 后释放细胞因子,其中IL-10刺激B细胞分泌TSH受体抗 体（TRAb，IgG1型），也叫TBII(TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin）
TRAb有三种(classification by biologic effects)
第七篇 内分泌系统疾病 第九章
甲状腺功能亢进
（Hyperthyroidism）
学时数：3学时
讲授目的和要求
1.掌握甲状腺激素过多时的病理生理改变，掌握本病 的病因分类和发病机制。掌握本病的临床表现（包括 特殊临床表现）、诊断和鉴别诊断、药物治疗原则。 掌握甲状腺功能亢进症危象的诊断和处理原则。
2.了解本病同位素治疗和外科手术治疗的适应症。
临床表现
一 甲状腺激素分泌过多的表现(甲状腺毒症状) （一）高代谢症状群：产热和散热增多，蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物分
解加速。 （二）神经精神系统兴奋表现。 （三）血管系统：心动过速，房性心律失常，房颤,脉压增大，心脏病。 （四）消化系统：胃肠蠕动增快；肝脏功能轻度异常。 （五）肌肉骨骼系统:周期性麻痹,急慢性甲亢肌病，骨质疏松。 （六）其他(生殖、血液）
1）TSAb:thyroid-stimulating antibody
甲状腺疾病(英文版)
02
The etiology of thyroid diseases
Genetic factors
Family inheritance
Thyroid diseases have a certain degree of familial clustering, which may be related to genetic inheritance.
Other potential factors
Autoimmunity
Certain autoimmune diseases may lead to thyroid diseases, such as Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Medication and treatment
diseases
01
Overview of thyroid diseases
The physiological function of the thyroid gland
Maintaining metabolic balance: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland can regulate the body's metabolism, maintain energy balance, and maintain body temperature.
As age increases, the incidence of thyroid diseases also gradually increases.
Women are more prone to thyroid diseases than men, especially hypothyroidism and thyroid nodules.
甲状腺疾病英文版
Hyperthyroidism
(甲状腺功能亢进）
Definition
Hyperthyroidism is an imbalance of metabolism caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone.
Cause:
Increased secretion of thyroid
Word
Thyroid disorders Isthmus Thyroxine Triiodothyronine Parathyroid glands Calcitonin
List
甲状腺病症 峡部 甲状腺素 三碘甲状腺氨酸 甲状旁腺 降钙素
Recurrent laryngeal nerve Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Goitre Exophthalmos Tremor TSH
Increased metabolic rate
Increased function of sympathetic nerve (交感神经） Cardiovascular alteration
The thyroid can be palpated for
asymmetry (不对称） and size.
existence of a recurrent laryngeal nerve （喉
返神经）
during dissection.
Produces, synthesizes , stores , and secretes Two Hormones Called Thyroxine (T4) Thyronine (T3) Regulates Metabolism so Your Cells Function Properly Affects Every Cell in the Body, necessary for normal growth and development
英文版甲状腺疾病治疗药36
As it can go through the placenta and breast milk, pregnancy and lactation women should be cautious.
Tab 1 Summary of thyroid hormone kinetics
kinetics daily production (µg) fractional turnover per day (%) metabolic clearance per day (L/d) amount bound (％) volume of distribution (Ｌ) serum level(total) ( µg/dL) serum level(free) (ng/dL)
Thyroid hormone—Pharmacological
mechanism
Mediated by activating its nuclear specificity T3 receptors.
T4 translated into T3 by deiodination and combined with the specificity T3 receptors, and regulate gene transcription, protein synthesis and play functions
Thyroid follicle
Thyroid follicle
Thyroid follicle
EC Space
Follicle epithelial cell
Follicle Lumen
paraventricular nucleus
anterior pituitary
Tab 1 Summary of thyroid hormone kinetics
kinetics daily production (µg) fractional turnover per day (%) metabolic clearance per day (L/d) amount bound (％) volume of distribution (Ｌ) serum level(total) ( µg/dL) serum level(free) (ng/dL)
Thyroid hormone—Pharmacological
mechanism
Mediated by activating its nuclear specificity T3 receptors.
T4 translated into T3 by deiodination and combined with the specificity T3 receptors, and regulate gene transcription, protein synthesis and play functions
Thyroid follicle
Thyroid follicle
Thyroid follicle
EC Space
Follicle epithelial cell
Follicle Lumen
paraventricular nucleus
anterior pituitary
甲状腺解剖英文
Thyroid Anatomy 11/13
• The thyroid is covered by the sternohyoid and sternothyroid (strap) muscles. These are enclosed in an intermediate layer of deep cervical fascia (see Thryoid Anatomy: 1) with the sternohyoids being apposed in the midline and the underlying sternothyroids being slightly more lateral. When mobilizing the straps it is important to stay in the plane deep to both muscles. The omohyoid muscles ascend diagonally across the upper part of the straps and are automatically mobilized with those muscles.
Thyroid Anatomy
Thyroid Anatomy 13/13
Most of the anterolateral surface of the neck is covered by the thin platysma muscles, remnants of the panniculus carnosus of mammals (watch a dog shake its coat). This muscle is at the level of the superficial fascia and its underside provides an excellent plane of dissection exposing the deep fascia of the neck. Because of the inverted Vshaped gap in this layer anteriorly, dissection of flaps in a collar incision should begin laterally.
甲状腺疾病(Thyroid Disease )
甲亢的外科治疗
外科治疗
指证： 1 继发甲亢或高功能腺瘤 2 中度以上原发甲亢 3 压迫症状 4 胸骨后甲状腺肿 5 内科治疗半年以上无效者或复发者 6 怀疑恶变者
早、中期妊娠有上述表现者
甲亢的外科治疗
禁忌证
1 青少年甲亢 2 轻度甲亢 3 老年人或严重器质性疾患者
Duan XN:
甲亢的外科治疗
单纯性甲状腺肿（Simple Goiter ）
治疗原则
1 生理性~：不须特殊治疗，海带、紫菜等 2 地方性~和散发性~：
• 补碘：适于地方性~ • TSH抑制治疗：L-T4 • 131I治疗 • 手术治疗
单纯性甲状腺肿（Simple Goiter ）
手术适应证
1 巨大甲状腺肿影响外观及生活 2 出现压迫症状：气管、食管、血管、神经 3 胸骨后甲状腺肿 4 继发甲亢 5 可疑恶变
病因分类 1 地方性~ 2 散发性~ 3 生理性~ 4 先天性~
单纯性甲状腺肿（Simple Goiter ）
发病机理
1 地方性：缺碘→ T3、T4合成↓→TSH ↑→甲状腺增生、 T3/T4 ↑
2 散发性： TSH↑ 对TSH敏感性↑ TSH类似物 其他生长因子
3 生理性： T3、T4合成相对↓ →TSH ↑ 4 先天性： T3、T4合成↓ →TSH ↑
单纯性甲状腺肿（Simple Goiter ）
病理生理
1 甲状腺增生 2 结节形成 3 自主功能形成：继发性甲亢 4 癌变
单纯性甲状腺肿（Simple Goiter ）
临床表现
1 甲状腺肿大：弥漫性→结节性 2 压迫症状：气道、食道、血管、神经 3 继发甲亢： Plummer病 4 恶变：发生率4~17%
甲状腺(英文版)
extent, bone formation
Байду номын сангаас
The Effects of the Thyroid Hormones
Carbohydrate metabolism: ↑ liver gluconeogenesis,
09 glycogenolysis, and intestinal absorption of glucose
酪氨酰
Proteolysis /,prəʊtɪ'ɒlɪsɪs/
蛋白质水解
exocytosis /,eksəʊsaɪ'təʊsɪs/ endocytosis
胞吐作用 胞吞作用
Phrase
cricoid cartilage
环状软骨
autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统
fibrous connective tissue
The thyroid gland
CONTENTS
Anatomy and Histology Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion
Thyroid Hormone Transport
The Molecular Actions of the Thyroid Hormones
• The follicular cells of the thyroid gland are specialized in their ability to synthesize the large hormonal precursor protein thyroglobulin (Tg), concentrate iodide intracellularly from the circulation, and express a receptor that binds thyroidstimulating hormone (thyrotropin, TSH), which promotes thyrocyte's growth and biosynthetic functions.
Байду номын сангаас
The Effects of the Thyroid Hormones
Carbohydrate metabolism: ↑ liver gluconeogenesis,
09 glycogenolysis, and intestinal absorption of glucose
酪氨酰
Proteolysis /,prəʊtɪ'ɒlɪsɪs/
蛋白质水解
exocytosis /,eksəʊsaɪ'təʊsɪs/ endocytosis
胞吐作用 胞吞作用
Phrase
cricoid cartilage
环状软骨
autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统
fibrous connective tissue
The thyroid gland
CONTENTS
Anatomy and Histology Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion
Thyroid Hormone Transport
The Molecular Actions of the Thyroid Hormones
• The follicular cells of the thyroid gland are specialized in their ability to synthesize the large hormonal precursor protein thyroglobulin (Tg), concentrate iodide intracellularly from the circulation, and express a receptor that binds thyroidstimulating hormone (thyrotropin, TSH), which promotes thyrocyte's growth and biosynthetic functions.
甲状腺自身抗体(共23张PPT)
TPOAb的检测
TPOAb的检测 主要是双抗液相放免法和TPO单抗固相放免法。另外EIISA法是 以TPO为抗原包被酶标板，与人血清抗hTPO抗体特异结合，在加入碱性磷酸酶 标记的羊抗人IgG抗体，进行二次抗原抗体反应，再加入显色底物pNPP充分显色 后，在酶标仪上用波长405 nm 滤光片测定OD值。还有化学发光免疫分析方法， 如酶促化学发光、吖啶酯标记物直接发光，电化学发光。其中微粒子酶免疫分析 (MEIA)方法集抗原抗体反应的特异性和荧光反应的敏感性于一体，减少了非特异 性干扰，化学反应简单、快速、灵敏度高，且具有很好的重复性。
TGI＋TSH受体
甲状腺激素合成及分
泌下降
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
TRAb检测适应症： -甲亢、甲减和其它甲状腺功能障碍病因鉴别
ADCC对甲状腺细胞损伤作用发生的前提是甲状腺细胞结构的破坏。
TPOAb可以结合补体，在AITD的甲状腺里存在丰富的激活 补体，补体激活产物如膜攻击复合物(MAC)可以引起甲状 腺细胞损伤。同时，甲状腺细胞可以通过表达CD59及 MAC抑制蛋白而对抗补体介导的细胞溶解，这些表面蛋白 可以防止终末补体产物插人甲状腺细胞膜，而该功能又可 被细胞因子上调，所以补体引起的甲状腺细胞杀伤是MAC 形成的必然的最终结果。
T4合成减少。值得注意的是，分泌TGAb的B淋巴细胞主要存在于甲状腺
内，当甲状腺内TGAb积累至一定浓度时，不仅TG分解增加，也可导致其
他与TG无关的蛋白发生水解，从而可能造成全身性的蛋白分解作用增强
及组织损害。
TPOAb的致病机制
TPOAb的致病作用有抗体依赖细胞介导的细胞毒作用(ADCC)。由于TPO 被
隔绝于甲状腺细胞滤泡腔的边缘即甲状腺细胞顶部，因此，在TPOAb(也包括
甲状腺疾病英文版ppt课件
Definition
Hyperthyroidism is an imbalance of metabolism caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone.
Cause: Increased secretion of thyroid hormone.
Females : males = 4 : 1 , it tends to affect males more severely .
Thyroid Disorders
Word
Thyroid disorders 腺病症
Isthmus 峡部
Thyroxine 状腺素
Triiodothyronine 状腺氨酸
Parathyroid glands
List
甲状
甲 三碘甲 甲状旁
Recurrent laryngeal nerve 喉返神经
Place Blood supply Nerves supply Functions
Located in the lower neck anterior to the trachea. Two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus（峡部）
Butterfly- shaped organ 5cm long , 3cm wide ，30g The parathyroid glands（甲状旁腺）
Other disorder : Autoimmune thyroid disease
Classification: Hyperthyroidism(甲亢）, hypothyroidism（甲减）, tumours , cancer or goitre（甲状腺肿）.
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甲状腺疾病英文版 (ppt)
（优选）甲状腺疾病英文版
❖ Recurrent laryngeal nerve ❖ Hyperthyroidism ❖ Hypothyroidism ❖ Goitre ❖ Exophthalmos ❖ Tremor ❖ TSH
喉返神经 甲亢 甲减 甲状腺肿 突眼症 震颤 促甲状腺激素
❖ Affects Every Cell in the Body, necessary for normal growth and devr: A deficiency of iodine ❖ Other disorder : Autoimmune thyroid
Clinical Manifestation
Goiter Exophthalmos (突眼征） Increased metabolic rate Increased function of sympathetic
nerve (交感神经） Cardiovascular alteration
❖ The thyroid can be palpated for asymmetry (不对称） and size.
Hypothyroidism • Too Little Thyroid Hormone • Metabolism Slows Down
Hyperthyroidism
(甲状腺功能亢进）
Definition
Hyperthyroidism is an imbalance of metabolism caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone.
disease ❖ Classification: Hyperthyroidism(甲亢）,
hypothyroidism（甲减）, tumours , cancer or goitre（甲状腺肿）.
When the Thyroid Doesn’t Work
Hyperthyroidism • Too Much Thyroid Hormone • Metabolism Speeds Up
❖Butterfly- shaped organ ❖ 5cm long , 3cm wide ，30g ❖ The parathyroid glands（甲状旁腺）
lying on the dorsal side（背面） of the thyroid gland.
❖ Rich , from the superior and inferior thyroid artery.
Section 1
Anatomy/physiology of thyroid
Anatomy/physiology of thyroid
Place Blood supply Nerves supply Functions
❖Located in the lower neck anterior to the trachea. Two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus（峡部）
❖ The nerves supplying the thyroid originate from vagus (迷走神经）, innervate the epithelial cells （上皮细胞） of the follicles（滤 泡） of the thyroid gland.
❖ One must be aware of the bilateral existence of a recurrent laryngeal nerve （喉返神经） during dissection.
❖ Artery: ❖ The arterial branches provide blood supply to
other structures in the area. The interior thyroid artery provides branches to the pharynx, trachea and esophagus . ❖ Vein: 1) The superior thyroid vein 2) The middle thyroid vein 3) The inferior thyroid vein
❖ Thyroidectomy ❖ Thyroid crisis ❖ A tracheostomy set ❖ Tetamy
甲状腺切除术 甲状腺危象 气管切开包 手足抽搐
Thyroid Gland
It is a part of the endocrine (内分泌) system, plays a major role in regulating the body's metabolism.
❖Cause: Increased secretion of thyroid hormone.
❖Females : males = 4 : 1 , it tends to affect males more severely .
❖Incidence : 20~ 40 years old group .
❖ Produces, synthesizes , stores , and secretes Two Hormones Called Thyroxine (T4) Thyronine (T3)
❖ Regulates Metabolism so Your Cells Function Properly
❖ It may enlarge 3-4 times to its normal size. It is called goitre.
Hyperthyroidism
❖As a result of increased thyroid hormone production, the client has an increased metabolic rate.
（优选）甲状腺疾病英文版
❖ Recurrent laryngeal nerve ❖ Hyperthyroidism ❖ Hypothyroidism ❖ Goitre ❖ Exophthalmos ❖ Tremor ❖ TSH
喉返神经 甲亢 甲减 甲状腺肿 突眼症 震颤 促甲状腺激素
❖ Affects Every Cell in the Body, necessary for normal growth and devr: A deficiency of iodine ❖ Other disorder : Autoimmune thyroid
Clinical Manifestation
Goiter Exophthalmos (突眼征） Increased metabolic rate Increased function of sympathetic
nerve (交感神经） Cardiovascular alteration
❖ The thyroid can be palpated for asymmetry (不对称） and size.
Hypothyroidism • Too Little Thyroid Hormone • Metabolism Slows Down
Hyperthyroidism
(甲状腺功能亢进）
Definition
Hyperthyroidism is an imbalance of metabolism caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone.
disease ❖ Classification: Hyperthyroidism(甲亢）,
hypothyroidism（甲减）, tumours , cancer or goitre（甲状腺肿）.
When the Thyroid Doesn’t Work
Hyperthyroidism • Too Much Thyroid Hormone • Metabolism Speeds Up
❖Butterfly- shaped organ ❖ 5cm long , 3cm wide ，30g ❖ The parathyroid glands（甲状旁腺）
lying on the dorsal side（背面） of the thyroid gland.
❖ Rich , from the superior and inferior thyroid artery.
Section 1
Anatomy/physiology of thyroid
Anatomy/physiology of thyroid
Place Blood supply Nerves supply Functions
❖Located in the lower neck anterior to the trachea. Two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus（峡部）
❖ The nerves supplying the thyroid originate from vagus (迷走神经）, innervate the epithelial cells （上皮细胞） of the follicles（滤 泡） of the thyroid gland.
❖ One must be aware of the bilateral existence of a recurrent laryngeal nerve （喉返神经） during dissection.
❖ Artery: ❖ The arterial branches provide blood supply to
other structures in the area. The interior thyroid artery provides branches to the pharynx, trachea and esophagus . ❖ Vein: 1) The superior thyroid vein 2) The middle thyroid vein 3) The inferior thyroid vein
❖ Thyroidectomy ❖ Thyroid crisis ❖ A tracheostomy set ❖ Tetamy
甲状腺切除术 甲状腺危象 气管切开包 手足抽搐
Thyroid Gland
It is a part of the endocrine (内分泌) system, plays a major role in regulating the body's metabolism.
❖Cause: Increased secretion of thyroid hormone.
❖Females : males = 4 : 1 , it tends to affect males more severely .
❖Incidence : 20~ 40 years old group .
❖ Produces, synthesizes , stores , and secretes Two Hormones Called Thyroxine (T4) Thyronine (T3)
❖ Regulates Metabolism so Your Cells Function Properly
❖ It may enlarge 3-4 times to its normal size. It is called goitre.
Hyperthyroidism
❖As a result of increased thyroid hormone production, the client has an increased metabolic rate.