英文黄疸 腹泻 呕血

1、Describe the symptoms of three different types of jaundice

Hemolytic jaundice: weakness, dark urine, anemia, ecterus, splenomegaly.

Hepatic jaundice: weakness, loss appetite, hepatomegaly, palmar erythema, spider angioma.

Obstructive jaundice: pruritus. Jaundice may vary in intensity. Chill+fever+gall bladder enlargement=stone+cholangitis.

2、etiology of acute diarrhea and chronic diarrhea

Acute diarrhea: intestinal infection; food poisoning: bacterial, plants, chemical poison(arsenic, etc);systematic diseases: Influenza, sepsis, measles, etc; miscellaneous: allergic diseases(allergic purpura, enteropathy..), endorcrinal diseases(zes,etc.), drugs(laxatives, 5-fu, etc).

Chronic diarrhea: intestinal, gastric: chronic gastritis, subtotal gastrectomy, etc. Pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, etc. Hepatobiliary: liver cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice. Endocronic: Hyper thyroids crisis, ZES, carcinoids. Drugs: reserpin, ismelin, laxatives, etc. Others: uremia, hypogammaglobulemia, etc.

3、The concept and manifestation of hematemesis

Hematemesis is the vomiting of blood. The source is generally the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Abdominal discomfort and nausea: blood stimulating in stomach; Color and volume of blood rejected: wine, coffee, turkey red; circulation failure: bleeding volume ratio to circulating in 10~15% with syncope and chill; >205 with sweating, limb cold and tachycardia, >30% with pallor complexion, rapid heart rate and low blood pressure, shock; Black stool: asphalt like.

4、The concept of dyspnea and causes for dyspnea

Difficulty in breathing or short of breath accompanied with dilatation of nares, cyanosis, use of accessory muscles of respiration and abnormalities of respiratory rate, depth or rythm.

Causes: respiratory dyspnea, cardiac dyspnea, toxic dyspnea, neuro-psychogenic dyspnea, hematological dyspnea.

5、The character and color of sputum

Character: clear, white gray sputum: chronic bronchitis.

Tenacious sticky mucoid sputum:asthmatics

Foul-smelling purulent sputum: brochiectasis, lung abscess.

Sptum with calcific patticles: broncholithoptysis

Color: yellow purulence sputum:estering infection.

Green purulence sputum: asthmatics

6、How to distinguish between hemoptysis and hematemesis

hemoptysis hematemesis

history TB, bronchiectasis Ulcer, cihrrosis presymptom Cough, chest discomfortable Vomit, nausea, epigastric

discomfort

Mode of expectoration Blood spitting Vomiting

Color of blood Bright red Dark red and black

Material mixed with blood Air bubble and sputum Food debris

pH Alkaline Acid

melena No, occasionally swallowed Yes, may continue for several

years