过程装备与控制工程专业英语

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过程装备与控制工程专业英语

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The design of chemical reactors is probably the one activity which is unique to chemical engineering, and it is probably this function more than anything else which justifies the existence of chemical engineering as a distinct branch of engineering.
Physical treatment Steps
Produces

Recycle
1
The raw materials undergo a number of physical treatment steps to put them in the form in which they can be reacted chemically. They then pass through the reactor.The products of the reaction must then undergo further physical treatment- separations, purifications, etc. - for the final desired product to be obtained. 原料进行了一些物理处理的步骤，使它们能够发生化学反应。然后让他们通过反应器。产物要经历进一步的物理处理——分离，净化提纯等等，以获得期望的最终产品。
只有……才有的化学反应器的设计也许是一种只有化学工程领域才涉及的工作。并且可能正是因为这种功能才奠定了化学工程作为工程领域的一个特殊分支而存在的合理性

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

Unit 13 Principles of Heat TransferPractically all the operations that are carried out by the chemical engineer involve the production or absorption of energy in the form of heat. The laws governing the transfer of heat and the types of apparatus that have for their main object the control of heat flow are therefore of great importance.实际上，所有的由化学工程师进行的操作都要涉及热量的产生和吸收。

因此，控制传热的定律和以控制热流为主要目的的仪器类型都是很重要的。

1. Nature of Heat FlowWhen two objects at different temperatures are brought into thermal contact, heat flows from the object at the higher temperature to that at the lower temperature. The net flow is always in the direction of the temperature decrease. The mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three, conduction, convection, and radiation.当两种不同温度的物体开始接触后，热流就会从高温物体传给低温物体。

净热流总是随着温度降低的方向。

传热的机理通常分三种：热传导，热对流，热辐射。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语重点

《过程装备与控制工程专业英语》考试范围——made by REN09过控Unit 1 General Equilibrium Conditions of A System词汇：1、internal force 内力2、external force 外力3、equilibrium 平衡4、sufficient condition 充分条件5、necessary condition 必要条件虽然我们不能对其进行详细的讨论，以上结论适用于一个由任意外力作用的任何数量的质点所组成的系统，假设系统内力符合牛顿第三定律。

特别是，这些结果也适用于有限尺寸的物体，因为这样的物体可认为是有大量微体和质点组成的。

方程1.1是平衡的必要条件；也就是说，如果系统处于平衡，必须满足这些方程式。

通常情况下他们并不是平衡的充分条件；满足这些方程不一定保证系统将处于平衡。

然而，这并不会带来任何困难，以内我们只处理处于平衡的系统。

对于刚体，方程1.1既是必要条件又是充分条件。

检验它的充分性需要用到牛顿第二定律和其他超出本课文水平的知识。

Unit 9 internal structure of steel词汇1、internal structure of steel 钢材的内部就够2、alloy 合金3、fracture 断裂，断口4、grind 研磨，抛光5、polish 研磨，抛光，精加工钢是我们最重要的工程和建筑材料；它大概占所有金属制品的80%。

由于它具有强度高，容易制造成多种形状，特性广泛并且成本低。

我们生产从相当柔软的带钢到硬质工具钢等各种用途的钢的能力，很多情况下取决于对给定的以加工成型或未成形钢的热处理。

在研究钢材和其他黑色金属合金材料的热处理之前，先简要的地考察一下钢材的内部结构将是有益的。

一块钢材的表面情况并不能给出该刚才内部结构情况的任何迹象，但是如果一块金属被破坏，则断口将呈现出颗粒状的表面。

Unit 13 principles of heat transfer词汇1、The mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three ：conduction（热传导）、convection（热对流）、radiation（热辐射）2、natural convection 自然对流3、forced convection 强制对流4、electromagnetic wave 电磁波5、enthalpy 焓Unit 14单元操作有：fluid flow 流体流动，heat transfer 传热，evaporation 蒸发，drying 烘干，distillation 蒸馏，absorption 吸收，crystallization 结晶，mechanical physical separation 机械物理分离，membrane separation 膜分离，liquid-liquid separationUnit 15 chemical reaction engineering1、chemical reaction engineering 化学反应工程2、chemical kinetics 化学动力学3、fluid dynamics 流体力学4、materials mechanics 材料力学5、heat transfer 热转换6、thermal dynamics 热力学反应器的设计用到信息，知识，以及不同领域的经验——热力学、化学动力学、流体力学、传热、传质和经济学，化学反应工程是综合所有因素，其目的是正确设计一个化学反应器。

(建筑工程管理)过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

（建筑工程管理）过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译GeneralEquilibriumConditionsofASystem力系的一般平衡条件在这一部分，我们将研究为了使一个物体保持平衡，作用在其上的力和力偶所必须满足的条件。

根据牛顿第一定律，施加在一个静止物体上的力系的合力一定为零。

然而，请注意这个定律对力矩或力系的转动效应只字未提。

显然，合力矩也一定为零，否则物体将会转动。

这里的基本问题是原先叙述的牛顿第一定律（和第二定律）只适用于非常小的物体，或者尺寸可以忽略的非零质量的粒子。

然而，它可以扩展到如下所述的有限尺寸的物体。

考虑一个由两个质点组成的系统，假设和为它们之间的相互作用力(图.1.1)。

这些力称为内力，因为它们是由于系统内部的物体之间的相互作用而产生的。

假定内力服从牛顿第三定律，我们有。

假如还有质点与系统外物体之间的相互作用力施加在质点上，如和,这些力称为外力。

显然，作用在一个特定粒子上的力一定有相同的应用，因为粒子的尺寸可以忽略。

如果系统内的每一个质点处于平衡，我们就可以说系统是平衡的。

在本例中，依据牛顿第一定律，作用在每个质点上的力的合力一定为零。

对质点A我们有：而对质点B有：作用在系统上的力的总和为：现在我们来研究这些力对于同一点P的合力矩。

由图1.1，我们有：由于力和有相同的作用线，力矩的条件可以改写为但；所以力和力矩的条件简化为和换句话说，如果系统处于平衡，那么作用在其上的合外力一定为零，而且这些力对于任一点的合力矩也为零。

内力不需要考虑，因为它们的效应相互抵消了。

如果系统处于平衡，那么and(1.1)这里是作用在系统上的所有外力的总和，而是这些力对任意点的合力矩，包括系统中可能作用有的力偶的矩。

方程（1.1）是平衡的必要条件；也就是说，如果系统处于平衡，必须满足这些方程。

一般来说它们不是平衡的充分条件。

然而，这并不会带来任何困难，因为我们的研究仅涉及平衡系统。

对于刚体，方程（1.1）既是其平衡的必要条件也是充分条件。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇.

abrasiveness 研磨；腐蚀absolute 绝对的accumulate 堆积；积累acid 酸；酸性的，酸味的actuator 执行机构adjust 调整；调节agitation 搅拌air preheater 空气预热器air register 空气调节器airflow 气流alkali 碱allowance 公差，容差，容许量alloy 合金alternating current 交流电angle 角度，角apparatus 装置，仪器，仪表application 应用artificial 人造的；仿造的assembly 装配atmospheric 大气的，大气层的austenite 奥氏体automation 自动化，自动操作auxiliary 辅助设备，附属机构backflow 回流baffle 挡板；折流板；隔板batch 一批，批量bearing 轴承bellow 波纹管belt 带；腰带；地带blade 叶片blower 鼓风机boiler 锅炉bolt 螺栓bonnet 阀盖，阀帽，机罩box furnace 箱式炉brittle 易碎的，脆弱的burner 燃烧器bushing 轴衬；套管butterfly valve 蝶阀capacity 容积carbon steel 碳钢，碳素钢casing 机壳cast 浇铸catalyst 催化剂category 分类，种类cavity 腔；洞，凹处centrifugal force 离心力chamber 腔，室，船舱check valve 止回阀checklist 检查表，清单classify 分类；分等clockwise 顺时针方向的- 1 -coating 涂层，覆盖层coefficient 系数coil 盘管，线圈coking 结焦，焦化column 圆柱，柱形物combination 结合combustion 燃烧，氧化component 成分；组件；零件composition 组成，成分compressor 压缩机concentration 浓度concentric 同轴的，同心的condense 浓缩；凝结condenser 冷凝器；凝汽器conduction 传导cone roof 锥形顶constant 常量，常数contract 缩小，收缩contrast 对比，形成对照controller 控制器convection 对流convert 使转变；转换。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语重点

特别是，这些结果也适用于有限尺寸的物体，因为这样的物体可认为是有大量微体和质点组成的。

方程1.1是平衡的必要条件；也就是说，如果系统处于平衡，必须满足这些方程式。

通常情况下他们并不是平衡的充分条件；满足这些方程不一定保证系统将处于平衡。

然而，这并不会带来任何困难，以内我们只处理处于平衡的系统。

对于刚体，方程1.1既是必要条件又是充分条件。

检验它的充分性需要用到牛顿第二定律和其他超出本课文水平的知识。

由于它具有强度高，容易制造成多种形状，特性广泛并且成本低。

我们生产从相当柔软的带钢到硬质工具钢等各种用途的钢的能力，很多情况下取决于对给定的以加工成型或未成形钢的热处理。

在研究钢材和其他黑色金属合金材料的热处理之前，先简要的地考察一下钢材的内部结构将是有益的。

一块钢材的表面情况并不能给出该刚才内部结构情况的任何迹象，但是如果一块金属被破坏，则断口将呈现出颗粒状的表面。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语单词总结概要

exert n.用力,施力fundamental v.基本的negligible a.可以忽略的moment n.力矩(各种矩 equilibrium n.平衡的cancel out 相约,相消preceding a.以前的pulley n.滑轮,皮带轮relegate vt.归类,委托Component n.分力,分量Scalar n.;a.纯量,标量Statically determinate 静定transverse a.横向,横切symmetry n.对称性pin support 铰支座roller support 滚轴支座translate 平移lateral 横向的,水平的sustain 支撑,承受住cantilever悬臂overhang外伸intensity 强度,密度reaction反作用力magnitude大小,量级equilibrate(使平衡inverse相反的counterclockwise逆时针方向的deliberately审慎的,故意的stress 应力strain应变deformable可(易变形的shaft轴derivation 推导,导出axially-loaded 受轴向载荷的blend 混合tension 拉伸,张力shear 剪切,剪力prismatic 等截面的at right angles to与。

垂直analogous类似的hydrostatic流体静力学submerge浸没,沉没denote 表示,指示resultant合力;合成的centroid质心,矩心,重心elongation伸长,延伸率adjacent 相邻的,临近的free-body自由体bendin moment弯矩convention协定,惯例algebraic 代数的truss 桁架unknowingly 无意中,不知不觉的lowercase 小写visualize 假设patently 明白的perpendicular 垂直,直立vector 矢量squash 压缩tangential 切向subscript 下标,脚码say 假定algebraic 代数差unidirectional 单向,单自由度的postulate 假设ductile 可塑,可锻,韧性的criterion 标准,规范rupture 断裂,破坏specimen 样本,试件monitor 监视,控制multitude 众多,大批sin 罪恶,犯罪ignorance 未知yield-point 屈服点longgitudinal 轴向的,纵向的circumferential 圆周的,环形的oscillatory 振荡的,摆动的confront 面临,面对wear 磨损,耐磨性fatigue 疲劳acute 敏锐,尖锐impair 损害,减少symmertrical 对称的,均匀的propeller 螺旋桨,推进器compact 压实,压紧chaff 废物,渣滓thresh 猛烈摆动glider 滑翔机panel 底座helical 螺旋(线,面,形 springboard 跳板,出发点pendulum 振动体bob 振子球displacement位移,平移customary 通常,习惯的reciprocal 相互的,倒数的amplitude 振幅angular 角,成角度的dissipative 损耗,消耗的damp 阻尼,减震viscous 粘性的constrain 约束coordinate 坐标specify 指定,确定detect 探测,检测knife-edges 韧性支承rotor转子armature 电枢,转子crankshaft 曲轴,centtrifugal 离心式的,离心机rock 摇动,摆动bearing 轴承equivalent 相等的,等价的converse 逆的,反的oz. ounce 盎司alloy 合金crystal 结晶,晶体lattice 晶格aggregate 集合,集合体valence 化合价electrostatic 静电的conductor 导体wrought 精制的,可锻的cast 浇铸,铸件ferrous 含铁的nonferrous 不含铁intake 吸入,入口manifold 集气管aluminum 铝magnessium 镁beryllium铍brass 黄铜bronze 铜tin 锡zinc 锌elusive 难以理解的ductility 韧性,延展性fracture 破裂brittle 脆性的interplay 相互作用manufacture 加工制造strength of materials 材料力学rheology 流变学outset 开头,开始relevant 有关的,相关的component 分量,组件scope 范围,工作域realm 领悟,范围concept 概念,原理harden 变硬,硬化classification 分类,分级conserve 保存,守恒melt 融化,熔融evaporation 蒸发,汽化forging 锻造characterize 表征,表示。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

Reading Material 16Pressure Vessel Codes①History of Pressure Vessel Codes in the United States Through the late 1800s and early 1900s, explosions in boilers and pressure vessels were frequent. A firetube boiler explosion on the Mississippi River steamboat Sultana on April 27, 1865, resulted in the boat's sinking within 20 minuted and the death of 1500 soldiers going home after the Civil War. This type of catastrophe continued unabated into the early 1900s. In 1905, a destructive explosion of a firetube boiler in a shoe factory in Brockton, Massachusetts, killed 58 people, injured 117 others, and did $400000 in property damage. In 1906, another explosion in a shoe factory in Lynn, Massachusetts, resulted in death, injury, and extensive property damage. After this accident, the Massachusetts governor directed the formation of a Board of Boiler Rules. The first set of rules for the design and construction of boilers was approved in Massachusetts on August 30, 1907. This code was three pages long.②In 1911, Colonel E. D. Meier, the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, established a committee to write a set of rules for the design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels. On February 13, 1915, the first ASMEBoiler Code was issued. It was entitled "Boiler Construction Code, 1914 Edition". This was the beginning of the various sections of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which ultimately became Section 1, Power Boilers.③The first ASME Code for pressure vessels was issued as "Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure V essels", Section Ⅷ, 1925 edition. The rules applied to vessels over 6 in. indiameter, volume over 1.5 3ft, and pressure over 30 psi. In December 1931, a Joint API-ASMECommittee was formed to develop an unfired pressure vessel code for the petroleum industry. The first edition was issued in 1934. For the nest 17 years, two separated unfired pressure vessel codes existed. In 1951, the last API-ASME Code was issued as a separated document. In 1952, the two codes were consolidated into one code----the ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code, Section Ⅷ. This continued until the 1968 edition. At that time, the original code became Section Ⅷ, Division 1, Pressure Vessels, and another new part was issued, which was Section Ⅷ, Division 2, Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels.④The ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers with approval by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as an ANSI/ASME document. One or more sections of the ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code have been established as the legal requirements in 47 states in the United Stated and in all provinces of Canada. Also, in many other countries of the world, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is used to construct boilers and pressure vessels.⑤Organization of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is divided into many sections, divisions, parts, and subparts. Some of these sections relate to a specific kind of equipment and application; others relate to specific materials and methods for application and control of equipment; and others relate to care and inspection of installed equipment. The following Sections specifically relate to boiler and pressure vessel design and construction.Section ⅠPower Boilers (1 volume)Section ⅢDivision 1 Nuclear Power Plant Components (7 volumes)Division 2 Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containment (1 volume)Code Case Case 1 Components in Elevated Temperature service (in Nuclear Code N-47Case book)Section ⅣHeating Boilers (1 volume)Section ⅧDivision 1Pressure Vessels (1 volume)Division 2 Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels (1 volume)Section ⅩFiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels (1 volume)⑥A new edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued on July 1 every three years and new addenda are issued every six months on January 1 and July 1. The new edition of the code becomes mandatory when it appears. The addenda are permissive at the date of issuance and become mandatory six months after that date.⑦Worldwide Pressure Vessel Codes In addition to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which is used worldwide, many other pressure vessel codes have been legally adopted in various countries. Difficulty often occurs when vessels are designed in one country, built in another country, and installed in still a different country. With this worldwide construction this is often the case.⑧The following list is a partial summary of some of the various codes used in different countries:Australia Australian Code for Boilers and Pressure Vessels, SAA Boiler Code (Series AS 1200):AS 1210, Unfired Pressure Vessels and Class 1 H, Pressure Vessels of Advanced Design and Construction, Standards Association of Australia.France Construction Code Calculation Rules for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Syndicat National de la Chaudronnerie et de la Tuyauterie Industrielle (SNCT), Paris, France.United Kingdom British Code BS. 5500, British Standards Institution, London, England.Japan Japanese Pressure V essel Code, Ministry of Labour, published by Japan Boiler Association, Tokyo, Japan; Japanese Standard, Construction of Pressure Vessels, JIS B 8243, published by the Japan Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan; Japanese High Pressure Gas Control Law, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, published by The Institution for Safety of High Pressure Gas Engineering, Tokyo, Japan.Italy Italian Pressure Vessel Code, National Association for Combustion Control (ANNCC), Milan, Italy.Belgium Code for Good Practice for the Construction of Pressure Vessels, Belgian Standard Institute (IBN), Brussels, Belgium.Sweden Swedish Pressure Vessel Code, Tryckkarls kommissioner, the Swedish Pressure Vessel Commission, Stockholm, Sweden.压力容器准则①美国的压力容器规范历史在19世纪和20世纪初期，锅炉和压力容器频繁发生爆炸事件。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

第四单元Membrane Stresses薄膜应力Shells of Revolution回转壳体Curve曲线 Axis轴线Process vessels过程容器 Cylinder cylindrical 圆柱,圆柱的Cone conical圆锥 ,圆锥的Hemispherical sphere半球形的,球形 Ellipsoidal椭圆形的 T orispherical准球形的（碟形的）Bending stresses弯曲应力 Shear stresses剪切应力 Internal pressure内压Arising from…由什么引起Be subjected to…承受…Symmetric对称的Circumference周向的 Meridional stress经向应力 Circumferential stress周向应力T angential stress切向应力 Radius of curvature曲率半径 Normal component法向分量Diameter直径 An angle αto the axis与轴夹角α段落： 22页2，3段第五单元mechanical vibration机械振动 periodically repeated motion交替重复的运动 wear磨损bear轴承 fatigue疲劳 precision instrument精密仪表 propeller螺旋桨threshing machine脱粒机 spring弹簧 shaft轴 beam梁 cantilever beam悬臂梁cycle循环 frequency频率 amplitude振幅 displacement位移 elastic force弹性力free vibration自由振动 natural frequency自然频率 forced vibration受迫振动exciting force激振力 damped vibration阻尼振动 undamped vibration非阻尼振动degree of freedom自由度 coordinate坐标重点段落：图1.20下面的第一段:"Mechanical vibrations ...for many purposes."第六单元金属合金 metal alloy 结晶的crystalline 晶格crystal-lattice 原子atom 离子ions锻造金属wroung metal 铸造金属cast metal 导热体conductor of heat导电体conductor of electricity 塑性的plastic 黑色金属ferrous metal 铸铁cast iron有色金属nonferrous metal 碳钢carbon steel 铜合金copper alloy 钛trtanium熔点melting point第七单元原材料 the virgin/starting material 韧性ductility 脆性brittleness 断裂fracture硬化hardening 导热性 thermal conduction 润滑(n,v）lubrication ,lubricateThe final strength of any material used in an engineering component depends on its mechanical and physical properties after it has been subjected to one or more different manufacturing processes. 用于工程构件的任何一种材料的最终强度取决于这种材料在经历了一种或多种不同加工过程之后的机械与物理性质。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇

abrasiveness 研磨；腐蚀absolute 绝对的accumulate 堆积；积累acid 酸；酸性的，酸味的actuator 执行机构adjust 调整；调节agitation 搅拌air preheater 空气预热器air register 空气调节器airflow 气流alkali 碱allowance 公差，容差，容许量alloy 合金alternating current 交流电angle 角度，角apparatus 装置，仪器，仪表application 应用artificial 人造的；仿造的assembly 装配atmospheric 大气的，大气层的austenite 奥氏体automation 自动化，自动操作auxiliary 辅助设备，附属机构backflow 回流baffle 挡板；折流板；隔板batch 一批，批量bearing 轴承bellow 波纹管belt 带；腰带；地带blade 叶片blower 鼓风机boiler 锅炉bolt 螺栓bonnet 阀盖，阀帽，机罩box furnace 箱式炉brittle 易碎的，脆弱的burner 燃烧器bushing 轴衬；套管butterfly valve 蝶阀capacity 容积carbon steel 碳钢，碳素钢casing 机壳cast 浇铸catalyst 催化剂category 分类，种类cavity 腔；洞，凹处centrifugal force 离心力chamber 腔，室，船舱check valve 止回阀checklist 检查表，清单classify 分类；分等clockwise 顺时针方向的coating 涂层，覆盖层coefficient 系数coil 盘管，线圈coking 结焦，焦化column 圆柱，柱形物combination 结合combustion 燃烧，氧化component 成分；组件；零件composition 组成，成分compressor 压缩机concentration 浓度concentric 同轴的，同心的condense 浓缩；凝结condenser 冷凝器；凝汽器conduction 传导cone roof 锥形顶constant 常量，常数contract 缩小，收缩contrast 对比，形成对照controller 控制器convection 对流convert 使转变；转换。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

过程装备与控制工程专业英语Unit 13 Principles of Heat TransferPractically all the operations that are carried out by the chemical engineer involve the production or absorption of energy in the form of heat. The laws governing the transfer of heat and the types of apparatus that have for their main object the control of heat flow are therefore of great importance.实际上，所有的由化学工程师进行的操作都要涉及热量的产生和吸收。

因此，控制传热的定律和以控制热流为主要目的的仪器类型都是很重要的。

1. Nature of Heat FlowWhen two objects at different temperatures are brought into thermal contact, heat flows from the object at the higher temperature to that at the lower temperature. The net flow is always in the direction of the temperature decrease. The mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three, conduction, convection, and radiation. 当两种不同温度的物体开始接触后，热流就会从高温物体传给低温物体。

净热流总是随着温度降低的方向。

传热的机理通常分三种:热传导，热对流，热辐射。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语全部翻译

General Equilibrium Conditions of A System力系的一般平衡条件在这一部分，我们将研究为了使一个物体保持平衡，作用在其上的力和力偶所必须满足的条件。

根据牛顿第一定律，施加在一个静止物体上的力系的合力一定为零。

然而，请注意这个定律对力矩或力系的转动效应只字未提。

显然，合力矩也一定为零，否则物体将会转动。

这里的基本问题是原先叙述的牛顿第一定律（和第二定律）只适用于非常小的物体，或者尺寸可以忽略的非零质量的粒子。

然而，它可以扩展到如下所述的有限尺寸的物体。

考虑一个由两个质点组成的系统，假设1f 和2f 为它们之间的相互作用力(图.1.1)。

这些力称为内力，因为它们是由于系统内部的物体之间的相互作用而产生的。

假定内力服从牛顿第三定律，我们有12f f =-。

假如还有质点与系统外物体之间的相互作用力施加在质点上，如1,2F F 和3F ,这些力称为外力。

显然，作用在一个特定粒子上的力一定有相同的应用，因为粒子的尺寸可以忽略。

如果系统内的每一个质点处于平衡，我们就可以说系统是平衡的。

在本例中，依据牛顿第一定律，作用在每个质点上的力的合力一定为零。

对质点A 我们有：∑=++=0121f F F F A 而对质点B 有：∑032=+=F f F B作用在系统上的力的总和为：123120A B F F F F F F f f =+=++++=∑∑∑现在我们来研究这些力对于同一点P 的合力矩。

由图1.1，我们有：12()()P A B M r F r F =⨯+⨯∑∑∑ 由于力1f 和2f 有相同的作用线，力矩的条件可以改写为1121223()0P M r F F f f r F =⨯++++⨯=∑ 但12f f =-；所以力和力矩的条件简化为1210F F F F +=+=∑ 和111223()()()0P M r F r F r F =⨯+⨯+⨯=∑换句话说，如果系统处于平衡，那么作用在其上的合外力一定为零，而且这些力对于任一点的合力矩也为零。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

Unit 19 Types of Heat ExchangersHeat exchangers are equipment primarily for transferring heat between hot and cold have separate passages for the two streams and operate most versatile and widely used exchangers are the shell-and-tube types but various plate and other types are valuable and economically competitive or superior in some other types will be discussed briefly but most of the space following will be devoted to the shell-and-tube types primarily because of their importance but also because they are most completely documented in the they can be designed with a degree of confidence to fit into a other types are largely proprietary and for the most part must be process designed by their manufacturers.Plate-and-Frame Exchangers Plate-and-frame exchangers are assemblies of pressed corrugated plates on a frame. Gaskets in grooves around the periphery contain the fluids and direct the flows into and out of the spaces between the spacing and the presence of the corrugations result in high coefficients on both sides several times those of shell-andtube equipment and fouling factors are accessibility of the heat exchange surface for cleaning makes them particularly suitable for fouling services and where a high degree of sanitation is required as in food and pharmaceutical pressures and temperatures are limited by the natures of the available gasketing materials with usual maxima of 300 psig and 400 F.Since plate-and-frame exchangers are made by comparatively few concerns most process design information about them is proprietary but may be made available to serious factors and heat transfer coefficients vary with the plate spacing and the kinds of costs per unit of heat transfer are said to be lower than for shell-and-tube stainless steel construction the plate-and-frame construction cot is 50%-70% that of the shell-and-tube.Spiral Heat Exchangers In spiral heat exchangers the hot fluid enters at the center of the spiral element and flows to the periphery; flow of the cold liquid is countercurrent entering at the periphery and leaving at the transfer coefficients are high on both sides and there is no correction to the log mean temperature difference because of the true countercurrent'action. These factors may lead to surface requirements 20% or so less than those of shell-and-tube exchangers. Spiral types generally may be superior with highly viscous fluids at moderate pressures.Compact (Plate-Fin) Exchangers Compact exchangers are used primarily for gas they have surfaces of the order of 1200 m2 /m3 corrugation height mm corrugation thickness mm and fin density 230-700 fins/ large extended surface permits about four times the heat transfer rate per unit volume that can be achieved with shell-and-tube have beendesigned for pressiIres up to 80 atm or close spacings militate against fouling compact exchangers are used in cryogenic services and also for heat recovery at high temperatures in connection with gas mobile units as in motor vehicles compact exchangers have the great merits of compactness and light kind of arrangement of cross and countercurrent flows is feasible and three or more different streams can be accommodated in the same drop heat transfer relations and other aspects of design are well documented.Air Coolers In such equipment the process fluid flows through finned tubes and cooling air is blown across them with fans. The economics of application of air coolers favors services that allow 25-40 1" temperature difference between ambient air and process the range above 10 Mbtu/l air coolers can be economically competítíve with watercoolers when water of adequate quality is available in su Hicient amountDouble-Pipe Exchangers This kind of exchanger consísts of a central pipe supported withín a larger one by packíng glands. The straight length is limited to a maximum of about 20 ft;otherwise the center pipe wi1l sag and cause poor distribution in the is customary to operate with the high pressure high temperature high density and corrosive fluid in the inner pipe and the less demanding one in the annulus. The inner surface can be provide with scrapers as in dewaxing of oils or crystallization from longitudinal fins in the annular space can be used to improve heat transfer with gases or viscous greater heat transfer surfaces are needed several double-pipes can be stacked in any combination of series or parallel.Double-pipe exchangers have largely lost out to shell-and-tube units in recent may be worth considering in these situations:1. When the shell-side coefficient is less than half that of the tubeside;the annular side coeHicient can be made comparable to the tube side.2. Temperature crosses that require multishell shell-and-tube units can be avoided by the inherent true countercurrent flow in double pipes.3. High pressures can be accommodated more economically in the annulus than they can in a larger diameter shell.4. At duties requiring only 100~200 sqft of surface the double-pipe may be more economical even in comparison with off-the-shell unts.Shell-and-Tube Exchangers This type of exchangers will be discussed in the following section.(Selected from: Stanley Chemical Process Equiment Butterworth Publishers 1988.)Words and Expressionsn.通道，通过a.多用途的，通用的a.专利的，私有的v.成波纹状，起波纹;corrugation nn.沟，槽n.系数n.密封垫片v.弄脏，堵塞;fouling factor 污垢系数n.卫生a.制药的；药物的n. ; a.逆流n.翅片;v.装翅片v.妨碍，起作用a.冷冻的，低温的n.恢复，回收，再生n.填料盖，密封套v.下垂，下沉n.环状空间; annular a环形的.v.脱蜡n.结晶，结晶体n.堆积，烟囱α.内在的，固有的v.调节，适度，容纳Unit 19 换热器的种类换热器起初是为了在热流和冷流中传热。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语基础词汇

一．有用词汇及短语1.radial stress 径向应力2.longitudinal stress 经向应力3.circumferential stress 环向应力4.subscript 脚注，下标5.ultimate strength 强度极限6.rupture 破裂，断裂7.postulate v. 假设，主张8.specimen n. 标本，样本9.membrane stress 薄膜应力 membrane separation 膜分离10.shells of revolution 回转壳11.conical adj. 圆锥形的12.cylinderical adj. 圆柱的，筒形的13.hemispherical adj. 半球形的14.ellipsoidal adj. 椭圆形的15.torispherical adj. 准球形的16.boundary conditions 边界条件17.high-oder term 高阶的项18.displacement 位移19.reciprocal 倒数20.amplitude 振幅21.free vibration 自由振动22.forced vibration 受迫振动23.dissipative elements 耗散因素24.coordinate 坐标25.crankshaft 曲轴26.bearing 轴承27.toughness 韧性28.stiffness 刚度29.as-cast adj.铸造的 n.毛坯铸件30.ingot 钢锭，铸块31.solder 钎焊、锡焊、银焊等低温焊接32.braze 硬钎焊33.weld 焊接，熔焊34.plain carbon steel 普通碳素钢mild steel 低碳钢35.low-alloy steel 低合金钢36.generic term 通用术语37.quench 淬火38.temper 回火39.ductility 韧性，延展性40.brittle adj.脆性的 brittleness n.脆性41.granular adj.颗粒的，粒状的 grain n.颗粒，晶粒42.magnifying glass 放大镜 microscope 显微镜43.magnification 放大，放大倍数 magnify v.放大44.reagent 试剂reactant 反应物，反应剂 resultant 生成物；合力45.ferrite 铁素体46.body-centered cubic adj.体心立方的 body-centered cube 体心立方face-centered cubic adj.面心立方的 face-centered cube 面心立方47.allotropy n. 同素异构 allotrope n.同素异构体mpblack 炭黑 graphite 石墨49.corrodent 腐蚀剂50.corrosion-resistant 耐腐蚀的 impact resistance 抗冲击性能51.inhibitor 缓蚀剂52.stable compound 稳定化合物53.contamination of products 产品污染54.depletion 消耗，耗尽55.concentration 浓度 concentration gradient 浓度梯度56.impurity 杂质57.alkaline adj.碱性的，碱的58.chlorine 氯59.film 膜 passive film 钝化膜60.ion 离子61.volatile 易挥发的 nonvolatile 难挥发的62.solvent 溶剂 solution 溶液，解solute 溶质63.crevice corrosion 缝隙腐蚀 pitting 点蚀64.passivate v.钝化65.cybernetics 控制论 kinematics 运动学66.engage in 从事67.forge ahead 前进，发展bustion 氧化，燃烧69.artificial intelligence 人工智能70.differential equation 微分方程 solution 解71.scalar 标量 vector 矢量72.mass/heat/momentum transport 传质/热/动量传递73.humidifier 增湿器 dry 干燥器fractionater 分馏器 absorber 吸收器74.pollutant 污染物75.pilot-plant 中试装置，试验工厂76.homogeneous 均相的，均匀的77.coefficient 系数 heat-transfer ～传热系数78.tubular 管状的79.apparatus 设备，仪器80.conduction 传导 convection 对流 radiation 辐射81.furnace 火炉，熔炉82.enthalpy 焓，热焓83.flux 通量84.monatomic 单原子的，单质的 diatomic 双原子的，二元的85.sedimentation 沉淀，沉降86.precipitate vt.使沉淀 vi.沉淀 n.沉淀物87.setting 沉降，沉淀88.more often than not 往往，通常89.endothermic 吸热的90.exothermic 放热的91.。

过程装备与控制工程专业外语(原文+翻译)

Unit 21Pumps1. IntroductionPump, device used to raise, transfer, or compress liquids and gases. Four' general classes of pumps for liquids are described below t In all of them , steps are taken to prevent cavitation (the formation of a vacuull1), which would reduce the flow and damage the structure of the pump, - pumps used for gases and vapors are usually known as compressors . The study of fluids in motion is called fluid dynamics.1．介绍泵是提出，转移或压缩液体和气体的设备。

下面介绍四种类型的泵。

在所有的这些中，我们一步步采取措施防止气蚀，气蚀将减少流量并且破坏泵的结构。

用来处理气体和蒸汽的泵称为压缩机，研究流体的运动的科学成为流体动力学。

Water Pump, device lor moving water from one location to another, using tubes or other machinery. Water pumps operate under pressures ranging from a fraction of a pound to more than 10,000 pounds per square inch. Everyday examples of water pumps range from small electric pumps that circulate and aerate water in aquariums and fountains to sump pumps that remove 'Water from beneath the foundations of homes.水泵是用管子或其他机械把水从一个地方传到另一个地方。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

过程装备与控制工程专业英语学院：化学化工学院1.Static Analysis of Beams⑴ A bar that is subjected to forces acting trasverse to its axis is called a beam. In this section we consider only a few of the simplest types of beams, such as those shown in Flag.1.2. In every instance it is assumed that the beam has a plane of symmetry that is parallel to the plane of the figure itself. Thus ， the cross section of the beam has a vertical axis of symmetry .Also,it is assumed that the applied loads act in the plane of symmetry ,and hence bending of the beam occurs in that plane. Later we will consider a more general kind of bending in which the beam may have an unsymmetrical cross section.⑵ The beam in Fig.1.2, with a pin support at one end and a roller support at the other, is called a simply support beam ,or a simple beam . The essential feature of a simple beam is that both ends of the beam may rotate freely during bending, but the cannot translate in lateral direction. Also ,one end of the beam can move freely in the axial direction (that is, horizontal). The supports of a simple beam may sustain vertical reactions acting either upward or downward .⑶ The beam in Flg.1.2(b) which is built-in or fixed at one end and free at the other end, is called a cantilever beam. At the fixed support the beam can neither rotate nor translate, while at the free end it may do both. The third example in the figure shows a beam with an overhang. This beam is simply supported at A and B and has a free at C.⑷ Loads on a beam may be concentrated forces, such as P1 and P2 in Fig.1.2(a) and (c), or distributed loads loads, such as the the load q in Fig.1.2(b), the intesity. Distributed along the axis of the beam. For a uniformly distributed load, illustrated in Fig.1.2(b),the intensity is constant; a varying load, on the other hand, is one in which the intensity varies as a function of distance along the axis of the beam.⑸ The beams shown in Fig.1.2 are statically determinate because all their reactions can be determined from equations of static equilibrium. For instance ,in the case of the simple beam supporting the load P 1 [Fig.1.2(a)], both reactions are vertical, and tehir magnitudes can be found by summing moments about the ends; thus,we findL a L P R A )(1-= L L P R B 1= The reactions for the beam with an overhang [Fig.1.2 (c)]can be found the same manner.2 ⑹ For the cantilever beam[Fig.1.2(b)], the action of the applied load q is equilibrated by avertical force RA and a couple MA acting at the fixed support, as shown in the figure. From a summation of forces in certical direction , we include thatqb R A =， And ,from a summation of moments about point A, we find)2(b a qb M A +=， The reactive moment MA acts counterclockwise as shown in the figure.⑺ The preceding examples illustrate how the reactions(forces and moments) of staticallydeterminate beams requires a considerition of the bending of the beams , and hence this subject will be postponed.⑻ The idealized support conditions shown in Fig.1.2 are encountered only occasionally inpractice. As an example ,long-span beams in bridges sometimes are constructionn with pin and roller supports at the ends. However, in beams of shorter span ,there is usually some restraint against horizonal movement of the supports. Under most conditions this restraint has little effect on the action of the beam and can be neglected. However, if the beam is very flexible, and if the horizonal restraints at the ends are very rigid , it may be necessary to consider their effects.⑼ Example Find the reactions at the supports for a simple beam loaded as shown infig.1.3(a ). Neglect the weight of the beam.⑽ Solution The loading of the beam is already given in diagrammatic form. The nature of thesupports is examined next and the unknow components of reactions are boldly indicated on the diagram. The beam , with the unknow reaction components and all the applied forces, is redrawn in Fig.1.3(b) to deliberately emphasiz this important step in constructing a free-body diagram. At A, two unknow reaction components may exist , since roller. The points of application of all forces are carefully noted. After a free-body diagram of the beam is made, the equations of statics are applied to abtain the sollution.∑=0x F ，R Ax =0∑+=0A M ，2000+100（10）+160（15）—R B =0，R B =+2700lb ↑∑+=0BM ,RAY(20)+2000—100（10）—160（5）=0，RAY=—10lb ↓ Check ：∑+↑=0FX ，—10—100—160+270=0 ⑾ Note that ∑=0x F uses up one of the three independent equations of statics, thus only twoadditional reaction compones may be determinated from statics. If more unknow reaction components or moment exist at the support, the problem becomes statically indeterminate. ⑿ Note that the concentrated moment applied at C enters only the expressions for summationmoments. The positive sign of RB indicates that the direction of RB has been correctly assumed in Fig.1.3(b). The inverse is the case of RAY ,and the vertical reaction at a is downward. Noted that a check on the arithmetical work is available if the caculations are。