13级西方史学史作业
东师《西方史学史》期末考核离线作业
离线考核《西方史学史》满分100分一、名词解释题(每题10分,共50分。
)1. 希腊神话:是以众神居住的奥林帕斯山为中心,通过诸如:开天辟地、诸神产生、神的谱系、天神的改朝换代、人类的起源等众多的故事来解释自然和社会的原始神话以及人类征服自然的英雄传说。
我们可以从中了解到人类原始社会的发展过程,探查出古代希腊人出于萌芽状态的历史意识。
2.《上帝之城》:中世纪基督教史学家奥古斯丁的代表作,集中反映了基督教历史哲学的思想。
该书是为反驳异教徒的攻讦而创作的,但同时也可以看成是体系庞杂、内容丰富的基督教历史哲学论纲。
《上帝之城》在内容上分两部分。
前10卷反驳异教徒的观点,后12卷确立作者的观点。
其主旨是:人类的历史,就是上帝之城和人间之城不断斗争,并最终由上帝之城取得全面胜利的过程。
这样,奧古斯丁就以自己的神学观念构筑起了自己的历史认识框架。
在他看来,历史是有始有终的,历史始于创世纪,终于末日审判,这样就为历史设定了一个时间维度。
在这期间,历史是充满了矛盾斗争的,历史是不断发展的,最终必将迎来一片光明。
这种历史观念有别于古希腊时期盛行一时的历史倒退论,其中所包含的历史发展、进步因素,对后来的启蒙运动时期的历史进步观念的形成具有理论启发作用。
3. 人文主义:文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级的指导思想,它的涵义相当广泛,主要指一种信念,即相信“人”是世界的主人和社会财富的创造者,相信“人”的智慧和力量,要求-切以“人”为本,发展“人”的事业。
其主要内容有:主张以“人”为中心,反对基督教以“神”为中心的世界观;提倡“人性”,反对“神性”,批判禁欲主义的宗教观;提倡“人权”,反对“神权”,批判封建特权,提出自由平等的要求;提倡理性和科学,反对蒙味主义和神秘主义,猛烈抨击教会推行的愚民政策及其对文化的摧残;在政治.上反对封建割据,。
《西方史学史》作业参考答案
《西方史学史》作业参考答案一、简述西方史学的萌芽1、希腊神话。
2、史诗与传说3、记事4、神话和史诗的特点二、评修昔底德斯的史学思想和方法)1、比较丰富的人本思想2、重视探讨历史发展的内在的因果关系3、具有历史进化论思想的萌芽4、认识到经济因素的重要性5、治学严谨,立论求实三、奥古斯丁对宗教史学的作出了什么贡献?1、撰写《上帝之城》与异教徒进行辩论2、发展并明确了中世纪的历史时间观念,上帝安排了一切,历史、回忆、只是证实上帝的安排。
3、地上之城(人类历史)从该隐开始,历经婴儿、少年、青春、壮年、半老、老年六个生理阶段。
4、双城斗争史分三个历史阶段:前律法阶段,律法阶段和上帝的天国阶段。
5、把史学完全隶属于神学的权威之下,其影响不可估量。
四、简述赫尔德的历史哲学1、人类历史发展的三个阶段。
诗歌阶段、散文时代、哲学时代。
2、人类历史的发展规律与自然界一样,是一个具有生长衰亡的自然发展过程。
但不可能直线上升的。
3、人是不同民族,不同社会,不同历史条件下的产物,所以不同时代的人性并不一致,反对“永恒人性”。
4、他是近代首批文化史家之一,否认“精选民族”和“欧洲中心论”,试图探索人类在其文化发展进程中所经历过的道路。
5、不认为中世纪是人类历史发展的中断,而认为是人类文化进步中一个必然的重要的环节,如同链条一样,彼此相连,前后衔接。
五、十九世纪有那些史学流派及代表人物?1、浪漫主义史学:赫尔德。
柏克。
夏多布里昂2、客观主义史学:尼布尔、兰克3、实证主义史学:孔德、斯宾塞4、历史主义史学:(维柯)、萨维尼、洪堡、黑格尔5、阶级斗争史学:梯也里、基佐、米涅、梯也尔6、马克思主义史学六、希罗多德对西方史学的主要贡献是什么?2、朴素的历史因果观3、平等的民族观4、求真精神A、秉笔直书,兼收并蓄B、考证史料,辨别真伪5、首创历史叙事体七、西方古典史学有那些传统?1、求真探索的精神。
2、人文主义的观念3、宽宏的历史眼光4、注重历史对现实的借鉴作用5、重视文字表述和自身修养八、简述博学时代的史学成就1、主要特征为历史学家对整理,编纂、史料空前热情、直接原因是宗教改革,让历史自己说话2、匹陶3、度申4、马比昂5、蒙福孔九、兰克史学有那些特点?1、不评判过去,不教导现在,不予示未来。
西方史学史期末试卷
临沂大学2012—2013学年度第一学期《西方史学史》试题(A卷)适用于文学院 2010级历史学专业开卷考试时间:120分钟一、名词解释(每题5分,共45分.)1.《高卢战记》2.上帝之城3.马基雅维里4.地理环境决定论5.哥廷根学派6.法国阶级斗争史学7.普鲁士政治史学派8.英国马克思主义史学9.布罗代尔二、论述题(每题25分,共25分.)1.结合古代希腊和罗马史学成就,试述西方古典史学的特点。
三、文献翻译题(每题30分,共30分.)In Barraclough's opinion the meaning of Europe needed expanding. Y et the historical perspective required in the mid twentieth century had to take in more than Europe alone, however broadly defined. Barraclough's aim was universality, a kind of total history. As he himself turned to the writing of contemporary history from this standpoint, he developed a general conception of universal history. Universal history, in his view, was "an attitude of mind" or overall approach distinct from other kinds of history. It was not simply the sum total of national histories, nor was it history with the nations left out. It did not seek to establish general laws of history nor to force the story of the human past into a single narrative mold. A universal history of the thirteenth century, for example, would accord central place to the Mongol(蒙古人)conquests in Asia and eastern Europe rather than to the rise of national monarchies in the West as customarily emphasized. Studies defined in time and place, or focused on particular institutions, events, or groups of people, would see their subjects in different proportions when cast in such terms.有道巴勒克拉夫的意见的意义,欧洲需要扩大。
13级英国文学史及选读练习(新)
Exercises for History English Literature and Selected Readings I. Choose the best answer:1._________, a typical example of Old English poetry, is considered the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.a. Piers Plowmanb. The Canterbury Talesc. The House of Famed. Beowulf2.It was _________ who made London dialect the foundation of the modern English speech.a. Chaucerb. Shakespearec. Wyattd. Boccaccio3.Piers Plowman is __________ that gives a picture of the life in feudal England.a. a novelb. a poemc. a dramad. a ballad4.Chaucer is acclaimed not only as "the father of English poetry" but also as "the father of English fiction". His masterpiece is __________.a. Troilus and Cressieb. Romance of the Rosec. The Canterbury Talesd. Decameron5.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work written for the greater part in ________ couplet and contains _________ stories.a. iam bic....29 b. pentameter....21 c. metrical....20 d. heroic. (24)6.________ are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.a. Balladsb. Epicsc. Odesd. Folklores7.Divine Comedy was one of the greatest Renaissance literary works by the Italian poet _______.a. Boccacciob. Dantec. da Vinccid. Petrarch8.After the old English aristocracy had been exterminated in the course of War of _______ in the 15th century, a new nobi lity, totally dependent on the King’s power, came into being.a. the Churchesb. the Holy Alliesc. Troyansd. Roses9.___________ founded the Tudor Dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie.A. James IB. Henry VC. Henry VIID. Henry VIII10. Thomas More wrote his famous prose work ________, in which he gave a profound and truthfulpicture of the people’s sufferings and put forword his ideal of a future happy society.a. Utopiab. The Fairy Queenc. Eupheusd. George Green11. Spenser is generally regarded as the greatest nondramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age. His fameis chiefly based on his masterpiece _________ .a. Cymbelineb. Love's Labour's Lostc. The Winter's Taled. The Fairy Queen12. Claudius, Ophelia and Laertes are characters in _________ .a. King Learb. Hamletc. Julius Caesard. Henry IV13. “Come live with me and be my love, And we will all the pleasure prove” are the first two linesof a poem written by __________.a. Shakespeareb. Miltonc. Marlowed. Spenser14. Hamlet, _________, King Lear and Macbeth are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four greattragedies.a. Romeo and Julietb. Timon of Athensc. A Lover's Complaintd. Othello15. _________ was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.a. Thomas Wyattb. Shakespearec. Miltond. Wordsworth16. Philip Sidney’s _________ is a prose romance filled with lyrics and regarded as a forerunner ofthe modern world.a. Arcadiab. Defense of Poetryc. Tamburlained. The Sun Rising17. _________ is John Milton’s famous sonnet in which he laments his blindness.a. Paradise Lostb. On His Blindnessc. Samson Agonistesd. Lycidas18. Of Bacon’s literary works, the most important is his ________ .a. Novum Organumb. Advancement of Learningb. Essays d. De Augmentis Scientiarum19. ________ said in his Of Studies“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, andsome few to be chewed and dige,sted”.a. Thomas Moreb. Francis Baconc. John Donned. John Milton20. Most of the literary works during the Enlightenment period are more or less ________,intending to teach some moral lessons.a. didacticb. descriptivec. denouementald. Dadaistic21. Milton and Bunyan, representing the extreme of English life in the 17th century, wrote twoworks that stand today for the mighty ___________ spirit.A. classicalB. CatholicC. PuritanD. Renaissance22. Milton wrote his masterpiece _________ during his blindness.a. History Of Brittainb. Samson Agonistsc. Paradise Regainedd. Paradise Lost23. __________ wrote his masterpiece The Pilgrim's Progress during his second imprisonment.a. Bunyanb. Miltonc. Donned. Dryden24. “If they are two, they are two so/ As stiff twin compasses are two; / Thy soul, the fixed foot,makes no show / To move, but doth, if th’other do.” These lines are from John Donne’s AValediction: Forbidding Mourning, which is a good example to manifest his principle of_________.a. metaphysical poetryb. the Petrarchan traditionc. Elizabethan lyricistsd. lyrical ballads25. Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress and Golding’s Lord of the Flies are two examples of__________ .a. allegorical novelsb. metaphysical poetryc. University witsd. dramatic monologue26. In both drama and fiction, _________ is a method used to build suspense by providing hints forwhat is to happen.a. foreshadowingb. foregroundc. plotd. denouement27. The ________ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout the western Europe in the18th century.a.Renaissanceb. Religious Reformationc. Enlightenmentd. Chartist Movement28. Defoe's masterpiece ________ is based upon the experiences of Alexander Selkirk, who hadbeen marooned in the island of Juan Fernadez off the coast of Chile and who had had lived here in solitude for five years.a. Captain Singletonb. Robinson Crusoec. Moll Flandersd. Gulliver’s Travels29. Sentimentalism is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling,self-regarding postures of grief and pain. _________, a novel by Oliver Goldsmith, is a case in point.a. The Vicar of Wakefieldb. Alexander’s Feastc. A Journal of the Plague Yeard. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling30. In the 18th Century neo-classic English literature, the best representative poet of neo-classicismis _________.a. Alexander Popeb. Daniel Defoec. Matthew Arnoldd. John Milton31. _________ , written in heroic couplet by Pope, is a manifesto of English neo-classicism as heputs forward his aesthetic theories in it.a. An Essay of Dramatic Poetryb. An Essay on Criticismc. An Essay on Mand. The Advance of Learning32. Who was the greatest dramatist in the 18th century, best known for his The School for Scandal?a. Oliver Goldsmithb. Richard Bringsley Sheridanc. Jonathan Swiftd. Henry Fielding33. Sheridan mainly wrote comedies. He brought ____________ to the highest perfection.a. comedy of mannersb. tragicomedyc. absurd comedyd. dramatic monologue34. The most apparent literary devices Swift uses in _________ are satire and verbal irony withwhich he exposes the cruel economic exploitations and religious oppressions of the English rulers upon the Irish people.a. A Tale of a Tubb. A Modest Proposalc. The Battle of the Booksd. Pamela35. Of all the romantic poets in the 18th century, _______ is the most independent and the mostoriginal.a. Thomas Grayb. William Blakec. Alexander Poped. Daniel Defoe36. Such beautiful and enduring lines as “And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a’ the seas gangdry” were written by _________ in his famous love poem _________.a. William Blake …. The Chimney Sweeperb. Samuel Taylor Coleridge …. Kubla Khanc. William Wordsworth ....The Solitary Reaperd. Robert Burns ….A Red, Red Rose37. The Romantic Age began with the publication of Lyrical Ballads which was written by__________.a.William Wordsworthb. Samuel Johnsonc. Samuel Coleridged. Wordsworth and Coleridge38. Blake's Songs of Experience paints a world of _____ with a melancholy tone.a. misery, poverty, disease, war and repressionb. happiness and love and romantic idealsc. misery , poverty mixed with love and happinessd. loss and institutional cruelty with sufferings39. Through his poems, Byron cre ated the “Byronic hero” who is _________.a. a brave and stubborn rebel figure of noble originb. a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble originc. a proud, mysterious rebel figure of lower origind. a brilliant, independent and romantic figure of his time40. The English Romantic Age produced two major novelists. They are ________.a. Byron and Shelleyb. Wordsworth and Coleridgec. Scott and Austend. Lamb and Hazlitt41. “She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways”is one of Wordsworth’s best known ___________.a. sonnetsb. nature poemsc. Lucy Poemsd. Lyrical Ballads42. Which is Percy Bysshe Shelley's greatest poetic drama?a. Queen Mabb. Prometheus Unboundc. Prometheus Boundd. The Revolt of Islam43. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a master piece by __________, telling an adventurous storyof a sailor.a. Wordsworthb. Byronc. Coleridged. Shelley44. Which of the followings was not written by William Blake?a. The Songs of Experienceb. The Songs of Innocencec. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyardd. The Tyger45. ________ a great comic epic of the early 19th century, is Byron’s masterp iece.a. Hours of Idlenessb. Don Juanc. Childe Haroldd. The Prisoner of Chillon46. The famous line “There, swan like, let me sing and die” is from ________ The Isles of Greece.a. Lord Byron’sb. John Keats’c. Robert Southey’sd. Mary Shelley’s47. The theme of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind is ________.a. the humdrum reality of everydayb. the sublimity of the natural beautyc. the conservative reassuranced. The radical prophecy of hope and rebirth48. Because of ___________, Shelley was expelled from the Oxford University.a. The Masque of Anarchyb. A Defense of Poetryc. The Necessity of Atheismd. The Triumph of Life49. John Keats’ ________ expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loneliness andthe human world of agony.a. Ode to a Nightingaleb. Ode on a Grecian Urnc. Ode to Psyched. Ode on Melancholy50. _________, a masterpiece by Walter Scott, is a historical novel of English subject covering thedays after the Norman Conquest.a. Ivanhoeb. Rob Royc. The Cencid. The Lady of the Lake51. In her novels, Jane Austen presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of _________.a. the upper-class Englishb. the upper-middle-class Englishc. the lower-class Englishd. the lower-middle-class English52. Jane Austen’s ________, originally named as “First Impressions” in 1796, is the most delightfulof her works, which tells of the love story between the rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet.a.Sense and Sensibilityb. Northanger Abbeyc. Mansfield Parkd. Pride and Prejudice53. _________, a Gothic novel written by Mary Shelley, is one of the triumphs of the Romanticmovement due to its themes of alienation and isolation and its warning about the destructive power that can result when human creativity is unfettered by moral and social concerns.a. Frankensteinb. Waverleyc. Endymiond. Joan of Arc54. The style of Charles Lamb’s ________ is gentle, old-fashioned and irresistibly attractive.a. storiesb. novelsc. essaysd. poems55. In ________ , England became for a time “the workshop of the world”.a. the Renaissance periodb. the Neoclassical periodc. the Victorian Aged. the 20th century56. _________ of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of the fifties, withCharles Dickens and William Thackeray as its prominent representatives.a. The critical realismb. The romantic realismc. The modernismd. The Romanticism57. The Mill on the Floss, a novel by _________, tells of the love, estrangement, and eventualreconciliation of the daughter and son of a country miller.a. George Eliotb. Charlotte Brontec. Emily Bronted. Jane Austen58. Most of ________ works are humorous poems, containing topical comments on contemporaryevents and manners.a. Thomas Hardy’sb. Thomas Hood’sc. D. H. Laurence’sd. James Joyce’s59. Alfred Tennyson’s Ulysses is a fine illustration of ________ .a. psychological analysisb. dramatic monologuec. stream of consciousnessd. Romantic lyricism60. The Man of Propert y, the best of The Forsyte Saga trilogy, is a novel by _________ .a. Thomas Hardyb. John Galsworthyc. Virginia Woolfd. James Joyce61. Which of the following can’t be included in the critical realists of the Victorian Period?a. Charlotte and Emily Bronteb. Charles Dickens and William M. Thackerayc. Thomas Hardy and George Eliotd. D. H. Laurence and James Joyce62. English critical realism found its expression chiefly in the form of _________.a. novelb. dramac. poetryd. sonnet63. Most of Hardy’s novels are set in __________, the fictional primitive and crude region which isreally the home place he both loves and hates.a. Londonb. Yoknapatawphac. Wessexd. Paris64. Hardy's last two novels ________ received a lot of hostile criticisms which probably led to histurning to poetry.a. The Dynasts and Jude the Obscureb. Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscurec. The Return of the Native and Tess of the D'Urbervillesd. The Return of the Native and Jude the Obscure65. The 20th century has witnessed a great achievement in English poetry, which is mainlyrepresented by the following except _________.a. Thomas Hardyb. Ezra Poundc. T. S. Eliotd. William Butler Yeats66. In his novels, D. H. Laurence made a bold psychological exploration of various humanrelationships, especially those between ________, with a great frankness.a. man and natureb. man and societyc. man and womand. all of the above67. Which of the following is James Joyce's masterpiece?a. Dublinersb. Mrs. Dallowayc. Ulyssesd. Jude the Obscure68. Kingsley Amis is a leading novelist of _______, a group of young writers withlower-middle-class or working-class background who launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values of the society in 1950s and 60s.a. existence preceding essenceb. “The Angry Young Men”c. stream of consciousnessd. black humour69. Oscar Wilde was a spokesman of the “aesthetic movement” in late 19th century. He was one ofthe most ardent advocators for _________.a. sentimentalismb. the Theater of the Absurdc. the graveyard schoold. “art for art’s sake”70. Which of the following is not written by Robert Stevenson,an English novelist of the late 19thcentury? Although he lacked enough originality, Stevenson was a shrewd observer of humankind, and his essays reveal his lively and perspicacious mind.a. Treasure Islandb. Kidnappedc. An Ideal Husbandd. In the South Seas71. Samuel Beckett’s play _________ is regarded as the most famous and influential masterpiece ofthe Theatre of Absurd.a. Waiting for Godotb. Major Barbarac. The Waste Landd. Pygmalion72. ________ is D. H. Lawrence’s semi-autobiographical novel dealing with the themes of thetroubled love and mother-son relations and thus a typical example of Oedipus Complex (俄狄浦斯情结) in fiction.a. Sons and Loversb. Lady Chatterley’s Loverc. The White Peacockd. Women in Love73. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, first novel by __________, is a naturalistic record ofStephen Dedalus’ bitter experiences and his realization of his final artistic liberation.a. James Joyceb. D. H. Lawrencec. George Orwelld. W. S. Maugham74. Which of the following writers is Not a Nobel Prize winner in literature?a. William Goldingb. Virginia Woolfc. Doris Lessingd. Harold Pinter75. Heart of Darkness, a novel by ________, contrasts the Western civilization in Europe with whatcivilization has done to Africa. It is often studied as a sample text by critics from the perspective of post colonialisma. Kingsley Amisb. Joseph Conradc. E. M. Forsterd. William Golding76. Sailing to Byzantium, a famous poem by _________, is concerned with an aged man and hissoul’s longing to return to the holy city of Byzantium as a symbol of artistic perfection.a. T. S. Eliotb. William Butler Yeatsc.. D. H. Lawrenced. Thomas Hardy77. Which of the following does Not belong to the category of dramatic monologue?a. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockb. Ulyssesc. The Land of Heart’s Desired. My Last Duchess78. Which of the following is a collection of short stories by James Joyce?a. Dublinersb. Lord of the Fliesc. The Moon and Six Penced. The Waves79. __________ is a collection of short stories which reflect three aspects of life in politics, cultureand religion.a. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Manb. Ulyssesc. Finnegans Waked. Dubliners80. Thematically, Joyce’s Ulysses bears much resemblance to T.S. Eliot’s ________.a. The Waste Landb. The Hollow Manc. Ash Wednesdayd. Four Quartets81. A _________ character is complex and under goes development, sometimes reaches the pointthat the reader is surprised.a. flatb. interestingc. roundd. anti-hero82. Together with John Bunyan’s A Pilgrim’s Progress, William Golding’s ________ is consideredas an allegorical novel, exposing the absurdities and dehumanizing qualities of the human society.a. Waiting for Godotb. Lord of the Fliesc. The Birthday Partyd. Rhinoceros83. A ________ is a mimicry of a work or a style of expression, which is undertaken to make fun ofwhat is imitated.a. parodyb. black humourc. flashbackd. high comedy84. Which of the following is Not regarded as a Canto, a section of division of a long poem?a. Lord Byron’s Don Juanb. Dante’s Divine Comedyc. Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lockd. William Wordsworth’s The Lyrical Ballads85. Which of the following is Not a necessary element of fiction?a. Characterb. Plotc. Meterd. Setting86. _________ is that part of drama that follows the climax and leads to the resolution.a. Asideb. Farcec. Denouementd. Foreshadowing87. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjective than on the public andobjective, mainly concerned with ________ of an individual.a. the inner worldb. the social traitsc. the interior monologued. the humanistic features88. Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness contrasts the Western civilization in Europe with whatthat civilization has done to ________.a. Americab. Asiac. Indiad. Africa89. ________ contains five parts: “The Burial of the Dead”, “A Game of Chess”, “The FireSermon”, “Death by Water”, and “What the Thunder Said”.a. The Hollow Manb. Murder in the Cathedralc. The Love song of J. Alfred Prufrockd. The Waste Land90. In his The Lake Isle of Innisfree, William Butler Yeats uses “Innisfree” to refer to a place of_________, where the poet can live a carefree and pastoral life.a. paradiseb. hermitagec. rescued. wonders91. Bernard Shaw’s ___________ is a carefully worked study of the developing relationshipbetween a “creator” and his “creation”. It describes the transformation of a flower-selling girl of lower class, Eliza Doolittle, into a duchess by the phonetician Professor Henry Higgins.a. Mrs. Warren’s Professionb. Caesar and Cleopatrac. Pygmaliond. Major Barbara92. In Britain in the mid-1950s and early 1960s, there appeared a group of young novelists andplaywrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background, known as _________ with Kingsley Amis as a leading figure of them.a. “The Lost Generation”b. “The Angry Young Men”c. “The Angels in the House”d. “The Anti-Heroes”93. George Orwell is the pen name of the English writer Eric Arthur Blair, who published the following works except _________.a. Orlandob. Animal Farmc. 1984d. The Road to Wigan PierII.Define the literary terms listed below:1.the Renaissance2.humanism3.heroic couplet4.The Enlightenment Movement5.stream of consciousness6.Romanticism7.Modernism8.sentimentalism9.point of view10.critical realism11.blank verse12.iambic pentameter13.dramatic monologue14.sonnet15.protagonist, antagonist16.satire17.metaphysical poetry18.Byronic hero19.Oedipus Complex20.Theater of the AbsurdIII.Match the following works with their authors:1.William Golding A. The Waste Land2. Francis Bacon B. “Queen Mab”3. James Joyce C. Paradise Regained4. Charles Dickens D. Jude the Obscure5. Percy B. Shelley E, The Dubliners6. Samuel Johnson F.Lord of the Flies7. Oscar Wilde G. The Newcomes8. E. M. Foster H.Novum Orgαnum9. T. S. Eliot I. A Passage to India10. Virginia Woof J. Agnes Grey11. Matthew Arnold K. “To His Coy Mistress”12. John Milton L. Lives of English Poets13. Thomas Hardy M. Hard Times14. George Eliot N. To the Lighthouse15. Robert Browning O. The Importance of Being Earnest16. William M. Thackeray P. Culture and Anarchy17. Laurence Stern Q. The Rape of the Lock18. Anne Bronte R. Silas Marner19. Andrew Marvel S. Men and Women20. Alexander Pope T. A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy21. Walter Scott U. 198422. Alfred Tennyson V. The Forsyte Saga23. W. E. B. Yeats W. Waverly24. George Bernard Shaw X. Pygmalion25. John Galsworthy Y. Idylls of the King26. George Orwell Z. The Second ComingIV. Works for critical appreciation and short-answer questions:1.Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 and Hamlet (the soliloquy of Hamlet)2.Francis Bacon’s Of Studies3.John Donne’s A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning4.John Milton”s Paradise Lost5.Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe6.Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard7.William Blake’s The Tyger and The Chimney Sweeper8.Robert Burns’A Red, Red Rose9.Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice10.Shelley’s Ode the west Wind11.Keats’Ode on a Grecian Urn12.Byron’s She Walks in Beauty13.Elizabeth Barrette Browning’s How to I Love Thee14.Yeats’ poem The Second Coming15. E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India16.Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles17. D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers18. T.S.Eliot and “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”V. For each of the quotations listed below give the name of the author and the title of the work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it:1. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shinesAnd often is his gold complexion dimmed;2. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd win d slowly o’er the lea,The plowman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.3 Tyger! Tyger! Burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?4. That’s my Duchess painted on the wall,Looking as if she were alive. I callThat piece of wonder now: Fra Pandolf’s handsWorked busily a day, and there she stands.5. I will arise and go now, for always night and dayI hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey,I hear it in the deep heart’s core.6. Her narrative ended; even its re-assertions and secondary explanations were done. Tess'svoice throughout had hardly risen higher than its opening tone; there had been no exculpatory phrase of any kind, and she had not wept.But the complexion even of external things seemed to suffer transmutation as her announcement progressed. The fire in the grate looked impish - demoniacally funny, as if it did not care in the least about her strait. The fender grinned idly, as if it too did not care. The light from the water-bottle was merely engaged in a chromatic problem. All material objects around announced their irresponsibility with terrible iteration. And yet nothing had changed since the moments when he had been kissing her; or rather, nothing in the substance of things.But the essence of things had changed.7. A book lay spread on the sill before her, and the scarcely perceptible wind fluttered itsleaves at intervals. I believe Linton had laid it there: for she never endeavoured to divert herself with reading, or occupation of any kind, and he would spend many an hour in trying to entice her attention to some subject which had formerly been her amusement. She was conscious of his aim, and in her better moods endured his efforts placidly, only showing their uselessness by now and then suppressing a wearied sigh, and checking him at last with the saddest of smiles and kisses. At other times, she would turn petulantly away, and hide her face in her hands, or even push him off angrily; and then he took care to let her alone, for he was certain of doing no good.8. The afternoon came on wet and somewhat misty: as it waned into dusk, I gegan to feel thatwe were getting very far indeed from Gateshead: we ceased to pass through towns; the country changed, great grey hills heaved up aound the horizon: as twilight deepened, we descended a valley, dark with wood, and long after night had overclouded the prospect, I heard a wild wind rushing amongst trees.Lulled by the sound, I at last dropped asleep; I had not long slumbered when the sudden cessation of motion awoke me; the coach- door was open, and a person like a servant was standing at it: I saw her face and dress by the light of the lamps.9. It was towards the close of his first term in the college when he was in number six. Hissensitive nature was still smarting under the lashes of an undivined and squalid way of life. His soul was still disquieted and cast down by the dull phenomenon of Dublin. He had emerged from a two years' spell of revery to find himself in the midst of a new scene, every event and figure of which affected him intimately, disheartened him or allured and, whether alluring or disheartening, filled him always with unrest and bitter thoughts. All the leisure which his school life left him was passed in the company of subversive writers whose jibes and violence of speech set up a ferment in his brain before they passed out of it into his crude writings.The essay was for him the chief labour of his week and every Tuesday, as he marched from home to the school, he read his fate in the incidents of the way, pitting himself against some figure ahead of him and quickening his pace to outstrip it before a certain goal was reached or planting his steps scrupulously in the spaces of the patchwork of the pathway and telling himself that he would be first and not first in the weekly essay.10. What a lark! What a plunge! For so it had always seemed to her, when, with a little squeak ofthe hinges, which she could hear now, she had burst open the French windows and plunged at Bourton into the open air. How fresh, how calm, stiller than this of course, the air was in the early morning; like the flap of a wave; the kiss of a wave; chill and sharp and yet (for a girl of eighteen as she then was) solemn, feeling as she did, standing there at the open window, that something awful was about to happen; looking at the flowers, at the trees with the smokewinding off them and the rooks rising, falling; standing and looking until Peter Walsh said, “Musing among the vegetables?”— was that it?—“I prefer men to cauliflowers”— was that it?He must have said it at breakfast one morning when she had gone out on to the terrace — Peter Walsh. He would be back from India one of these days, June or July, she forgot which, for his letters were awfully dull; it was his sayings one remembered; his eyes, his pocket-knife, his smile, his grumpiness and, when millions of things had utterly vanished — how strange itwas!— a few sayings like this about cabbages. (From Mrs Dalloway)8. What a lark! What a plunge! For so it had always seemed to her, when, with a littlesqueak of the hinges, which she could hear now, she had burst open the French windows and plunged at Bourton into the open air. How fresh, how calm, stiller than this of course, the air was in the early morning; like the flap of a wave; the kiss of a wave; chill and sharp and yet (for a girl of eighteen as she then was) solemn, feeling as she did, standing there at the open window, that something awful was about to happen; looking at the flowers, at the trees with the smoke winding off them and the rooks rising, falling; standing and looking until PeterWalsh said, “Musing among the vegetables?”— was that it?—“I prefer men to cauliflowers”—was that it? He must have said it at breakfast one morning when she had gone out on to the terrace — Peter Walsh. He would be back from India one of these days, June or July, sheforgot which, for his letters were awfully dull; it was his sayings one remembered; his eyes, his pocket-knife, his smile, his grumpiness and, when millions of things had utterly vanished —how strange it was!— a few sayings like this about cabbages.。
西方史学史考试复习资料
一、填空题1.公元5世纪至前4世纪的希腊社会,史称“古典时代”。
2.英国学者奥斯文·穆瑞在1993年首次提出“东方时代”的观念。
3.公元前12世纪至前8世纪的希腊社会称之为“荷马时代”。
4.希罗多德——“史学之父”,他首创西方历史编纂学上的一种正宗体裁,开始运用历史批判的方法撰述历史。
5.希罗多德的《历史》被称为西方最早的一部史书,因以希波战争为中心,故称《希腊波斯战争史》,也被认为是欧洲文学史上第一部著名的散文作品,因此他也有“散文学之父”的称号。
6.修昔底德——“政治史之父”,他的《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》是政治军事史的范例,也标志着西方史学在古希腊时代的最高成就。
在近代英国史家麦考莱称他为“历史上最伟大的历史学家”,修谟则认为“真正的历史学是从修昔底德开始的”。
7.色诺芬著有《长征记》和《希腊史》。
8.希罗多德、修昔底德、色诺芬被称为“古希腊三大史家”。
9.特奥波姆波斯的《腓力王传》述马其顿王腓力时代的政事,文辞华丽,他被称为“希腊之麦考莱”。
10 .李维称费边·匹克托为罗马“最古老的史家”,他的《罗马史》的问世可以视为罗马史学的开端。
11. 老伽图是罗马史学的真正奠立者,他被称为“爱国史家”。
12. 撒路斯提乌斯著有《碦提林阴谋》和《朱古达战争》并完整的保留下来。
13. 罗马三大史家撒路斯题乌斯、李维、嗒西陀。
14. 李维的《建成以来史》又称《罗马史》。
他的史学思想有三点:通史体例、垂训思想、文笔优美。
15.奥古斯都时代是罗马文化的“黄金时代”。
16. 波里比阿被后人称为“历史学家中的历史学机家”17. 阿庇安的《罗马史》是“连接波里比阿和西塞罗之间‘交替时代’的桥梁”。
马克思称它是“一部很有价值的书”。
18. “中世纪”的概念,最早是由15世纪人文主义历史学家比昂多提出的。
19. 攸西比乌斯被后人称为“教会史学之父”著有《编年史》,被认为是教会编年史中最大的一部。
20. 奥古斯丁著有《上帝之城》和《忏悔录》。
西方史学史期末简答题
1.古代希腊史学产生的原因:2.希罗多德贡献(史学思想)3.俢昔底德史学思想:4.比较希罗多德和俢昔底德治史观:5.比较希罗多德与司马迁的相似之处:6.波里比阿史学成就:7.西方古典史学的传统8.中世纪史学的历史地位9.浪漫主义史学思想10.理性主义史学(18世纪):特点:11.客观主义史学:12.伏尔泰的史学思想13.历史哲学:14.百科全书派史学贡献:15.罗马史学的共性:16.评述塔西佗的史学成就:17.评述希罗多德的史学思想18.19世纪为什么被称为“历史学的世纪”19.康德是怎样论述历史发展的,试以康德《世界公民视之下的普遍历史观念》译文为例加以说明。
如何评价:20.浅析孟德斯鸠的“地理环境决定论”21.20世纪妇女史的研究重点有哪些?22.为何称希罗多德是“史学之父”?23.普罗科匹厄斯有什么作品传世?24.李维对史学研究的贡献体现在何处?25.7.P55塔西陀为何被称为是“暴露史学大师”?26.. 查士丁尼有什么代表作?27.扼要介绍康尼娜及其作品。
28.为什么说“历史是过去与现在的对话”?29.19世纪与20世纪西方史学的特征分别是什么?30.20世纪西方史学的特征:31.西方现当代史学的共同趋势与特征:32.谈谈你对“历史是时代火车头”的理解。
33.当今西方社会为何将历史学称为是“受人追捧的园艺学(公共史学)”?34.评特纳。
35.P110评马基雅维里对欧洲近代史学的贡献。
36.为什么说卡尔《历史是什么?》一书问世,成为历史学著述演变的分水岭?37..请你介绍一下西方文艺复兴时期史学的总情况38..简述近代美国史学中特纳边疆理论的主要观点39.简述法国年鉴学派的史学成就40.请你介绍一下古希腊和罗马史学的情况41.简述近代理性主义史学42.实证主义史学的成果43.简述当代西方新史学的主要流派。
44.请你介绍一下西方中世纪史学的总情况?45.简述近代实证主义46.. 简述当代新社会史学派的主要共性特征47.试分析新社会史学派。
西方思想史作业考试40题
西方思想史作业考试40题一. 单选题1. 犬儒学派,可溯源到下列哪位哲学家()。
A. 西塞罗B. 芝诺C. 第欧根尼D. 安提斯泰尼2. 阿卡得摩斯学园是西方文明最早的有完整组织的高等学府之一,它的建立者是()。
A. 荷马B. 柏拉图C. 亚里士多德D. 苏格拉底3. 较早使基督教哲学化的教父是()。
A. 保罗B. 奥古斯丁C. 奥利金D. 查士丁4. 以下属于奥利金的作品是()。
A. 《护教首篇》B. 《护教次篇》C. 《与特里风的对话》D. 《驳凯尔苏斯》5. 宗教改革运动最先在哪一国家爆发()。
A. 英国B. 法国C. 意大利D. 德国6. 最早的原子论创立者是()。
A. 亚里士多德B. 泰勒斯C. 阿那克西曼德D. 留基波7. 最早提出宗教信仰自由要求的古代学者是()。
A. 德尔图良B. 奥利金C. 查士丁D. 阿奎那8. 毕达哥拉斯以下列哪一选项作为世界的本原()。
A. 水B. 无限C. 气D. 数9. 被公认为是世界上最伟大的雕塑艺术作品是()。
A. 《大卫》B. 《摩西》C. 《掷铁饼者》D. 《维纳斯》10. “文艺复兴”一次的原意是()。
A. 恢复B. 重生C. 回复D. 再生二. 多选题11. 孟德斯鸠提出的地理环境论的主要内容是()。
A. 一个国家的气候对该国民众的民族性格的形成、具体法律法规的制定及法律宽严有很大影响B. 土地的肥沃与贫瘠在一定程度上决定了国家的政制,人闷的性格C. 一个地区的土地状况也影响该地区民众的谋生方式D. 一个国家疆域的大小同国家的政治制度有极为密切的依赖关系12. 关于奥古斯丁“三位一体”论的说法正确的是()。
A. 三个“位格”本质相同B. 三位共是一个真上帝C. 三个位格的区分是彼此相对的D. 三个“位格”表示三个上的13. 下列哪些属于普罗塔戈拉的作品的是()。
A. 《论自然》B. 《论神》C. 《论真理》D. 《矛盾法》14. “教父”的主要特征是()。
西方史学史填空题
1.修昔底德的历史著作为《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,开创了一种政治军事史传统,因而被称为政治史之父;2.古希腊三大史学家分别是希罗多德、修昔底德、色诺芬;3.色诺芬的著作主要有《长征记》、《希腊史》、《经济论》等;4.被称为罗马史坛双擘的是李维和塔西佗,其代表著作分别为《建城以来史》和《历史》;5.早期教会史学兴起的根本原因一是教导信徒;二是与异教徒展开辩论;6.攸西比乌斯被称为教会史学之父;7.浪漫主义史学的代表,在法国有卢梭、在德国有赫尔德、劳麦、在英国有埃德蒙▪伯克等;8.埃及学诞生于1822 年。
9.瓦拉的《君士坦丁赠礼的证伪》揭露了教会虚伪的一面,也奠定了校勘学的基础;10.《易于理解历史的方法》是近代早期法国史学思想家让·波丹的著作;11.孔多塞把历史划分为神学、哲学和自然科学三个时期;12.康德三大批判《纯粹理性批判》、《实践理性批判》、《批判力批判》之外的第四个批判是《历史理性批判》;13.实证主义史学代表主要有孔德、斯宾塞、约翰·穆勒等;14.赫尔德把人类社会分为依次演进的三个阶段是诗歌时代、散文时代和哲学时代;15.客观主义史学的主要代表人物有兰克、阿克顿、莫诺等;16.休谟在历史方面的代表作是《英国史》;他与罗伯逊、吉本并称18世纪英国三大史家;《西方史学史》的分期:中世纪史学:基督教史学的神本史观代替了人本史观近代史学:14世纪——19世纪,直至19世纪的兰克学派,日趋成熟,史学成为一门独立的学科。
现代史学:新史学,50年代成为主流西方史学的五次转折1、公元前5世纪古希腊,从记神事发展到记人事,从相信神话到初步运用批判方法,从史话到历史叙述体的确立,使西方史学走出了“童年时代”,标志着西方史学的确立;2、公元5世纪前后,基督教史观征服了古典史学的人本观念、地域观念。
3、人文主义史学的出现,揭开了西方资产阶级史学发展的序幕。
4、19世纪与20世纪之交,历史观念从思辨的向批判的、分析的历史哲学的转变,5、本世纪50年代,记叙体转向分析体、社会科学特别是行为科学向史学的全面渗透、计量方法的广泛运用、史学成果的数理模式化等特征,已成为西方史学进入当代的主要标志埃及和西亚是人类最早进入文明的地区,也是最早运用文字对历史加以记录的地区古埃及人和苏美尔人创造出了世界上最早的年代记、编年记等历史记录形式第一位真正意义的埃及史家马涅陀马涅陀:《希罗多德批判》,是西方史学史上的首篇专题批评制作。
西方史学史期末复习资料
西方史学史复习资料第一章简答题:一、希腊史学产生的原因1.某某政治与学术自由〔古风时代的希腊出现了一系列奴隶制城邦, 并建立一种某某制, 尤其是雅典建立某某某某, 促进了某某政治的开展, 这种体制实行公民集体领导, 这种开明的政体激发了创造力, 使雅典产生了一种学术之风, 出现“百家争鸣〞的现象, 促成希腊文明的产生和繁荣〕2.殖民运动与东方文化的影响A.铁器和农耕技术〔东西方人之间的交流, 使得希腊人学会冶铁术, 同时, 农耕技术的传入, 也极大促进了社会生产的开展〕B. 货币和商品经济(地中海沿岸的人很早就开始从事商业贸易, 后来吕底亚人发明了金属铸币, 并在公元前七世纪左右传入希腊, 同时商品经济也传入, 希腊成为一个典型的商业民族). 3.各种思想材料,包括数学、几何学、物理学、建筑学、医学、天文历法,尤其.. 腓尼基的字母文字等。
〔古代东方农业文明兴旺,因此离不开根底的学科,这些根.. 学科远比希腊兴旺,古代西方的学者都曾到达东方,并将东方文化传入希腊,对希.. 产生了重大影响〕二、古典史学的特1.追求真理的探索精神;立意求真, 竭诚探索, 试图揭示历史现象之间的内在联系和开展规律, 这也许是西方古典史学传统的核心。
2.人文主义观念;西方文明的出发点是人,史学亦然。
3.宽宏的历史眼光;在有代表性的西方古典史家那里, 这种宽宏的历史眼光有着.分的反映, 尤其在那些撰述“世界史〞或“通史体例〞的史学家中表现更为突出。
4.注重历史对现实的借鉴作用;5.注重史学的文字表达和史家的自身修养。
名词解释:一、希罗多德〔约BC482—BC424〕希罗多德, 公元前484年生于小亚细亚南部哈利卡那索斯一个富有的奴隶主家庭, 从小受过良好教育, 酷爱史诗, 成年后随叔父参与推翻僭主政治的斗争, 失败被流放。
公元前447年来到雅典, 与文化名流交往密切。
公元前444年来到意大利南部的一个新城邦图里奥伊, 并获得公, 长居于此。
西方史学史期末复习题库
名词解释:希罗多德:(约前484年一前425年)公元前5世纪的伟大的古希腊第一位历史学家,西方文学的奠基人,人文主义的杰出代表。
从古罗马时代开始,希罗多德就被尊称为“历史之父“。
他把旅行中的所见所闻,以及第一波斯帝国的历史纪录下来,著成《历史》。
所著《历史》一书,是西方最早的一部历史著作,因各卷以古希腊9位缪斯女神命名,故又被称作《缪斯书》;又因其以讲诉希波战争为主线,故后人也将它称作《希波战争史》。
全书共9卷,分上下部分。
1〜5卷第27章为前半部分,叙述希波战争前地中海各国的历史,从态度上看,带有爱奥尼亚纪事家作品的缺点,既有闻必录,因而存在假录。
第5卷第29章起为后半部分,是信史实录,主要叙述波斯人和希腊人在公元前478年以前数十年间的战争。
书名和分卷方法均出自希腊化时代的学者之手。
在此书中,希罗多德所使用的文献资料主要有三种形式:口头传说、直接印象、文字记录,其中口头传说用量最多,作者本人没有民族歧视,并且取材丰富。
该书也是一部世界文化史著作,书中众多人物性格鲜明,语言生动;视野广阔,具有”通史”的规模;具有较强的客观主义态度和求实批判精神;歌颂民主自由;重视道德垂训作用。
修昔底德:是古希腊的历史学家和思想家,他约出生于公元前460年,他生活的时代正值雅典的极盛时期,也是古希腊文化的全盛时期。
伯里克利等人的政治演说,埃斯库罗斯、欧里庇得斯、索福克利斯等人的戏剧,诡辩派(又称“智者派”)的哲学,希罗多德等人的历史著作,以及“医学之父”希波克拉底所代表的“实验的”“科学”精神,都对他产生了极大的影响。
所作《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》是以编年体纪事,是修昔底德用三十余年撰写而成,共八卷,其书名和分卷方法均出自希腊化时代的学者之手,其写作目的是想通过叙述这场战争给希腊世界造成的影响、以及雅典等城邦在战争前后的成败兴衰的变化过程,来垂训后世。
不仅力求真实地记载历史,而且力图站在哲学的高度上去理解和概括历史、并把这种概括之后的历史事实传达给后人。
《西方史学史》作业
期末作业考核《西方史学史》满分100分一、名词解释题(每题10分,共50分)1. 修昔底德答:修昔底德:古代希腊着名的历史学家。
《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》是他的名世之作。
修昔底德出身于一个显贵家庭,作为雅典的富有公民,他参加了当时几乎波及希腊各城邦的战争——伯罗奔尼撒战争。
公元前424年当选雅典最高军职十将军委员会成员。
但是在战争之初,由于修昔底德没能及时救援雅典在色雷斯的军事要地安菲波里,因“贻误战机”、有通敌之嫌,被放逐国外。
流放期间,他在希腊世界,特别是那些敌对国家广泛游历,收集多方面资料,着成《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》一书。
亲历这场战争的修昔底德,以简洁流畅的文字,生动豪放的语言,冷静客观的态度,将伯罗奔尼撒战争的主要史实、陆海战的恢宏场面以及城邦之间的政治斗争展现在读者面前,他所确立的如实专一记述政治军事史的编纂程式,为后世史书创作开创了新的传统。
2.《查理大帝传》答:《查理大帝传》: 中世纪西方史学家艾因哈德的代表作,缘起于为君主查理歌功颂德。
内容分两部分,共三十三节,分述查理“在国内外的事业”与“私生活和性格”。
在前一部分里,作品从查理即位开始写起,按时间顺序对他所发动的几十次战争进行了简明叙述。
其中,对两次持续时间最长、最为残酷激烈的萨克森战争及阿瓦尔人战争记述得最为详细。
在后一部分里,作品精心叙述了查理其人的外貌、性格、爱好及家庭情感,赞美了查理鼓励学术、提倡宗教的义举。
艾因哈德所使用的史料,有很多是出自第一手资料。
比照中世纪时期其他西方史学家的作品,艾因哈德的《查理大帝传》洋溢着更多的古典主义色彩,这是因为,该书的撰写,是模仿古罗马作家苏埃托尼乌斯的《十二恺撒传》的结果。
但是,作品除了对查理对外战绩和宫廷生活的描述外,对于这一时期法兰克国家内外各方面的情况几乎只字不提,作品的视野极为有限。
3. 马基雅维利答:马基雅维里:文艺复兴时期意大利影响最大的人文主义历史学家和政治学家,出身于佛罗伦萨没落的贵族家庭,着作有《君主论》、《论李维的罗马史前十卷》、《佛罗伦萨史》等,其中《佛罗伦萨史》是其最主要的史学着作。
研究生考试考研历史学专业基础(313)试题及答案指导(2025年)
2025年研究生考试考研历史学专业基础(313)模拟试题(答案在后面)一、选择题(本大题有20小题,每小题4分,共80分)1、以下哪位历史学家被誉为“历史之父”?A、希罗多德B、修昔底德C、色诺芬D、亚里士多德2、以下哪个事件标志着欧洲中世纪封建制度的形成?A、罗马帝国的灭亡B、查理曼帝国的建立C、奥托王朝的兴起D、诺曼征服英格兰3、以下哪位历史学家提出了“历史循环论”?A、希罗多德B、马克·布洛赫C、阿诺德·汤因比D、卡尔·马克思4、中国传统历史文献分类中,经部主要收录的是哪一类型的经典文献?A、史书类文献B、文学类文献C、哲学、宗教文献D、经典著作、儒家经典5、下列哪一事件不属于中国古代军事变革的重要标志?A、宋代的火药广泛应用B、明朝的卫所制度C、清代的八旗制度D、唐朝的安史之乱6、中国古代史书中最早记载完整的帝王世系和历史事件编年体史书是?A、《春秋》B、《史记》C、《汉书》D、《资治通鉴》7、以下哪一位思想家被称为“历史之父”?A、希罗多德B、修昔底德C、色诺芬D、亚里士多德8、中国古代史学家司马光的《资治通鉴》是一部怎样的历史著作?A、民族史著作B、地方志编纂C、纪事本末体通史D、编年体通史9、马克思、恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中提出了“世界历史的理论”,其中将人类历史分为几个形态?A、原始形态和生产方式形态B、生产关系和生产方式形态C、共产主义形态和资本主义形态D、自然经济形态和商品经济形态10、关于历史学的研究方法,以下哪一项不属于马克思主义历史学的基本方法?()A. 历史唯物主义B. 历史实证主义C. 历史唯心主义D. 历史比较法11、以下哪位历史学家被誉为“现代历史学之父”?()A. 霍布斯鲍姆B. 马克·布洛赫C. 威尔·杜兰特D. 贾雷德·戴蒙德12、以下哪个历史事件标志着我国封建社会的形成?()A. 郡县制的建立B. 魏晋南北朝时期的民族大融合C. 隋唐时期的三省六部制D. 宋元时期的海禁政策13、魏晋南北朝时期,中国历史上出现了多个政权并存的局面,其中“五胡”之一,在西晋后期迁入中原,并建立了许多国家,对这一时期的历史进程产生了深远影响。
2021年考研历史学统考《313历史学基础》世界近现代史考点归纳与典型题(含历年真题)详解
目 录第1章 近代初期的欧洲1.1 考点归纳1.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第2章 欧美主要国家的社会转型2.1 考点归纳2.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第3章 近代的亚非拉3.1 考点归纳3.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第4章 近代欧洲国际关系与第一次世界大战4.1 考点归纳4.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第5章 俄国革命与共产国际5.1 考点归纳5.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第6章 凡尔赛-华盛顿体系6.1 考点归纳6.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第7章 两战之间的世界7.1 考点归纳7.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第8章 第二次世界大战8.1 考点归纳8.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第9章 第二次世界大战后的世界格局9.1 考点归纳9.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第10章 第二次世界大战后的西方国家10.1 考点归纳10.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第11章 第二次世界大战后的苏联与东欧11.1 考点归纳11.2 典型题(含历年真题)详解第1章 近代初期的欧洲1.1 考点归纳一、文艺复兴(一)文艺复兴运动的背景与实质1.文艺复兴的背景(1)城市经济的发展使思想文化出现了世俗化倾向。
(2)14、15世纪以来,西欧资本主义的萌芽,资产阶级开始形成并登上历史舞台,资产阶级需要为其服务的新文化;新兴资产阶级为了发展生产和提高生活水平,需要具有一定科学文化知识的服务人才。
于是他们在思想文化领域内发动了一场反封建、反教会的新文化运动。
(3)古希腊罗马的世俗文化成为反封建教会文化和构筑新文化的天然素材。
(4)新兴资产阶级暂时还没有新的理论体系,所以以古希腊罗马文化为开道锣鼓。
2.文艺复兴实质14世纪中叶到17世纪初在欧洲发生的思想文化运动。
从表面上看,文艺复兴是欧洲思想文化界人士复兴希腊、罗马古典文化的运动,但实际上这场运动并非对于古典文化的简单模仿,而在很大程度上是一种创新,是新兴资产阶级反封建斗争在意识形态上的反映。
奥鹏东北师范大学西方史学史在线作业1-0001满分作业参考
西方史学史全新在线作业1-0001
如下哪位学者是西方艺术史的始祖,()。
选项A是:瓦萨里
选项B是:比昂多
选项C是:瓦拉
选项D是:马基雅维利
正确选项:A
早在公元4、5世纪拜占庭文化的成型期,被誉为“教会史之父”的是下列
哪位史学家()。
选项A是:优西比乌斯
选项B是:普罗柯比
选项C是:希奈鲁斯
选项D是:狄奥方修
正确选项:A
年鉴学派主要研究()。
选项A是:政治史
选项B是:军事史
选项C是:外交史
选项D是:社会史及心态史
正确选项:D
从体例上看,《法兰克人史》是如下哪种体例的史书()。
选项A是:纪传体
选项B是:记叙体
选项C是:通史体
选项D是:编年体
正确选项:D
通过描绘探讨工人们在夜校、酒吧、俱乐部等大众社会活动场所的日常学习、生活经历,来展现形成中的工人阶级面貌及其对当时社会变革的适应和主动
参与的英国马克思主义史家是()。
选项A是:莫里斯?多布
选项B是:罗德尼?希尔顿
选项C是:克里斯托弗?希尔
选项D是:埃里克?霍布斯鲍姆
正确选项:D
1。
西方史学史考试资料
1.色诺芬(BC430~BC350)生于雅典富豪家庭,早年涉猎多种学问,学识渊博,后拜苏格拉底为师,是古希腊三大史家之一。
BC401年参加希腊雇佣军,帮小居鲁士夺取波斯王位,失败后他被推举为领袖,率领部队回到希腊。
后投靠斯巴达,与雅典为敌。
BC394年被判终身监禁,后专事著述。
他是一个多产作家,代表作有:《希腊史》、《远征记》等。
其史学特点及贡献为:历史叙述的技巧;扩充了历史著作的记述范围;草创了以人叙史的新体裁。
但近代多数认为:他没有实事求是的严谨态度;他的思想浅显,不能探求历史发展的前因后果。
2.基督教史学13 世纪以前,基督教史学占支配地位。
它是一种神本主义史学,指出任何事物均有其产生发展消亡的演变过程。
致力于构建以基督教普遍主义为基础的世界史观。
它是一种唯心史观,彻底排除人在历史中的地位和作用,从而使史学家在历史本身之外去寻求历史的本质动因。
这不仅是历史观的大倒退,也直接造成史学水平的低下。
但它以客观唯心主义的形式指出,历史发展具有内在的规律性,并且不以人的主观意志为转移。
基督教史学家在肯定上帝永恒和上帝为万物之源的前提下,以神学说教引入了事物矛盾运动的观念,较之古希腊罗马史家静止的、非历史的形而上学观念或循环论更利于历史哲学的形成。
尤其值得指出的是基督教世界史观的时空贯通性,其悠长宽广的宗教视野是古典时代所未有的。
3.埃及学研究古埃及文明的语言,文字,历史及文化艺术的学科。
其形成以1882年法国学者J.-F.商博良释读古埃及象形文字成功为标志。
埃及学是世界考古和世界历史研究中的重要学科。
以现代科学方法和电子仪器进一步探索金字塔等埃及古迹,是埃及学发展的新方向。
4.口述史学口述史学也称口碑史学,主要指一种搜集和利用口头史料研究历史的方法和流派。
口述史学具有生动性,广泛性和民主性等特点。
口述史学源远流长,可以追溯到荷马史诗,希罗多德的《历史》和修昔底德的《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》。
19世纪以前,口头传说一直是很重要的史料来源,直到德国兰克学派兴起,档案库的资料被看作最可信的纪录,口述资料才遭到冷落。
西方史学史试题A卷
南京晓庄学院西方史学史课程试卷A2013–2014学年度第2学期教师院(系)2011级历史共4页教研室主任审核签名:院(系)主任审核签名:命题教师:宋涛校对人:宋涛班级姓名学号得分序号一二三四五六七八九总分得分一、填空(每个1分,共30分)1、古代希腊三大史家有:、、,其代表作为:、、。
2、罗马史学的真正奠立者:。
拉丁文写作罗马史的先例,强烈的传统。
著有。
3、罗马三大史家:,代表作:,;,代表作:;,代表作。
4、公元1世纪史家群体包括:,代表作:;,代表作:;,代表作。
5、18世纪英国三大史家:,代表作;,代表作:;,代表作:。
6、近代以来第一部真正的史学理论著作,让·博丹的。
二、名词解释(每个5分,共20分)1、希罗多德2、修昔底德3、博学史学4、客观主义史学三、简答题(每题5分,共10分)1、简述西方古典史学的传统2、简介哥丁根学派:四、材料分析题(共10分)1、由于没有明确的目的,人们就可能老是在那些深奥冷僻又无关紧要的问题上做文章,不冷不热的博学游戏无非是虚掷光阴,把手段当目的,为考据而考据简直是在浪费时间。
2、社会思潮的波动,技术的更新,社会经济结构的变化是决定人类命运的潜在因素,考察这些因素时,不会犯观察突发事件所难免的错误,历史上最深沉的东西往往就是最确凿无疑的。
——马克·布洛赫《历史学家的技艺》问题:这两则话出自那个学派?其代表人物有谁?五、论述题(每题15 分,共30分)1、为什么说19世纪是历史学的世纪?2、现当代史学的共同特征和趋势:。
西方史学史 每日一测
西方史学史每日一测1. 西方史学乃至西方文化的诞生于古希腊的() [填空题] *_________________________________(答案:爱奥尼亚地区)2. ()的出现是使古希腊史学前进的重要一步,它标志着古希腊史学的正式萌芽。
[填空题] *_________________________________(答案:散文纪事家)3. 在《历史》中,希罗多德所使用的文献资料主要有(1、 2、 3、) [填空题] *_________________________________(答案:文学作品、神谕、纪念物、档案与铭文)4. 欧洲第一个了解婆罗门教并提到印度种姓制度的人是() [填空题] *_________________________________(答案:麦伽斯提尼)5. ()和()的史著标志着罗马史学的诞生。
[填空题] *_________________________________(答案:费边·皮克托、阿利曼图斯)6. 第一部拉丁史作《罗马历史源流》的作者是() [填空题] *_________________________________(答案:马可·波尔基乌斯·加图或老加图)7. 并称为古罗马史坛双擎的是()和()。
[填空题] *_________________________________(答案:李维和塔西佗)8. ()和()导致了古典史学的灭亡。
[填空题] *_________________________________(答案:罗马帝国经济和政治的崩溃和意识形态危机)9. 《历史》中所体现的希罗多德历史观的两重性是什么? [填空题] *_________________________________答案解析:(1)人的历史活动受到难以把握的超自然的力量(命运、神启、梦兆等)的影响。
(2)人是自己的主人,以自己的思想和行动创造人类的历史。
西方史学史复习题
希罗多德古代希腊历史学家,西方史学的创立者,其传世之作《历史》西方史学第一部名副其实的历史著作,首先创立了西方历史编撰学上一种正宗的体裁,开始运用历史批评的方法撰述历史,并且重视历史垂训的功用,他创造了叙述历史的新方法。
对于历史事件,时而诉诸神的意志和命运,时而认为取决于个别人物的才能,也有时借助于对历史或地理情况的分析。
在西方史学史上产生了深远的影响,被后世誉为“史学之父”。
修昔底德古希腊历史学家。
他约出生于公元前460年,他生活在雅典的极盛时期。
著有《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》为西方传统史学确立了一种范型,即西方政治军事史传统。
他高度发展了古代希腊史学的人本观念,坚持更严格的史料批判原则和重视历史垂训功用,成为西方史家长期效法与尊奉的史学传统,对后世影响深远。
其思想可以包含以下几个方面:(1)求实的精神,理智的批判态度。
(2)从人事活动的角度出发,总结历史的经验教训。
(3)认识到经济因素的重要性。
(4)开创“范例历史学”先河,追求史学垂训功能。
色诺芬色诺芬(约430~354BC),古希腊历史学家、作家。
雅典人。
苏格拉底的弟子。
公元前401年参加希腊雇佣军助小居鲁士争夺波斯王位,未遂,次年率军而返。
前396年投身斯巴达,被母邦判处终身放逐。
著有《远征记》、《希腊史》(修昔底德《伯罗尼撒战争史》之续编)以及《回忆苏格拉底》等。
与希罗多德、修昔底德共称为“古希腊三大史家”。
波里比阿波里比阿(公元前201年—前120年)希腊麦加罗城人,有“历史学家中的历史学家”的称号。
年轻时,他作为希腊送往罗马的人质,以他的才学和人品得到了罗马人的尊重,尤其得到小西庇阿的优待,以后他又在罗马国内和周围游历,扩展了视野,又获得进入罗马国家档案库的权利,获得了许多珍贵的资料,为他写《通史》创造了良好的条件。
波里比阿是古希腊时期最后一为伟大的史学家,也是罗马时代的第一位希腊的大史学家。
波里比阿或许是一个界标,在这之后,希腊的时代终于结束了,罗马的时代已经到来了。
西方史学史习题
导论一、西方史学史发展的四个阶段和五次转折(P3-5)四个阶段:1、古典史学,即古代希腊罗马史学2、中世纪史3、近代史学4、现代史学五次转折:第一次转折,西方史学的创立,发生在公元前5世纪时的古希腊时代第二次转折,发生于公元5世纪前后,西方史学从古典史学的人本主义转向基督教的神学史观。
第三次转折,从欧洲文艺复兴运动开始。
(人本主义史学出现)第四次转折,发生在19世纪与20世纪之交。
历史学开始专业化,并被视为一门独立的学科。
历史观念从思辨的向批判的、分析的历史哲学转变。
第五次转折,发端于20世纪50年代前后,从此开始了当代西方史学的发展进程。
二、如何研究西方史学史(P12-14)1、应研究西方历史学家的史学思想;2、应研究西方历史学家所处的历史环境;3、应研究西方史学流派,研究它们的过去与现在、繁荣与式微、成就与问题;4、应在西方史学的扣流变中做出动态的考察,即对西方的某一史家、某一作品、某一流派的研究,既是历时性的,又是共时性的;5、应开拓视野,拓展知识领域,即不能把它当作一门孤立的学科,而是要把它看作全部人类文化扩展的一个有机组成部分。
6、应从世界史学发展的总进程中,从空间上对它与其他地区史学的发展进行比较分析;总之,应有一种正确的历史观的引导。
第一章古典史学Ⅰ一、城邦文明古希腊文明就是城邦文明,作为城邦文明,古希腊城邦具有古代世界城邦的一般特征,也有自己的独特性。
古希腊所建立的城邦国家,发展十分充分,具有惊人的生命力。
在早期希腊时代(前8—前6世纪),希腊世界先后形成了200多个奴隶制城邦。
城邦特点之一是小国寡民,小农经济是奴隶制城邦的经济基础。
希腊城邦还具有明显的自治性质,一方面城邦实施公民之间的平等原则,亦即实施“主权在民”与“轮番执政”;另一方面,每个公民在一定程度上保持着自我意识的个人生活的权利,同时,又被个人对国家的服从这样一种最高的道德信念所制约。
古希腊历史令人瞩目的特点之一,便是各个城邦在政治上独立的历史发展。
(0605)《西方史学通论》网上作业题及答案
[0605]《西方史学通论》《西方史学通论》2010年第1次作业[论述题]1. 简述古希腊史学的主要成果。
2. 简述古罗马史家及其主要贡献。
参考答案:1. 希罗多德和修昔底德是希腊两大史学家,其所著《历史》和《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》在西方史学史上占有重要地位。
希罗多德的著作既具有散文说书家有闻必录的风格,又在某些方面具有客观求实、严谨的治史态度。
他对史学的贡献,总括起来,可归为如下几点:①首先,撰史目的含有唯物史观。
这反映出他写史的宗旨,是保存人类的功绩,探求战争的原因和垂训后世。
②朴素的历史因果观。
希氏是一个虔心信神的人,他同时也接受了爱奥尼亚的怀疑主义的观点。
另一方面,他又把自然科学家探索宇宙的起源和演化的方法运用于探索希波战争的原因。
主要表现在四个方面:其一,在研究每个国家的历史时,在一定程度上注意了当地生产、经济状况以及经济因素在历史发展中的作用。
其二,注意地理一半对人类社会的作用。
其三,强调人在历史发展进程中的决定作用。
其四,谈到希波战争的起因时,尽管他提到一些无关紧要的小事,但并未把它视为战争的根本原因。
③平等的民族观。
希氏对他所涉及的各民族持公正的态度,是《历史》的突出特色。
无论是东方的,还是希腊的美好的东西,都予以肯定,尤其是对东方的文化倍加推崇。
他关于政体,他认为,寡头政体、民主政体或专制政体并没有明显区别,各有其优点。
④求真的精神。
A、秉笔直书,兼收并蓄。
他非常坦率地陈述种种故事,并不武断地批评所使用的史料,所保存的史料是相当丰富的。
B、考证史料,辨别真伪,强调实地考察和独立思考。
⑤首创历史叙事体。
当然,希罗多德在史学思想和方法上也有其时代的局限和缺陷,其一,唯心主义倾向明显。
相信因果报应;其三,史料中有不少错误。
修昔底德把当时希腊哲学家们那种追求真理的精神和逻辑方法,应用到历史研究中去。
①具有较丰富的人本思想。
修昔底德不仅对神示、迷信持否定态度,而且还努力用科学的方法,去说明自然现象。