宁波大学2019年《3809智能数据处理》考博专业课真题试卷
宁波大学内科学2019年考博真题
宁波大学2019年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：内科学
一、名词解释（20分；共10题，每题2分）
1.肺性脑病
2.Kussmaul征
3.中毒性巨结肠
4.肾小管酸中毒
5.希恩综合征
6.Somogyi现象
7.中间综合征
8.狼疮危象
9.Graham-Steell杂音
10.皮革胃
二、单项选择题（30分；共30题，每题1分）
1.COPD患者导致肺动脉高压的主要原因是：
A.肺气肿时，肺血管床严重减少
B.肺泡内压力增高
C.缺氧和高碳酸血症
D.血容量明显增加
E.继发性红细胞增加
2.心绞痛发作时可出现：
A.房性或室性心动过速
B.血沉增快
C.心肌酶增高
D.乳头肌断裂
E.体温升高
第1页共9页。
宁波大学2020年《3810数字集成电路设计基础》考博专业课真题试卷
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码： 3810 总分值： 100 科目名称：
Hale Waihona Puke 数字集成电路设计基础一、设计满足下列要求的电路图，要求使用的 MOS 管最少。（15 分）
1．用静态互补 CMOS 电路实现逻辑关系 Y ABD CD ；（8 分）
D cp3 cp1
cp1
cp1
cp2
Q
Q
V(cp1)
V(D)
三、求如图所示的 CMOS 反相器在理想阶跃输入情况下的上升和下降时间。设VTP ,VTN 分别为 PMOS 和 NMOS 的阈值电压， KP , KN 分别表示 PMOS 和 NMOS 的器件跨导。(15 分)
VDD
Vin CL
四、 如图所示是一个 CMOS 版图，采用 0.25um 双阱 CMOS 工艺，NMOS 宽长比 6λ/2λ，PMOS 宽长比 6λ/2λ。（15 分）
数字集成电路设计基础
(N-diffusion)、P+扩散层(P-diffusion)、各类通孔(Vias)；
3) 标明版图尺寸（MOS 管使用指定尺寸，其它版图使用最小尺寸）。
五、设 N 型扩散层（n-diffusion）的方块电阻 Rndiff=2Ω/□，N 型扩散层底部电容（bottomwall capacitance）Cndiff, 为 bot 0.6fF/um2,N 型扩散层侧壁电容（sidewall capacitance）Cndiff, side 为 0.3fF/um，λ=0.25um。计算图示所示的漏极寄生电阻与寄生电容。（20 分）
多晶硅
源极
漏极 16λ
4λ
宁波大学病理生理学2019--2020年考博初试真题
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：病理生理学一、名词解释：本大题共5题，每小题4分，共20分。
1.高动力型休克：2.组织性缺氧：3.固定酸：4.高渗性脱水:5.氮质血症：二、单项选择题：本大题共20题，每小题1.5分，共30分。
1．低渗性脱水对机体最主要的影响是：A．酸中毒B．氮质血症C．循环衰竭D．脑出血E．神经系统功能障碍2．抗利尿激素对水重吸收增强的作用部位是在：A．近曲小管上皮细胞B．髓袢降支上皮细胞C．髓袢升支上皮细胞D．远曲小管、集合管上皮细胞E．远曲小管上皮细胞3.阴离子间隙正常型代谢性酸中毒可见于：A．严重腹泻B．轻度肾衰竭C．肾小管酸中毒D．使用碳酸酐酶抑制剂E．以上都是4.某溺水窒息患者，经抢救后血气分析结果为：pH7.18，PaCO29.9ka（75mmHg），HCO3-37mmol/L，最可能的酸碱平衡紊乱类型是：A．代谢性酸中毒B．急性呼吸性酸中毒C．慢性呼吸性酸中毒D．代谢性酸中毒合并代谢性碱中毒E．代谢性碱中毒5.以下哪种情况引起的缺氧不属于血液性缺氧：A．贫血B．高铁血红蛋白血症C．一氧化碳中毒D．动脉血栓形成E．输人大量库存血(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：病理生理学6.以下关于缺氧引起呼吸系统变化的描述，错误的是：A．慢性低张性缺氧时，肺通气量增加不很明显B．等张性低氧血症时，一般不发生呼吸运动的增强C．低张性低氧血症时，呼吸可加深变快，肺通气量增加D．低张性缺氧越严重，呼吸中枢的兴奋越强烈，呼吸运动的加强越显著降至8kPa(60mmHg)才会明显兴奋呼吸中枢E．急性低张性缺氧时，Pa027.多数发热的发病学第一环节是：A．发热激活物的作用B．皮肤血管收缩C．骨骼肌紧张收缩D．体温调定点上移E．内生致热源的作用8.烟酸（尼克酸）使发热反应减弱的机制是：A．增强磷酸二酯酶活性B．扩张血管C．抑制前列腺素E合成D．使肾上腺素能神经末梢释放介质E．降低脑内5-羟色胺含量9.应激时糖皮质激素分泌增加的生理意义不具有哪项：A．稳定溶酶体膜B．促进蛋白质的糖异生C．维持循环系统对儿茶酚胺的反应性D．抗炎、抗过敏E．降低血糖10.应激反应时代谢的改变，哪一项是错误的：A．代谢率明显升高B．主要依靠血糖维持机体能量供应C．出现应激性糖尿D．蛋白质分解增强，出现负氮平衡E．脂肪分解增加11.心肌缺血-再灌注损伤时钙代谢障碍的表现无哪一项：A．胞质钙超载B．肌浆网摄钙能力下降C．线粒体钙聚集D．肌浆网钙聚集E．线粒体中磷酸钙沉积(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：病理生理学12.关于促使肌浆网释放Ca2+引起心肌细胞钙超载，哪一项正确：A．磷脂酰肌醇)B．三磷酸肌醇（IP3C．二酰甘油（DG)D．2,3-DPGE．cAMP13.休克微循环缺血期引起微血管收缩最主要的体液因素改变是：A．血管紧张素II↑B．MDF↑C．加压素↑D．TXA2↑E．儿茶酚胺↑14.以下哪一项属于双相迟发型MODS：A．失血性休克导致急性呼吸衰竭与急性肾衰竭B．失血性休克复苏后又发生脓毒症，并出现急性呼衰和急性肾衰C．脓毒症后相继出现急性呼吸衰竭与急性肾衰竭D．双下肢骨折出现急性呼吸衰竭与急性肾衰竭E．SARS患者出现急性呼吸衰竭与急性肾衰竭15.不受VitK缺乏影响的凝血因子是：A．FⅡB．FⅩC．FⅦD．FⅨE．FⅢ16.下列哪项是急性出血性胰腺炎发生DIC的主要原因：A．大量胰蛋白酶入血激活凝血酶原B．大量组织因子入血C．引起广泛的内皮细胞损伤D．发热和粒细胞破坏E．单核吞噬细胞系统功能受损17.对收缩性心力衰竭的概念描述最恰当的是：A．由前负荷降低引起的泵衰竭B．心室充盈压升高C．心脏每搏输出量降低D．伴有钠水潴留和静脉压升高的心力衰竭E．心输出量减少，难以满足全身组织代谢需要(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：病理生理学18.肥大心肌细胞膜表面积相对减少的主要危害是：A．影响细胞供氧B．影响细胞吸收营养物质C．影响细胞转运离子的能力D．影响肌浆网钙转运E．影响细胞内线粒体数量19.以PaO2低于60mmHg为在海平面条件下吸入室内空气时诊断呼吸衰竭的标准，是根据：A．临床经验制定的B．此时外周化学感受器方可被缺氧刺激所兴奋C．此时会引起酸中毒D．此时中枢神经系统开始出现不可逆性变化E．氧离曲线特性，在此时SaO2显著下降，组织将严重缺氧20.ARDS时，肺的病理变化不包括：A．严重的肺间质水肿和肺泡水肿B．肺泡腔内液含蛋白高，Ⅱ型上皮细胞坏死C．大片肺组织坏死D．白细胞浸润E．出血、肺不张、微血栓等三、论述题：本大题共3题，每题10分，共30分。
2019年宁波大学博士研究生招生考试初试科目
2019年宁波大学博士研究生招生考试初试科目
考试大纲
科目代码、名称: 3826 内科学
一、考试形式与试卷结构
（一）试卷满分值及考试时间
本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为180分钟。
（二）答题方式
答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
试卷由试题和答题纸组成；答案必须写在答题纸（由考点提供）相应的位置上。
（三）试卷内容结构
考试内容主要包括：1、掌握常见的症状与体征；2、掌握基本的实验室检查及心电图的判读；3、掌握内科系统常见疾病的发病机制、临床表现、诊断要点、鉴别诊断、治疗原则；4、了解学科发展的热点方向。
（四）试卷题型结构
1.名词解释
2.选择题
3.简答题
4.病例分析题
二、考查目标
考察考生对临床医学的基本理论、基本原理和基本知识的掌握程度。
三、考查范围或考试内容概要
循证医学与临床决策
呼吸系统疾病
心血管系统疾病
消化系统疾病
泌尿系统疾病
血液和造血系统疾病
内分泌和代谢疾病
风湿性疾病
理化因素引起的疾病
参考教材或主要参考书：
1.《内科学》（8年制），王辰，王建安主编，人民卫生出版社，第3版,2015年3月。
2.《内科学精粹》，陈晓敏主编，浙江大学出版社，第1版，2012年3月。
宁波大学2019（信息学院）博士研究生入学考试3809智能数据处理初试试卷（B卷）
宁波⼤学2019（信息学院）博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试3809智能数据处理初试试卷（B卷）(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)RBF ⽹络的输出为(||||)j ?-j x x ，个不同的学习样本,1,...,i t i N =，如果N M >，要实现精确的插值，即1,...,for i N =，显然是不切实际的，在这种情况下，请给出⼀个合理的解决⽅案，并设计具体的学习算法。
机是⼀个全相联的随机型神经⽹络，如果将其简化处理，限定为只含⼀个可见层和⼀个隐单元层，取消层内连接，仅保留层间的加权连接，这种Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs)。
对于其可见单元(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科⽬代码：3809总分值：100科⽬名称：智能数据处理4.以下图所⽰的⼿写数字图像为例，如果已经采集了数百万的⼿写样本并已完成预处理和分割，试设计⼀个采⽤PCA或者SVD的图像分析⽅法，能够⾼效率处理⾼维⼤数据，并将其应⽤与⼿写体数字识别和图像编码压缩。
（12分）5.死锁的发⽣是坏事还是好事？试说明理由。
如何解除死锁状态？（6分）6.某学员为医院“住院管理信息系统”设计了数据库的ER模型，对医⽣、护⼠、病⼈、病房、诊断、⼿术、结账等有关信息进⾏管理，其ER图如图所⽰。
这个ER图有8个实体类型，其属性如下：病⼈（住院号，姓名，性别，地址）医⽣（医⽣⼯号，姓名，职称）护⼠（护⼠⼯号，姓名，职称）病床（病床编号，床位号，类型，空床标志）⼿术室（⼿术室编号，类型）⼿术（⼿术标识号，类型，⽇期，时间，费⽤）诊断书（诊断书编号，科别，诊断）收据（收据编号，项⽬，⾦额，收款员，⽇期）这个ER图有11个联系类型，其中1个是1：1联系，8个1：N联系，2个是M：N联系。
联系的属性如下：协助（⾓⾊）处⽅（处⽅单号，序号，药品名称，规格，数量，费⽤）⼊住（⼊院⽇期，出院⽇期）试把这个ER图转换成关系模型。
并指出各个关系模式的主键和外键。
宁波大学智能数据处理2019--2020年考博初试真题
满足 F (ti ) di , for i 1,..., N ，显然是不切实际的，在这种情况下，请给
出一个合理的解决方案，并设计具体的学习算法。
(13 分)
3. Boltzmann 机是一个全相联的随机型神经网络，如果将其简化处理，限定为只
含一个可见层和一个隐单元层，取消层内连接，仅保留层间的加权连接，这种
（1）试画出 ER 图，并在图上注明属性、联系的类型。 （2）将 ER 图转换成关系模型，并注明主键和外键。
9.（ 8%） 数 据 库 的 并 发 操 作 会 带 来 哪 些 问 题 ？ 如 何 解 决 ？
10.（6%，每个小题 2 分）设有关系模式 R（职工编号，日期，日营业额，部门 名，部门经理），该模式统计商店里每个职工的日营业额，以及职工所在的部 门和经理信息。如果规定：每个职工每天只有一个营业额；每个职工只在一个 部门工作；每个部门只有一个经理。试回答下列问题： （1）根据上述规定，写出模式 R 的基本 FD 和关键码； （2）说明 R 不是 2NF 的理由； （3）分解 R 成 3NF 模式集。
层后，要求输出尽量与输入接近，其处理数据的效果非常类似于 PCA 分析， 请为 AutoEncoder 设计一个合理的学习算法（建议采用梯度下降法）。(12 分)
2. 假设一个含 M 单元的 RBF 网络的输出为
M
F (x) wj (|| x xj ||) ， j0
对于 N 个不同的学习样本 ti , i 1,..., N ，如果 N M ，要实现精确的插值，即
第2页共2页
宁波大学 2019 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(B 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码： 3809 总分值： 100 科目名称：
2019年宁波大学考博试题2607生物化学与分子生物学(A卷)
二、 问答题（共 40 分）
1. 什么是核酸的熔解温度 Tm，其影响因素有哪些？（6 分） 2. 什么是蛋白质的二级结构？至少说出两种二级结构类型和特点（8 分） 3. 什么是酶活力和比活力？测定酶活性时候要注意哪些问题？（8 分） 4. 简述 PCR 和 qPCR 的相同点和不同点。（8 分） 5. 什么是蛋白组？蛋白组分析的主要技术和原理是什么？（10 分）
宁波大学 2019 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码： 2607 总分值： 100 科目名称：
生物化学与分子生物学
一、 名词解释 （选答 10 个，多答不给分，每个 4 分，共 40 分）
1. Isoelectric point 2. Semi-conservative replication 3. Expressed sequence tag 4. Zymogen activation 5. cipitation 6. Promoter 7. Transcription factor 8. β-oxidation of fatty acids 9. Western blotting 10. Transfection 11. Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination 12. Affinity chromatography
三、论述题（20 分）
RNA 的加工和修饰影响细胞的多种功能，随着高通量测序和其他生物技术的发展， 新的加 工和修饰类型被发现，请说出真核生物 mRNA 转录后加工修饰的类型及其意义（至少四种）。
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2019年宁波大学考博试题3807数字通信(B卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3807总分值：100科目名称：数字通信一、填空（16分，每空格2分）1、假设信号的符号间隔为50ms ，为了保证信号的正交性，FSK 相干检测时要求的最小频率间隔为()，非相干检测时要求的最小频率间隔为()。
2、数字通信系统的有效性指标有（）和（），线性编码是（）。
3、某二维信号用向量表示为Si=[3，4],该信号的能量为（）。
4、一个数字传输系统以1000符号/秒的码元速率传送16进制码元，该系统的信息速率是（）bps 。
5、2PAM,2FSK,2PSK 和2DPSK 四种调制信号通过AWGN 信道传输。
假设发送信号的幅度相同，信息速率相同，噪声的功率谱密度N0相同，接收端都采用理想的相干最佳解调，那么，在大信噪比条件下，将这4种调制方式按误比特率从小到大排出的次序是（）。
二、选择题（14分，每空格2分）从下面所列答案中选择出最合理的答案，填入后面的答题中。
每个空格只能选一个答案，不排除某一个答案被多次选择的可能性。
示例题：3+2=（p ），2×0=（n ）(a)2w(b)sinc(t/T)(c)量化噪声(d)2FSK(e)慢(f)快(g)(h)相位错移(i)kb/slog 2M (j)kb/s log 102M (k)(l)循环稳定(m)时域均衡(n)0(o)高(p)5(r)12(s)4(t)倒 现象(u)21、周期为T 的信号通过带宽为wHz 的信道，要实现无ISI 传输，最大符号速率为（）符号/s ，相应的脉冲x(t )为（）。
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3807总分值：100科目名称：数字通信2、如果信道传输带宽为10kHz，信噪比为30dB，则该信道的最高信息传输速率理论值为（）。
3、如果升余弦滚降系统的滚降系数 越大，则相应的系统总的冲激响应x(t)的拖尾衰减越（）。
4、BPSK信号在接收端因为载波同步系统中的分频，可能产生载波相位状态转移，发生对信号的错误解调，这种现象称为（）。
宁波大学3803结构力学2009--2019年考博初试专业课真题
结构力学 工程力学
科目代码： 3803
一、多跨梁受荷载作用如图一所示。求 1）判定该多跨梁是静定梁还是超静定梁？ 2）试绘制图示多跨梁的弯矩图（20 分）。
2kN
2kN
N
1kN/m
A
BC D E
F
G
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 4m 4m
4m
H 4m
题一图 二、试作图示体系的几何构造（组成）分析。（20 分）
题四图
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考试科目: 适用专业:
宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
结构力学 工程力学
科目代码： 3803
五、平面超静定结构受荷载作用如图五所示，抗弯刚度 EI 为常数。求：1）判断该 结构的超静定次数；2）采用力法绘弯矩图。（20 分）
a
2ql 4 3EI
,b
ql 4 6EI
。（20 分）
题五图 六、求图示静定梁 A 截面弯矩影响线和 B 支座的反力影响线。（15 分）
Fp=1 A
B
C
3aaFra bibliotek题六图
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考试科目: 适用专业:
宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
梁中稳态的振幅为 2mm，求共振时的振幅 A。
图2 3.（20 分）一总质量为 m 的刚性梁两端由弹簧支撑，梁的质量均匀分布，两弹簧的刚度分别为 k 和 2k。定义的两个自由度 u1 和 u2 如图 3 所示，建立结构体系的运动方程，并求出自振频率和主 振型。
图3
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宁波大学 2019 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(B 卷)
宁波大学2019年《621综合课1》考研专业课真题试卷
民代表大会常务委员会第三次会议通过了《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于全国人民代表大会
宪法和法律委员会职责问题的决定》，明确了宪法与法律委员会推动宪法实施、开展宪法解释、推
进合宪性审查、加强宪法监督、配合宪法宣传等工作职责。
试结合自己的理解，阐述我国宪法监督的特点及其完善。
三、刑法学部分（40 分）
（一）概念辨析题（每题 4 分，共 20 分） 1.犯罪的形式概念与犯罪的实质概念 2.一般累犯与特别累犯 3.减刑与减轻处罚 4.刑讯逼供罪与暴力取证罪 5.侮辱罪与诽谤罪
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宁波大学 2019 年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(B 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码： 621 总分值： 150 科目名称： （三）案例分析题（10 分）
综合课 1
2018 年 3 月 11 日，宪法修正案经第十三届全国人大第一次会议表决通过，其中宪法第七十
条第一款中的“法律委员会”修改为“宪法与法律委员会”。2018 年 6 月 22 日，第十三届全国人
孙×2 之母），1963 年 9 月 30 日出生，德国国籍。 上诉人（原审被告）李×，男，1970 年 1 月 29 日出生。 …… 本院认为：本案系涉外抚养费纠纷案件，涉及两个涉外民事法律关系，其一为父母子女人身
关系，其二为抚养即抚养费的给付数额、期限及方式。依照我国相关法律规定，对于涉外民事法 律关系应首先确定准据法。
请根据相关法学知识，谈谈你对法律与科技之间关系的认识。
二、宪法学部分（40 分）
（一）简答题（每题 5 分，共 20 分） 1.简述我国宪法解释的原则。 2.简述我国选举制度的基本原则。 3.简述基本权利的限制。 4.简述我国公民的基本义务。
2018年宁波大学考博试题3809智能系统(B卷)
科目代码: 3809 科目名称：智能系统
1. 机器学习通常可分为指导性学习和非指导性学习，学习模型则可分为生成模型和
判别模型二类。
假定现在要完成以下的任务：
（a）函数拟合与插值；（b）聚类分析；（c）模式识别，
请简要解释以下学习模型各自属于生成模型还是判别模型，可以胜任哪种任务：（1）深度学习网络，(2)RBF网络，(3)Boltzmann机，（4）SOM网络。
(10%) 2. 如果将异或（XOR）问题推广为3输入的parity问题，要求输入和输出实现如下
真值表：
输入1 输入2 输入3 输出
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
请设计一个多层网络实现3-parity，并给出相应的学习算法。
(12%)
3. Hopfield网络是全相连的反馈型网络，可以用于实现“吸引子”联想记忆，如果
要使一个Hopfield网络同时记住“A”、“I”、“Y”三个字母（3x4点阵），试为其设计一个合理的结构，并给出学习算法和具体的网络权值。
(12%)
科目代码: 3809 科目名称：智能系统
科目代码: 3809 科目名称：智能系统
；
同时生成模型则以产生出能够“愚弄”判别模型使其以为真的数据为目标，即极。
宁波大学2020年《3801弹性力学》考博专业课真题试卷
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码： 3801 总分值： 100 科目名称：
一、简答题（20 分）
1. （10 分）何谓逆解法和半逆解法？
弹性力学
2. （10 分）常体力情况下，按应力求解平面问题可进一步简化为按应力函数求解。应力函数必须满 足哪些条件？
二、证明题（15 分）
设某一物体发生如下的位移：
u a0 a1x a2 y a3z, v b0 b1x b2 y b3z, w c0 c1x c2 y c3z, 试证明：各个应变分量在物体内为常量，在变形以后，物体内的平面保持为平面，直线保持为直线。
三、计算题（65 分）
1.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
能表达式。
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（20 分）物体中一点 P 处的应力状态为 σ xxy
yx y
zx zy
1 0
0 4
3
0
，
xz yz z 4 0 5
试求：（1）过
P
点法向为
n
1 2
,
1 2
,
1 2
的斜面上的应力矢量
p
。
（2）求应力矢量 p 的大小、 p 与 n 之间的夹角。
（3）求该斜面上的正应力 n 和切应力 n 。
2. （20 分）设有矩形截面的竖柱，其密度为 ，在一边侧面上受均布剪力 q ，如下图所示，试求应力 分量。
第1页共2页
宁波大学 2020 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码： 3801 总分值： 100 科目名称：
弹性力学
3. （25 分）试根据弹性力学中应变能的表达式，导出材料力学中拉伸和弯曲问题用位移表示的应变
2019年宁波大学考博试题 1201英语(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor.And that__(1)__does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less__(2)__then,however,were the new,positive__(3)__that work against the digital divide.__(4)__,there are reasons to be__(5)__.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more__(6)__,it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all,the more people online,the more potential__(7)__there are.More and more__(8)__,afraid their countries will be left __(9)__,want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two,one to two billion people on the planet will be__(10)__together.As a result,I now believe the digital divide will__(11)__rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for_(12)_world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course,the use of the Internet isn't the only way to_(13)_poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has_(14)_potential.To__(15)__advantage of this tool,some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices__(16)__respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an__(17)__of their sovereignty might well study the history of__(18)__(the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didn’t have the capital to do so.And that is__(19)__America’s Second Wave infrastructure-__(20)__roads,harbors,highways,ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.1.[A]divide[B]information[C]world[D]lecture2.[A]obscure[B]visible[C]invisible[D]indistinct3.[A]forces[B]obstacles[C]events[D]surprises4.[A]Seriously[B]Entirely[C]Actually[D]Continuously5.[A]negative[B]optimistic[C]pleasant[D]disappointed6.[A]developed[B]centralized[C]realized[D]commercialized7.[A]users[B]producers[C]customers[D]citizens8.[A]enterprises[B]governments[C]officials[D]customers9.[A]away[B]for[C]aside[D]behind10.[A]netted[B]worked[C]put[D]organized11.[A]decrease[B]narrow[C]neglect[D]low12.[A]containing[B]preventing[C]keeping[D]combating13.[A]win[B]detail[C]defeat[D]fear14.[A]enormous[B]countless[C]numerical[D]big15.[A]bring[B]keep[C]hold[D]take16.[A]at[B]with[C]of[D]for17.[A]offence[B]investment[C]invasion[D]insult18.[A]construction[B]facility[C]infrastructure[D]institution19.[A]why[B]where[C]when[D]how20.[A]concerning[B]concluding[C]according[D]including(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirectionsReading the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1When musing on cities over time and in our time,from the first(whenever it was)to today,we must always remember that cities are artifacts.Forests,jungles,deserts,plains,oceans–the organic environment is born and dies and is reborn endlessly,beautifully,and completely without moral constraint or ethical control.But cities–despite the metaphors that we apply to them from biology or nature(“The city dies when industry flees”;“The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism”),despite the sentimental or anthropomorphic devices we used to describe cities–are artificial.Nature has never made a city,and what Nature makes that may seem like a city—an anthill, for instance—only seems like one.It is not a city.Human beings made and make cities,and only human beings kill cities,or let them die.And human beings do both—make cities and unmake them—by the same means:by acts of choice.We enjoy deluding ourselves in this as in other things.We enjoy believing that there are forces out there completely determining our fate,natural forces—or forces so strong and overwhelming as to be like natural forces—that send cities through organic or biological phases of birth,growth,and decay.We avoid the knowledge that cities are at best works of art,and at worst ungainly artifacts—but never flowers or even weeds—and that we,not some mysterious force or cosmic biological system,control the creation and life of a city.We control the creation and life of a city by the choices and agreements we make—the basic choice being,for instance,not to live alone,the basic agreement being to live together.When people choose to settle,like the starts,not wander like the moon,they create cities as sites and symbols of their choice to stop and their agreement not to separate.Now stasis and proximity,not movement and distance,define human relationships.Mutual defense,control of a river or harbor,shelter from natural forces—all these and other reasons may lead people to aggregate,but once congregated,they then live differently and become different.A city is not an extended family.That is a tribe or clan.A city is a collection of disparate families who agree to function:They agree to live as if they were as close in blood or ties of kinship as they are in physical proximity.Choosing life in an artifact,people agree to live in a state of similitude.A city is a place where ties of considerable pact,a city.If a family is an expression of continuity through biology, a city is an expression of continuity through will and imagination—through mental choices making artifice,not through physical reproduction.21.The author’s purpose is primarily to[A]identify the sources of popular discontent with cities[B]define the city as growing out of a social contract[C]illustrate the difference between cities and villages[D]compare cities with blood families(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语22.The author cites the sentence“The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism”(Paragraph1)as[A]an example of one type of figurative languages[B]a simple statement of scientific fact[C]a momentary digression from his central thesis[D]a paradox with ironic implications23.The author’s attitude toward the statements quoted in“The city dies when industry flees”;“The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism”in Paragraph1is[A]respectful[B]ambivalent[C]skeptical[D]approving24.According to this passage,why is an anthill by definition unlike a city?[A]It can be casually destroyed by human beings.[B]Its inhabitants outnumber the inhabitants of even the largest city.[C]It is a work of instinct rather than of imagination.[D]It exists on a far smaller scale than any city does.25.Mutual defense,control of waterways,and shelter from the forces of nature are presented primarily an example of motives for people to[A]move away from their enemies[B]gather together in settlements[C]welcome help from their kinfolk[D]redefine their family relationshipsText2Democritus was fascinated by the question of what principle underlay the material universe and developed a solution that revealed the brilliance of his thought.Every material thing,Democritus believed,is made up of a finite number of discrete particles,or atoms,as he called them,whose joining together and subsequent separation account for the coming to be of things and for their passing away. The atoms themselves,he said,are infinite in number and eternal.They move,according to a necessary motion,in the void,which we would call space.Most of the main tenets of the atomism of Democritus were astonishingly modern.First,the atoms were invisibly small.They were all of the same stuff,or nature,but they came in a multitude of different shapes and sizes.Though impermeable(Democritus did not know that atoms could be split), they acted upon one another,aggregating and clinging to one another so as to produce the great variety of bodies that we see.The space outside the atoms was empty,a concept that most of Democritus’contemporaries could not accept.Second,the atoms were in perpetual motion,in every direction,throughout empty space.There is no above or below,before or behind,in empty space,said Democritus.In modern terms,empty space did not vary according to direction.This was an extremely sophisticated notion.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Third,the continual motion of the atoms was inherent.They possessed what would call inertial mass.The notion that the atoms kept on moving without being pushed,besides being another remarkable intellectual concept,was not acceptable to Aristotle and others.Only the celestial bodies, Aristotle thought,kept on moving of any by themselves,because they were divine.The general refusal by Aristotle and his influential followers to accept the law of inertia stood as an obstacle to the development of physics for two thousand years.Fourth,weight or gravity was not a property of atoms or indeed of aggregates thereof.Here Democritus was as wrong as wrong could be.Whether Democritus was right or wrong about a fifth point is not definitely decided to this day. He held that the soul is breath and because breath is material,and therefore made up of atoms,so must the soul be.He maintained that,because the soul is a physical thing,it must be determined by physical laws;it cannot be free.Even the hardy thinkers who claim to accept this theory do not act as if they do. They may deny the innate freedom of others,but they act as if they believe in their own.The tension built up by this antinomy has proved to be fruitful over the centuries.However,the notion that the soul was material proved so unacceptable to both the Aristotelians and the Christians that for nearly two millennia the atomic hypothesis languished.26.According to Democritus,empty space_________.[A]does not exist with regard to atoms[B]is directionless with regard to the movement of atoms[C]is an erroneous notion concerning atoms[D]possesses inertial mass27.The author discusses the beliefs of Aristotle and his followers(in Paragraph4)in order to _________.[A]support the validity of Democritus’theories[B]note that influential individuals delayed the acceptance of scientific truth[C]highlight the accuracy of certain parts of Democritus’theory[D]add an element of philosophy into an otherwise scientific discussion28.It can be inferred from Democritus’inclusion of the soul in his theories of the material universe(in Paragraph6)that_____________.[A]philosophy,religion,and science were not always thought of as separate fields[B]scientists are often unsuccessful in making philosophical theories[C]his line of thinking was essentially unsound[D]he was attempting his thinking with that of Aristotle29.Democritus would most likely believe that which of the following would explain the life cycle of a flower?[A]A unique type of matter is drawn to a point in the void and takes root[B]The constant motion of atoms produces the illusion of a flower[C]The same material that composes the soul also breathes life into plants[D]Atoms come together as the flower grows and disperse as it dies.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语30.Which is mot analogous to a“hardy thinkers”(in Paragraph6)view of the soul?[A]A politician’s practice of using public transportation because that is how everyone in his citytravels[B]A doctor’s recommendation that his patient quit smoking to improve the patient’s health whilethe doctor smokes a pack a day[C]A mother taking her daughter to ballet practice every day because the mother never had thatopportunity as a child[D]A museum curator deciding not to run an exhibition because he believes the public will notenjoy itText3The definition of aesthetic pleasure is a popular subject for many different fields.In the following, adapted from an article found in a science journal,a physicist discusses the unique perspective that his discipline allows him.Since time immemorial,countless scholars have asked the question:What is beauty?As philosophers engage in weighty discourses,designers update the latest fashions,and artists create their masterpieces,what is considered beautiful changes at an alarming pace.Fifty years ago,the full-figured Marilyn Monroe embodied the American aesthetic value;today,a legion of Hollywood actresses vastly different in appearance from Marilyn's have taken her place.However,aesthetic values not only differ from generation to generation,but do so along cultural lines as well.The conventions that govern painting and music vary greatly from East to West.Often,what is considered repellent to one civilization is the pinnacle of aesthetic appeal in another.Thus,when left to the sphere of human design,the search for an absolute definition of beauty remains an elusive one at best.As fundamental physicists,my colleagues and I like to believe that we are involved in a search for a beauty that does not remain impervious to definition.The beauty that we search for is not that which is laid down through the work of people and subject to ephemeral tastes,but rather that which has been established by Nature.Those not involved with physics tend to think of it as a precise and predictive science–certainly not a field of study fit for the contemplation of the beautiful.Yet one of physics’greatest gifts is that it allows its students to look past extrinsic appearances,into a more overwhelming beauty.As a human being,I am captivated by the visual appeal of a wave crashing on the beach.As a physicist however,I possess the ability to be captivated by the much deeper beauty of the physical laws that govern such a phenomenon.Where the non-physicist sees a lovely but inexplicable event,the well-schooled physicist is able to perceive a brilliant design.In truth,since the day that Albert Einstein first proposed the notion that there might be one overarching physical theory that governs the universe,aesthetics have become a driving force in modern physics.What Einstein and we,as his intellectual descendants,have discovered is this:Nature, as its most fundamental level,is beautifully constructed.The remarkable simplicity of the laws that governs the universe is,at times,nothing short of breath-taking.And at every step,as new discoveries and technologies allow us to examine the physical world on deeper and deeper levels,we find that the beauty itself becomes more profound.As Einstein himself said,it would seem more likely that we should find ourselves living a“chaotic world,in no way graspable through thinking.”Yet here we are, closer than ever to a full understanding of the universe’s beautiful clockwork.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语31.The reference to“Marilyn Monroe”in Paragraph1primarily serves to[A]Provide an example of today’s standards of beauty[B]Discuss her abilities as an actress[C]Demonstrate how susceptible aesthetics are to change[D]Compare traditions of East and West32.The author’s assertion in Paragraph1(“what is considered repellent…in another”)suggests that[A]cultures are naturally destined to clash[B]many civilizations are prone to disgusting behavior[C]individuals tend to disagree on what they find beautiful[D]it is nearly impossible to say what is truly beautiful33.As used in Paragraph2,the phrase“laid down”most nearly means[A]created[B]rested[C]slept[D]secured34.The author uses the words“ephemeral”and“Nature”(Paragraph2)in order to[A]contrast the concept of impermanent beauty with the beauty for which physics searches[B]evaluate the effectiveness of physics as an art form[C]discuss how physicists visualize beauty[D]criticize people who don’t understand physics35.In the course of outlining the various gifts of physics,the author cites all of the following EXCEPT[A]the ability to look for a beauty that is unchanging[B]appreciating the visual beauty of a wave crashing[C]a grater comprehension of Nature’s ways[D]seeing a deeper design in natural eventsText4We all have offensive breath at one time or another.In most cases,offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth,although there are other,more surprising causes.Until a few years ago,the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness.Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows.Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue.The bacteria emit evil-smelling gases,the rest of which is hydrogen sulfide.Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions.Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down.When we sleep,for example,the saliva stream slows,and sulfur-producing bacteria gain the upper hand,producing classis“morning breath”.Alcohol,hunger,too much talking,breathing through the mouth during exercise–anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath.So can stress, though it’s not understood why.Some people’s breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview. Saliva flow gradually slows with age,which explains why the elderly have more bad-breath trouble than younger people do.Babies,however,who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us,the simple,dry-mouth variety of a bad breath is easily cured.Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria.Breakfast often stops morning breath.Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum,hard candy,or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly,one thing that rarely works is mouthwash.The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell,but the effect lasts no more than an hour.Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath.The trouble is,they don’t necessarily reach all offending germs.Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus.If the mouthwash contains alcohol–as most do–it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.36.The phrase“emanate from”in Paragraph1most probably means“____”.[A]thrive on[B]account for[C]originate from[D]descend from37.Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?[A]Tooth trouble[B]Sulfur-fish food[C]Too much exercise[D]Mental strain38.According to the passage,alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because[A]it keeps offending bacteria from reproducing.[B]its smell adds to bad death.[C]it kills some helpful bacteria.[D]it affects the normal flow of saliva.39.Mouth washes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because[A]they can’t mask the bad odor long enough.[B]they can’t get to all the offending bacteria.[C]their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worse.[D]they can’t cover the thick layers of mucus.40.We can infer from this passage that[A]offensive breath can’t easily be cured.[B]elderly people are less offended by bad breath.[C]heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breath.[D]offensive breath is less affected by alcohol.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There is one extra choice,which does not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)If you shop at Westfield,you’ve probably been scanned and recorded by dozens of hidden cameras built into the centres’digital advertising billboards.The semi-camouflaged cameras can determine not only your age and gender but your mood,cueing up tailored advertisements within seconds,thanks to facial detection technology.Westfield’s Smartscreen network was developed by the French software firm Quividi back in2015.(41)And once the billboards have your attention they hit record,sharing your reaction with advertisers. Quividi says their billboards can distinguish shoppers’gender with90%precision,five categories of mood from“very happy to very unhappy”and customers’age within a five-year bracket.Mood is a particularly valuable insight for advertisers,revealing shoppers’general sentiment towards a brand and how they feel in particular stores at certain times of the day.(42)(43)Scentre Group,Westfield Australia’s parent company,emphasises that all data collected is anonymous and that they are using facial detection,not facial recognition technology(FRT).This means generic information such as a shopper’s age and gender is collected rather than the technology using photo-matching databases to identify who customers are.A spokesperson would not confirm whether or not Westfield would consider using FRT in the future.(44)Quividi’s host of international clients include Telstra,7-Eleven,Coca-Cola,oOH Media and HSBC bank.Terry Hartmann,vice president of Cognitec Asia Pacific,the company that develops “market-leading face recognition technologies for customers and government agencies around the world”,says using facial detection commercially is no different to Facebook’s manipulation of users’online search history for targeted advertising.“You’re not identifying who that person is,you’re just identifying the characteristics of that person.(45)”A.There are now more than1,600billboards installed into41Westfield centres across Australia andNew Zealand.B.But Microsoft has acknowledged the concerns about FRT and called for greater governmentregulation of the use of this technology.C.Their discreet cameras capture blurry images of shoppers and apply statistical analysis to identifyaudience demographics.D.That’s no different to Facebook popping up ads you might be interested in and social media pickingup people based on their clicking habits or the shopping that they’ve done.E.Retail companies are increasingly turning to facial detection and facial recognition software toattract and engage a distracted audience.F.Unlike gender and age,mood is harder to determine,sitting at around80%accuracy.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)For many years,Wisconsin had one of the finest public-university systems in the country.(46)It was built on an idea:that the university’s influence should not end at the campus’s borders,that professors—and the students they taught—should“search for truth”to help state legislators write laws, aid the community with technical skills,and generally improve the quality of life across the state.Many people attribute the Wisconsin Idea,as it is known,to Charles Van Hise,the president of the University of Wisconsin from1903to1918.(47)“I shall never be content until the beneficent influence of the University reaches every family of the state,”Hise said in an address in1905.“If our beloved institution reaches this ideal it will be the first perfect state university.”His idea was written into the mission of the state’s university system,and over time that system became a model for what public higher education could be.(48)But the backbone of the idea almost went away in2015,when Governor Scott Walker released his administration’s budget proposal,which included a change to the university’s mission.The Wisconsin Idea would be tweaked.The“search for truth”would be cut in favor of a charge to“meet the state’s workforce needs.”To those outside Wisconsin,the proposed change might have seemed small.After all,what’s so bad about an educational system that propels people into a high-tech economy?(49)But to many Wisconsinites,the change struck at the heart of the state’s identity.They argued that the idea—with its core tenets of truth,public service,and“improving the human condition”—is what makes Wisconsin, Wisconsin.(50)Walker ultimately scrapped his attempt to alter the Wisconsin Idea,claiming that his administration hadn’t meant to change it,that it was just a“drafting error.”And so the Wisconsin Idea was preserved—at least in an official sense.But though the words survived intact,many Wisconsinites believe that in the years since,the change Walker had proposed has taken place nevertheless.And one of the state’s institutions,the University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point,is the epicenter of that change.In mid-November,the university announced its plans to stop offering six liberal-arts majors,including geography,geology,French,German,two-and three-dimensional art,and history.The plan stunned observers,many of whom argued that at a time when Nazism is resurgent,society needs for people to know history,even if the economy might not.…(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Section III Writing51.Directions:Carefully read the following passage and write a short composition of about250to300 words.You should write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET.Note that your score will be awarded mainly on the base of content,logic,style and language.(30%) Chinese film star Zhai Tianlin,who apologised publicly for his academic misconduct after being accused of plagiarism,has been stripped of his PhD by the Beijing Film Academy and expelled by Peking University from a two-year doctoral research programme at the Guanghua School of Management.This has brought to an end Zhai’s persona as a“xueba”,a popular Chinese term for an academic overachiever.Does the plagiarism scandal of Zhai Tianlin exert any disastrous impacts on Chinese education and society?An argumentative is expected to support your viewpoint.The end of the test。
2013-2015年宁波大学考博真题3809智能系统 A
5. 对 5 个不同省份的发展情况进行调查统计后，得到 以下每个省份 两两间 的距离矩阵： 4 6 1 6 0 0 9 7 3 4 D 6 9 0 10 5 10 0 8 1 7 6 3 5 8 0 试用类平均法 ( 均值 ) 对其进行聚类， 分别给出聚成 2 类和 3 类的结果。 (12%) 6. 对于下图所示的Boltzmann机,假设每个结点的阈值都为0，连接权值如图所示， 如何采用模拟退火(Simulated Annealing)技术,使网络尽快达到系统平衡态? 如 果达到了平衡态，请计算系统处在状态{S1=1,S2=1,S3=1,S4=1}的概率是多少？ 要求给出具体的计算过程。 （13%）
宁波大学 2014 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(B 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 适用专业: 智能系统 移动计算与人机交互 科目代码： 3809
1. 试设计一个感知器， 将下图中带黑点标志的输入 （001, 101, 110, 111） 与其它输入(000, 010, 011, 100) 区分开来，要求给出详细的感知器结构和具体权值，单元个数尽可能的少。 (10%)
k k
请详细解释这二个计算公式的含义。
第 1 页， 共 3
(12%)
页
宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题 (A 卷)
考试科目: 适用专业: 智能系统 (A)
(答案必须写在答题纸上)
科目代码：
3809
移动计算与人机交互
4. 如图所示的特征脸（Eigenfaces）是机器视觉领域中用于人脸图像分析的一组特征 向量，通过主元分析（PCA）得到。请问： （a）进行 PCA 的主要步骤有哪些？ （b）试给出运用 PCA 进行特征脸分析的详细过程，并指出如何进行高维人脸数 据降维。 （14%）