Paradise Lost BOOK Iv (An Excerpt) 英国文学选读英国文学选读
Paradise lost(简介)
约翰·弥尔顿的英文诗约翰·弥尔顿（John Milton,1608～1674）英国诗人、政论家，民主斗士。
弥尔顿是清教徒文学的代表，他的一生都在为资产阶级民主运动而奋斗，代表作《失乐园》是和《荷马史诗》、《神曲》并称为西方三大诗歌。
Paradise Lost译为“失乐园”。
作品介绍《失乐园》（Paradise Lost），全文12卷，以史诗一般的磅礴气势揭示了人的原罪与堕落。
诗中叛逆天使撒旦，因为反抗上帝的权威被打入地狱，却仍不悔改，负隅反抗，为复仇寻至伊甸园。
亚当与夏娃受被撒旦附身的蛇的引诱，偷吃了上帝明令禁吃的分辨善恶的树上的果子。
最终，撒旦及其同伙遭谴全变成了蛇，亚当与夏娃被逐出了伊甸园。
该诗体现了诗人追求自由的崇高精神，是世界文学史、思想史上的一部极重要的作品。
“失乐园”的由来是从《圣经》创世纪中所诉的故事中得来的：亚当和夏娃偷食禁果以后，世界便为此颠倒。
原来温暖如春的天空中盘旋着背离上帝的寒流，凉风一阵紧似一阵地吹过来，世间的一切都开始变得紊乱而不和谐。
道分阴阳，动静相摩，高下相克。
人失去了天真烂漫、无忧无虑的童年，注定要经历酸甜苦辣的洗礼，体验喜怒哀乐的无常。
智慧是人类脱离自然界的标志，也是人类苦闷和不安的根源。
上帝在园中行走，亚当和夏娃听见他的脚步声。
此时他们的心与上帝有了罅隙，出于负罪感，他们开始在树林中躲避上帝。
上帝对人的失落发出了痛切的呼唤：“亚当，你在那里？人哪，你在哪里？”这呼唤中包涵着上帝对人犯罪堕落，失掉了赐给人原初的绝对完美的忧伤与失望，又包涵着对人认罪归来，恢复神性的期待。
然而在上帝一步紧似一步的追问面前，亚当归咎于夏娃，夏娃委罪于蛇。
这就是上帝对人类最初的失望与忧伤，这就是人类背离上帝的最初堕落与痛苦。
亚当对上帝说：“我在园中听见您的声音，就害怕，因为我赤身露体，我便藏了起来。
”“谁告诉你赤身露体的呢？莫非你吃了我吩咐你不可吃的那树上的果子么！”上帝知道他已背离了自己的意志，愤怒地质问。
Paradise_Lost失乐园
Suffered many tragedies
Heroic Epic
Characteristics
Hero of great importance (Satan, Adam) Set on a large scale Great battles
Conventions
Stated Argument Begins “in the midst of things” Catalogues of principle characters Literary Epic rather than a Traditional Epic New composition from Milton rather than from oral tradition
John Medina
Edward Burney
John Martin
The Simarillion
J.R.R. Tolkien
Tolkien‟s The Simarillion is the history of the elves in his Lord of the Rings trilogy. He opens with his version of Genesis, where Iluvatar creates Middle-Earth through song, and his instruments, the Ainur.
All Artwork form
Gustave Dore
Plate 3: "They heard, and were abashed, and up they sprung" (I. 331)
Paradise Lost《失乐园》
God sends Raphael to warn Adam and Eve about Satan. He relates how the world was created so mankind could one day replace the fallen angels in heaven.
Satan returns to earth, and enters a serpent. Finding Eve alone he induces her to eat the fruit of the forbidden tree. Adam, resigned to join in her fate, eats also.
At the gate of hell, he meets his offspring, Sin and Death, who unbar（打开） the gates for him. He journeys across chaos（混沌） till he sees the new universe floating near the larger globe which is heaven.
背景介绍:
生活在欧洲社会的转折时代，约翰·弥尔顿经历了英国史 上的一个黑暗时代。当时复辟后的斯图亚特王朝，对清教 徒资产阶级革命家残酷报复，疯狂迫害，不少人经不起斗 争的考验，投降变节。弥尔顿虽屡遭迫害，生活艰苦，然 而仍不屈不挠，顽强斗争，始终不丧失其鲜明立场，不改 变原有的革命信仰，不放弃先前的革命原则。在黑暗的时 代，弥尔顿不畏强暴，以笔为旗，决心重振诗才，以暮年 之力，克服双目失明的重重困难，用口授的形式，由他女 儿和外甥笔录，创作了举世闻名的三部作品：史诗《失乐 园》（1667年）、《复乐园》（1671年）和诗剧《力士 参孙》（1671年），对复辟王朝进行勇敢的挑战，表现了 诗人对自由的渴望和对资产阶级革命的坚定信念。
英国文学简史Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution
Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution第三部分英国资产阶级革命时期I The English Revolution and the Restoration 英国革命和复辟Literature of the Revolution Period 革命时期的文学：The spirit of unity and feeling of patriotism ended with the reign of Elizabeth I, and England was then convulsed with the conflict between the two antagonistic camps, the Royalists and the Puritans. English literature of this revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time. Milton, one of the greatest poets of England, defended the English Commonwealth with his pen.随着伊丽莎白一世统治的结束，人们统一的精神和爱国主义的感情也随之而去。
英国因为量大对抗阵营——保皇党和清教徒的冲突而骚乱。
英国革命和复辟时期的文学主要与当时的社会巨变有关。
英格兰最伟大的诗人之一弥尔顿用他的笔来捍卫英国共和制。
II Milton 弥尔顿1.Life and Work 生平和作品(1)Life: John Milton was born in London in 1608.约翰·弥尔顿1608年出生于伦敦。
paradise lost英美文学名词解释(一)
paradise lost英美文学名词解释(一)Paradise Lost英美文学引言Paradise Lost是伟大的英美文学作品之一，旨在讲述人类起源和墮落的故事。
以下是与Paradise Lost相关的名词：1. 约翰·弥尔顿 (John Milton)•约翰·弥尔顿是17世纪英国著名的诗人和政治家。
•他是Paradise Lost的作者，被誉为英国文学的伟大创作者之一。
2. Paradise Lost•《失乐园》是约翰·弥尔顿的史诗诗歌作品，被认为是英美文学中最伟大的作品之一。
•该作品以叙事形式讲述了圣经中亚当和夏娃的墮落故事，融入了神话、宗教和哲学等元素，思想深邃。
3. 史诗诗歌 (Epic Poetry)•史诗诗歌是一种叙事性的诗歌形式，常常以神话、英雄或重大历史事件为题材。
•Paradise Lost被认为是一部史诗诗歌，以其庞大的叙事范围和深刻的主题使其在英美文学中占据重要地位。
4. 亚当 (Adam) 和夏娃 (Eve)•亚当和夏娃是圣经中的首个人类夫妻，被认为是人类的祖先。
•Paradise Lost中，亚当和夏娃被描绘为至善无罪的人类，但由于被魔鬼所引诱，他们墮入罪恶之中。
5. 天堂 (Paradise) 和地狱 (Hell)•天堂是上帝的居所，被描绘为完美、和谐和纯洁的地方。
•地狱则是邪恶和黑暗的领域，由魔鬼和堕落天使居住。
•Paradise Lost通过对天堂和地狱的描绘，探讨了善恶、正邪和人类的自由意志等哲学议题。
6. 上帝 (God) 和魔鬼 (Devil)•上帝是基督教中的至高无上存在，被描绘为至善、全知全能的创造者。
•魔鬼是一位堕落天使，反叛天堂而被驱逐到地狱。
•Paradise Lost中，上帝和魔鬼之间的斗争和争议成为故事的核心。
结论Paradise Lost是一部浩大的文学作品，通过纵览人类起源和墮落的故事，探讨了善恶、正邪和自由意志等重大主题。
王守仁《英国文学选读》（第4版）配套题库-章节题库-第4、5单元【圣才出品】
王守仁《英国⽂学选读》（第4版）配套题库-章节题库-第4、5单元【圣才出品】第4单元17世纪英国诗⼈Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. In the Revolution Period _____ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over the Medieval Period.【答案】John Milton【解析】在英国资产阶级⾰命期间，约翰·弥尔顿可与伊丽莎⽩时代的莎⼠⽐亚和中世纪的乔叟相媲美。
2. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the _____ and the later _____. 【答案】youthful love lyrics；sacred verses【解析】受⽣活经历的影响，约翰·多恩的诗歌可分为两部分：年轻有活⼒的爱情诗和庄严的宗教诗。
3. In 1637 Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, _____, to memorize the tragic death of a Cambridge friend.【答案】Lycidas【解析】Lycidas是英国诗⼈⽶尔顿年轻时为溺海夭亡的剑桥同学⾦（Edward King）写的⼀⾸悼诗。
4. About the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called “ _____” by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century writer.【答案】Metaphysicals【解析】⾸先⽤“⽞学派”这名词的是18世纪英国诗⼈、批评家德莱顿。
paradiselost失乐园赏析课件
paradise-lost失乐园赏析课件Paradise LostType of WorkParadise Lost is an epic poem which — like the epic poems of Homer, Dante, Vergil, and Goethe—tells a story about momentous events while incorporating grand themes that are timeless and universal.Date CompletedMilton completed the first version of Paradise Lost in 1667. It consisted of 10 books. In 1668 and 1669, he added an introductory comment about the verse form and a special section with summaries of each book. In 1674, he published the final version of the epic, in which he divided Books 7 and 10 into two books each. The completed work thus had 12 books instead of 10. He also placed each summary at the beginning of the book it summarized.SourcesMilton used the Bible, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Vergil's Aeneid, and the stories in Greco-Roman mythology as sources of information and as writing models. The Bible's Book of Genesis is the main source for his retelling of the story of creation and the first humans, Adam and Eve.SettingsThe settings are heaven, hell, the firmament (苍穹) (Chaos), and earth.CharactersGod the Father, God the Son: (trinity)Two of the three divine persons making up the all-powerful Godhead, the single deity（神性）that created and ruled all that exists outside of itself. The third divine person, the Holy Spirit, does not play a role in Paradise Lost. God the Father is portrayed as just but merciful, condemning (批判) the defiant （目中无人）and unrepentant (不后悔的) rebel angels but permitting redemption of the repentant Adamand Eve. God the Son volunteers to redeem them by becoming human and enduring suffering and death.Satan (Lucifer, Archfiend): Powerful and prideful angel who, with legions (众多的) of supporters, leads an unsuccessful rebellion against God and suffers eternal damnation. To gain revenge, he devises a plan to corrupt God's newly created beings, Adam and Eve, through deceit. Modern readers often admire him for his steely defiance (藐视). He would rather rule in hell, he says, than serve in heaven. It was not Milton's intent, however, to create an admirable character; rather his intent was to create a character of colossal (巨大的) hatred —loathsome (令人讨厌的), execrable (恶劣的), incurably remorseless(冷酷无情的).Adam and Eve: The first human beings, created by God to fill the void（真空）that resulted when God cast Satan and his supporters out of the celestial realm. Adam and Eve live on the planet earth in utterhappiness in a special garden where spring is the only season and love and godly living prevail. Though they have all that they want and need, cunning Satan tells them they can have knowledge and status beyond their reach if only they eat of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. Eve can become a goddess, he says. Vanity overtakes her. She eats. Adam reluctantly does the same.Gabriel, Raphael, Michael, Uriel: Powerful and fearless angels on the side of God. Beelzebub, Mammon, Belial, Moloch: Powerful leaders in Satan's army. In a great council in hell, each of them speaks his mind on what policy devil-kind should follow after losing paradise. Should they make a new war? Should they make peace?Ithuriel, Zephron: Angels who expel Satan from the Garden of Eden with the help of a sign from God. Satan returns to the garden later to complete his devious enterprise. Mulciber: Fallen angel who designs hell's capital city and seat of government,Pandemonium. In ancient Roman mythology, Mulciber is another name for Vulcan (Greek: Hephaestus), god of fire and the forge. As a blacksmith, he kept shop in burning mountains (volcanoes).Sin: Daughter of Satan. She was born from his head in the manner of Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and war, who sprang from the forehead of Zeus, king of the gods. Death: Son of Satan and SinVarious Other Angels and DevilsMilton's Solar SystemIn describing the planets and other celestial bodies, Milton models God’s creation on the Ptolemaic天动说的design (also called the geocentric design) rather than the Copernican design (also called the heliocentric 以太阳为中心的design). The former placed earth at the center of the solar system, with the sun and other celestial bodies orbiting it. Copernicus and other scientists later proved that the earth orbits the sun. Milton was aware of theCopernican theory, but he used the Ptolemaic design—either because he believed it was the more credible theory or because he believed it would better serve his literary purpose. In Paradise Lost, Adam inquires about the movements of celestial bodies—in particular, whether earth orbits the sun or vice versa—in his conversation with the archangel天使Raphael, but Raphael gives no definite answer. Raphael may have been speaking for Milton. Style and Verse FormatMilton wrote Paradise Lost in dignified, lofty, melodic English free of any colloquialisms and slangs that would have limited the work's timeliness and universality. The format, Milton says in an introductory note, is "English heroic verse without rhyme"—in other words, blank verse, the same verse form used by Shakespeare in his plays. Milton's strong religious faith infuses the poem with sincerity and moral purpose, but he does not allow his enthusiasm for his subject to overtake controlof his writing. Though Milton frequently uses obscure allusions to mythology and history, as well as occasional difficult words and phrases, his language is never deliberately affected or ostentatious炫耀的. What is more, it does not preach and does not take the reader on circumlocutory迂回的expeditions. Like a symphony composer—mighty Beethoven, for example —Milton is always in control, tempering his creative genius with his technical discipline.With a good dictionary and an annotated有注解的text, a first-time reader of Milton can easily follow and understand the story while developing an appreciation for the exquisite writing.Epic ConventionsIn Paradise Lost, Milton used the classical epic conventions—literary practices, rules, or devices established by Homer that became commonplace in epic poetry. Some of these practices were also used in other genres ofliterature. Among the classical conventions Milton used are the following:(1) The invocation 祈祷of the muse, in which a writer requests divine help in composing his work.(2) Telling a story with which readers or listeners are already familiar; they know the characters, the plot, and the outcome. Most of the great writers of the ancient world—as well as many great writers in later times, including Shakespeare—frequently told stories already known to the public. Thus, in such stories, there were no unexpected plot twists, no surprise endings. If this sounds strange to you, the modern reader and theatergoer, consider that many of the most popular motion pictures today are about stories already known to the public. Examples are The Passion of the Christ, Titanic, The Ten Commandments, Troy, Spartacus, Pearl Harbor, and Gettysburg. (3) Beginning the story in the middle, a literary convention known by its Latin term in media res资源(in the middle of things). Such aconvention allows a writer to begin his story at an exciting part, then flash back to fill the reader in on details leading up to that exciting part.(4) Announcing or introducing a list of characters who play a major role in the story. They may speak at some length about how to resolve a problem (as the followers of Satan do early in Paradise Lost).(5) Conflict in the celestial realm. Divine beings fight and scheme against one another in the epics of Homer and Vergil, and they do so in Paradise Lost on a grand scale, with Satan and his forces opposing God and his forces.(6) Use of dramatic irony. Dramatic irony isa literary device in which a character in a story fails to see or understand what is obvious to the audience or readers. Dramatic irony appears frequently in the plays of the ancient Greeks. For example, in Oedipux Rex, by Sophocles, dramatic irony occurs when Oedipus fails to realize what the audience knows—that he married his own mother. InParadise Lost, dramatic irony occurs when Adam and Eve happily go about daily life in the Garden of Eden unaware that they will succumb to the devil's temptation and suffer the loss of Paradise. Dramatic irony also occurs when Satan and his followers fail to understand that it is impossible ultimately to thwart挫败or circumvent divine will and justice.Plot SummaryAll Hell broke looseBook IV, Paradise Lost.The Invocation of the Museton opens Paradise Lost by asking a muse to inspire his writing. In ancient Greece and Rome, poets had always requested “the muse” to fire them with creative genius when they began long narrative poems, called epics, about godlike heroes and villains. In Greek mythology, there were nine muses, all sisters,who were believed to inspire poets, historians, flutists, dancers, singers, astronomers, philosophers, and other thinkers and artists. If one wanted to write a great poem, play a musical instrument with bravado, or develop a grand scientific or philosophical theory, he would ask for help from a muse.When a writer asked for help, he was said to be “invoking the muse.” The muse of epic poetry was named Calliope [kuh LY uh pe]. However, in Book 7, Milton identifies Urania—the muse of astronomy—as the goddess to whom he addresses his plea for inspiration.In Milton’s time, writers no longer believed in muses, of course. Nevertheless, since they symbolized inspiration, writers continued to invoke them. So it was that when Milton began Paradise Lost, he addressed the muse in the telling of his tale, writing, “I thence invoke thy aid to my adventurous Song.”The StorySatan and his followers rebel against God. But God and his mighty angels defeat the rebels in a terrible war. God casts them into a dark abyss with a lake of fire. There, the defeated legions deplore悲叹their fate and consider their future. In a great council, the many thousands of the fallen assemble in the capital city and seat of government, Pandemonium, where Satan sits on his royal throne, to hear their leaders speak their minds on the course of action they should take. Moloc, a rebel leader who fought fiercely against the forces of the Almighty, calls for renewed war. Belial彼勒advises a do-nothing policy, maintaining that the horror of their hell will abate in time and that their surroundings will brighten. To challenge God would only result in another defeat and more punishment. After Mammon advises peace, Beelzebub—a majestic, imposing figure—notes that God is creating a new creature, man, who will occupy a new world, earth. If they turn this new creature from his ordained course, using forceor trickery, they can enjoy revenge against God, Beelzebub says. His plan is not his own; it is the plan of Satan, his master. The assembly of devils does not respond; they do not know what to say about this proposal. Then the leader of all the accursed, Satan, speaks up. He first bemoans悲叹their environs:Our prison strong, this huge convex of Fire, Outrageous to devour, immures us round Ninefold, and gates of burning Adamant Barred over us prohibit all egress.(Book 2, lines 444-447)But if any of them manages to break free, Satan says, he will encounter a dark void beyond which are unknown regions and unknown dangers. Nevertheless, Satan, as leader, says he will venture forth and "Through all the coasts of dark destruction seek / Deliverance for us all: this enterprise / None shall partake参与with me." His "enterprise," of course is to work his deceptive charms against the new creatures. He willsubvert 破坏God’s plan and give hell a reason to cheer. None in the assemblage spoke against this plan. Instead, all rose with a thunderous noise to give assent:Towards him they bendWith awful reverence prone; and as a God Extol him equal to the highest in Heaven. (Book 2, 477-479)And so the assembly broke up and ventured off into the regions from whence they came: Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens, and shades of death,A universe of death, which God by curse Created evil, for evil only good,Where all life dies, death lives, and nature breeds,Perverse, all monstrous, all prodigious things, Abominable, inutterable, and worse.(Book 2, 621-626)Meanwhile, Satan "with thoughts inflamed of highest design / Puts on swift wings, and toward the Gates of Hell / Explores his solitary flight. . . " (Book 2, lines 630-632). Later,Satan's daughter, Sin, who was born from the archfiend's head, and his son, Death, who was born of Satan's union with Sin, decide to follow and assist their father.In heaven, God the Father and God the Son observe Satan flying in a rage toward earth. Satan will corrupt his new creatures, the Father says, even though they possess the willpower to reject sin. Their penalty will be death. However, because they will not rebel against God but instead succumb to Satan’s temptation, they will be redeemable—if someone takes on the burden of their sin by suffering and dying on their behalf. When the Son offers himself for this task, the Father accepts the offer and approves of his incarnation in the world of man.To reach earth, Satan must fly past Uriel, a member of the highest-ranking order of angels, the Seraphim. Uriel watches over earth from his post at the sun. Disguising himself as one of the cherubim—the second-highest-ranking order of angels—Satan asks Uriel to point outthe planet where man dwells so that he may go there, admire this new creature, and praise his great Maker. Uriel instructs him, and Satan resumes his journey and arrives at earth.The sight of Paradise disheartens him, for it reminds him of all that he lost in his rebellion against God. After struggling with self-recrimination and doubt, Satan regains himself and enters Paradise, taking the shape of a cormorant—a web-footed sea bird—and perching in the Tree of Life (a tree producing fruit which, when eaten, yields everlasting life) to observe the newly created Adam and Eve. They are beautiful, happy creatures who surprise Satan with their ability to speak and think logically.Later, when they are asleep, Satan whispers evil thoughts into Eve’s ear—of “vain hopes” and “inordinate desires.” When the archangel Gabriel learns of Satan’s presence in Eden, he sends two angels to expel him. When they confront him, Satan defiantly scorns them and prepares for a fight. An angelic squadrondescends toward Eden under the command of Gabriel, and a sign appears in the heavens in which God weighs the adversaries in his golden scales. When Gabriel tells Satan to look at the scales, the archfiend sees that they tip in the favor of the celestial forces, and he flees. On a mission from God, the angel Raphael warns Adam and Eve about Satan. So that they understand the nature of their foe, Raphael tells them the story of Satan’s rebellion and the great war in which angels on both sides fought fiercely. It ended in Satan’s expulsion from heaven, Raphael says, after the Son of God intervened on behalf of the celestial forces. A new world with new creatures was then created to fill the void left by the rebels cast into the deep.Adam, a curious creature, asks Raphael about the earth and its place in creation. Raphael explains the universe but warns Adam to temper his desire for knowledge with humility. When Adam expresses his great satisfaction with Eve as a mate, Raphael againcautions him to be careful. Living with and loving a creature such as Eve, with all of her charm and beauty, is wonderful; however, Adam must not let her divert his attention from his responsibilities to God.Satan returns to the Garden of Eden in the form of a snake and tempts Eve to eat fruit of the Tree of Knowledge in defiance of a divine command never to do so. If she and Adam taste the fruit, he says, they will become gods. Eve eats. After Satan leaves, Adam—though reluctant—also eats. And so Adam and Eve fall from grace, and the Son of God pronounces judgment on the transgressing humans.When Satan returns in triumph to hell, the multitude of fiends cheer him but suddenly turn into serpents. Earth becomes a place of changing seasons; the eternal spring is no more. Adam is downcast, wishing for death, and blames Eve for leading them astray. But they reconcile and decide to go on, confessing their wrongdoing and pleading for forgiveness. God decrees that heaven will remain openfor them. But He sends the archangel Michael down to evict them from Paradise. Before Michael leaves, he tells them about events to come in the history of the world and, from a hilltop, shows Adam his progeny—Cain and Abel (and the murder of Cain by Abel) and the descendants who later will form a covenant with God after a great flood.Michael then foretells the advent of a Redeemer, who will die for the sins of humankind—then rise from the grave and leave earth but return later in a second coming. Adam and Eve then walk into their new life. The World was all before them, where to choose Their place of rest, and Providence their guide: They hand in hand with wandering steps and slow,Through Eden took their solitary way.(Book 10, lines 1537-1540)They enter the imperfect world, with all its perils.'ImageryMilton's imagery is at times graceful and elegant, as in this memorable personification in Book 6:Morn,Waked by the circling hours, with rosy hand Unbarred the gates of light. (lines 2-4)At other times, the imagery is imposing and awe-inspiring, as in this description in Book 7 that ends with hyperbole:There LeviathanHugest of living creatures, on the deep Stretched like a promontory sleeps or swims, And seems a moving land, and at his gills Draws in, and at his trunk spouts out a sea. (lines 412-416)In Book 8, Milton describes the commission of the first sin in simple, straightforward language, followed by a succinct personification summing up the terrible effects of the iniquity:[H]er rash hand in evil hourForth reaching to the fruit, she plucked, she eat:Earth felt the wound, and Nature from her seat,Sighing through all her works, gave signs of woeThat all was lost.(line 780-784)Milton also uses personification in Book 4 in this beautiful passage about a quiet night, the starry sky, and the ascendancy of the moon: The wakeful Nightingale;She all night long her amorous descant sung; Silence was pleased: now glow'd the FirmamentWith living Sapphires: Hesperus that led [Hesperus: evening star which the Greeks associated with the brotherThe starry Host, rode brightest, till the Moon of Atlas; later Hesperus was associated with Lucifer's brilliant light.]Rising in clouded Majesty, at length Apparent Queen unveiled her peerless light, And o'er the dark her Silver Mantle threw. (lines 602-609)Enjambment跨行连续Milton uses frequently uses enjambment (also spelled enjambement) in the poem. It is a literary device in which a poet does not complete his sentence or phrase at the end of one line but allows it to carry over to the next line, as in these passages from the poem:Of man's first disobedience, and the fruitOf that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste Brought death into the world. . .(Book 1, lines 1-3).Yet Chains in Hell, not Realms expect: mean while From me returned, as erst thou saidst, from flight,This greeting on thy impious Crest receive. 、(Book 6, lines 186-188)Milton's use of enjambment helps the poem flow from one line to the next.Main ThemeIn Book 1 of Paradise Lost, Milton reveals the central theme of the work: to justify theways of God to man. Justify here means to explain and defend, and ultimately to vindicate 澄清, God’s course of action in dealing with Adam and Eve after they succumbed to the temptation of Satan and ate forbidden fruit..Other ThemesInordinate 过度的pride: It leads to Satan's downfall and his continuing defiance of God. Envy: Arising from Satan's pride, it makes him jealous of God the Son, who is the favorite of God the Father.Revenge: It motivates Satan to corrupt Adam and Eve and thereby subvert God's plans. Vanity: It leads Eve to believe—under the temptation of Satan—that she can become godlike.Deceit: Satan appears in many disguises and tells many lies during his mission to trick Adam and Eve.Infidelity: Adam betrays God by siding with Eve and eating the forbidden fruit.Unbridled 不受约束的pursuit of knowledge:It leads Adam and Eve to seek knowledge beyond their ken, knowledge that will make them godlike.Volition意志: Angels and humans alike possess free will, enabling them to make decisions. Satan freely chooses to rebel against God, and Adam and Eve freely choose to eat forbidden fruit. The consequences of their actions are their own fault, not God's. Milton uses this theme to help support the central theme, "to justify the ways of God to man." Disobedience违抗: All sins are acts of disobedience against God, impairing or cutting off the sinner's relationship with God. Adam and Eve and all of the devils disobey God through their sins.Loyalty: Loyalty to God and his ways are necessary for eternal salvation. Loyalty requires obedience. All of the good angels exhibit loyalty.Repentance悔悟: Even though Adam and Eve have disobeyed God, their repentance makes them eligible for eventual salvation.Hope: At the end of Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve enter the imperfect world with hope; they can yet attain eternal salvation.Redemption赎回: Through the suffering and death of the Son of God, sinful man can reconcile himself with God if he is sincerely sorry for his sins.ClimaxThe climax, or turning point, of Paradise Lost occurs when Adam and Eve succumb to Satan's temptations and eat the forbidden fruit. This act of disobedience results in their downfall and eviction from Paradise.What Is an Angel?An angel is a supernatural being that serves God by praising and adoring Him and by carrying out special missions that assist humans. Angels have the additional task of opposing and punishing devils. Devils are angels cast out of heaven because they rebelled against God. The word angel derives from the Greek word angelos, meaning messenger. Themajor western religions—Christianity, Judaism, and Islam—all accept the existence of angels. The rank of angels from highest to lowest is as follows:1. Seraphim (Seraph)2. Cherubim (Cherub)3. Thrones4. Dominations5. Virtues6. Powers7. Principalities8. Archangels9. AngelsStudy Questions and Essay Topics1. What does Satan mean when he says, “Better to reign in hell, then [than] serve in heav’n” (Book 1, line 263)?2. What does Belial mean when he says, "This horror will grow milde, this darkness light"? (Book 2, line 220).3. Explain the allusion in the underlined words:"[H]is Altar breathes / Ambrosial Odours and Ambrosial Flowers" (Mammon, Book 2, lines 243-244)4. Write an essay that reviews Milton's use of epic conventions in Paradise Lost. Be sure to give plenty of examples to support your thesis.5. Write an essay explaining the difference between the Ptolemaic and Copernican models of the solar system. Include in your essay illustrations of both models.。
Milton_and_Paradise_Lost弥尔顿与失乐园
● John Milton’s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetical works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last great poems.
John Milton
Topic 1—Introduction to John Milton
● Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.
2. Paradise Lost （1666, 1667）
Paradise Lost, the greatest poem by Milton, is a long narrative epic divided into 12 books. The stories of the poem were drawn from the “Genesis” of the Bible and from various elaborators of the Bible.
● Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.
Paradise lost
• 英语092班 • 惠玲 • 200906317
The content of Paradise Lost
• Paradise Lost, one of the greatest poems in the English language, was first published in 1667. Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece. it is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The story was taken from the Old Testament: the creation of the earth and Adam and Eve, the fallen angels in hell plotting against God, Satan's temptation of Eve, and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.
Satan
• In biblical and mythical texts, as well as in popular culture, Satan is consistently portrayed as an evil and antagonistic figure in Paradise Lost who attempts to undermine the true hero of the story. Is Satan a heroic figure in Paradise Lost?
• Beelzebub is the chief of the devils, Satan's "second-in-command." He is the first devil to awaken from his stupor on the fiery lake and is the audience for Satan's speech (1.84-124). Beelzebub, like Satan, is associated with light—or lost light, for Satan's address to Beelzebub is the first indication of how far indeed they have fallen, and how much they have changed. It is thus appropriate that he is the first to join in Satan's plans for rebellion in Heaven, is the first to respond to his exhortations in Hell.
Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost
The poem concerns the Biblical story of the Fall of Man: Adam and Eve,and involves God and his eternal adversary,Satan in its plot.
The story
The poem opens with Satan and the other rebel angels have been defeated by God and banished to Hell. Satan stoically withstands（坚忍地反抗）all agonies and passionately strives for victory.
这个地方，就是正义之神为那些叛逆者准备的， 在天外的冥荒中为他们设置的牢狱， 那个地方离开天神和天界的亮光， 相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。 啊，这里和他所从坠落的地方比起来是何等的不同呀！[ 25 ] 和他一起坠落的伙伴们掩没在猛火的洪流和旋风之中， 他辨认得了，在他近旁挣扎的， 论权力和罪行都仅次于他的神魔， 后来在巴勒斯坦知道他的名字叫别西卜。 这个在天上叫做撒旦的首要神敌，[ 30 ] 用豪言壮语打破可怕的沉寂， 开始向他的伙伴这样说道： 是你啊；这是何等的坠落！ 何等的变化呀！ 你原来住在光明的乐土，全身披覆着无比的光辉，[ 35 ] 胜过群星的灿烂， 你曾和我结成同盟，同心同气， 同一希望，在光荣的大事业中和我在一起。 现在，我们是从何等高的高天上， 沉沦到了何等深的深渊呀！[ 40 ]
英国文学史填空题
1. =Beowul= can be termed England ’s national epic and its hero Beowulf —one of the nationalheroes of the English people. 贝奥武夫（有记载的最早的一部英国文学作品）2. The literature of Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions, --=( Pagan ) andChristian=.The former represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of =oral sagas= , --the crude material out of which literature was slowlydeveloped on English soil; the latter represents the = writings= developed under teaching ofthe monks. 盎格鲁 - 撒克逊时期的文学自然地分成两个部门, —— (异教徒 )和基督教。
前者代表了诗歌的盎格鲁撒克逊人可能带来的形式口头传说 ,原油材料文献在慢慢开发英语土壤; 他后者代表作品在教学的僧侣。
3. The Song of Beowulf reflects events which tookplace on the=European Continent =approximately at the beginning of thcentury, when the the 6 forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the = Scandinavian peninsula=.4. The old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the =secular=poetry and the =religious=poetry. 世俗诗歌和宗教诗歌。
Paradise_Lost_失乐园（中英对照版）
ParadiseParadiseParadiseParadiseLostLostLostLost失乐园JohnJohnJohnJohnMiltonMiltonMiltonMilton约翰约翰约翰约翰····弥尔顿弥尔顿弥尔顿弥尔顿目录V1V1V1V1第一卷撒旦在地狱召集军队号召复仇点兵第二卷大会作出决议由撒旦亲赴人类乐园侦察人类的乐园第三卷神子声称愿为人类赎罪撒旦向乐园飞进第四卷撒旦进入乐园被捕第五卷敌人撒旦的来路第六卷在天界三天大战第七卷创造天地万物第八卷创造人类始祖第九卷夏娃受引诱食禁果第十卷违抗禁令震惊天界建筑大桥横贯混沌界第十一卷预示人类未来第十二卷继续预示未来亚薄⑾耐薇恢鸪隼衷癟HETHETHETHEARGUMENTARGUMENTARGUMENTARGUMENT提纲ThisfirstBookproposesfirstinbriefthewholeSubjectMansdisobedienceandthelossthereupon ofParadisewhereinhewasplact:ThentouchestheprimecauseofhisfalltheSerpentorratherSata nintheSerpentwhorevoltingfromGodanddrawingtohissidemanyLegionsofAngelswasbythe commandofGoddrivenoutofHeavenwithallhisCrewintothegreatDeep.Whichactionpastover thePoemhastsintothemidstofthingspresentingSatanwithhisAngelsnowfallenintoHelldescri bdherenotintheCenterforHeavenandEarthmaybesupposdasyetnotmadecertainlynotyetaccu rstbutinaplaceofutterdarknessfitliestcalldChaos:HereSatanwithhisAngelslyingontheburnin gLakethunder-struckandastonishtafteracertainspacerecoversasfromconfusioncallsuphimw honextinOrderandDignitylaybyhimtheyconferofthirmiserablefall.SatanawakensallhisLegi onswholaytilltheninthesamemannerconfoundedTheyrisethirNumbersarrayofBattelthirchie fLeadersnamdaccordingtotheIdolsknownafterwardsinCanaanandtheCountriesadjoyning.T otheseSatandirectshisSpeechcomfortsthemwithhopeyetofregainingHeavenbuttellsthemlast lyofanewWorldandnewkindofCreaturetobecreatedaccordingtoanancientProphesieorreport inHeavenforthatAngelswerelongbeforethisvisibleCreationwastheopinionofmanyancientFa thers.TofindoutthetruthofthisProphesieandwhattodeterminthereonhereferstoafullCouncel. WhathisAssociatesthenceattempt.PandemoniumthePalaceofSatanrisessuddenlybuiltoutoft heDeep:TheinfernalPeerstheresitinCouncel.V1在第一卷我先扼要点明本书的主题人失去曾经拥有的乐园是由于违背了天神命令。
《失乐园》：堕落与救赎的永恒主题
《失乐园》：堕落与救赎的永恒主题失乐园（Paradise Lost）是英国文学史上最伟大的史诗之一，由约翰·弥尔顿创作于17世纪。
这部作品深入探讨了堕落与救赎的永恒主题，并以其复杂而引人深思的故事情节和形象塑造成为经典。
《失乐园》以基督宗教中关于天使撒旦在天堂之战、被驱逐至地狱并策划诱惑亚当夏娃背叛上帝的神话为蓝本，表达出对人类存在意义及自由意志等哲学问题的思考。
通过描述上帝与撒旦之间斗争以及人类从无知到觉醒再到最终得到拯救的过程，弥尔顿探讨了一个重要而普遍存在于所有文化中的问题：罪恶如何产生，并如何摆脱其束缚。
整个叙事结构延续了悲剧式发展轨迹，在开始时描绘了完美和幸福充满天堂，但却随着撒旦因嫉妒、愤怒和反抗心态而导致他与一部分天使谋划叛乱。
这种堕落形成了整个故事的基础，也是对人性弱点的深入探索。
与此同时，亚当和夏娃则代表着无知而纯真的人类。
他们因为撒旦的诱惑而从幸福中被驱逐出去，并开始面临罪恶和痛苦。
然而，在《失乐园》中，弥尔顿并没有将他们描绘成彻底堕落或完全无辜。
相反，亚当和夏娃通过经历一系列错误决定和悔过自新来展现了人类拥有改变命运、追求救赎的能力。
正如作品标题所暗示的那样，《失乐园》还涉及了一个重要主题：对于失去理想状态（即天堂）后寻找重新获得快乐与满足感之路。
撒旦在地狱感到孤独、愤怒和沮丧，并试图通过引诱亚当背叛上帝来实现复仇，但最终却只收获到毁灭和更大的痛苦。
相比之下，亚当选择接受上帝给予的原谅与救赎，最终找回了失去的快乐与幸福。
在《失乐园》中，弥尔顿通过描绘一系列角色和事件，以及对人性、命运和道德的思考来探讨堕落与救赎的主题。
作品展现了撒旦从天使到堕落恶魔的转变过程，亚当和夏娃由无知而觉醒并寻求拯救的历程。
这些形象塑造不仅为读者提供了一个深思熟虑的叙事框架，同时也带给我们关于内心挣扎、选择与奋斗等永恒问题上的启示。
总之，《失乐园》是一部充满哲理和复杂情节的文学巨著，在其构建出来的世界中呈现了关于堕落与救赎这一永恒主题，并引发读者对人类自由意志、罪孽原因及如何摆脱罪恶束缚等问题进行反思。
(完整版)英国文学简史期末测验考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大必备)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生Ben Johnson•《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（V olpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
milton_paradise_lost
John Milton’s Paradise Lost
Questions
4.Paradise Lost begins with Satan and his fall, and Satan speaks first and at length in the beginning of the poem. Why do you think Milton would begin the poem by focusing on Satan, instead of focusing on God or Adam and Eve, allowing Satan to give his side of the story before readers are exposed to other points of view?
John Milton’s Paradise Lost
Milton’s Description of the Fallen Angels Standing
John Milton’s Paradise Lost
Options for the Fallen Angels (Book 2)
•Moloch (pagan god associated with violence and bloodshed) = Open war against God (What could be worse that their present situation?) •Belial (“weak and slothful”) = Wait and see what will happen; in favor of “ignoble ease” (Perhaps God will lessen their punishment.) •Mammon (“wealth”) = Make the best out of their situation (There may be wealth to be found in Hell.) •Beelzebub = Avenge themselves on God by invading and corrupting Eden
Paradise Lost(失乐园中撒旦形象的分析)
After reading theexcerptpart of paradise lost and many introduction of it`sauthordo get to know him and his works more and better than used to.ItreatedMiltonnot only as a master of poets but also arespected solider.Thespirits ofsacrificing for his beliefs inspiring me much.
Satan isthe first major character introduced in the test. Formerly the most beautiful of all angels in Heaven, he's a tragic figure best described by the now-famous quote "Better to reign in Hell, than to serve in Heaven". He is introduced to Hell after he leads a failed rebellion to wrestle control of Heaven from God. Satan's desire to rebel against his creator stems from his unwillingness to be subjugated by God and his Son, falsely claiming that angels are "self-begot, self-raised", therebydenying God's authority over them as their creator.Satan is comparable in many ways to the tragic heroes of classic Greek literature but, Satan's hubris far surpasses those of previous tragedies. Though at times he plays the narrative role of an anti-hero, he is still commonly understood to be the antagonist of the epic. However, the true nature of his role in the poem has been the subject of much notoriety and scholarly debate.
英美文学讲解弥尔顿-Paradise Lost失乐园
followers
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are banished from heaven and driven into hell, but even here in hell, mist flames and poisonous fumes, Satan and his adherents are not discouraged. The writer’ epic shows the writer’s misery after the Restoration, and his determination for revolution. The style of the epic is lifegrand, which is the result of his lifelong classical and biblical study.版权所有 翻版必究Ab Nhomakorabeatract:
• “Paradise Lost” is Minton’s ” ’ masterpiece .It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The story were taken from the Old Testament: the creation of the earth and Adam and Eve, the fallen angels in hell plotting against God, Satan’s ’ temptation of Eve, and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden .Satan and his
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Conclusion
• "Lose paradise " be such one chansons de geste, the author does not participate in fault present age fighting with firsthand , he is expert in but force trying one's best to have white out war within the epic range in fulllength novel , appearance , he return the intrepid spirit back to braveness having sung the praises of his coeval person at the same time not only being to describe heroes' magnificent battle its dreadful author.
Paradise Lost失乐园
John Milton(1608~1674)
John Milton is generally regarded,next to Shakespeare,as the greatest English poet,Paradise Lost is considered one of the finest epic poems in the English language.
That were an ignominy and shame beneath This downfall; since by Fate the strength of gods And this empyreal substance cannot fail; Since through experience of this great event In arms not worse, in foresight much advanced. We may with more successful hope resolve
Miltonic Style
The blank verse,i.e.,the unrhyme lines of iambic pentameter,is used throughoutthe epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences,which run on many lines with a variety of pauses,and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.This richness of poetical style has frequently been called“Miltonic style”.Milton’s style is also commonly said to be Latinate.He is very fond of using inversion.Another characteristic of his style is the use of allusions to other works,especially the classic works.
新编英语教程(基础英语)第三版第四册课文翻译Book 4 Unit 3阅读_英中对照
Unit Three第三单元电影剪辑Watch the movie clip and answer the following questions.观看电影剪辑并回答以下问题。
According to Dr. Pritchard, which two questions should be answered to determine a poem's greatness?普里查德博士认为，要决定一首诗的伟大，应该回答哪两个问题？The two questions are: One: How artfully has the objective of the poem been rendered?Two: How important is that objective?这两个问题是:第一:这首诗的目的是如何巧妙地被呈现的？第二:这个目标有多重要？Why did Mr. Keating ask his students to rip out the entire page in the book?为什么基廷先生要他的学生把书的整页撕掉？Because he wanted them to learn to think for themselves and savour words and language.因为他想让他们学会独立思考，品味词语和语言。
Discussion:讨论:Do you think it false respect to keep the books you read physically complete and undamaged?Why or why not?你认为让你阅读的书保持完整无损是错误的尊重吗？为什么或为什么不？(This is an open question.)(这是一个开放的问题。
)Script脚本(From Dead Poets Society)(来自死亡诗人协会)- Gentlemen, open your text to Page 21 of the introduction.Mr. Perry, will you read the opening paragraph of the preface entitled "Understanding Poetry"?-先生们，把你们的文章翻到引言的第21页。
关于天堂的书籍
关于天堂的书籍
1. 《天堂失落》（Paradise Lost）：约翰·弥尔顿的史诗诗歌作品，描述了亚当和夏娃被驱逐出伊甸园的故事，涉及了对天堂和地狱的描绘。
2. 《天堂的边缘》（The Edge of Heaven）：著名作家乌斯拉·勒·瓦恩特的小说，讲述了一对来自土耳其的情侣在德国生活的故事，涉及了跨文化和宗教冲突的议题。
3. 《天堂之墙》（The Wall of Heaven）：阿图尔·凯斯勒的小说，讲述了一个中国家庭在20世纪初美国加利福尼亚州的故事，描述了他们在异国他乡追求天堂般生活的艰难经历。
4. 《天堂岛》（Heaven Is for Real）：托德·伯普写的一本畅销书，讲述了一个四岁男孩的非凡经历，他声称曾去过天堂，这本书引发了关于死后世界的深入思考和争论。
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而设法使他们处于低等的地位。
我要使他们起这样的心，宁尝禁果而死。
难道还有比这个更稳妥的方法吗？
致命的智慧之树矗立在那里，教他们禁止品尝违禁的知识。带着怀疑，没有理由，为何他们的主会为此嫉妒？知识会否是罪恶？会否是死亡？他们是否只站在无知身侧？抑或是他们的幸福，他们顺从的证明，他们的信仰？哦他们的毁灭建立在公正的基石之上。我会让他们的头脑充满更多求知的欲望，拒绝充满嫉妒的号令，这号令使他们永处底层，他们的知识也许会比健神祗，立志如此，他们品尝禁果然后死去：还有什么类似的事情能够发生呢？
有一株叫做知识的树，禁止他们吃，
知识得禁止吗？没有道理令人怀疑。
为什么他们的主宰要嫉恨知识呢？
知识是罪恶吗？有知识是死罪吗？
他们只靠无知有安身之地吗？
无知就是他们的幸福生涯，
他们顺从和忠信的保证吗？
啊，这是毁灭他们的好基础！
这样，我可以挑动他们的心，
使他们更增加求知的欲望，
抗拒那条深含妒意的禁令，