雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第6讲讲义
雅思写作7.0课程讲义全
2010年冲刺班雅思A类写作讲义主讲：刘巍巍第一讲雅思高分写作思路总览雅思写作高分：7分或7分以上第一节的内容：1．雅思写作的整体介绍2．高分写作的要求3．解决问题的方案4．课程的总览一．雅思写作的整体介绍General Introduction听力、阅读考试之后60分钟Task 1 and Task 2A类和G类的区别：task 2 议论文task 1 A：图表作文G：书信评分：以T ask 2 为主二：高分写作的要求评分标准：Vocabulary and Sentence Structure(词汇与句子结构)Arguments, Ideas and Evidence(论证，论点和论据)Communicative Quality(交流质量)Vocabulary and Sentence Structure(词汇与句子结构)1.避免使用过于低级的单词The problem becomes worse by the poor effects we made.The problem was compounded due to the ineffective measures we had taken.They claim that sports lead to competition rather than cooperation is only an incorrect argument.The claim that sports lead to competition rather than cooperation is only a lame argument.People face violence and crimes on TV and films every day.People are bombarded by violence and crimes on TV and films every day.The kind of growth may lead to very bad results.The kind of growth may lead to dire consequences.consequence:far-reaching（深远的）, profound（深刻的）, adverse（不利的）, catastrophic（灾难的）, damaging（破坏性的）, devastating（破坏性的）, dire（可怕的）, disastrous（灾难的）, fatal（致命的）, tragic（悲惨的）, severe （严重的）,2.避免过分重复同一样的单词Mothers enjoy the same right for career advancement as fathers do.Mothers are just as entitled to career advancement as fathers.Mothers are empowered to career advancement as fathers.3.尽可能展示多变的句型定语从句：China is the largest developing country and is enjoying rapid economic growth. As a result, in the streets of major cities in China, there are thousands of vehicles of all kinds.As the largest developing country, China is enjoying rapid economic growth, the evidence of which can be seen in all major cities whose streets are teeming with thousands of vehicles of all kinds.倒装句：Young people are so impulsive and easily influenced that they are constantly tricked by advertisement in all forms of media.Impulsive and easily influenced as young people are, they are constantly tricked by advertisement in all forms of media.伴随状语：It is common now for kids to spend six and a half days in school each week because they have to sit through one extra class after another.It is common for kids to spend six and a half days in school each week, sitting through one extra class after another.设问句：Even if machine translation were able to eradicate all the language barriers between peoples, learning foreign languages still make sense.Even if machine translation were able to eradicate all the language barriers between people, would there be no point in learning foreign languages? By no means.Arguments, Ideas and Evidence(论证，论点和论据)Some people think that in order to improve the quality of education, high school students should be encouraged to evaluate and criticize their teachers, but other people maintain that such evaluation and criticism may cause loss of respect for teachers and discipline. What do you think?有人认为，为了提高教育质量，我们应该鼓励高中生对自己的老师进行评估；别的人却认为这种评估是不尊重教师、违反学校纪律的行为。
Tytope王陆雅思听力高分班讲义
生命中，不断地有人离开或进入。
于是，看见的，看不见的；记住的，遗忘了。
生命中，不断地有得到和失落。
于是，看不见的，看见了；遗忘的，记住了。
然而，看不见的，是不是就等于不存在？记住的，是不是永远不会消失？听力高分班讲义/ieltswang授课教师：王陆词汇检验生词SECTION 1 Questions 1-10Questions 1-4Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR NUMBERS for each answer.Questions 5-7Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.5. Sara requires aA. single room.B. twin room.C. triple room.6. She would prefer to live with aA. family.B. single person.C. couple.7. She would like to live in aA. flat.B. h ouse.C. studio apartment.Questions 8-10Complete the sentences below.Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.8.The ______________ will be $320.9.She needs to pay the rent by cash or cheque on a ______________ basis.10. She needs to pay her part of the ______________ bill.SECTION 2 Questions 11-20Questions 11-14Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.11. When is this year’s festival being held?A. 1-13 JanuaryB. 5-17 JanuaryC. 25-31 January12. What will the reviewer concentrate on today?A. theatreB. danceC. exhibitions13. How many circuses are there in the festival?A. oneB. twoC. several14. Where does Circus Romano perform?A. in a theatreB. in a tentC. in a stadium Questions 15-20Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.SECTION 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-25Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.21. The man wants information on courses forA. people going back to college.B. postgraduate students.C. business executives.22. The 'Study for Success' seminar lasts forA. one day.B. two days.C. three days.23. In the seminar the work on writing aims to improveA. confidence.B. speed.C. clarity.24. Reading sessions help students to readA. analytically.B. as fast as possible.C. thoroughly.25. The seminar tries toA. prepare learners physically.B. encourage interest in learning.C. develop literacy skills.Questions 26-30Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.26. A key component of the course is learning how toA. use time effectively.B. stay healthy.C. select appropriate materials.27. Students who want to do the 'Study for Success' seminar shouldA. register with the Faculty Office.B. contact their Course Convenor.C. reserve a place in advance.28. The 'Learning Skills for University Study" course takes place onA. Monday, Wednesday and Friday.B. Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday.C. Monday, Thursday and Friday.29. A feature of this course isA. a physical training component.B. advice on coping with stress.C. a detailed weekly planner.30 . The man chooses the 'Study for Success' seminar becauseA. he is over forty.B. he wants to start at the beginning.C. he seeks to revise his skills.SECTION 4 Questions 31-40Questions 31 and 32Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Questions 33-37Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Question 38Choose TWO letters A-G.Which TWO facilities did the students request in the new Union building?A. a libraryB. a games roomC. a student health centreD. a mini fitness centreE. a large swimming poolF. a travel agencyG. a lecture theatreQuestion 39Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.Which argument was used AGAINST having a drama theatre?A. It would be expensive and no students would use it.B. It would be a poor use of resources because only a minority would use it.C. It could not accommodate large productions of plays.Question 40Choose TWO letters A-E.Which TWO security measures have been requested?A. closed-circuit TVB. show Union Card on entering the buildingC. show Union Card when askedD. spot searches of bagsE. permanent Security Office on siteSECTION 4I hope that this first session, which I’ve called An Introduction to British Agriculture, will providea helpful background to the farm visits you’ll be doing next week.I think I should start by emphasizing that agriculture still accounts for a very important part of this country’s economy. We are used to hearing the UK’s society and economy described as being ‘industrial’ or even ‘post-industrial’, but we mustn’t let this blind us to the fact that agriculture are its supporting industries still account for around 20% of our Gross National Product.This figure is especially impressive, I think, when you bear in mind how very small a percentage of the UK workforce is employed in agriculture. This is not a recent development – you would have to go back to 1750 or so to find a majority of the workforce in this Country working in agriculture. By the middle of the next century, in 1850 that is, it had fallen sharply to 10%, and then to 3% by the middle of the twentieth century.And now just 2% of the workforce contribute 20% of GNP. How is this efficiency achieved? Well, my own view is that it owes a great deal to a history, over the last 50 or 60 years, of intelligent support by the state, mainly taking the form of helping farmers to plan ahead. Then the two other factors I should mention, both very important, are the high level of training amongst the agricultural workforce. And secondly, the recognition by farmers of the value of investing in technology.Now, although the UK is a fairly small country, the geology and climate vary a good deal from region to region. For our purposes today we can divide the country broadly into three –I’ve marked them on the map here (indicates map).The region you’ll get to know best, of course, is the north, where we are at present. The land here is generally hilly, and the soils thin. The climate up here, and you’ve already had evidence of this, is generally cool and wet. As you will see next week, the typical farm here in the North is a small, family-run concern, producing mainly wool and timber for the market.If we contrast that with the Eastern region, over here, the east is flatter and more low-lying, with fertile soils and a mixed climate. Average farm-size is much bigger in the east, and farms are likely to be managed strictly on commercial lines. As for crops, well, the east is the UK’s great cereal-producing region. However, increasingly significant areas are now also given over to high quality vegetables for supply direct to the supermarkets.The third broad region is the west, where it’s a different story again. The climate is warmer than in the north and much wetter than in the east. The resulting rich soils in the west provide excellent pasture, and the farms there are quite large, typically around 800 hectares. The main products are milk, cheese and meat.So, clearly, there are marked differences between regions. But this does not prevent quite a strong sense of solidarity amongst the farming community as a whole, right across the country. This solidarity comes in part from the need to present a united front in dealing with other powerful interest-groups, such as government or the media. It also owes something to the close co-operation between all the agricultural training colleges, through which the great majority of farmers pass at the beginning of their careers. And a third factor making for solidarity is the national structure of the Farmers’ Union, of which virtu ally all farmers are members.Finally in this short talk, I would like to say a little about the challenges facing farmers in the next …场景机经图书馆I got the grade of (A plus) in my previous studies.Dina didn‟t attend the lecture because (It was cancelled )Dina advised against? a book by JespersonOnce entering the library, you need to register your name and （departmental/parental address）Students may make use of recall system and（a pink slip）（注：这里pink slip 指代书板）if you want to hand books or make inquiries, you may go to the （information desk）Students will be fined 违反规定需要罚款（25 pence）if they violate the rules.用图书馆的目的make （summaries）（另有答案填：essay plans / advice to essay）写essay 要列出（documents）documental …..exchange draft and （get/give feedbacks）（王陆提醒大家注意复数形式）录制录像21. People include : ……, ………, and ( students)22.Title: （A College Tour）23. 分工：（designer & writer）24. 下一次讨论的时间：Thursday25-26. 拍摄内容：（city overhead view）城市鸟瞰, （college close-up）校园特写27．Interviewee（采访对象）: （teacher）28—30.选择：为什么采访普通教师不采访校长？28.第一个原因是选：C hard to approach （注意：校长难以接近）29.第二个是因为季节关系，影响作品质量,选：C quality30.第三个是想做成何种形式？选：B clear & informative （知识性的）学习The importance of study is not in exams; the most important is to:21.（enjoy your courses）22.（learn well）23. 考试之前要做好plan，需提前（6 weeks）24. 还要revision 要求：（immediately and regularly）25. 制定plan 要考虑到emergencies 和（breaks）的时间26. 若24 小时不复习，那所学的东西将忘记（80%）（数字先有个学生大概说了60%，是陷阱，后来老师说是80%）27-28 cramming the test (填鸭式的复习)的坏处是造成：27. (added panic)和28. (lack of sleep)29 科技课程中还包括：(biology) 新题目是：Review topic and decide on (order/priority)30 持续学习多久人就会累？(75 minutes)Section 321—24) Gap Filling:21. Occupation (cashier)22. How much to spend per week shopping (50 pounds),23. Where often go（big department store）24. What is difficult to buy (jeans)25—27)是一个圆形图, 反映消费的三种方式：25. 50%的人每月消费(45镑)26. 15%的人每月花(75镑)25. 35%的人每月花(20镑)28—30)填空：28.29.30.集体反映什么最难买（books, sportswear, trousers）Section 321--22选择题（三选一）:21.来自9.7王陆老师03101的回忆：Kira chose the course because she 选：Bpleted her course in her home countryB.took 2-year course in her home countryC.wanted to study it原来的V29原题为：21. In her country Kira had: 选：BA.found her course difficultB.done 2 years for a courseC．complete a course22. 来自9.7王陆老师03101的回忆：In order to be successful in her study, Kira should 选CA. write fasterB. read fasterC.change her way of thinking (critical)原来的V29原题为：22. To succeed with assignment Kira had to: 选：AA. chang her way of thinking (这次王陆老师给大家统一了答案：)B. read fasterC.write faster23—25）填空完成句子题：Kira says that lectures are easier to 23. (approach) than in her home country.Paul suggest that Kira may be more 24. (familiar) than when she was studying before.Kira says that students want to discuss things that 25.(interest) them very much.26—30) 简答题（NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS）：26. How did the students do their practical session?（与王陆老师的回忆一致）( in small groups)27. In the second semester how often did Kira work in a hospital? （every second day）28. How much full-time work did Kira do during the year? (2 weeks )29. Having completed the year, what did Kira feel? （much more confident）30. In addition to the language, what do overseas students need to?（the education system）Section 3全是选择题21. Where have three students been to? 选：A the same lectureA the same lectureB the different lecturesC Coffee22. What is Jane‟s problem ? 选：want to write down too much(Jane's difficulty to take down everything is Jane always attempts to write down too many things)23. Ian has the same problem？: 选borrow notes from his friends(Ian 也不行Ian always borrows other's notes /borrows notes from friends)24. Sally 是记笔记高手所以Ian问她对用recorder把lecture 的内容录下来回去再听整理笔记有何看法recording tape is？选：waste of time25. 接着她开始介绍经验要用活页本, 不能像Jane 那样, 而Jane用什么记笔记? 选B. spiral notebook26. 回去以后她会立即复习选：C.review promptly27. Sally说同时要taking headings, to help to review便于复习考试28. According to Ian, how can he emphasize? 选: repetition29. Where to take notes?选: margin or overhead30. Sally说要用abbreviationSally said that选: abbreviation is the best way to space out for saving timeSection 321-- 23）填空题：21. （Teacher）22. Students have （5）minutes to ask questions.23. The presentation won‟t be（assessed）24—27）搭配题Matching：A. 肯定will do in presentationB. 可能may do in presentationC. 不会will not do in presentation24. Geographic Location ――A.25. Economics――B.26. Education History－－A.27. Language――C.28—30）图表题Table：3选1：21. Hiroko说那个topic他上次已作过一次presentation,显然选: He was not nervous about it.22. Spiro说其他人很奇怪, they just read out their notes,没新意. 她的作法应该是比他们要interesting一点，选: interesting23. What did Hiroko feel about his presentation? 选：BA. he is not confident (显然不对，他已有经验了，He was not nervous)B. he is unsatisfied(原文说“he feels no sense of satisfaction.”)C. he feels no sense of relief.24. What did Spiro feel about her presentation? 文中说其他人热烈讨论把她甩在一边.选：C. She found others know each other well. (她跟其他人不熟，所以她很难介入discussion。
精讲精练新概念讲义Lesson 6 Smash-and-grab(教师版)
精讲精练新概念讲义Lesson 6 Smash-and-Grab（教师版）一、词汇单选题1. 〖03上海春〗The collapse of the World Trade Centre has put US economy in a difficult __ .A.occasionB.caseC.situationD.background注：课文中出现重点词汇background, 但此处正确答案为situation2.〖09海南〗Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to _____them too hard.A. drawB. strikeC. rushD. Push注：课文中出现重点词汇strike, 但此处正确答案为push3.〖04全国Ⅲ〗People may have different opinions about Karen，but I admire her. _____，she isA.After allB.As a resultC.In other wordsD.As usual注：课文中出现重点词汇admire，在题干中决定正确答案。
此处正确答案为A4.（10天津卷1）. He telephoned the travel agency to_______ three air tickets to London.A. orderB. arrangeC. takeD. book注：课文中出现重点词汇arrange，此处正确答案为book5.【2013天津】I had hoped to take a holiday this year but I wasn’t able to______.A. get awayB. drop inC. check outD. hold on6.【2012山东卷】27. He smiled politely ______ Mary apologized for her drunken friends.A.. asB. ifC. unlessD. though二、语法单选注：本文语法重点：1.With引导独立主格结构作伴随状语成分...when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.2 并列复合句Just as it was leaving, Mr Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it was impossible to stop the thieves. Just as 引导一个时间状语从句表伴随，后面but 又引导一个结果状语从句。
2011雅思考试资料大全
2011雅思考试资料大全雅思真题系列：Cambridge IELTS 7 PDF eBook Download[剑桥雅思7PDF电子书](国外原版)剑桥雅思7[Cambridge ielts 7]全真试题原版解析下载_PDFCambridge IELTS 1-6 剑桥雅思全真试题集第1－6册(网络唯一高清完整版)下载集合Cambridge IELTS 2 剑桥雅思全真试题集第2册（文本+MP3）【完整版，可打印】下载Cambridge IELTS 3 剑桥雅思全真试题集第3册（文本+MP3）【完整版，可打印】下载Cambridge IELTS 4 剑桥雅思全真试题集第4册（文本+MP3）【完整版，可打印】下载Cambridge IELTS 5 剑桥雅思全真试题集第5册（文本+MP3）【完整版，可打印】下载Cambridge IELTS 6 剑桥雅思全真试题集第6册（文本+MP3）【完整版，可打印】下载《剑桥雅思1-6》(Cambridge IELTS 1-6)（教材PDF＋配套听力MP3）(网络收录）《剑桥雅思考试全真试题集4精讲》电子书下载——新东方版本的剑4解析《剑桥雅思考试全真试题集5精讲》电子书下载——新东方版本的剑5解析《剑桥雅思考试全真试题集6精讲》电子书下载——新东方版本的剑6解析2009年雅思听说读写大盘点（含2010年预测及部分范例）胡敏：《剑桥雅思真题全解345》PDF环球雅思：《剑桥雅思全真试题最新解析345》PDF模拟冲刺：从外国网站下的IELTS模拟题（PDF+MP3+答案）雅思模拟试题IELTS SimutationNew Prepare for IELTS General Training Moduals《最新移民类雅思考试训练》09年《雅思真题题源综合测试》（冲刺版）PDF+MP3剑桥雅思考前冲刺Action Plan For IELTS文本及听力（学术卷）英文版剑桥雅思考前冲刺Cambridge Action Plan for IELTS雅思教材：Oxford: IELTS Master class Student's BookOxford: IELTS Master class Teacher's BookIELTS-Practice-Tests-Plus[文本+MP3]下载IELTS Practice Test Plus 2 PDF+AudioIELTS Express Upper Intermediate《捷进雅思高级教程》众多考试机构推荐原版雅思教材--Achieve_IELTS_2 Student book文本及听力下载众多考试机构推荐原版雅思教材--Achieve_IELTS_2 Teacher's Book下载众多考试机构推荐原版雅思教材--Achieve_IELTS_2 Work Book文本及听力下载《捷进雅思高级教程练习册》IELTS Express Upper-intermediate Workbook《捷进雅思高级教程教师用书》IELTS Express Upper Intermediate Teacher's_Guide《捷进雅思高级教程练习册》IELTS Express Upper-intermediate Workbook MP3下载《剑桥雅思高分突破中级》Objective IELTS Intermediate Student's Book with Audio《剑桥雅思高分突破中级》教师用书Objective IELTS Intermediate Workbook with Answers《剑桥雅思高分突破中级》练习册Insight into IELTS Extra with Answers升级版《剑桥雅思考试题型透析2》文本+MP3Insight-into-IELTS-Exra-with-Answers《剑桥雅思考试题型透析1》[文本+MP3]下载剑桥Insight into IELTS 1 PDF+MP3New Insight into IELTS Student's book剑桥《最新雅思考试题型透析》IELTS Secrets - Your Key To IELTS SuccessIELTS Foundation Student's Book 《雅思基础课程学生用书》Focus on Academic Skills for IELTS Student's book with Audio《剑桥雅思速成教材》Instant IELTS PDF+MP3《雅思常见错误分析》Common Mistakes at IELTS Intermadiat: How to Avoid（国外原版教材）Objective IELTS Intermediate Student's Book with CD ROM原版教材扫描IELTS_Practice_Tests PDFBarron's How to Prepare for the IELTSCambridge New IELTS test Including Recording Script and Answer Key牛津大学雅思考试教材朗文Longman IELTS Practice-文本+MP3101.Helpful.Hints.for.IELTS.(with.audio)软件：Adams&Austen Press Free IELTS Exercises雅思词汇：十天内词汇量突破20000_PDF版主题：雅思词汇汇总: IELTS高频词汇【词汇书】上班也能考雅思PDF版本读幽默故事学雅思单词(共六册18个压缩包)英语词源手册完整版【13个压缩包】英语正误详解词典大陆绝版-台湾蒋志榆编写的《躺着就能学语法》Longman: Grammar.And.Vocabulary.for.Cambridge.Advanced.And.Proficiency 牛津新词词典PDF版本IELTS9分必考词汇学术类超精细完整电子版下载IELTS9分必考词汇培训类超精细完整电子版下载当代实用英语习语PDF王陆807词汇升级版PDF+MP3王陆词汇纵横_秀雅思口语(Master.of.Vocabulary)环球雅思.基础词汇班.白杨.14课时视频IELTS9分必考短语培训类超精细完整电子版下载英语常用短语词典王陆807词汇最新升级版MP3剑桥同义词典The Oxford Thesaurus An A-Z Dictionary of Synonyms短语字典Phrase Dictionary and Study Guides王陆807分类词汇第二版txt版下载王陆807雅思词汇精讲PDF+MP32009最新雅思AWL词汇辨析大全Check Your Vocabulary for IELTS Workbook for Students 雅思词汇真经MP3雅思口语：雅思口语备考资料下载大全一共99篇电子书下载雅思口语真经PDF下载新东方雅思口语单词MP3下载英语口语类资料合集（共580页PDF下载）新东方ielts笔记汇总（共27页WORD下载）新东方4+1网络课堂-口语思维口语Part1范文共14篇下载IELTS口语TOPIC以及答案的新鲜集锦共14篇下载新东方雅思口语特训（PDF）-附MP3雅思口语200句下载新口语范文共30篇下载雅思考官现场精彩点评考生口语【视频】【雅思口语常见单词】共13期下载口语独立题答题素材共20多页下载《雅思考试口语练习》配套MP3（胡敏雅思）雅思口语江涛：《80天攻克雅思口语》(第二版)PDF+MP3雅思口语王陆：《妙语连珠看雅思舌战》PDF英领馆雅思口语培训资料（附下载链接）雅思口语满分答题示范（附MP3下载）雅思考试当天口试部分全流程动画演示下载【雅思口语词汇】IELTS 9分口语新东方完整版PDF下载2009年新东方雅思络课程讲义口语2009年中国大陆雅思考试真题口语汇总雅思起步班教材答案打包下载剑桥雅思七口语讲解视频在线看每天3小时冲刺雅思口语分册答案及下载雅思口试答题范例-描述过去、现在、将来搞笑“牛人”雅思口试视频雅思口试现场视频（1）雅思口试现场视频（2）雅思口语模拟自测及答案《最新雅思口语胜经——联想口语法》(2008版)PDF雅思听力：2009年新东方雅思络课程讲义听力新东方雅思考试指定辅导教程基础培训之雅思听力mp3下载新东方IELTS9分必考词汇学术类mp3下载新东方IELTS9分必考短语培训类mp3下载新东方IELTS9分必考短语学术类mp3下载新东方IELTS9分必考词汇培训类mp3下载雅思机经题源大全听力分册雅思考试命题研究组之雅思听力30天突破mp3下载正版剑桥雅思7音频下载_Cambridge IELTS 7（非网络版）雅思命题组新书-雅思听力30天突破-链接已修复王陆攻克雅思28天黄金法则——点式听力法IELTS 9分听力新东方PDF完整版附MP3下载《ielts考试技能训练教程听力mp3+模拟训练》listening strategies for the ielts testielts target band 7雅思7分突破pdf下载80天攻克雅思听力1-12音频下载Cambridge Vocabulary for IELTS《剑桥雅思词汇》（2008年5月国外最新）雅思写作7+范文完整版PDF下载雅思口语五步制胜完整版PDF附MP3下载雅思口语900句完整版附MP3下载攻克雅思28天黄金法则创维式口语法完整版PDF下载IELTS 9分模考新东方完整版PDF下载雅思口语五步制胜-颜炜完整版PDF下载雅思听力机经精讲班音频附讲义下载雅思阅读：《雅思机经大全阅读科学分册》 PDF版下载《雅思机经大全阅读人文分册》 PDF版下载《剑桥雅思7》解析汇总贴 (大家网版) A类解析完毕雅思阅读配对题目（Matching）攻克帖子集中营刘洪波：《雅思阅读真经1&2精编版》PDF雅思阅读真经2-刘洪波刘洪波：《雅思阅读真经3》PDF《雅思阅读真经》难题解析PDF下载张岳：《最新雅思阅读胜经——平行阅读法》(2008版)PDF 胡敏雅思教材第5代：《全新版雅思考试阅读理解》PDF刘洪波：《雅思阅读经典教程》PDF祁连山：剑桥雅思阅读超高频词汇（最终版）吴建业：《雅思阅读词汇小伴侣》(第2版)PDF新东方学术类阅读理解（强化培训类）word版杨凡雅思阅读高分-长难句破解密码杨凡：《雅思真题详解丛书之阅读》PDF新东方雅思阅读讲义IELTS 9分阅读新东方PDF完整版下载2009年新东方雅思络课程讲义阅读北京新航道2008教材：《雅思扩充词汇阅读(基础版)》PDF 尹小音环球雅思阅读课程文本加录音下载祁连山讲解剑6 音频余波《雅思阅读备考策略与强化训练》新东方雅思阅读基础课程课件陈好老师余波老师整理，雅思阅读基础强化资料：剑七解析汇总PDF下载雅思写作：慎小嶷全真版本写作训练班专用教材雅思真题写作班精讲班慎小寲视频下载杨凡：《雅思真题详解丛书之写作》PDF齐辙：《雅思高分万能作文精讲》下载齐辙：《雅思考前最后一本书——写作》PDF江涛：《80天攻克雅思写作》(第二版)PDF《雅思8分万能作文》网上唯一完全版PDF下载颜炜精讲雅思组合式作文杨凡：《最新雅思写作胜经——模板作文法》(2008版)PDF 北京新航道教材：《雅思写作(基础版)》PDF新东方雅思写作套路剖析与范例大全分享暑期整理的雅思写作材料(PDF版)《雅思8分万能作文》网上唯一完全版PDF下载刘洪波：《雅思写作经典教程》PDF刘洪波：《雅思写作真经》PDF原版Just Reading and Writing《英文阅读写作训练》环球国际英语学校全真版本写作训练班专用教材【下载】新东方大愚英语学习丛书--《剑桥雅思常见错误透析》PDF吴建业：《雅思写作词汇小伴侣》(第2版)PDF孙肇春雅思8分作文解决方案IELTS考试技能训练教程写作大家网重磅推出：雅思125篇不同话题大作文范文2009年新东方雅思络课程讲义写作精彩IELTS写作200篇点评雅思2005-2008写作分析总结2009年3月5日雅思写作真题Task 2 满分范文李响-IELTS考前最后一本书语法及其他：IELTS Grammar Exercises PDF剑桥大学出版的语法书《剑桥雅思语法》Cambridge Grammar for IELTS Student's Book with Audio 一位IELTS7.5的网友奉献的所有资料～网友整理的雅思资料-超全！1.2G本主题由 culturecatcher 于 2010-10-22 11:22 置顶（2007年8月发表）1. 剑桥1—4:雅思考试官方指定用书, 复习雅思的必备工具哟.并且配合剑桥系列中的第4本还出了一本剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析4精讲2. 国际雅思写作真题题源(上、下册)在本书中的上册只要介绍的是图表作文(WRITING TASK1),而下册则是介绍(WRITING TASK2)。
雅思阅读讲义ppt课件
阅读的词汇量要求最大，熟 练度较低
3
雅思阅读考试与题型分析
听力结束后开始，1小时时间 阅读量：3篇文章，共2000-2750词 文章来源：报纸，书籍，杂志，学术期刊。至少一篇议论文 假设口语速度为125 Words/分钟，仅仅看完以上3篇文章就需要20
分钟+，所以没有必要把文章读完再做题。
雅思阅读—模板法
Lesson 1 简介
1
目录
雅思阅读考试与题型分析 试题拆解与攻略 试题常见陷阱与分析2雅思阅读考试与题型分析
新航道雅思 剑桥6阅读题目讲解
剑桥雅思6阅读试题重点讲解TEST ONEReading Passage 1 Australia’s Sporting Success平行的顺序：1-7题单独看8 (C段) 9, 10 (D段) 11 (F段) 12 (E段) 13 (F段)颜老师重点点评:1.1-7题都比较好定位2.第6题里的funded对应A段里的underpin和finance3.第3题主要是通过看它和B段后半部分的对应，这里可能会误选C4.第8题要把camera看成前面所说的SWAN的一部分，所以为澳洲独有Reading Passage 2 Delivering the Goods平行的顺序：14-17单独看18(A段) 19(B段) 20(C段) 21(D段) 22(E段)23(从全文来看) 24(E段) 25(G段) 26(I段)颜老师重点点评:1.14-17题都比较好定位2.第22题NG的判断来源是E段3.23-26题要通过篇章中关键词在原文里的定位，如24题component和25题bulk cargo;4.26题定位在I段，这里可以采取排除法，fares没有tariff概括全面Reading Passage 3 Climate Change and the Inuit平行的顺序：27-32单独看33(C段L3) 34 35(C段L5) 36(C段倒数L2) 37(D段L2) 38(D段L4)39(D段L5) 40(D段倒数L2)颜老师重点点评:1.27-32题都比较好定位，干扰项也比较简单2.33-40题也要把握篇章里已经给出的信息的提示3.33题impossible对应原文out of the question4.40题因为后面讲的是expensive, 所以这里应该定位到原文里的$7,000,用importedTEST TWOReading Passage 1 Advantages of Public Transport平行的顺序：1－5 (单独平行，有明显提示)6 7(第1段) 11 8(第2段) 9 (第3段) 10 (第5段) 12 (第6段)13 (第A段)颜老师重点点评:该文1－5平行得非常清楚，6－10题出现得也非常集中，要善于把握; 11－13题原文分隔较远，但是地名定位非常明确；1.第3题干扰项可能为VIII，但是相比IV明确提到incomes的问题则逊色；2.第8题选择NG是老技巧概念(tram network)重现而关系(dangerous)不重现；3.11－13题配对干扰项很弱，答案较唯一，但注意11题里讲Perth拥有minimaltransport是说其不好Reading Passage 2 Greying Population Stays in the Pink平行的顺序：14(第1段) 15 (第2段) 16(第3段) 17 18(第4段) 19(第5段) 20(第6段) 21 22(第7段)23(第8段) 24(第9段) 25(第10段) 26(第11段)颜老师重点点评:该文实在算是大礼！！！平行不需要，定位也很明显，期望你在此文抢分！1.第17题可能会选C，但严格根据原文还是M-medicine更符合Reading Passage 3 Numeration平行的顺序：32 27 (第2段) 33 28 34 (第3段) 35 36 29 37(第4段) 38 30 (第5段) 39 31(第6段) 40 31(第7段)颜老师重点点评:该篇27－31题可以算是第2－7段的概括，而32－40都是细节题；虽然该篇题材有些深奥，但是总体上每题定位都很明确，27－31的干扰项也很弱；1.第27题对应第2段倒数第4行，尤其是题目里的necessary对应原文的paramount (very important之意)；2.第28题对应第3段倒数第1－3行，hand signal对应第4行的gestures;3.第29题对应第4段最后，尤其是civil role是witness in court的意译；4.第30题对应第5段全段到最后to arithmetic;5.第31题可以和第39题的解答互相提醒；6.36和40题的NG答案都符合概念重现而关系不重现；TEST THREEReading Passage 1平行的顺序：1－5 (单独平行，有明显提示)6 7 10 (C段) 11(D段) 8(E段) 12(H段) 9 (I段)13 (全文)颜老师重点点评:该文1－5平行得非常清楚，所有题目的定位也非常明确；4.第4题干扰项可能为F段，但是相比E段明确提及cultures则逊色；5.第7题注意原文只是说某人的观点，所以为NG；6.第8题选择NG是考察E段的整体含义，并无biased之义；7.第10题可以和第6题互相促进Reading Passage 2 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions平行的顺序：14-18 (单独平行)19(THE CHALLENGE第1段) 20 21 (KEY POINT ONE) 22 25 (KEY POINT TWO) 23(KEY POINT THREE) 24(KEY POINT FIVE) 26 27(KEY POINT SIX)颜老师重点点评:把握小标题！该文关于人力资源管理，术语简单但是关系复杂，一定要把题目里的名词定位准确，而14-18及25-27题里的干扰项作用都很弱；2.第16，17，18题都谈到了reward的问题，FOUR的主题句在第2句(personalize对应选项里的match)，FIVE和SIX的都在第1句(contingent对应选项里的link;transparent对应选项里的fair);3.第21题题目里的teamwork和原文里的independent矛盾，故选N；4.第23题属于概念重现但是关系不重现，故选NG;5.第25题的定位在POINT TWO而不是ONE，这里主要抓原文里的internallymotivated和B选项里的external对应；Reading Passage 3 The Search for the Anti-aging Pill平行的顺序：28 29(第1段) 30 31 (第2段) 32 (第3段)34 36 33 35 (第6段) 37 (第5段)38 39 40(第8段)颜老师重点点评:该篇平行上没有任何难度，像做听力一样，所以虽然题材深奥，但也算是题目送出的大礼了，特别是38-40题，定位准确后解决起来则没有任何难度；7.第31题选择NG有通过第30和32题‘两边夹’的意味；8.第35题的答案对应的是第6段倒数第4行的however, 所以选择neither; TEST FOURReading Passage 1 Doctoring Sales平行的顺序：1－7 (单独平行，有明显提示)8(B段) 9 (C段) 10(D段) 11(E段) 12(F段) 13(G段)颜老师重点点评:该文平行的压力几乎没有，希望你珍惜，1-7题备选项都写得概括，有些存在干扰项，可以先试验性地解答8.第1题干扰项可能为ii，但是这里明显是在举例；9.第3题主要是通过该段最后一句得出10.第12题选择NG是考察drug samples的概念重现，关系不重现；Reading Passage 2 Do literate women make better mothers?平行的顺序：14-18 (Summary单独平行) 15(第1段) 17 18(第2段) 14(第3段) 16(第4段)19(第4段) 20(第5段) 21 23(第5,6段) 22 24(第6段) 26(第8段) 27(第9段)颜老师重点点评:该文平行开始有一定难度，但是在看到第5段起一定要能把14-18题限定在前4段，而这里干扰项都不算难；而25-26的平行还是比较明显的；另20-24集中在第6段，一定要能看清楚实验的不同对象，这些不同对象的特征，以及实验前后不同对象的变化；6.第14题对应第3段里的adults;7.第15和18题都可以猜，maternal指母亲方面的；8.第17题的定位可以借鉴题目里给出的attitude to children；9.第19题对应第4段，原文只是提到总数3,00, 所以局部1,000属于NG;10.第23题里的woman是84，虽然进步了但还是比5段里提到的80高，所以选N;11.第24题对应第6段最后一句，这里只有比较，所以表示程度的severely属于NG；malnutrition是mal(不好的，坏的)作前缀Reading Passage 3平行的顺序：27-30 (单独平行) 40 (单独平行)31 (A段) 32 (B段) 33 (C段) 34 (D段)35 (E1段1行) 36(E1段2行) 37 (E2段2行) 38 (E3段2行) 39 (E4段2行)颜老师重点点评:该篇平行上没有任何难度，像做听力一样，F段不需要看，而且题材也不深奥，干扰项也不太难，真算是题目送出的大礼了！！！9.第27-30题没有任何干扰项影响！！10.第31题可能对A段最后一个生词有疑惑，但是还是要判断出B选项最明显；recalcitrant这里和difficult同义；11.第33题C选项对应C段第一句话里的knowledge和help;12.第35题定位时候注意题目里produce对应原文develop;13.第36题定位时候注意题目里detailed对应原文explicit;14.第37题定位时候注意题目前面的through以及后面的useful;15.第38题定位时候注意题目后面的trained对应原文里的training;16.第39题定位时候注意题目里的recognize对应原文distinguish, 分辨;17.第40题选出来不难，这里前半部分crisis management对应A-D段，prevention对应E；G TEST ONE15-21注意可以多次使用选项16. 可能会误选A，但是注意A说的是学生来自不同的国家，而不是学校本身在这些国家有分校17. 对应every second yearReading Passage The Water Crisis平行的顺序：28-34单独平行35(A段第2行) 36(A段倒数第3行) 37(C段第2行) 38(E段第1行)39(F段第2行) 40(G段倒数第2行)颜老师重点点评:该文平行没有任何难度，尤其是摘要方面，十分分散，定位好第35题后即非常流畅，一定要加以利用；同时标题选择干扰项也不算多；12.第28题，A段全文没有明显主题句，主要这里要把握demand;13.第30题, C段主题句是第一句，这选项里some指的就是国家；14.第35题要注意把握全部摘要定位的开始，所以rising dramatically对应原文的upward trend,该题本身定位可以考虑people和increasingly对应原文citizens 和more;15.第36题题干里的global对应原文里的world;16.第37题题干里的recycling对应原文里的recycling;17.第38题定位比较遥远，主要是题干后面的used water对应原文里的used water;18.第39题题干里的environmental对应原文里的environment;19.第40题可能会误写agricultural yield, 但是题干里后面说的是suffered by manycountries, 所以要注意搭配，应该从原文后面找，故写water deficit, 这里主要是题干里的worsen和原文里的add to对应.G TEST TWO5. hotel对应G选项里的hospitality, 这里说的permanent实际上主要是为了和J选项里的casual区分12. 答案为T，因为学生们在半小时之上就可以了，题干里的45分钟属于半小时之上；15. 选项里的prioritize是个很好的词，是priority的动词形式，即:使…优先；这里选项是section B内容的最好概括；25. acknowledge, 承认；对应H段里的plagiarize为剽窃之意Reading Passage PTEROSAURS平行的顺序：28-34单独平行36 37(D段) 39(E段) 35(G段) 40(H段) 38(I段)颜老师重点点评:该文平行没有任何难度，35-40题的定位和解答都非常容易，问题主要在28-34的倒标题选择上，需要把握速读( 尤其是C, F,G段)，暂时的放弃和试验性的解答；20.第29题题干的意思是“被确认实际称为ptersaur的该种生物的鉴定”，这里creature和pterosaur之间省略了that/which；D段主要说的就是petersaur的命名过程，所以符合答案；21.第30题的干扰项可能是C段，但是F段更加明显地突出了conflicting theories的意思，比如第1句里的disagreement和中部的the competing argument; C段虽然也有controversy的说法，但是C段其实只说明了1种，即现在的观点，起的是和B段contrast的作用，所以C段不存在conflicting的问题；22.第34题的干扰项也可能是C，但是这里G段拥有更concrete的evidence, 而C段说的还主要是believe的情况;。
刘洪波-雅思阅读真经(YY)
III. How to understand more “天下间的所有阅读考题只有一种命题方式，无论雅思托福、 四六级考研、GRE、GMAT。”
III. How to understand more
《剑桥雅思7》第25页第21题。 文章标题：Make every drop count 题型：TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN
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V. Hot Topics 12/01/12 雪崩 Avalanche 12/09/06 吉尔伯特 和磁场 Magnetism
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12/02/04 奥运火炬 Olympic Torch
12/03/08 飓风 Hurricane
题目：Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation system.
原文：Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food.
各种跟风
直接抄袭
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II. How to read faster 1. 物理疗法 NO SOUND
雅思6分听力讲义
雅思听力讲义雅思听力整体介绍•出题形式•测试能力•应试策略•备考技巧出题形式▪4道大题，每道大题由10个小题构成▫1: 日常生活对话▫2: 日常生活独白▫3：学术场景讨论▫4：学术场景授课▪问题排列顺序和听力材料保持一致▪考试时间为30分钟，外加10分钟誊抄答案考察题型▪题型一：填表/记笔记/流程图/总结▪题型二：选择题▪题型三：填空题▪题型四：完成句子▪题型五：图表地图题▪题型六：分类▪题型七：配对（6分课程重点讲述的部分：题型一、二、五、七）分数换算BAND SCORE(分数) RAW SCORE OUT OF 40 (正确题目数量)5 166 237 308 35（6分备考的整体思路：以第1，2大题作为主攻方向，保证高正确率。
对第3，4大题中相对简单的题目力争做对）题型一：填表/记笔记/流程图/总结听前准备▪空内答案预测▪空前（后）信号词定位▪原则：▫特殊词：数字/地名/人名/产品名▫ 黑体或斜体字 ▫ 上下文中同类词 ▫ 空内词性判断 ▫ 左侧优先例题：剑4第1卷第1题例题：剑4第3套第1题听力进行中的解题策略▪ 利用听前预测进行有效定位 ▪ 识别特殊语音现象： ▪ 语速突然变慢 ▪ 声音提高 ▪ 停顿▪ 对于section 1的专门技巧：迅速判断对话中谁是信息提供方，答案绝大多数在信息提供方中，询问方往往释放干扰信息▪ 对于信息提供方干扰信息的排除原则：两个都记，誊抄答案时根据题目要求选择 例题：剑4第1卷第1题NOTES ON SOCIAL PROGRAMME Example Answer Number of trips per month: 5 Visit places which have: ● historical interest ● good 1…………………… ● 2……………………Cost: between ￡ and ￡ per personNote: special trips organised for groups of 3……… peop le Time: departure - . return - .To reserve a seat: sign name on the 4……… 3 days in advance1. 空前historical interest2. 小圆点3. 第一空内应该是名词4. 第二空形式应该是形容词+名词5. 第三空为数字，空前为special trips6. 第四空为名词,空前为reserve a seatAccommodation Request FormExample Answer Name: Sara Lim… Age: 23 Length of time in Australia: 1…………Present address: Flat 1, 539, 2……Road Canterbury 2036 Present course: 3 ………… English Accommodation required from: 4………… 7th September1. 第一空空前为Australia, 空内为时间2. 空前为address ，空内为路名（特殊名词）3. 空前为course, 空内为形容词4. 空前为accommodation 空内为时间NOTES ON SOCIAL PROGRAMMEExample Answer Number of trips per month: 5 Visit places which have: ● historical interest ● good 1………… ● 2………… Cost: between ￡ and ￡ per person • Shopping ：注意拼写和英式发音，出题的信号是语速变慢 • Guided tours ：注意复数形式、英式发音、guide 的过去式的读音；出题信号是and • 12：出题信号是special对于特殊语音现象识别的训练▪ 请对照文本跟读听力原文3遍，注意讲话者的语速变化、音调变化和停顿。
环球雅思-三口全部讲义1-20
英语口译三级精讲班第1讲讲义一、背景1、翻译资格考试从2003年12月底开始实施的全国翻译资格（水平）考试（CATTI），英文叫China Aptitude Test for Translators and Interpreters，缩写叫CATTI。
是由国家人事部委托中国外文局负责实施与管理的一个面向全国的翻译专业资格考试，分为7个语种4个等级（资深翻译与一级、二级、三级口译、笔译翻译）进行，不对报名者的学历、资历、职业做出限定，强调"以能力标准为核心"的翻译资格标准。
翻译专业资格考试,最重要的特点就是翻译资格认证的权威性。
此外，全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试独特之处是深化职称改革。
过去获得职称必须通过评审，现在，如果通过全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试三级笔译或口译考试，就可以申请获得助理翻译职称。
助理翻译是翻译专业系列初级职称。
通过了二级笔译或口译考试，也可以申请翻译职称。
翻译职称是翻译专业系列中级职称。
全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试的设立，旨在将来和一些得到国际公认的翻译考试资格认证的发达国家，进行资格的互相承认，比如英国、澳大利亚等英语国家都已经有了自己的翻译资格认证。
到那个时候我们的翻译资格考试证书就成为了一个“国际驾照”。
全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试三级口译的基本要求是掌握5000个以上英语词汇，初步了解中国和英语国家的文化背景知识，能胜任一般场合的交替传译。
2、英语口译实务3级考试英语口译实务3级考试含对话英汉互译（20%）、语篇英汉交替传译（40%，约500-650个单词）和语篇汉英交替传译（40%，约300-400个单词）。
考试时间为30分钟。
3、英语口译实务3级课程为了帮助大家提高口译实战的能力及备考的能力，我们开设这门3级“口译实务”课程。
本课程一共16个单元，内容按照3级考试的题型分为对话英汉互译和语篇英汉互译。
每个单元围绕一个主题展开，第一个主题就是“礼仪祝词”。
剑桥雅思阅读6（test3）原文翻译答案
剑桥雅思阅读6(test3)原文翻译答案雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读6test6原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。
剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.C One of the Lumiere Brothers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of genius’. ‘As the train approached,’ wrote Tarkovsky, ‘panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching amere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.’D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted — but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded — at least in film fiction —have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery —the cars, the cities, the cowboys —became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.G The ‘star’ was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalitieshave such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies.H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.I Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television —as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories — early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.J And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again —that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs, A-J.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.1 the location of the first cinema2 how cinema came to focus on stories3 the speed with which cinema has changed4 how cinema teaches us about other cultures5 the attraction of actors in filmsQuestions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this6 It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema.7 The Lumiere Brothers’ film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made.8 Cinema presents a biased view of other countries.9 Storylines were important in very early cinema.Questions 10-13Choose the correct letter, A B, C to D.Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10 The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrateA the simplicity of early films.B the impact of early films.C how short early films were.D how imaginative early films were.11 In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that itA aims to impress its audience.B tells stories better than books.C illustrates the passing of time.D describes familiar events.12 When cinema first began, people thought thatA it would always tell stories.B it should be used in fairgrounds.C its audiences were unappreciative.D its future was uncertain.13 What is the best title for this passage?A The rise of the cinema starB Cinema and novels comparedC The domination of HollywoodD The power of the big screenREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-18Reading Passage 2 contains six Key Points.Choose the correct heading for Key Points TWO to SIX from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Ensure the reward system is fairii Match rewards to individualsiii Ensure targets are realisticiv Link rewards to achievementv Encourage managers to take more responsibilityvi Recognise changes in employees’ performance over time vii Establish targets and give feedbackviii Ensure employees are suited to their jobsExample AnswerKey Point One Viii14 Key Point Two15 Key Point Three16 Key Point Four17 Key Point Five18 Key Point SixMotivating Employees underAdverse ConditionsTHE CHALLENGEIt is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one. When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose — those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing oneanother with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.KEY POINT ONEThere is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.KEY POINT TWOThe literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with theemployees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisation’s culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.KEY POINT THREERegardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management’s perceptions of the employee’s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.KEY POINT FOURSince employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.KEY POINT FIVEManagers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee’s specific goals. Consistent withmaximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone’s remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.KEY POINT SIXThe way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers’ list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.Questions 19-24Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 27?In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this19 A shrinking organization tends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees.20 It is easier to manage a small business than a large business.21 High achievers are well suited to team work.22 Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.23 The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees.24 Employees’ earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organization.Questions 25-27Look at the following groups of workers (Questions 25-27) and the list of descriptions below.Match each group with the correct description, A-E.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.25 high achievers26 clerical workers27 production workersList of DescriptionsA They judge promotion to be important.B They have less need of external goals.C They think that the quality of their work is important.D They resist goals which are imposed.E They have limited job options.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Search for the Anti-aging PillIn government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging — the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie_et nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posedthis question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction’s benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction’s many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population’s ave rage survival time, but only approaches that slow the body’s rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans — rhesus and squirrel monkeys — have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.calorie: a measure of the energy value of foodThe monkey projects demonstrate that, compared withcontrol animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation.When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and reproduction.Questions 28-32Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this28 Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old.29 There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human life.30 Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.31 Diet-related diseases are common in older people.32 In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorterliver than rats on a low-calorie diet.Questions 33-37Classify the following descriptions as relating toA caloric-restricted monkeysB control monkeysC neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeysWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.33 Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.34 Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.35 Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.36 Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.37 Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.Questions 38-40Complete the flow-chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.How a caloric-restriction mimetic worksCR mimeticLess 38..............is processedProduction of ATP is decreasedTheory 1: Theory 2:Cells less damaged by disease because Cells focus on 40..............becausefewer 39..............are emitted food is in short supply剑桥雅思阅读6原文参考译文(test3)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：A The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.A 一百多年前，在1895年12月8日，吕米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14号向100名买票人场的观众放映了他们制作的电影。
人人雅思公益讲座系列之六阅读精读是王道partIII
与雅思作文题的联系
• Some people think that students with different abilities should be taught together, while others believe students of different abilities should be taught separately.
乐雅思塾烤鸭宣言
• 我不服输 我不放弃 我不是quitter 更不 是loser 我很明白自己要什么 我捂住耳朵 向着我的目标前进 5到6 6到7 我一步一个 脚印 你也许会嘲笑我错过青春的风景 我却 明白你看得太近 我要的是更广阔天地 更真 实本领 我是雅思考生 我为自己代言。
谢谢大家！
T1
发展史
发展史
心理
T2
发明史
环境
心理
T3
发明史
心理
生理
T4
教育
环境农业 动物
剑桥雅思八精读文章列表
• T1P3 心灵感应 • T2P2 小冰川期 • T3P2 天才的本质 • T3P3 生物钟的工作原理 • T4P2 生物杀虫剂
精读如何结合机经？
• 323考试四大教育类文章
• 儿童成长中的影响因素 • 儿童的性格 • 儿童的智商 • 儿童教育
T1
人物传记 心理研究 环境保护
T2
发展史
心理研究 语言类
T3
教育类
环境类
科技类
T4
发展史
发展史
动植物
剑桥雅思五精读文章列表
• T1P2 服从测试 • T1P3 环境问题的真相 • T2P3 科技英语的诞生 • T3P1 早期教育的重要性 • T3P3 人工智能的回归
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第9讲讲义
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第9讲讲义Questions 26-32PracticeYou are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-38 which are based on Reading Passage 3.Wild Foods of AustraliaOver 120 years ago, the English botanist J. D. Hooker, writing of Australian edible plants, suggested that many of them were 'eatable but not worth eating'. Nevertheless, the Australian flora, together with the fauna, supported the Aboriginal people well before the arrival of Europeans. The Aborigines were not farmers and were wholly dependent for life on the wild products around them. They learned to eat, often after treatment, a wide variety of plants.The conquering Europeans displaced the Aborigines, killing many, driving others from their traditional tribal lands, and eventually settling many of the tribal remnants on government reserves, where flour and beef replaced nardoo and wallaby as staple foods. And so, gradually, the vast store of knowledge, accumulated over thousands of years, fell into disuse. Much was lost.However, a few European men took an intelligent and even respectful interest in the people who were being displaced. Explorers. missionaries, botanists, naturalists and government officials observed, recorded and. fortunately in some cases, published. Today we can draw on these publications to form the main basis of our knowledge of the edible, natural products of Australia. The picture is no doubt mostly incomplete. We can only speculate on the number of edible plants on which no observation was recorded.Not all our information on the subject comes from the Aborigines. Times were hard in the early days of European settlement, and traditional foods were often in short supply orimpossibly expensive for a pioneer trying to establish a farm in the bush. And so necessity led to experimentation just as it must have done for the Aborigines and experimentation led to some lucky results. So far as is known, the Aborigines made no use of Leptospermum or Dodonaea as food plants, yet the early settlers found that one could be used as a substitute for tea and the other for hops. These plants are not closely related to the species they replaced, so their use was not based on botanical observation. Probably some experiments had less happy endings; L. J. Webb has used the expression eat, die and learn in connection with the Aboriginal experimentation, but it was the successful attempts that became widely known. It is possible the edibility of some native plants used by the Aborigines was discovered independently by the European settlers or their descendants.Explorers making long expeditions found it impossible to carry sufficient food for the whole journey and were forced to rely, in part, on food that they could find on the way. Still another source of information comes from the practice in other countries. There are many species from northern Australia which occur also in southeast Asia, where they are used for food.In general, those Aborigines living in the dry inland areas were largely dependent for their vegetable foods on seed such as those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts. They ground these seeds between flat stones to make a coarse flour. Tribes on the coast, and particularly those in the vicinity of coastal rainforests, had a more varied vegetable diet with a higher proportion of fruits and tubers. Some of the coastal plants, even if they had grown inland, probably would have been unavailable as food since they required prolonged washing or soaking to render them non-poisonous; many of the inland tribes could not obtain water in the quantities necessary for such treatment. There was also considerable variation in the edible plants available to Aborigines in different latitudes. In general, the people who lived in the moist tropical areas enjoyed a much greater variety, than those in the southern part of Australia.With all the hundreds of plant species used for food by the Australian Aborigines, it is perhaps surprising that only one, the Queensland nut. has entered into commercial cultivation as a food plant. The reason for this probably does not lie with an intrinsic lack of potential in Australian flora, but rather with the lack of exploitation of this potential. In Europe and Asia, for example, the main food plants have had the benefit of many centuries of selection and hybridisation, which has led to the production of forms vastly superior to those in the wild. Before the Europeans came, the Aborigines practised no agriculture and so there was no opportunity for such improvement; either deliberate or unconscious, in the quality of the edible plants.Since 1788, there has, of course, been opportunity for selection of Australian food plants which might have led to the production of varieties that were worth cultivating. But Australian plants have probably 'missed the bus'. Food plants from other regions were already so far in advance after a long tradition of cultivation that it seemed hardly worth starting work on Australian species. Undoubtedly, the native raspberry, for example, could, with suitable selection and breeding programs, be made to yield a high-class fruit; but Australians already enjoy good raspberries from other areas of the world and unless some dedicated amateur plant breeder takes up the task, the Australian raspberries are likely to remain unimproved.And so, today, as the choice of which food plants to cultivate in Australia has been largely decided, and as there is little chance of being lost for long periods in the bush. our interest in the subject of Australian food plants tends to relate to natural history rather than to practical necessity.Questions 26-32Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3 ? In boxes 26-32 write:YES if the statement reflects the writer’s claimsNO if the statement contradicts the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage26. Most of the pre-European Aboriginal knowledge of wild foods has been recovered.27. There were few food plants unknown to pre-European Aborigines.28. Europeans learned all of what they knew of edible wild plants from Aborigines.29. Dodonaea is an example of a plant used for food by both pre-European Aborigines and European settlers.30. Some Australian food plants are botanically related to plants outside Australia.31. Pre-European Aboriginal tribes closer to the coast had access to a greater variety of food plants than tribes further inland.32. Some species of coastal food plants were also found inland.Questions 33-35Choose the appropriate letters (A-D) and write them in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.33. Wallaby meat...A was regularly eaten by Aborigines before European settlement.B was given by Aborigines in exchange for foods such as flour.C was a staple food on government reserves.D was produced on farms before European settlement.34. Experimentation with wild plants ...A depended largely on botanical observation.B was unavoidable for early settlers in all parts of Australia.C led Aborigines to adopt Leptospermum as a food plant.D sometimes had unfortunate results for Aborigines.35. Wild plant use by Aborigines …A was limited to dry regions.B was restricted to seed.C sometimes required the use of tools.D was more prevalent in the southern part of Australia.Questions 36-38Complete the partial summary below. Choose ONE or TWO words from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-38 on your answer sheet.Despite the large numbers of wild plants that could be used for food. only one, the ... (36) .... is being grown as a cash crop. Other edible plants in Australia, however, much potential they have for cultivation, had not gone through the lengthy process of ... (37) ... that would allow their exploitation, because Aborigines were not farmers. Thus species such as the ...(38) ..., which would be an agricultural success had it not bad to compete with established European varieties at the time of European settlement, are of no commercia。
剑桥雅思阅读6原文（test1）答案精讲
剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test1)答案精讲雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
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剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESSA They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one —such as building muscle strength in golfers —to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions thatdon’t hel p the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,’ says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.C A lot of their work comes down to measurement —everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvement s that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason’s con tribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer’s performance into factors that can be analysed individually — stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer.D ‘Take a look,’ says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down?‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a s econd behind the other guy,’ says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better.’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists’ research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run. There’s more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning times.’ You design the model to make that time,’ says Mason.’ A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting nation.F Of course, there’s no thing to stop other countries copying —and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ times. Now ever yone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent’, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia’s success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated6 an overview of the funded support of athletes7 how performance requirements are calculated before an eventQuestions 8-11Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states theyA are currently exclusively used by AustraliansB will be used in the future by AustraliansC are currently used by both Australians and their rivalsWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.8 cameras9 sensors10 protein tests11 altitude tentsQuestions 12 and 13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?13 By how much did some cyclists’ performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.DELIVERING THE GOODSThe vast expansion in international trade owes much to a revolution in the business of moving freightA International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. Foreign products, from meat to machinery, play a more important role in almost every economy in the world, and foreign markets now tempt businesses that never much worriedabout sales beyond their nation’s borders.B What lies behind this explosion in international commerce? The general worldwide decline in trade barriers, such as customs duties and import quotas, is surely one explanation. The economic opening of countries that have traditionally been minor players is another. But one force behind the import-export boom has passed all but unnoticed: the rapidly falling cost of getting goods to market. Theoretically, in the world of trade, shipping costs do not matter. Goods, once they have been made, are assumed to move instantly and at no cost from place to place. The real world, however, is full of frictions. Cheap labour may make Chinese clothing competitive in America, but if delays in shipment tie up working capital and cause winter coats to arrive in spring, trade may lose its advantages.C At the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufacturing were the two most important sectors almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and France, and 40-50% in America, Britain and Japan. International commerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and iron ore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel. But these sorts of products are heavy and bulky and the cost of transporting them relatively high.D Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbours. Over time, however, world output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight. Today, it is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow of trade, and, thanks to technological advances such as lightweight components, manufactured goods themselves have tended to become lighter and less bulky. As aresult, less transportation is required for every dollar’s worth of imports or exports.E To see how this influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. Most of the world’s disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible only because disk drives, while valuable, are small and light and so cost little to ship. Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. Distance therefore poses no obstacle to the globalisation of the disk-drive industry.F This is even more true of the fast-growing information industries. Films and compact discs cost little to transport, even by aeroplane. Computer software can be ‘exported’ without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another, so freight rates and cargo-handling schedules become insignificant factors in deciding where to make the product. Businesses can locate based on other considerations, such as the availability of labour, while worrying less about the cost of delivering their output.G In many countries deregulation has helped to drive the process along. But, behind the scenes, a series of technological innovations known broadly as containerisation and inter-modal transportation has led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of handling, which risked portions of the shipment being damaged or stolen along the way. The invention of the container crane made it possible to load and unload containers without capsizing the ship and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed almost any box to betransported on any ship. By 1967, dual-purpose ships, carrying loose cargo in the hold_and containers on the deck, were giving way to all-container vessels that moved thousands of boxes at a time.H The shipping container transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient, intensely competitive business. But getting the cargo to and from the dock was a different story. National governments, by and large, kept a much firmer hand on truck and railroad tariffs than on charges for ocean freight. This started changing, however, in the mid-1970s, when America began to deregulate its transportation industry. First airlines, then road hauliers and railways, were freed from restrictions on what they could carry, where they could haul it and what price they could charge. Big productivity gains resulted. Between 1985 and 1996, for examp le, America’s freight railways dramatically reduced their employment, trackage, and their fleets of locomotives —while increasing the amount of cargo they hauled. Europe’s railways have also shown marked, albeit smaller, productivity improvements.I In America the period of huge productivity gains in transportation may be almost over, but in most countries the process still has far to go. State ownership of railways and airlines, regulation of freight rates and toleration of anti-competitive practices, such as cargo-handling monopolies, all keep the cost of shipping unnecessarily high and deter international trade. Bringing these barriers down would help the world’s economies grow even closer.hold: ship’s storage area below beckQuestions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 a suggestion for improving trade in the future15 the effects of the introduction of electronic delivery16 the similar cost involved in transporting a product from abroad or from a local supplier17 the weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their deliveryQuestions 18-22Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this18 International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy.19 Cheap labour guarantees effective trade conditions.20 Japan imports more meat and steel than France.21 Most countries continue to prefer to trade with nearby nations.22 Small computer components are manufactured in Germany.Questions 23-26Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below.Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTIONModern Cargo-handing methods have had a significanteffect on 23............ as the business of moving freight around the world becomes increasingly streamlined.Manufacturers of computers, for instance, are able to import 24............ from overseas, rather than having to rely on a local supplier. The introduction of 25............ has meant that bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances. While international shipping is now efficient, there is still a need for governments to reduce 26............: in order to free up the domestic cargo sector.A tariffsB componentsC container shipsD outputE employeesF insurance costsG trade H freight I faresJ software K international standardsREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Question 27-32Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-32 on you answer sheet.List of Headingsi The reaction of the Inuit community to climate changeii Understanding of climate change remains limitediii Alternative sources of essential suppliesiv Respect for Inuit opinion growsv A healthier choice of foodvi A difficult landscapevii Negative effects on well-beingviii Alarm caused by unprecedented events in the Arcticix The benefits of an easier existenceExample AnswerParagraph A viii27 Paragraph B28 Paragraph C29 Paragraph D30 Paragraph E31 Paragraph F32 Paragraph GClimate Change and the InuitThe threat posed by climate change in the Arctic and the problems faced by Canada’s Inuit peopleA Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects — if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out what’s going on because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global warming —a warning of what’s in store for the rest of the world.B For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precariousbalance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell them what’s happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country’s newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that’s covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today’s Inuit people.D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It’s currently home to 2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one ofthe most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around ￡7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.E While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people’s health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems. There has been a crisis of identity as the traditional skills of hunting, trapping and preparing skins have begun to disappear. In Nunavut’s ‘igloo and email’ society, where adults who were born in igloos ha ve children who may never have been out on the land, there’s a high incidence of depression.F With so much at stake, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of climate change in the Arctic. Having survived there for centuries, they believe their wealth of traditional knowledge is vital to the task. And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom, increasingly referred to as ‘Intelligence Quotient’, or IQ. ‘In the early days scientists ignored us when they came up here to study anything. They just figured these people don’t know very much so we won’t ask them,’ says John Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and politician. ‘But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.’ In fact it is now a requirement for anyone hoping to get permission to do research that they consult the communities, who are helping to set the research agenda to reflect their most important concerns. They can turn downapplications from scientists they believe will work against their interests, or research projects that will impinge too much on their daily lives and traditional activities.G Some scientists doubt the value of traditional knowledge because the occupation of the Arctic doesn’t go back far enough. Others, however, point out that the first weather stations in the far north date back just 50 years. There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more than best guesses. IQ could help to bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous uncertainty about how much of what we’re seeing is natural capriciousness and how much is the consequence of human activity.Questions 33-40Complete the summary of paragraphs C and D below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraphs C and D for each answer.Write you answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.If you visit the Canadian Arctic, you immediately appreciate the problems faced by people for whom this is home. It would clearly be impossible for the people to engage in 33............... as a means of supporting themselves. For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching 34...............and 35...............as a means of sustenance. The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle there pushed to their limits, although some were successful. The 36...............people were an example of the latter and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable. For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a struggle. The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few 37............... . In recent years, many of them have been obliged togive up their 38............... lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly on 39............... for their food and clothes.40...............produce is particularly expensive.剑桥雅思阅读6原文参考译文(test1)TEST 1 PASSAGE 1参考译文：AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS澳大利亚的体育成就A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.A他们努力竞争，他们积极参与，他们参加比赛完全为了取胜。
雅思强化口语精讲班第6讲讲义
雅思强化口语精讲班第6讲讲义PhotoExercise 19: PhotoCandidate: Do you like to take photos?Interviewer: Yes. When I go traveling or have a birthday celebrations, I take photos with my friends or family members.Candidate: How popular is it to take photos in China?Interviewer: I guess most people like to take photos, and they help people keep the important moment.Candidate: What kind of photos do you like?Interviewer: I like digital photos because I can edit them. I save them in the computer and send them to my friends by email.In what kind of situations do you take photos?I always take photos when I have a get-together with my friends. We haven’t seen each other for a long time, and we nee to take photos to commemorate the event.Could you tell me one of your happy experiences of taking photos?Well, it’s really hard to think of the experience. I went traveling in Sichuan three years ago, and I took photos with a lot of wild animals. It was fun.Exercise 20: FoodWhich meal is most important to you, breakfast, lunch or supper?Well, to me, breakfast is most essential. If I don’t have breakfast, I’m going to have stomachache as time goes by.Which meal do you like best?I prefer to have supper with my family or friends. That’s the time for me to have communication with them. It’s fun to talk to them.Do you think we should have more meals or have much at one meal?I suppose we should have more meals as long as we have time. In this way, our stomach won’t have too much burden, and it has more time to digest the food.FamilyExercise 21: FamilyHow much time do you spend with your family?The only time for the family member to have a get-together is the dinner time. We exchange our daily experience. On weekends, we may go to the parks or go shopping together.What’s the occupation of your parents?参考答案How much time do you spend with your family?The only time for the family member to have a get-together is the dinner time. We exchange our daily experience. On weekends, we may go to the parks or go shopping together.What’s the occupation of your parents?My father is a businessman and my mother is a nurse.PaintingExercise 24: PaintingDo you like painting?What’s the influence of painting on children?What are the benefits of painting for adults?What do you think of practical skill and theoretical knowledge?Which one is more important?参考答案Candidate: Do you like painting?Interviewer: I don’t like it. I have never learned to do it.Candidate: What’s the influence of painting on children?Interviewer: It’s beneficial to them. They have better sense of beauty if they can paint. They learn to have the skill of observation.Candidate: What are the benefits of painting for adults?Interviewer: They forget their troubles and worries when they paint. They have the peace of mind in the process of painting.Candidate: What do you think of practical skill and theoretical knowledge?Interviewer: It doesn’t mean that you will do it well if you have theoretical knowledge.Candidate: Which one is more important?Interviewer: I guess the practical skill is more important. You can make use of it in daily life, but theoretical knowledge is not so useful.⏹Do you think the art is important to life?⏹Art brings enjoyment to beings. Music, Caricature, Painting, Poetry, and so on are different waysto express the feelings of all humans.⏹What kind of art do you like?⏹Music is my favorite as it is not only enjoyable but also teaches us many things. It tells us aboutthe different cultures and traditions. Every kind of music represents different culture and age. It alsohelps us to know ourselves and our ways of thinking. I especially love singing and dancing. It gives me a lot of fun by watching the show.⏹What kind of art experience did you have when you were young?⏹Oh, this question reminds me of my trip to an art gallery. My father told me how to appreciatethe paintings, and from then on I began to show interest in it.⏹What kind of art are you good at?⏹I am good at Chinese painting as I learned to do it ever since I was a child. I have beenpracticing it for about ten years.WeatherExercise 24: WeatherExaminer: What kind of weather do you like?Candidate: Well, I like sunny days. I enjoy the sun and fresh air. When it’s gloomy, I feel awful anddepressed.ComputerWhat do you do with computers?I always surf the internet to read some news or novels. Sometimes, I play online games with my friends. We play poker online.Do you think that children should learn to use computers?I don’t approve of the idea. They are going to have internet addiction as their self-control ability is low. Or maybe some children are going to have back troubles if they sit in front of computers for a long time.Do you think that life is better with computers?Computers really bring convenience to our life. We don’t have to go shopping in the department store. We just stay at home, click the mouse and then the goods are going to be delivered to our front door.When did you begin to use computers?I got to operate the first computer when I was in the primary school. I was about ten years old, and my best friend got one. I also had the chance to use it.New peopleDo you like meeting new people? Why?I am the quiet type and I am shy in front of strangers. I don’t know what to say to break the ice.Please tell me about an interesting person you knew recently?I had dinner with my friends a couple of days ago, and I got to know a friend of my friend. He was humorous and he told a lot of jokes to us.。
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第7讲讲义
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第7讲讲义Questions 22-24What is a dinosaur?A. Although the name dinosaur is derived from the Greek for “terrible lizard”, dinosaurs were not, in fact,lizards at all. Like lizards, dinosaurs are included in the class Reptilia, or reptiles, one of the five main classes of Vertebrata, animals with backbones. However, at the next level of classification, within reptiles, significant differences in the skeletal anatomy of lizards and dinosaurs have led scientists to place these groups of animals into two different superorders: Lepidosauria, or lepidosaurs, and Archosauria, or archosaurs.B. Classified as lepidosaurs are lizards and snakes and their prehistoric ancestors. Included among the archosaurs, or “ruling reptiles”, are prehistoric and modern crocodiles, and the now extinct thecondonts, pterosaurs and dinosaurs. Paleontologists believe that both dinosaurs and crocodiles evolved, in the later years of the Triassic Period (c. 248-208 million years ago), from creatures called pseudosuchian thecodonts. Lizards, snakes and different types of thecondont are believed to have evolved earlier in the Triassic Period from reptiles known as eosuchians.C. The most important skeletal differences between dinosaurs and other archosaurs are in the bones of the skull, pelvis and limbs. Dinosaur skulls are found in a great range of shapes and sizes, reflecting the different eating habits and lifestyles of a large and varied group of animals that dominated life on Earth for an extraordinary 165 million years. However, unlike the skulls of any other known animals, the skulls of dinosaurs had two long bones known as vomers. These bones extended on either side of the head, from the front of the snout to the level of the holes in the skull known as the antorbital fenestra, situated in front of the dinosaur’s orbits or eyesockets.D. All dinosaurs, whether large or small, quadrupedal or bipedal, fleet-footed or slow-moving, shared a common body plan. Identification of this plan makes it possible to differentiate dinosaurs from any other types of animal, even other archosaurs. Most significantly, in dinosaurs, the pelvis and femur had evolved so that the hind limbs were held vertically beneath the body, rather than sprawling out to the sides like the limbs of a lizard. The femur of a dinosaur had a sharply in-turned neck and a ball-shaped head, which slotted into a fully open acetabulum or hip socket. A supra-acetabular crest helped prevent dislocation of the femur. The position of the knee joint, aligned below the acetabulum, made it possible for the whole hind limb to swing backwards and forwards. This unique combination of features gave dinosaurs what is know as a “fully improved gait”. Evolution of this highly efficient method of walking also developed in mammals,but among reptiles it occurred only in dinosaurs.E. For the purpose of further classification, dinosaurs are divided into two orders: Saurischia, or saurischian dinosaurs, and Ornithischia, or ornithischian dinosaurs. This division is made on the basis of their pelvic anatomy. All dinosaurs had a pelvic girdle with each side comprised of three bones: the pubis, llium and ischium. However, the orientation of these bones follows one of two patterns. In saurischian dinosaurs, also known as lizard-hipped dinosaurs, the pubis points forwards, as is usual in most types of reptile. By contrast, in ornithischian, or bird-hipped, dinosaurs, the pubis points backwards towards the rear of the animal, which is also true of birds.（26F. Of the two orders of dinosaurs, the Saurischia was the larger and the first to evolve. It is divided into two suborders: Therapoda, or therapods, and Sauropodomorpha, or sauropodomorphs. The therapods, or “beast feet”, were bipedal, predatory carnivores. They ranged in size from the mighty Tyrannosaurus rex, 12m long, 5.6m tall and weighing as estimated 6.4 tonnes, to the smallest known dinosaur, Compsognathus, a mere 1.4m long and estimated 3kg in weight when fully grown. The sauropodomorphs, or “lizard feet forms”, included both bipedal and quandrupedal dinosaurs. Some sauropodomorphs were carnivorous or omnivorous but later species were typically herbivorous. They included some of the largest and best-known of all dinosaurs, such as Diplodocus, a huge quadruped with an elephant-like body, a long, thin tail and neck that gave it a total length of 27m, and a tiny head.G. Ornithischia dinosaurs were bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores. They are now usually divided into three suborders: Ornithipoda, Thyreophora and Marginocephalia. The ornithopods, or “bird feet”, both large and small, could walk or run on their long hind legs, balancing their body by holding their tails stiffly off the ground behind them. An example is lguanodon, up to 9m long, 5m tall and weighing 4.5 tonnes. The thyreophorans, or “shield bearers”, also known as armoured dinosaurs, were quadrupeds with rows of protective bony spikes, studs, or plates along their backs and tails. They included Stegosaurus, 9m long and weighing 2 tonnes.H. The marginocephalians, or “margined heads”, were bipedal or quadrupedal ornithischians with a deep bony frill or narrow shelf at the back of the skull. An example is Triceratops a rhinoceros-like dinosaur, 9m long, weighing 5.4 tonnes and bearing a prominent neck frill and three large horns.Questions 22-24Complete the sentences below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each blank space.Write your answers in Boxes 22-24 on your answer sheet.22.Lizards and dinosaurs are classified into two different superorders because of the difference intheir .23. In the Triassic period, evolved into thecondonts, for example, lizards and snakes.24.Dinosaur skulls differed from those of any other known animals because of the presence o .f vomers:。
雅思口语 第6课_LEEO
Part 2 事件/经历：Event / Experience 1:Describe something difficult that you did well.You should say:What you didWhy it was difficultHow you managed to do it and whether you think you will d this thing again.应题策略：在这个问题的选材上，考生可以虚构，比如说考生可以描述自己学习外语或者是学习某种技能，比如说学车，计算机等。
相关词汇：Expression irregularity syntax learning strategybecome skilled at sth make progresss recall tough(difficult) intricatelaptop worldwide web online shopping chat room forum online gamingsurf(the net) browse(website) sit in front of (the computer) digital electronic virtual computer-literatelearn by heart(remember):It’s quite tough to learn expressions by heart.Swot up on(learn)I find it effortless to swot up on the irregular verbs.Block out(ignore)It’s a good idea to block out your first language.Techniphobe(someone who can’t use a computer)I used to be a technophobe but now I am computer-literate.Call up(find and read)I can use the Internet to call up current news items.Conk out on(break)My old computer conked out on me.Do…by handSome tasks I prefer to do by hand, like writing letters.相关语法点：在这个问题上，考生在描述所学习的技能有何特点的时候可以用一般现在时态：Japanese is based on Chinese script.在描述学习经历的时候更多地要用的一般过去时态：At the outset I found it quite tricky; I used get confused by…Event / Experience 2:Describe something you would like to succeed in doing.You should say:What you would like to succeed inWhy you would like to do thisWhether you think you it would be difficult and whether you think you will achieve this in the near future.应题策略：这道题同上一道题一样，没有必要去描述真实的经历，因为这道题和Event / Experience 1: something difficult that you did well很类似。
雅思真题写作班精讲班第6讲讲义 (2)
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基础设施 infrastructure---比如 public transport system(BrE) 公共交通系统，power grid 电网，pinelines 石油和天然气管道，water supply and drainage system 给排水系统等 Language&Culture 1) 一种可以通用的语言(比如英语) a lingua franca / a universal language/ a global language 英语的广泛被使用 the proliferation(noun) of English 英语的统治地位 the dominant role / the ascendancy / the hegemony of English 方言 dialect(noun) / vernacular / the indigenous language 小语种将会消亡 Lesser-known languages will become extinct / obsolete(adjs). 小语种的消亡（名词）可以写成the extinction / demise of lesser-known languages 4) 2) 文化遗产包括有形的和无形的两种。有形的如历史遗址，无形的如风俗，仪式，传统道德观念等 Cultural heritage can be divided into two groups: tangible cultural heritage,such as historic sites and intangible cultural heritage,such as customs,rites,rituals and mores,etc. 保护 preserve (vt) 祖先 forefathers / ancestors 后代 descendants / posterity (后一个是不可数名词)
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雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第6讲讲义
标题技巧总结
标题技巧总结
1．标题的选项都在文章之前。
2．选项不会重复使用
3．具体步骤：
a）精读所有选项，划出关键词。
b）在每段先做其他细节题，在每段结束时，回到前面选项中选择最佳答案。
c）用排除法去掉本段没有提及的新概念和在本段只讲过一次的小细节。
d）留意首末句和选项之间的同义词。
e）留意原文转折后面的新观点
f）留意原文反复强调的内容。
Questions 15-21
Reading Passage 2 has 8 paragraphs (A-H). Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the List of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xiii) in Boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.
15. Paragraph A
16. Paragraph B
17. Paragraph C
18. Paragraph D
19. Paragraph E
20. Paragraph F
21. Paragraph G。