问什么是社会语言学研究的范围

1. What is the scope of Sociolinguistic research?问：什么是社会语言学研究的范围？答：广义的把从不同角度去考察语言的都看成社会语言学等等范围，如社会学、人类学、民族学、心理学、地理学、历史学、哲学等等。

狭义的是研究语言使用中的变异现象与社会环境之间的相互关系。

变异指语言运用上的变化和差异，通过使用各种不同的语言上的变体表现出来。

具体来说，社会语言学的研究范围包括：1）一个国家或地区的语言状况如双言制、双语、多语或多方言状况；2）各种语言变体包括地域方言和社会方言、标准语和土语、正式语体和非正式语体等构造特点及其社会功能；3）交谈情景与选择语码之间的关系以及语码选择与人际关系的相互作用；4）社会以及不同的集团对各种语言或语言变体的评价和态度以及由此产生的社会效应；5）由于社会的、文化的、经济的、政治的种种原因以及语言接触所引起的语言变化的方式和规律，等。

最后，社会语言学的研究范围也在不断的延伸，相信在今后的发展中社会语言说的研究会取得更大更多的成就，同时也对我们社会的发展起到巨大的作用。

Generalized to study from different angles to the language areas are regarded as social linguistics, etc。

Such as sociology,anthropology, ethnology, psychology, geography, history, philosophy and so on. Narrow the variation in use of language phenomena and the relationship between the social environments. Variability refers to the change in language and differences, through the use of different language variants shown. Specifically, social linguistics includes:(1) The language of a country or region, such as two-word system status, bilingual, multi-lingual or multi-dialect situation;(2) variations in various languages, including regional dialects and social dialects, standard language and dialect, formal and informal language body language body characteristics such as structure and social function;(3) The conversation scenarios and selection of the relationship between the Code and the Code Selection and interpersonal interactions;(4) Social and different languages or language groups on evaluation and attitude variations and the resulting social effects;(5) The social, cultural, economic and political reasons, as well as language contact caused by changes in the way of language and law, and so on.In conclusion, the development of social linguistics is constantly extending the scope; I believe in the future developmentof social language that will achieve greater success more, but also the development of our society plays a huge role.2. What insights can we get from sociolinguistics?问：我们从社会语言学可以得到哪些启示？From social linguistics many inspiration we can get. Now I turn it on college English teaching reform in China.The current lack of college English teaching situation is: 1) syntax as heavy and light oral tradition of teaching, students learning English since the lack of oral attention. Heavy mental disorder. Not in the public conversation in English, were afraid to show off, too publicly those who have the performance; conversation nervous, afraid to make mistakes but who has the disconcerting; the rise of sociolinguistics Language combined with the social studies. People from the social implication of the theory of language: communicative competence is not just language proficiency; it is constrained by many factors in the formation. For example, the socio-economic status, education attainment, gender, age, occupation, social class, ethnic and racial so.Therefore, our students need to know "at what time, what occasion, and what people say," and understand the language of the cultures represented.3. What is your opinion about the relationship between language and culture? Can you make commons with examples?你对语言与文化的关系有何看法？你能否结合实例共享？Language and cultural interdependence and mutual influence. Language is an important carrier of culture; culture on a restrictive role.Linguistics, language teaching theory to the continuous development of people to deepening understanding of the nature of language, language is a communicative tool made the functional point of view, language teaching objectives, goals also will be constantly revised. "Framework" that: "Foreign Language is to learn from cultural and scientific knowledge, access to the world of information and important tool for international communication." The purpose of high school foreign language teaching is "training in oral and written on the initial use of the ability to communicate in English."Therefore, not only to introduce foreign language teaching and language knowledge to the "four" skills training, but should extend this study into the culture of teaching and training carried out in the background and eventually enable students pragmatic competence.4. What are the main factors in choosing address terms? Please discuss with examples from English or Chinese.选择地址方面的主要因素是什么？请结合中文或英文的例子讨论一下。

The use of address forms can be seen everywhere in everyday language, it can choose decent appellation of great significance for communicators.. For example, the "Dream of Red Mansions," the 63rd criticism back home Linzhi Xiao Bao Yu on several "big girl who" called names. Said, "Although in this room, in the end is the old lady. Wife who is also the mouth, some respect. If a little while making occasional calls out, if only tells them. Brothers and nephews still afraid of the future. It arouses joke, saying that this is not the eyes of elders who Dongwujiazi. "Appears. The titles of these servants have to follow their master's identity. Therefore, after the gem of the late elder servant of the house title does not directly use the name, but with "a certain sister" was in keeping with the status of elders.Appellations of good and bad, therefore able to promote interpersonal and cross-cultural communication, and promote social harmony.5. What is your opinion about the relationship between language variations and social variations? Can you make comments withexamples?你对语言之间的差异和社会变化的关系有何看法？你能举例说明一下吗?Between dialects and related languages were different when the voice is the voice of the history of the important information, because "the space between the time of last change to reflect the different stages", that is: As the voice on the evolution of the imbalance in time and space, modern dialect or When relatives of the language difference can actually be seen as the evolution of voice has changed, unchanged, in the same direction at all stages of change or to reflect changes in different directions.When these were collected to compare the differences, you can recover to some extent the language of voice at an early stage undifferentiated appearance, language recovery at all stages of differentiation when the voice changes in the face. Comparison of historical comparative linguistics is language dialects and relatives when the difference between total reconstruction of linguistic history of a discipline.Before in the history of comparative law, there is nohistorical documents the history of the language is no language at all, but historical comparison of these languages use different dialects and related languages reconstruction of language history possible. For the historical literature of the language, dialect and language differences in family values are also important.For example, although there are many historical documents in Chinese, but the pronunciation of Chinese characters with over time, over space features, it can only reflect the ancient Chinese literature class division and sound relationships (such as which word rhyming, simultaneous with the transfer), not reflect the specific tone of these sounds like what is the value, but by dialect and relatives of the comparison between the language of the time, it can be measured in ancient times these sounds kind of sound value.6. What does “variety” mean? How does it relate to social factors?“品种”是什么意思？它是如何涉及到社会因素？1, through artificial selection and the formation of stable genetic traits, species of similar traits with the human needs of groups of cultivated plants.Variety is the means of production, long-term breeding of human labor. Variety is an important gene bank germlesspreservation unit. Some ecological and economic conditions, natural or artificial selection through the formation of animal and plant populations. With the relative genetic stability and consistency on the biology and economics, and breeding methods can be used to maintain its normal permanence.7. what are the major male and female differences in language？男性和女性在语言上的主要差异是什么？Men and women in the language for the use of gender differences. Relationship between gender and language has two meanings: First language use in the general sex differences that men and women in the wording and sentence structure differences, but also described the different gender differences when the language used. Second, specific social and cultural causes a distorted gender differences - gender discrimination. Men and women are two opposing gender, and opposition is itself a difference, this difference will be reflected in all areas, the gender differences in language use is merely an expression of gender differences. As biology, psychology and other disciplines reasons, different people have different sex of character, love the difference. In fact, differences in language use in both social and cultural origins, but there are some differences can not simply summarizeas the social and cultural making. In other words, even if men and women have achieved true equality, men and women still exist in the language used in the difference.We are talking about gender differences in language use just the gender difference include a number of levels, including men and women in the wording and sentence structure differences, but also described the different gender differences when the language used8 what are the possible explanations for the differences?是什么造成这种差别的？According to the famous American linguist Sapir Wolf (Sapir Whorf) theory: we use language not only reflects the thinking, but also reflects the communicative competence. American linguist Milroy (Milroy) that the communicative competence including mastery of knowledge, communication rules, such as when to speak or remain silent, in the specific occasion how to speak properly and how to communicate respect, careful, polite or humorous information. Because of gender differences, men and women were created in the communicative language of their own sex, and these differences also reflect all aspects of the language.9. What does “code-switching” mean? What are the basic conditions fotr appropriate code-switching?“语码转换”是什么意思？什么是基本条件是适当的代码交换？Code-switching (Code Switching) is the speaker in the dialogue or conversation, from the use of a language or dialect to switch to another language or dialect. Code-switching as a conversation one of the strategies can be used to display status, the performance of language superiority, the participant’s re-statement that a neutral position, to improve the atmosphere of such relationships and conversations.10. Why do people code switch? Could you list some reasons with examples?为什么人们要语码转换？你能列出一些原因，并举例吗？Sociolinguists to any language or its variants are seen as a kind of language code. That it is not language, dialect, standard language, mixed language so easily lead to emotional problems; it is a non-emotional neutral terminology. Generally speaking, a normal, adult language group of people can not only master a language code, he will change with the context to select a different variant. AIn "Fortress Besieged", the language is a marked feature ofthe English, French, Latin and other inclusions in the Chinese, these foreign languages, both single words, there are complete sentences, or in conversation, or appear in narrative and description, according to the author to rough statistics, in the book, a total of 140 various foreign language used. From the writing point of view will be, this is a skill, but from the perspective of sociolinguistics would, a phenomenon known as code switching. Code-switching in verbal communication not only exist, but also in the more literary texts. However, the latter a relatively small study, this paper intends to "Besieged City" part of the Code into the corpus of the social function of code switching and its effect on language conversion factor.11. Could you explain the major procedures of language planning with examples?你能举例说明语言规划的主要程序？Language planning is often a manifestation of a language policy. Language policy performance of countries or social groups roots of the problem of language attitudes. For example, the colonial era, the colonial government to implement the language policy of assimilation generally, the language of the sovereign stateto impose the oppressed nations, in a formal setting to disable the local language.Goal of national rejuvenation, sometimes even using an ancient language; this was to revive the ancient language (of course, to modernize). In Papua New Guinea, the Government has given the local Creole English (Pidgin English in the senior forms) to the status of official languages, so for this language opens the way for further development. In Africa, many countries have adopted Swahili as the lingua franca. In the United Nations, choose English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic as working language.12. Please describe language planning in PRC.请说明中华人民共和国语言规划。