句子成分和基本句式结构

英语句子成分有八种:
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；
主要成分有主语和谓语；
次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语
1.主语(Subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，常位于句首。

但在there be结
构、疑问句（主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后。

主语可由下列结构表示。

1)During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
（名词）
2) We often speak English in class.（代词）
3) One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
4) The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
5) To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
6) Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
7) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
8) It is necessary to master a foreign language.
（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
2. 谓语(Predicate)：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。

1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

He practices running every morning.
2) 复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。

You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。

We are students.
3. 表语(Predicative)：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。

表语一般由下列结构表示。

1) Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
2) Is it yours?（代词）
3) The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
4) The speech is exciting.（分词）
5) Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
6) His job is to teach English.（不定式）
7) His hobby is playing football.（动名词）
8) The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
9) Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
10) The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
•在系动词后的部分就是表语
•常见的系动词有:
•be(am,is,are,were,was)
•状态：seem, appear, prove ---
•感官：smell, feel, taste, sound, look
•变化：become, get, turn, go, come, grow
•持续：remain, stay, keep,
4. 宾语(Object)：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Lend me your dictionary.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）They elected him their monitor.
1) They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）
2) The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
3) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
（名词化形容词）
5) He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
6) I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
8) He found it hard to solve the problem.
（it作形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的不定式）
5. 宾语补足语(Object Complement)：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。

1) His father named him Dongming.（名词）
2) They painted their boat white.（形容词）
3) Let the fresh air in.（副词）
4) You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
（不定式短语）
5) We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
6) We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
主动语态变成被动语态后,宾语补足语变成主补.
I last saw him playing near the river.
He was last seen playing near the river.
The teacher caught the student cheating in the exam
The student was caught cheating in the exam
We made him monitor.
He was made monitor.
He pushed the door open.
The door was pushed open.
6. 定语(Attribute)：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。

1) Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
2) China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
3) There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
4) His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
5) Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
6) The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
7) He is reading an article about how to learn English.
（介词短语）
8) He has a sister who works in Hong Kong. (定语从句)
7. 状语(adverbial modifier)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。

1) Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
2) He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
3) He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
4) He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
5) Wait a minute.（名词）
6) Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语有如下10种：
1) How about meeting again at six?（时间）
2) Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因）
3) I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件）
4) Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点）
5) She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式）
6) She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随）
7)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的）
8) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果）
9) She works very hard though she is old.（让步）
10) I am taller than he is.（比较）
指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
英语基本句式
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。

掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）
二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）
1. The sun│rose.
2. Who │cares?
3. What he said │does not matter.
4. They │talked for half an hour.
5. The pen │writes smoothly
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词
都能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做不及物动词，
后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做连系动词。

•在系动词后的部分就是表语
•常见的系动词有:
•be(am,is,are,were,was)
•状态：seem, appear, prove ---
•感官：smell, feel, taste, sound, look
•变化：become, get, turn, go, come, grow
•持续：remain, stay, keep,
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner │smells │good.
3. He │fell │in love.
4. Everything │looks │different.
5. He │is │tall and strong.
6. Our well │has gone │dry.
7. His face │turned │red.
三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。

这类动词叫做及物动词。

1. Who │knows │the answer?
2. He │has refused │to help them.
3. He │enjoys │reading.
4. He │said │"Good morning."
5. He │admits │that he was mistaken.
四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，eg：give/pass/bring/show。

这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。

Give me a cup of tea please.
Show Mr. Smith this house.
Bring me a cup, please.
常跟双宾语的动词：
to:bring,give,hand,leave,lend,offer,pass sell,send,show,take,tell,write,promise read,pay,owe,teach,throw等
For:buy,choose,find,get,cook,fetch,prepare,book(预定),save(预留)等。

1.She │ordered │herself │a new dress.
2. He │brought │you │a dictionary.
3. I │showed │him │my pictures.
4. I │told │him │that the bus was late.
5. He │showed │me │how to run the machine.
五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。

宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。

可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。

常跟复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的动词：
心理动词：consider,think,believe,find, suppose+宾语+to be…(consider,think,find,believe 后可省略to be)
情感状态动词：want,love,wish,expect等+宾语+to do
使役动词：make,have,let等
感官动词：see,hear,notice等
叫作：call,name,
选作：make,elect
1. They │painted │the door │green.
2. This │set │them │thinking.
3. They │found │the house │deserted.
4. He │asked │me │to come back soon.
5. I │saw │them │getting on the bus.
a，ＳＶb，ＳＶＰc，ＳＶＯ
d，ＳＶｏＯe，ＳＶＯＣ
1，Pleas tell us a story._______
2, She smiled.______
3. I have a lot work to do._____
4. His job is to train swimmers._____
5. He noticed a man enter the room._____
6. Please look at the picture._____
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。

这些修饰语可以是单词(adj./adv./num)短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）和从句。

我们称之为：定语、状语
The little boy needs a blue pen.
一) 挑出下列句中的宾语
①My brother hasn't done his homework.
②People all over the world speak English.
④How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤Some of the students in the school want
to go swimming, how about you?
⑥The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
(二) 挑出下列句中的表语
-- The old man was feeling very tired.
-- The leaves have turned yellow.
-- Soon They all became interested in the subject.
(三) 挑出下列句中的定语
1. What is your given name?
2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
①She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
②He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③She found it difficult to do the work.
④They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
(五) 挑出下列句中的状语
①There was a big smile on her face.
②Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
⑤With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.。